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Foreword
Prólogo
This booklet complies with Resolution A.657(16) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
It contains information on the best means of survival in a lifeboat. This includes making effective use of
the equipment provided, and adopting the correct procedures. To facilitate this, all occupants should
read this booklet as soon as possible on entering the lifeboat.
The contents of the booklet should be explained to those occupants who, because of physical disability
or a language problem, cannot read it themselves.
O conteúdo deste Manual deve ser explicado aos ocupantes baleeira que devido
a razões de incapacidade física ou a problemas de incompreensão linguística,
não o possam ler.
Once the contents have been understood by all occupants, this booklet should be safely stowed, or
retained by the lifeboat leader for reference purposes.
Logo que o conteúdo deste Manual tenha sido devidamente compreendido pelos
ocupantes da baleeira deve ser guardado em lugar seguro ou retido pelo
responsável para consulta.
Published by:
Publicado por:
Versão portuguesa:
“S&C”
Shipmanagement & Crewing Lda.
Edifício Liscont, Cais de Alcântara
1350 Lisboa, PORTUGAL
Tf: 395 47 94 Fax: 395 47 97
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Section 6: Rationing 12
Secção 6: Racionamento
All lifeboats are rigid hulled vessels with inherent buoyancy. They are generally provided with a
compression ignition engine for propulsion and seating sufficient for all persons accommodated in the
lifeboat. Lifeboats may be open, partially enclosed or fully enclosed and may be self righting. All
members of crew must be familiar with the type, or types, of lifeboat provided on their vessel, and
familiar with the best means of operation of that type.
To aid detection all lifeboats are produced in a highly visible colour, and all are provided with retro-
reflective tape, a radar reflector and a manually controlled external lamp in addition to items of detection
equipment stored within the lifeboat. All lifeboats are also provided with items of survival equipment and
a first aid kit. All lifeboats are clearly marked with;
The dimensions of the lifeboat and the number of persons it is permitted to accommodate.
The name and port of registry of the ship to which the lifeboat belongs (marked on either
bow).
On enclosed and partially enclosed lifeboats, the lifeboat number and the ship to which it
belongs are also shown so that they are visible from above.
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Para facilitar a detecção das baleeiras, estas são pintadas com uma côr de
alta visibilidade, providas com fita adesiva retroreflectora, um reflector
de radar e uma lanterna exterior controlada manualmente, além do equipamento
de detecção guardado no seu interior. As baleeiras estão providas de
equipamento de sobrevivência e de um estojo de primeiros socorros.
As baleeiras estão claramente marcados com:
As suas dimensões e o número de pessoas cuja capacidade comporta.
O nome e o porto de registo do navio a que a baleeira pertence
(marcado em ambos os bordos à proa).
Nas baleeiras fechadas e parcialmente fechadas, o número da
embarcação e o nome do navio a que a embarcação pertence estão
marcados por forma a serem visíveis também por meios aéreos.
Inventory
Inventário
*Thole pins or crutches for rowing (plus a spare half set) attached to the lifeboat by lanyard.
*A set of buoyant oars plus two spares (older lifeboats may also carry a mast and sails).
Two boathooks.
Dois croques.
A painter secured at or near the bow for towing or making boats fast to each other.
Uma boça à popa ou perto da popa para rebocar outras baleeiras ou jangadas.
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A buoyant bailer.
Um bartedouro flutuante.
Two buckets.
Dois baldes.
A compass in a binnacle.
Uma agulha numa bitácula.
Sufficient tools for minor adjustments to the engine and its accessories.
Uma quantidade suficiente de ferramentas para pequenos ajustes no motor e
seus acessórios.
A sea anchor with hawser (and wave quelling oil on older lifeboats).
Uma âncora flutuante com cabo de reboque (e óleo suavizador das ondas em
embarcações mais antigas)
+A moveable searchlight.
+Um farol de busca móvel.
Thermal protective aids for 10% of the total permitted complement of the lifeboat, or two, whichever is
greater.
Auxiliares de protecção térmica (fatos térmicos e cobertores) para 10% do
total permitido da embarcação, ou dois se o valor que for maior.
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Seasickness bags.
Sacos para o enjoo.
A food ration totaling not less than 10 000 kJ for each person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate.
Uma ração de comida não inferior a 10000 kJ para cada pessoa prevista na
lotação da embarcação.
6 triangular bandages..
6 ligaduras triangulares.
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1 pair of scissors.
1 par de tesouras.
4 safety pins.
4 alfinetes de segurança.
It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the successful boarding and launching of a lifeboat is not in
itself, sufficient to ensure survival, particularly in rough seas and cold weather. Experience has shown
that certain vital actions must be taken as soon as possible to maximize the chances of survival. These
actions have priority over others and can be memorized by the use of four key words:
MARSHAL other survival craft. Use the lifeboat to tow liferafts and other survival craft clear of the ship.
Assist survivors in the water to board the lifeboat. Use the towing loop on the back of the lifejacket to
tow an injured person to the lifeboat. Persons aboard the lifeboat can assist by throwing swimmers the
rescue quoit. Once an injured person is alongside turn him so that his back is against the lifeboat and
then use the buoyancy of the lifejacket to assist in pulling him in. This can be done by two people in the
lifeboat gripping him under the arms and on top of the shoulders and dunking him several times before
lifting him in. People in the water can assist by helping to keep the injured person upright and by
pushing on his legs as he is lifted inboard. Marshal survival craft to form a group. Join up and secure
survival craft together using at least 15m of line between each. If survival craft are assembled in a
group, sharing of equipment and supplies and the distribution of passengers if required is made easier.
The group of craft also provide a larger target for rescuers.
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STREAM the sea anchor. When the lifeboat is clear of the ship and survival craft are assembled,
stream the sea anchor. This will open in the water and will help to reduce the drift rate of the lifeboat.
The lifeboat will then be more stable and will be prevented from drifting rapidly away from survivors who
may still be in the water. This will also prevent the lifeboat from moving an excessive distance from the
distress position of the parent ship and thus from the area of maximum search.
The ends of the hawser and tripping line, where fitted, should be secured in the boat, the hawser
passed through the fairlead in the bow and the sea anchor paid out with sufficient slack in the tripping
line to ensure that the open end of the sea anchor is facing the boat. In adverse weather.conditions the
hawser should be slacked down under control e.g. by taking a turn round the forward thwart.
During prolonged use of the sea anchor the hawser should be protected from chafe by wrapping
something suitable round it where it passes through the fairlead or by slacking it down periodically to
expose a fresh part of the hawser to the fairlead.
CLOSE the lifeboat entrances. In cold weather close up the entrances and other openings on enclosed
lifeboats and rig the exposure covers and foldable canopies on partially enclosed or open lifeboats.
In tropical climates it is unlikely that you will need to close the entrances fully, except at night when it
can become cold, since your major need will be to remain cool in order to reduce fluid loss by
perspiration. Exposure covers and foldable canopies should be rigged on open or partially enclosed
lifeboats. These provide areas of shade for the occupants, while allowing adequate ventilation.
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MAINTAIN the lifeboat in good condition. Keep equipment neatly stowed so that it cannot be lost in the
event of heavy seas. Bail out any water. Gather up any useful floating debris.
The initial actions detailed in Section 3 are essential immediate actions. When they have been
satisfactorily completed the following actions should be taken as soon as possible, although not
necessarily in the order in which they are presented.
Seasick Remedy
Remédio contra o Enjoo
Lifeboats are known to make even the best sailors seasick and this incapacitating illness may destroy
the will to survive. In order to carry out survival procedures you need to be physically fit and mentally
capable, thus it is imperative to take anti-seasickness pills as early as possible. A point worthy of note is
that anti-seasickness pills may be consumed aboard the vessel prior to abandonment and that many
vessels carry these pills on the Bridge for just such a purpose.
Seasickness is not only a psychological handicap. Valuable body fluid may be lost. The pills themselves
will tend to make survivors feel lethargic and suffer from a dry mouth. The urge to drink must be
resisted.
Leader
Comando
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The senior officer present will normally take charge but in his absence the leader must be appointed or
elected, bearing in mind the expertise and ability of the group of survivors. Different situations in the
lifeboat may require different leaders to deal with them.
Roll Call
Lista de presenças
It is essential to have a roll call of survivors in order to establish the likelihood of further survivors being
found, the numbers available for watches, the numbers injured and the expertise available in the craft.
Post lookouts, listen for whistles and look for survivors, signalling lights and lights of other rafts, ships or
aircraft. The lookouts should be properly briefed in their duties regarding the collection of useful debris,
how to keep a lookout, sector searches, using the quoit and line to assist survivors, maneuvering the
lifeboat and the use of visual signals and when to use them.
Handbook
Este Manual
All survivors should read this survival booklet as soon as possible in order that everyone aboard the
craft can receive as much guidance as possible concerning the situation.
Passing Water
Urinar
Within two hours of boarding the craft all survivors should be encouraged to pass water in order to avoid
later problems due to urine retention.
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The initial and secondary actions detailed In Sections 3 and 4 will combat the immediate threat to
survivors. The subsequent actions detailed below will assist in establishing a lifeboat routine.
Routine
Rotina
Establish a routine and allocate duties to survivors, e.g., ration keeper, lookouts, repair party, bailers. It
is most important to keep the minds of all survivors fully occupied whilst avoiding unnecessary exertion.
This is needed especially about three hours after abandonment as it has been found that this is the time
when morale and the will to survive reaches a very low ebb.
Do not issue any rations during the first twenty four hours except to conscious injured people. It should
be borne in mind that children are likely to suffer from heat and fluid loss far more quickly than a healthy
adult and so may require earlier attention with respect to rations and protection from the elements. Rain
water should be collected from the outset.
Sanitary Arrangements
Organização sanitária
In order to maintain the habitability of the lifeboat, arrangements must be made for the passing of
faeces and urine. In calm conditions, lines should be rigged to allow occupants to urinate and defecate
over the side of the lifeboat. In rough seas, use must be made of receptacles, such as the bailers, which
should be emptied and washed as soon as possible.
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Com boas condições de tempo, devem ser aparelhadas cabos que permitam aos
ocupantes defecar e urinar para fora da borda da embarcação. Com mau tempo,
devem ser utilizados receptáculos, tais como baldes, que devem ser
esvaziados e lavados logo que possível.
Watches
Quartos de vigia
As a general rule, watches should be set in pairs for about one hour at a time with one person on
outside lookout and the other on watch inside the lifeboat.
The person on outside lookout should be suitably dressed and protected as far as possible from the
elements, as well as being secured to the lifeboat in case of accident. This person is responsible for
keeping a lookout for ships, survivors, aircraft, land and any possible dangers as well as collecting
useful debris. The person on the inside is responsible for the maintenance of the lifeboat (bailing,
ventilation and engine maintenance/repairs) as well as supervising the lifeboat management while the
others rest. This includes attending to injured persons, collecting rainwater and looking after equipment
and valuable items.
Como regra básica, os quartos de vigia devem ser organizados por pares, com
a duração de uma hora, ficando um elemento no exterior e o outro no interior
da embarcação.
O elemento de quarto no exterior deve estar apropriadamente vestido,
protegido o melhor possível e amarrado à embarcação para prevenir acidentes.
Será responsável por manter a vigia em busca de navios, sobreviventes,
aviões, terra e quaisquer perigos possíveis, bem como recolher destroços
úteis.
O elemento de quarto no interior da embarcação é o responsável pela
manutenção da embarcação (esgotar a água com balde, cuidar da ventilação e
das reparações ou manutenção do motor) bem como supervisionar a sua
condução, enquanto os restantes elementos descansam.
As suas tarefas incluem os cuidados a ter com os feridos, com o equipamento
e outros itens de importância para os sobreviventes e a recolha de água da
chuva.
Location
Localização
Keep properly briefed lookouts with visual signals to hand at all times. Congregating survival craft will
increase the probability of being spotted and wetting lifeboat canopies will Increase their radar detection
range. Naturally, the metal radar reflector will also help in this respect. However, the best location aids
are the visual signals and the emergency radio and the latter (if available) should be rigged and
operated as soon as possible. Remember to take down the aerial if survivors are about to be rescued
by helicopter. If available, the EPIRB should be activated as soon as possible (see Section 8).
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Keep as warm and dry as possible by adjusting ventilation to the minimum required and by huddling
together for warmth. Wet clothing should be wrung out as much as possible. When everybody is warm
oilskins should be opened up so that body warmth is used to warm the lifeboat - every person radiates
heat. Carry out simple exercises such as stretching limbs and wriggling fingertips and toes in order to
avoid cold injury. This will help to maintain blood circulation but will not waste energy. Avoid the
excessive exposure of lookouts to cold conditions outside the lifeboat by frequently rotating watches.
Care must be taken when huddling together not to upset the trim of the boat. Occupants should be
distributed as evenly as possible.
In hot conditions ensure that all entrances and openings in enclosed lifeboats are open. On open and
partially enclosed boats, erect canopies to provide shade and leave sides open to provide ventilation.
Keep the lifeboat cool by wetting the outside of the canopy and keep occupants cool by wetting clothing
and staying in the shade of the canopy. Occupants should not be tempted to go swimming or they may
not have the strength to reboard the lifeboat. There may also be sharks lurking in the shade under the
bottom of the boat. In general, avoid all unnecessary exertion in order to prevent the loss of valuable
body fluids by excessive perspiration.
Lifejackets
Coletes salva-vidas
All lifeboat occupants must wear a lifejacket at all times. If a lifejacket is removed to treat an injured
person, or to change into dry clothing, it should be replaced as soon as possible.
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The effects of cold, seasickness, anxiety, thirst and hunger all combine to work against the will to
survive. Case histories have shown that people with a strong will to survive have overcome seemingly
impossible difficulties. Therefore it is most important for the lifeboat leader to maintain morale, to keep
survivors occupied and to maintain confidence in eventual rescue.
Section 6: Rationing
Secção 6: Racionamento
Guidance
Orientação
Issue water and food at set times during the day - sunrise, mid-day, sunset. It is most important for
morale purposes that rations be seen to be issued fairly,
The water rations provided consist of 3 litres of fresh water per person. Save this water if other sources
of water are available, since it will stay fresh indefinitely. Before embarkation collect as much water as
possible in screw topped plastic containers. Also collect rain water when in the lifeboat.
A ração de água por pessoa é de 3 litros. Poupe esta água se puder fornecer-
se de água por outros meios. Antes de embarcar na baleeira procure trazer a
maior quantidade possível de água doce em “jerry cans” de plástico com tampa
roscável. Quando a bordo da embarcação procurar recolher a água da chuva.
Fresh water from a chemical de-salting apparatus may be another source of supply. No water should be
given for the first 24 hours, except to the injured and others who have lost a lot of body fluid.
Each person should have 0.5 litre (one can) of water per day thereafter. No-one should have less than
this, unless remaining supplies are sufficient for only one can of water for each person, in which case
make this last for two days. Take water three times a day and swill it around the mouth before drinking
it, as this will have become dry.
A cada pessoa, em princípio, deve ser distribuído 0,5 litro de água por dia
a partir daí.
Ninguém deverá ter uma ração inferior a esta quantidade, a menos que a
quantidade existente seja insuficiente, devendo nesse caso ser racionada.
Beba a água três vezes por dia e deguste-a na boca antes de a engolir.
Only catch and eat fish, turtles or seabirds if there is sufficient excess water for each person to be able
to drink at least 1 litre of water per day. This is because fats and proteins use valuable stomach juices
whilst they are being digested and will thus accelerate dehydration of the body unless extra fluids are
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taken. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, help to retain fluids by reducing the breakdown of body
protein and are therefore valuable. Follow the instructions given with the food rations provided in the
lifeboat and if possible bring cereals, sugar and biscuits from the ship.
Se existir água suficiente para consumo (pelo menos um litro por pessoa por
dia), pesque e coma peixe, tartarugas ou pássaros marinhos, porque a gordura
e as proteinas destes animais consomem valiosos sucos intestinais para serem
digeridas, o que acelera a desidratação dos corpos.
Pelo contrário, os hidratos de carbono ajudam a reter os fluidos, ao
reduzirem a quebra das proteínas do corpo, o que as tornam de grande valor.
Siga as instruções contidas nas rações de comida da baleeira e, se possível,
quando abandonar o navio traga cereais, açúcar e bolachas.
Do not be tempted to drink sea water or urine, even if mixed with fresh water. The salts contained in
both can build up in the body and will eventually prove fatal.
Não beba nunca água do mar ou urina, mesmo que misturados com água doce.
Os sais contidos nessas substâncias actuam no corpo e poderão eventualmente
tornar-se fatais.
Survival
Sobrevivência
It is possible to live without water for between 7 to 10 days and without food for 20 to 30 days. The
priority therefore is to preserve body fluids whilst in a survival craft. Excessive fluid loss can be caused
by;
Vomiting
Vomitado
Each person should take the anti-seasickness pills provided as soon as possible and for at least 48
hours, whether they feel sick or not. Do not forget that there is also a supply of anti-seasickness pills in
the ship's medical locker and possibly on the Bridge, so take some before leaving the ship if there is
time. Do not exceed the stated dose if the pills are not having effect. Any person affected by
seasickness should put their head down between their knees and try to keep warm. The use of
disposable bags is said to help stop a chain reaction if a person is being sick.
Injuries
Feridas
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Treat bleeding, burns, cuts etc., with the first aid kit provided. Refer to Section 7 for further information.
Perspiration
Transpiração
In hot weather ventilate the lifeboat as much as possible. Wet clothing will assist in cooling but be aware
of the risks of salt water boils and sores (see “Section 7”). Survivors should endeavour to seek shade
and must not be tempted to go swimming. Besides the risks of being separated from the lifeboat, the
attempt at reboarding may prove impossible. In general - rest as much as possible.
Procedures
Procedimentos
On board ship the reference booklet to use is "The Ship Captain's Medical Guide". In a lifeboat there
are basic guidance notes with the first aid kit itself and this booklet will provide additional information.
Get your first aid priorities in the right order by remembering the letters ABC:
Bleeding
Hemorragias
Wound dressings and triangular bandages are available in the first aid kit. Stop bleeding quickly by
applying direct pressure for 5 to 15 minutes. Raising the bleeding part of the body will also help. Apply a
firm dressing to the wound. Pad as necessary to avoid direct pressure on foreign bodies or protruding
bones if these are present. For large wounds press the sides together to reduce bleeding and if foreign
bodies are present press on the sides of the wound. Indirect pressure may be applied by pressing on a
pressure point between the wound and the heart, if direct pressure is not possible. Do not maintain this
for more than 15 minutes. For wounds of the chest which make a sucking sound - immediately cover
the area with one hand and, after applying a dressing to the wound, cover the whole area with an
airtight polythene covering. For a case of abdominal bleeding, keep the patient quiet and at rest with his
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knees drawn up as this will help reduce blood loss. Cover the wound with a clean dressing but do not
attempt to replace protruding organs.
Generally, if bleeding is internal, raise the patient's feet, loosen clothing and keep him quiet and rested.
If unconscious place in the coma position.
Hypothermia
Hipotermia
Strip off wet outer clothing and replace with dry garments if available. Warm the patient by covering him
with extra layers of clothing and use lifejackets as extra insulation. If a thermal protective aid is available
use this as well to prevent further heat losses. Huddling close to the patient will assist in re-warming, but
do not rub his limbs, administer alcohol or allow the patient to exert himself.
Handle semi-conscious and unconscious casualties gently, administer artificial respiration if required
and ensure that a clear airway is maintained. Severe hypothermic casualties may appear lifeless but do
not give up resuscitation attempts too soon.
Unconsciousness
Inconsciência
Give the patient artificial respiration if he has stopped breathing. Stop any bleeding and check pulse and
respiration regularly. Place him in the coma position in order to keep his airway clear. In a survival craft
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it may be difficult to achieve this and an unconscious patient will have to be wedged with lifejackets and
possibly lashed in place.
The clothing of an unconscious person should be loosened and false teeth and spectacles removed, Do
not give drinks or morphine to an unconscious patient. Treat for shock when he regains consciousness.
Frostbite
Queimaduras e enregelamentos causados pelo frio
Frostbite is a condition found in dry cold below 0º C (32.F). It occurs when a part of the body is chilled
and the blood supply to that part diminishes. if the chilling is brief then the blood flow is only temporarily
interrupted and no damage occurs. If the chilling is intense and continues then there is a complete
constriction and no blood to the part. The degree of damage then depends on the length of time over
which this happens. There are three different stages - frostnip, superficial frostbite and deep frostbite. It
is easier to prevent frostbite or to stop it in its early stages than to thaw and take care of badly frozen
flesh. The only form of frostbite that should be treated on the spot is frostnip.
Frostnip
Queimadura de frio
Frostnip occurs on exposed skin, such as the face and hands, and there is numbness accompanied by
blanching, and a sudden and complete sensation of cold or discomfort in the injured part, which may be
followed later by a feeling of warmth. Any sign of frostnip must be thawed immediately by warming the
affected part, which is best done sheltered from the wind. Fingers should be warmed in the armpit or
groin, and feet on the abdomen of another man! Once the part has been restored to normal colour, a
person may continue with what he was doing.
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Superficial Frostbite
Enregelamento superficial
In superficial frostbite the skin, though white and frozen on the surface, is soft and pliable when pressed
gently. After warming, the part becomes numb, mottled blue and purple, and will sting or burn and swell
for a period. Blisters may occur within 24 to 36 hours and will slowly dry up; the skin will harden and
become black, producing thick, insensitive tissue. Some swelling may occur which will subside if the
injured part can be raised above the level of the body. Throbbing or aching may persist for several
weeks. When the black skin finally separates, the exposed tissue will be red, tender and usually
sensitive to cold and heat and may show evidence of abnormal sweating. Only after some months will it
take on the appearance of normal skin.
Deep Frostbite
Enregelamento profundo
Deep frostbite involves not only the skin and underlying tissue, but also the deeper structures including
muscle, bone and tendon. The symptoms are a more severe form of those of superficial frostbite. The
skin becomes yellowish and lacks mobility. It has a waxy feel and does not regain its shape after
pressure. Large blisters form after three to seven days and the skin turns mottled blue or grey. Shooting
or throbbing pain can last for up to two months. There will be swelling, blisters and colour changes
where the affected part joins unaffected flesh. The affected part will slowly turn black and shrivel in size.
The blisters eventually dry up, blacken and fall off, sometimes in the form of a complete cast of a finger
or toe. The red, sensitive layer of new skin sweats excessively and itches for many months. As tendons
are markedly resistant to cold injury, the victim will be able to move fingers or toes, and even with
severe frostbite can often walk and use his fingers for crude movements such as gripping. Casualties
should be treated by rapid rewarming, the affected part being placed in warm water at a constant
temperature of about 44º C (111. F) until sensation returns. (A temperature of 44 C is that which an
elbow immersed in the water can just bear). This is an agonizing procedure and pain-killing drugs are
usually needed. This can only be done after rescue and under medical supervision. In the lifeboat a
loose sterile dressing and bandage should be applied, and the casualty treated for shock whilst awaiting
rescue. The affected part must never be massaged or rubbed (either alone or with oil or grease).
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Morphine
Morfina
This is for the relief of pain. Do not give morphine to unconscious patients or those with severe head
injuries. Do not give to patients with chest injuries as it may cause impairment of breathing. If necessary
give a second injection 30 minutes after the first one, but a third (15mg) should not be given for at least
six hours and then only if the patient is restless or in pain. Note that morphine may be in tablet form and
that lifeboat supplies have been replaced by non addictive drugs. However morphine is still supplied as
part of the ship's medical stores.
Oil Contamination
Contaminação por óleo ou combustível
Oil in the eyes blurs the vision and causes them to smart. If swallowed, it causes nausea and vomiting.
Fortunately the effects are not long term.
In a survival craft, wash out eyes with sea water and smear paraffin jelly on the eyelids. Wipe oil off the
body with anything available. Treat wounds as if the oil was not present. Do not attempt to swab it out of
open wounds.
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On a rescue vessel, milk or hot sweet drinks may be given to soothe the stomach.
Burns
Queimaduras
Cover the area with a clean dressing. Do not pull off clothing sticking to the burnt area. Do not touch the
area with fingers nor burst any blisters. Give morphine or equivalent if the pain is severe and give small
quantities of water by mouth. Handle the patient gently at all times.
Cubra a área queimada com um penso limpo. Não arranque as roupas que estejam
coladas à área queimada. Não toque nessa área com os dedos nem rebente
possíveis borbulhas existentes. Se as dores forem grandes, administre
morfina ou medicamentação equivalente e, obrigue o paciente a beber
pequenas quantidades de água. Trate o paciente sempre com suavidade.
Fractures
Fracturas
Immobilize the fracture as best you can using the patient's body as a splint. Triangular bandages are
available for this purpose.
Shock
Choque
The patient's skin will be cold and clammy, his breathing rapid and his pulse rapid and weak. Stop any
bleeding, loosen tight clothing, relieve pain and make the patient comfortable. Cover with extra clothing
but do not over-warm as this increases blood circulation and may be detrimental to a patient who has
lost blood. Raise the patient's lower limbs and turn his head to one side. If the patient has a head injury
or has difficulty in breathing, do not raise legs, but instead support his shoulders and raise him slightly.
An unconscious person should be placed in the coma position.
Urine Retention
Retenção Urinária
This can be dangerous, so overcome mental blockage early before urine production is reduced by
water rationing. If time allows, drink plenty of water before leaving the vessel. If retention occurs,
dangling your hands in the water may help. After a period in a survival craft urine will appear dark and
smoky. This is normal and no action is necessary.
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Constipation
Prisão de ventre
This is normal as food intake will be greatly reduced. No treatment is required. Laxatives should be
avoided as they can do harm.
Sunburn
Queimaduras do sol
Avoid excessive exposure to the sun by keeping under cover. Keep head, neck and other exposed
areas covered. A very gradually acquired sun tan may be beneficial.
These are due to the skin becoming sodden with sea water. Do not squeeze or prick boils. Keep them
clean and cover with a dry dressing. Keep the area as dry as possible to avoid chafing.
São provocadas por a pele se encontrar ensopada em água salgada. Não aperte
ou perfure as bolhas das assaduras. Mantenha a pele assada limpa e coberta
com um penso seco. Mantenha a área tão seca quanto possível para evitar a
irritação.
Swill water around your mouth prior to swallowing. Suck a button. Smear lips with cream or soft
petroleum jelly.
Deguste a água antes de a engolir. Chupe um botão. Unte os lábios com creme
ou vaselina.
Swollen Legs
Pernas inchadas
This is common and due to long periods spent in a sitting position. The ailment will subside without
treatment after rescue.
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Each lifeboat is equipped with the following devices that will aid detection by search and rescue units;
Cada baleeira está equipada com os seguintes dispositivos que ajudam à sua
detecção pelas unidades de busca e salvamento;
6 x Hand Oars
6 x Remos de mão
1 x Radar reflector
1 x Reflector de radar
In addition to these items, the lifeboat may also be provided with fixed or portable radio apparatus
and/or an emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB).
Além destes itens, a baleeira poderá também estar equipada com equipamento
de rádio fixo ou portátil e/ou um radiofarol de emergência indicador de
posição (EPIRB).
All audible, visual and radio signalling devices are intended to enable rescuers to locate and recover
persons in survival craft or on the vessel.
All these items are contained in water resistant casings, and all have brief instructions or diagrams
clearly illustrating the means of operation and safety information.
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This is suitable for morse signalling. One spare set of batteries and a bulb in a waterproof container are
provided.
Whistle
Apito
Whistles are also provided on your lifejackets but they have a limited range particularly in an upwind
direction.
This is a small hand-held mirror used to reflect the sun's rays towards a rescue unit. It has a modest
range but is very effective.
The rocket parachute flare is a long range signalling device for day or night use. At night, this device will
be visible at up to 30 miles (48km) distance.
The hand held launcher fires a rocket propelled cartridge up to a height of not less than 300m. At this
height the cartridge ejects a red parachute flare which burns with a luminous intensity of not less than
30 000cd for a period of not less than 40 seconds.
The rocket parachute flare is primarily intended for signalling to ships. Hand flares are more effective
when signalling to aeroplanes or helicopters.
O foguete iluminante com pára-quedas foi concebido para ser visto por
navios. Quando se pretenda ser visto por aviões ou helicópteros, deve usar
tochas luminosas manuis.
Do not use rocket parachute flares when aeroplanes or helicopters are In the Immediate area.
Aeroplanes or helicopters may sustain serious damage if they are struck by the rocket cartridge.
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To provide maximum visibility for the flare, the launcher is normally pointed directly upwards for firing. In
a situation where there is low cloud cover (less than 300m), the launcher should be fired while pointing
at a vertical angle of 45º, facing downwind. This will cause the flare to be ejected at a lower level
(approximately 200 m), below the cloud cover.
Hand Flare
Tocha luminosa manual
The hand flare is a signalling device for day or night use. Because the hand flare burns at a lower level
than the rocket parachute flare, it is not visible over such a great distance.
When ignited, the flare should be held aloft, as high as possible, on the leeward side of the survival
craft. The red flare will burn with a luminous intensity of not less than 15 000cd for not less than 60
seconds.
Quando accionada, a tocha luminosa deverá ser empunhada no ar, tão alto
quanto possível, na direcção de sotavento da embarcação. A tocha luminosa
arderá com uma intensidade luminosa não inferior a 15000 cd durante um
período não inferior a 60 segundos.
The hand flare is intended primarily for signalling to aeroplanes or helicopters. It is also effective for
signalling to ships when they are close enough to be clearly seen.
The buoyant smoke signal is intended for daylight use only. This floating marker emits dense smoke of
a highly visible colour for not less than 3 minutes.
When activated, the smoke signal should be thrown overboard to the leeward side of the survival craft
or vessel. The signal will right itself, and will emit smoke while floating in the water.
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Quando activado, o sinalizador de fumo, deve ser lançado pela borda fora na
direcção de sotavento da embarcação salva-vidas ou navio. O sinalizador será
auto-orientável e emitirá fumo durante a flutuação na água.
The buoyant smoke signal is particularly effective for signalling to aeroplanes or helicopters. In the
event of a rescue by helicopter, the smoke also provides an indication of surface wind direction to the
helicopter crew. In calm conditions smoke markers are also visible from ships, but in high winds ships
may have difficulty seeing the marker.
The smoke produced by these signals is non toxic, but it may leave an orange tint on the skin. This is
harmless and soon wears off.
O fumo produzido por estes dispositivos não é tóxico, contudo, pode deixar
marcas laranja na pele. Estas marcas são inofensivas e desaparecem com o
tempo.
Radar Reflector
Reflector de radar
The radar reflector provides a radar target to assist rescuers locate the lifeboat. It should be erected on
the mounting provided as soon as possible.
Radar Transponder
Transponder de radar
A survival craft radar transponder (SART) will give rescuers the best means of locating a lifeboat and its
occupants. Operating in the 9GHz frequency band, the unit generates a series of response signals
(showing as a unique line of 20 blips on a rescuer's radar screen) when interrogated by airborne or
shipborne radar. The unit can be activated manually in the lifeboat or automatically under hydrostatic
release. It can operate in the standby mode for 96 hours and gives audible or visual indication when
being interrogated by radar.
External Lamp
Lampada externa
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To maintain battery supplies, the external lamp should be switched on only during the hours of
darkness, or when ships or aircraft are known to be in the area.
Por forma a poupar a carga das baterias, a lâmpada externa só deve ser
ligada à noite ou quando se souber da presença de navios ou aviões na
vizinhança.
Radio Communications
Comunicações via rádio
EPIRB
EPIRB
Dependent on make and model, the Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) transmits a
signal on 406MHz (or 1.6GHz), 121.5MHz and/or 243.0MHz. These signals will assist Search And
Rescue (SAR) aircraft and ships in locating the lifeboat. The EPIRB should be activated as soon as
possible according to the instructions on the casing. The power supply in the EPIRB will allow it to
continue transmission for at least 48 hours. EPIRB's are also provided with a means of hydrostatic
release. This ensures that, if the ship should sink, the EPIRB is automatically released and activated. It
is therefore imperative that the lifeboat remains in the area, so that it will be located by searchers
homing in on the EPIRB signal.
VHF Transceivers
Transreceptores de VHF
Portable waterproofed VHF hand held transceivers capable of operating on channel 16 (156.8 MHz)
distress frequency are stored on board the ship for use in survival craft. These transceivers are suitable
for short range communication between survival craft and between survival craft and SAR units.
Portable or fixed MF radio apparatus is provided for use in survival craft and is suitable for long range
communication with rescue services. Portable radio apparatus is buoyant, watertight and capable of
functioning after being dropped into the sea from a height. It is possible therefore, that even though the
radio is not taken onboard the lifeboat during abandonment, that it may have been thrown overboard
from the ship, and may be floating in the area. Lookouts should be briefed to keep a special watch for
this radio.
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The fixed radio apparatus consists of a transmitter, a receiver and an antenna. These may be housed in
a single self-contained unit, or may come with a separate antenna. If the antenna is a separate item, it
must be rigged before the radio can be used. When rigging an antenna remember that the range of the
radio will be increased by mounting the aerial as high as possible in the lifeboat.
The MF radio apparatus may be for radiotelegraphy or radiotelephony. Radiotelegraphy is morse code
communication. Radiotelephony is voice communication. Radio apparatus provided for use on survival
craft is designed for use by unskilled, untrained persons. To facilitate this both radiotelegraph and
radiotelephone systems are provided with automatic devices for broadcasting distress signals. On
radiotelegraph units, this automated distress signal is all that will be transmitted. On radiotelephone
units, the automatic distress signal will alert listeners that a distress message is about to be relayed.
- Before beginning to transmit, press the PRESS TO TALK (PTT) button, or switch the
radio to TRANSMIT. Pause for a moment.
- Speak slowly and clearly.
- Do not shout.
- Speak close (2 or 3 fingers width) to, but not touching the microphone.
- Use the body to shield the microphone from the wind.
- Pitch the voice higher than normal, but avoid discomfort,
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- MAYDAY,MAYDAY,MAYDAY.
- SHIPS NAME or CALL SIGN repeated three times.
- MAYDAY.
- POSITION (if known)
- NATURE OF DISTRESS.
- NUMBER OF PERSONS REQUIRING AID and TYPE OF AID REQUIRED
- OVER
- Pause for a moment, and then release the PTT switch, or switch the radio to RECEIVE.
- MAYDAY,MAYDAY,MAYDAY.
- NOME DO NAVIO ou INDICATIVO DE CHAMADA repetido três vezes.
- MAYDAY.
- POSIÇÃO (se conhecida)
- NATUREZA DA EMERGÊNCIA.
- NÚMERO DE PESSOAS QUE REQUEREM AJUDA e TIPO DE AJUDA REQUERIDA
- OVER
- Faça uma ligeira pausa e deixe de premir o botão PTT, ou comute o
rádio para RECEPTOR
Listen for a reply. If none is heard, repeat the above procedure. To conserve battery supplies, do not
transmit continuously. Establish a regular pattern for transmitting and listening. Although distress
signals may be sent at any time, they are particularly effective if transmitted during the silence periods
on distress frequencies. These silence periods are;
Escute uma possível resposta. Se não for ouvida, repita o procedimento acima
descrito. Para poupar a carga da bateria, não transmita continuadamente.
Estabeleça um padrão regular para os períodos de transmissão e recepção.
Apesar de os sinais de socorro poderem ser transmitidos a qualquer altura,
estes serão particularmente efectivos se forem transmitidos durante os
períodos de silêncio, utilizando as frequências de emergência.
Os períodos de silêncio são os seguintes:
156.80 MHz (channel 16 - VHF radiotelephony distress frequency). There are no defined silence
periods on channel 16. Distress messages may be sent at any time.
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After the initial contact is made, the lifeboat radio or VHF transceiver should be used to liaise with
rescue services during the retrieval of survivors.
Detection
Detecção
If the lifeboat is detected by a fixed wing aircraft or a helicopter which is not provided with winching
equipment, no immediate retrieval of survivors will be possible. However, in this situation the crew of the
Search And Rescue (SAR) aircraft will attempt to acknowledge that they have seen the lifeboat and
noted its position. This acknowledgement may take several forms. Aircraft may circle the lifeboat at low
altitude, fixed wing aircraft may "waggle" their wings or the crew may launch a signal flare. At night,
when the aircraft cannot be seen, the aircraft may switch off and on its navigation fights.
Survivors at sea may also be supplied from SAR aircraft with special items of droppable equipment,
which may come in containers or packages of different types and dimensions.
The contents of each container or package should be clearly indicated in print in at least three
languages, by self-explanatory symbols, and also by streamers coloured according to the following
code;
Black - miscellaneous equipment such as safety stoves, axes, compasses, cooking utensils, etc.;
Preto – equipamento diverso tal como fogões de segurança, machados,
bússolas, utensílios de cozinha, etc.;
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individual liferafts or several liferafts linked by a buoyant rope, buoyant radio beacons and/or
transceivers, dye and smoke markers and flame floats, parachute flares for illumination.
Rescue
Salvamento
if a lifeboat is detected by a vessel, the survivors can be rapidly transferred to the vessel's rescue boat
and returned to the vessel. Lifejackets, if removed, should be donned prior to the transfer to the rescue
boat. Injured crew members must be assisted to don lifejackets if these have been removed, unless this
is likely to cause substantial deterioration of the condition of the injured person.
In the event that survivors are to be rescued by helicopter, the following procedures must be followed;
Prepare for rescue by donning lifejackets if they have been removed and assisting injured
persons to don lifejackets, unless this is likely to cause substantial deterioration in the
condition of the injured person.
If the helicopter is provided with a winchman, he will be lowered to make contact with the
occupants of the lifeboat.
The leader of the lifeboat should liaise with the winchman to decide the order in which survivors should
be evacuated. Occupants of the lifeboat must follow the instructions given by the winchman.
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If the helicopter is not provided with a winchman, a line with a strop or other lifting device will be
lowered.
Do not attempt to grasp the strop as it is descending. Helicopters generate a considerable charge of
static electricity, which is earthed through the winching cable. Allow the strop to enter the water so that
the charge is earthed before touching It.
Do not secure the strop or cable to the lifeboat. This may damage the helicopter or may cause the
lifeboat to overturn. It may also cause the cable to break, making Immediate rescue impossible.
Normally, the strop will be lowered into the water close to the lifeboat. The helicopter will then trail the
cable over the lifeboat. The cable and strop should be pulled in to the lifeboat manually or with a boat
hook. Survivors will be lifted directly from open lifeboats or from the open deck area of partially enclosed
lifeboats. On enclosed lifeboats survivors should make their way to the free deck area of the lifeboat for
lifting, as instructed by the lifeboat leader. When the strop is correctly in place, a signal should be made
to the helicopter crew indicating that the person is ready to be lifted. This signal is given by extending
the arm and giving the 'thumbs up' sign. As soon as this signal is acknowledged, the survivor should
adopt the lifting position with the arms straight and the hands clasped behind the back. During winching
do not attempt to fend off or grasp parts of the helicopter, remain in the lifting position at all times, No
attempt should be made to climb into the helicopter. The crew will draw survivors into the helicopter.
Injured survivors must be assisted to don the strop. When it is correctly in place, the lifeboat leader
should give the 'thumbs up' sign to the helicopter crew. On enclosed lifeboats, severely injured survivors
may not be able to make their way to the free deck area. In this case, the injured person must be lifted
through one of the upper deck hatches. Able-bodied survivors should steady the injured person during
the initial stages of lifting so that he does not strike the edges of the open hatchway.
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para o convés superior. Neste caso, o ferido deverá ser içado através de uma
das escotilhas. Os sobreviventes em boas condições físicas deverão assistir
o ferido durante o início da operação de içamento por forma a evitar que
este bata nas bordas da escotilha.
Do not attempt to remove the lifting strop until instructed to do so by the helicopter crew. Survivors must
obey the instructions given by the helicopter crew before, during and after winching.
Não tente libertar-se do estropo de içamento até ser instruído para o fazer
pela tripulação do helicóptero. Os sobreviventes deverão obedecer às
instruções dadas pela tripulação do helicóptero durante e após a operação de
içamento.
Beaching
Aproximação à praia
Beaching a lifeboat in anything other than calm conditions can be a potentially hazardous manoeuvre
and should be avoided if there is a more suitable method of landing survivors.
Whenever possible, beaching should be carried out in daylight and the most suitable location must be
selected with care. In the lifeboat, a good lookout should be kept at all times for isolated rocks and other
dangers. Some indication of the steepness of the beach can be judged by observing how far offshore
the waves are beginning to break. If the beach has a shallow slope breaking waves will start to occur
well away from the shoreline.
Sempre que possível, a aproximação à praia deverá ser levada a cabo durante
o dia e o local de desembarque deverá ser escolhido com cuidado. Na
embarcação, uma boa vigia deverá ser sempre mantida, buscando a possível
existência de rochas isoladas ou outros perigos. O alcantilado da praia
poderá ser calculado a partir da observação da distância a que a rebentação
fica da praia. Se a praia tiver uma aproximação pouco profunda, a rebentação
começará a uma distância bastante afastada da praia.
A lifeboat should not be allowed to surf in with the waves, as a wave approaching from astern could
slew the boat. broadside on, with the very real risk of capsizing her and pitching the occupants into the
sea. Breaking waves are therefore best approached head on - which means that the boat will have to
be turned so as to approach the beach stern first.
A motor lifeboat is at a disadvantage in these circumstances as it does not manoeuvre well astern. In
addition, its propeller may not be able to operate efficiently, either because the boat is pitching so
heavily that it is lifted from the water, or if aerated broken water causes it to cavitate. In these conditions
the sea anchor should be streamed over the bow, to help keep the boat's head up into the seas and the
lifeboat should then be allowed to drift slowly in, with every effort being made to keep it at right angles to
the approaching waves.
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Open lifeboats with oars are likely to cope better in such conditions, as the oars maintain better control
of the boat if it is pitching badly or if it gets into broken water. The steering oar should be shipped and
used in place of the rudder, which will become ineffective if the boat is pitching. As before, the sea
anchor should be rigged so as to keep the lifeboat heading up into seas.
Progress towards the beach may be made by back watering the oars and by using the tripping line to
spill water from the sea anchor, so as to prevent it from impeding the lifeboat's drift astern. The
coxswain must keep a careful watch on the approaching, waves and when one is near, the sea anchor
should be properly deployed again and the oars and steering oar used to hold the boat at right angles to
the wave as it passes. In these circumstances it may be sufficient for the oarsmen to hold water while a
wave passes, but if the wave is slow moving the boat should be rowed into it so as to reduce the period
spent in the hazardous area of the wave front.
O progresso para a praia pode ser conseguido ciando e usando a linha de alar
para esvasiar a âncora flutuante, impedindo-a de contrariar a embarcação de
rumar à ré. O timoneiro deverá manter uma vigia apertada durante a
aproximação à praia, especialmente no que respeita às ondas. Ao aproximarem-
se as ondas, a âncora flutuante deverá ser reposicionada e os remos e remo
de esparrela usados para posicionar a embarcação a 90º em relação à onda
passante. Nestas circunstâncias poderá ser suficiente os remadores
aguentarem a água enquanto a onda passa, mas se a onda for lenta a
embarcação deverá remar contra ela por forma a reduzir o período passado na
área de perigo da frente da onda.
Once the lifeboat is aground it should be held stern on to the beach while the crew disembark. In light
surf this can be accomplished by the crew in the stern going over the side and clinging onto the boat
while the men in the bow continue to row. In heavy surf it may be necessary to order the entire crew
over the side to hold onto the boat. If circumstances permit, the lifeboat should then be dragged up the
beach as far as is possible in the conditions. Boat stores and equipment should be removed if rescue is
not likely to be imminent. Great care is needed when the boat is evacuated, as the undertow of the
waves could sweep some of the occupants out to sea again if they do not cling onto the boat when they
are in the water.
Logo que a embarcação estiver em terra, deverá ser posicionada com a popa na
praia durante o desembarque da tripulação. Com ondulação ligeira, tal poderá
ser conseguido com a tripulação à popa pondo-se em posição de remos na água,
enquanto à proa continuam a remar. Com mar grosso poderá ser necessário pôr
toda a tripulação em posição de remos na água. Se as circunstâncias o
permitirem, a embarcação deverá ser arrastada para terra firme tanto quanto
as condições o permitirem. O equipamento e as provisões deverão ser trazidas
para terra, caso não se espere salvamento iminente. Deverão tomar-se todas
as precauções aquando da evacuação da embarcação, dado a ressaca da
rebentação poder arrastar os sobreviventes que não se encontrem agarrados à
embarcação quando na água.
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Do not discard this booklet. When the occupants of the lifeboat have read and understood all the
sections, It should be stowed safely for future reference.
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