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TEORIA DA ELASTICIDADE:
CONTEÚDO PROGRAMÁTICO:
6. Teoremas gerais;
8. Torção;
9. Flexão de barras.
TEORIA DA ELASTICIDADE:
CONTEÚDO PROGRAMÁTICO:
6. Teoremas gerais;
8. Torção;
9. Flexão de barras.
∂ 4
φ ∂ 4
φ ∂ 4
φ
∇ φ = 4 + 2⋅ 2
4
+ 4 =0
∂x ∂x ⋅ ∂y ∂y
2
X = σ xx ⋅ cos(α ) + τ xy ⋅ sen(α )
Y = σ yy ⋅ sen(α ) + τ xy ⋅ cos(α )
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 3/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
a2 2 c2 2
φ2 ( x , y ) = φ2 = ⋅ x + b2 ⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ y
2 2 c
• Verificar se ø2 satisfaz ∇4ø=0 (forças de massa nulas): L
∂ 2φ2
σ xx = 2 ⇒ σ xx = c2
∂y
LEMBRETE: Sentido positivo.
x σyy
c
σxx=c2
σxx=c2 τyx
c
σxx x τxy
L τxy σxx
y
τyx
y σyy
∂ 2φ2
σ yy = 2 ⇒ σ yy = a2
∂x
σyy =a2
LEMBRETE: Sentido positivo.
σyy
τyx
x
σxx=c2
σxx x τxy
σxx=c2
τxy σxx
y
σyy
τyx
x
σxx=c2
σxx x τxy
σxx=c2
τxy σxx
τyx =b2 y
τyx
σyy =a2 σyy
y
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 7/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
σ xx = c2
• Considerações práticas a respeito do polinômio ø2:
a2 2 c2 2
φ2 ( x , y ) = φ2 = ⋅ x + b2 ⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ y ⇒ σ yy = a2
2 2
τ xy = −b2
- Pol. ø2: a2=b2=0 e c2≠0 - Pol. ø2: b2=c2=0 e a2≠0 - Pol. ø2: a2=c2=0 e b2≠0
a3 3 b3 2 c d
φ3 ( x , y ) = φ3 = ⋅ x + ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 + 3 ⋅ y3
3⋅ 2 2 2 3⋅ 2
∂ 2φ3
σ xx = 2 ⇒ σ xx = c3 ⋅ x + d 3 ⋅ y
∂y
∂ 2φ3 σ = a ⋅ x + b ⋅ y
σ yy = 2 ⇒ yy 3 3
∂x
∂ 2φ3
τ xy =− ⇒ τ xy = −(b3 ⋅ x + c3 ⋅ y )
∂x ⋅ ∂y
a3 3 b3 2 c3 d3 3
φ3 ( x , y ) = φ3 = ⋅x + ⋅x ⋅ y + ⋅x⋅ y +
2
⋅y ⇒
3⋅ 2 2 2 3⋅ 2
σ xx = c3 ⋅ x + d 3 ⋅ y ;σ yy = a3 ⋅ x + b3 ⋅ y ;τ xy = −(b3 ⋅ x + c3 ⋅ y )
- Polinômio ø3: a3=b3=c3=0 e d3≠0 (flexão pura).
σ xx = d 3 ⋅ y x
c
c
p / y = 0 ⇒ σ xx = 0 σxx=d 3⋅c
σxx=d 3⋅c
L
p / y = c ⇒ σ xx = d 3 ⋅ c
p / y = −c ⇒ σ xx = − d 3 ⋅ c y
σ xx = c3 ⋅ x + d 3 ⋅ y ;σ yy = a3 ⋅ x + b3 ⋅ y ;τ xy = −(b3 ⋅ x + c3 ⋅ y )
p / y = 0 ⇒ σ yy = 0 σyy =b3⋅c
σ yy = b3 ⋅ y p / y = c ⇒ σ yy = b3 ⋅ c τyx =b3⋅L
p / y = −c ⇒ σ yy = −b3 ⋅ c x
p / x = 0 ⇒ τ xy = 0 τyx =b3⋅L
τ xy = −b3 ⋅ x
p / x = L ⇒ τ xy = −b3 ⋅ L y
σyy =b3⋅c
a4 4 b4 3 c d e
φ4 ( x , y ) = φ4 = ⋅x + ⋅ x ⋅ y + 4 ⋅ x2 ⋅ y 2 + 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y3 + 4 ⋅ y 4
4⋅3 3⋅ 2 2 3⋅ 2 4⋅3
∇ 4φ4 = 0
∂ 2φ4 2 Sendo :
σ xx = 2 ⇒ σ xx = c4 ⋅ x + d 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y + e4 ⋅ y
2
∂y e4 = −(a4 + 2 ⋅ c4 )
∂ 2φ4 σ = ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅
σ yy = 2 ⇒ yy
2 2
a 4 x b4 x y c 4 y
∂x
∂ 2φ4 b d
τ xy =− ⇒ τ xy = − 4 ⋅ x 2 + 2 ⋅ c4 ⋅ x ⋅ y + 4 ⋅ y 2
∂x ⋅ ∂y 2 2
Sendo :
σ xx = c4 ⋅ x + d 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y + e4 ⋅ y
2 2
e4 = −(a4 + 2 ⋅ c4 )
σ yy = a4 ⋅ x 2 + b4 ⋅ x ⋅ y + c4 ⋅ y 2
b4 ⋅ 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + d 4 ⋅ 2
τ xy = − x 2 c4 x y y
2 2
- Polinômio ø4: a4=b4=c4=0 e d4≠0.
σ xx = d 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y
σ yy = 0
τ xy = −(d 4 / 2 ) ⋅ y 2
σ xx = d 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y
y = 0 ⇒ σ xx = 0
p / x = 0 y = c ⇒ σ xx = 0 σxx=d 4⋅L⋅c
y = −c ⇒ σ = 0
xx
x
c
y = 0 ⇒ σ xx = 0
c
p / x = L y = c ⇒ σ xx = d 4 ⋅ L ⋅ c L σxx=d 4⋅L⋅c
y = −c ⇒ σ = − d ⋅ L ⋅ c
xx 4
y
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 16/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Sendo :
τ xy = −(d 4 / 2 ) ⋅ y 2
d 4 > 0
p / y = 0 ⇒ τ xy = 0 τyx =(d 4/2)⋅c 2
σxx=d 4⋅L⋅c
p / y = c ⇒ τ xy = −(d 4 / 2 ) ⋅ c 2
p / y = −c ⇒ τ xy = −(d 4 / 2 ) ⋅ c 2 x
d4 2 d 2 ⋅ d4 ⋅ c ⋅ L
3
M= ⋅ c ⋅ L ⋅ (2 ⋅ c ) − 4 ⋅ c 3 ⋅ ( L ) = y
2 3 3
a5 5 b5 4 c d e f
φ5 = ⋅x + ⋅ x ⋅ y + 5 ⋅ x3 ⋅ y 2 + 5 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y 3 + 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y 4 + 5 ⋅ y 5
5⋅ 4 4⋅3 3⋅ 2 3⋅ 2 4⋅3 5⋅ 4
• Verificar se ø5 satisfaz ∇4ø=0 (forças de massa nulas):
∂ 4φ5
4 = 6 ⋅ a5 ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ b5 ⋅ y e = −(3 ⋅ a + 2 ⋅ c )
∂x 4 5 5 5
∂ φ5
2 = 2 ⋅ c ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ d ⋅ y ⇒ ∇ 4
φ5 = 0
∂x4 ⋅ ∂y
2 5 5 1
f 5 = − ⋅ (b5 + 2 ⋅ d 5 )
∂ φ4 3
∂y 4 = 2 ⋅ e5 ⋅ x + 6 ⋅ f 5 ⋅ y
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 18/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
∂ 2φ5 c5 3
σ xx = 2 ⇒ σ xx = ⋅ x + d 5 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y + e5 ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 + f 5 ⋅ y 3
∂y 3
∂ 2φ5 d5 3
σ yy = 2 ⇒ σ yy = a5 ⋅ x + b5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + c5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ y
3 2 2
∂x 3
∂ 2φ5 b5 3 e5 3
τ xy =− ⇒ τ xy = − ⋅ x + c5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ y
2 2
∂x ⋅ ∂y 3 3
Sendo :
e5 = −(3 ⋅ a5 + 2 ⋅ c5 ); f 5 = −(1 / 3) ⋅ (b5 + 2 ⋅ d 5 )
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 19/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
c5 3
σ xx = ⋅ x + d 5 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y + e5 ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 + f 5 ⋅ y 3
3 Sendo :
d5 3
σ yy = a5 ⋅ x + b5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + c5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ y e5 = −(3 ⋅ a5 + 2 ⋅ c5 )
3 2 2
3
b5 3 e5 3 1
f 5 = − ⋅ (b5 + 2 ⋅ d 5 )
τ xy = − ⋅ x + c5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ y
2 2
3 3 3
- Polinômio ø5: a5=b5=c5=0 e d5≠0.
2 d5 3
σ xx = d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y − ⋅ d 5 ⋅ y ;σ yy = ⋅ y ;τ xy = − d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y 2
2 3
3 3
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 20/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
c
y = 0 ⇒ σ xx = 0
c
p / x = 0 y = c ⇒ σ xx = −(2 / 3) ⋅ d 5 ⋅ c 3 L
y = − c ⇒ σ = ( 2 / 3) ⋅ d ⋅ c 3
xx 5
y
y = 0 ⇒ σ xx = 0
p / x = L y = c ⇒ σ xx = d 5 ⋅ L2 ⋅ c − (2 / 3) ⋅ d 5 ⋅ c 3
y = −c ⇒ σ = −[d ⋅ L2 ⋅ c − (2 / 3) ⋅ d ⋅ c 3 ]
xx 5 5 NOTA: Admitindo d5>0.
τ xy = −d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 τyx =d 5⋅L⋅c 2
y = 0 ⇒ τ xy = 0 x
p / x = 0 y = c ⇒ τ xy = 0
y = −c ⇒ τ = 0 τyx =d 5⋅L⋅c 2
xy
y = 0 ⇒ τ xy = 0 y
p / x = L y = c ⇒ τ xy = − d 5 ⋅ L ⋅ c 2
y = −c ⇒ τ = − d ⋅ L ⋅ c 2
xy 5 NOTA: Admitindo d5>0.
∂ 4φ ∂ 4φ ∂ 4φ
∇ φ = 4 + 2⋅ 2
4
+ 4 =0
∂x ∂x ⋅ ∂y ∂y
2
• Exemplo:
φ3 = (d 3 / 6 ) ⋅ y 3 ⇒ φ5 = (d 5 / 6 ) ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y 3 − (1 / 30 ) ⋅ d 5 ⋅ y 5 ⇒
σ xx = d 3 ⋅ y σ xx = d 5 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y − (2 / 3) ⋅ d 5 ⋅ y 3
σxx=d 3⋅c σxx=(2/3)⋅d 5⋅c 3
x x
σ1≠ σ2
σ1≠ σ2
na distribuição das tensões (ou do
b
carregamento) no contorno, porém, sem alterar
a sua resultante de força e de momento,
modifica significativamente as tensões internas
apenas na proximidade deste contorno;
σ1= σ2
σ1= σ2
• Aplicando este princípio, soluções simples
podem ser utilizadas para fornecer resultados
suficientemente precisos, exceto nas regiões σ=R1/(b⋅t) σ=R1/(b⋅t)
próximas ao contorno;
Seção transversal Seção transversal
• A mudança na distribuição das tensões (ou do
t
t
carregamento) equivale à superposição de um
b b
sistema estaticamente equivalente à força e
momento nulos. Caso 2
Caso 1
ε z = [σ z −ν ⋅ (σ x + σ y )] / E
são alteradas se forem adicionadas, respectivamente,
aos deslocamentos u e v as seguintes funções lineares:
γ xy = τ xy / G
u1 = a + b ⋅ y v1 = c − b ⋅ x γ yz = τ yz / G
sendo a, b e c valores constantes. γ xz = τ xz / G
∂ 2φ ∂φ2
∂ 2φ
σ xx = 2 −ρ⋅g⋅y σ yy = −ρ⋅g⋅y τ xy =−
∂y ∂x 2
∂x ⋅ ∂y
• Entretanto, nestas mesmas condições (peso do sólido é a única força de massa), as
componentes de deslocamento u e v não são as mesmas para os estados planos de tensão e
deformação, pois:
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
ε xx = ε yy = γ xy = +
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
ε xx = (σ xx −ν ⋅ σ yy ) / E ε xx = [(1 −ν 2 )⋅ σ xx −ν ⋅ (1 +ν ) ⋅ σ yy ] / E
ε yy = [(1 −ν )⋅ σ yy −ν ⋅ (1 +ν ) ⋅ σ xx ] / E
ε yy = (σ yy −ν ⋅ σ xx ) / E
2
γ = τ / G γ = τ / G
xy xy xy xy
NOTA: Ressalta-se que as componentes de deformação para o estado plano de deformação podem ser obtidas a
partir das equações para o estado plano de tensão mediante as seguintes equivalências:
(c) Aplica-se na seção x=0 uma distribuição de forças cisalhantes com resultante P.
• Pede-se:
c
x
2⋅c
P A
c
(a) Componentes de tensão;
1
(b) Componentes de deformação; L
x x x
P A P P
c
M⋅y
⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )
V
y y σ= y τ=
I 2⋅ I
NOTA: As equações de σ e τ estão sendo apresentadas em valor absoluto.
d4
φ= ⋅ x ⋅ y 3 + b2 ⋅ x ⋅ y
3⋅ 2
• Componentes de tensão:
σ xx = ∂ 2φ / ∂y 2 ⇒ σ xx = d 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y
σ yy = ∂ 2φ / ∂x 2 ⇒ σ yy = 0
2 ⋅ b2
(τ )
xy y = ± c = −(d 4 / 2 ) ⋅ c − b2 = 0 ⇒ d 4 = − 2
2
c
Para x=0, tem-se -∫τxy·dy=P, logo:
[ ]
c c
− ∫ τ xy ⋅ dy = − ∫ − (d 4 / 2 ) ⋅ y 2 − b2 ⋅ dy = P ⇒
−c −c
3 P 3 P
b2 = ⋅ ⇒ d4 = − ⋅ 3 NOTA: O sinal negativo da integral é proveniente
4 c 2 c da convenção de sinal de τxy em x=0.
3⋅ P Sendo :
σ xx = d 4 ⋅ x ⋅ y σ xx = − 2 ⋅ c 3 ⋅ x ⋅ y 3 P
b2 = ⋅
σ
yy = 0 ⇒ σ yy = 0 ⇒
4 c
τ = −(d / 2 ) ⋅ y 2 − b 3⋅ P 2
xy 4 2 τ
xy
= − ⋅ (c − y 2
)
d = −
3 P
⋅ 3
4⋅c 3
4 2 c
P⋅x⋅ y
σ xx = − ⋅ 3
I = 2 c
I
σ yy = 0
3
P ⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )
τ xy = −
2⋅ I
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 35/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
P⋅x⋅ y σ yy = 0 P ⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )
σ xx =− τ xy =−
I 2⋅ I
σxx=(P/I)⋅L⋅c τxy=0
τxy=(P⋅c 2 )/(2⋅I)
x x x
σxx=(P/I)⋅L⋅c τxy=0
y y y
ε xx = (σ xx −ν ⋅ σ yy ) / E ε xx = σ xx / E Sendo :
ε
yy = (σ yy − ν ⋅ σ xx ) / E ⇒ ε yy = −(ν ⋅ σ xx ) / E ⇒ σ xx = −
P⋅x⋅ y
γ = τ / G γ = τ / G I
xy xy xy xy
σ yy = 0
P⋅x⋅ y P ⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )
ε
xx = − τ xy = −
E⋅I 2⋅ I
ν ⋅P⋅x⋅ y
ε yy =
E⋅I
γ = − P ⋅ (c 2
− y 2
)
xy 2⋅ I ⋅G
NOTA: A distribuição das deformações
proporcional à distribuição das tensões.
é
P ⋅ x2 ⋅ y
u = ∫ (∂u / ∂x ) ⋅ dx u=− + f ( y)
2⋅ E ⋅ I Continua ⇒
⇒
v = ∫ (∂v / ∂y ) ⋅ dy v = ν ⋅ P ⋅ x ⋅ y 2
+ f1 ( x )
NOTA: f(y) e f1(x) são,
2⋅ E ⋅ I
respectivamente, funções
incógnitas de x e y.
Sendo :
P ⋅ x 2
⋅y
u = − + f ( y) ∂u P ⋅ x2 d
2⋅ E ⋅ I ∂y = − 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + dy ⋅ f ( y )
ν ⋅ P ⋅ x ⋅ y2 ⇒ ⇒
v = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + f1 ( x ) ∂v = ν ⋅ P ⋅ y + d ⋅ f ( x )
2
∂x 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I dx 1
∂u + ∂v = − P ⋅ (c − y )
2 2
∂y ∂x 2⋅ I ⋅G
Continua ⇒
P ⋅ x2 d ν ⋅ P ⋅ y2 d P ⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )
− + ⋅ f ( y) + + ⋅ f1 ( x ) = −
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I dy 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I dx 2⋅ I ⋅G
Continua ⇒
Sendo :
d +e = K
d = F ( x ) e = G( y )
Desta forma, tem-se para F(x):
P ⋅ x2 d d P ⋅ x2
d = F (x) = − + ⋅ f1 ( x ) ⇒ ⋅ f1 ( x ) = +d ⇒
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I dx dx 2⋅ E ⋅ I
d
f1 ( x ) = ∫ ⋅ f1 ( x ) ⋅ dx ⇒ f1 ( x ) = P ⋅ x 3
+d⋅x+h
dx 6⋅ E ⋅ I
Continua ⇒
ν ⋅ P ⋅ y2P ⋅ y2 d
e = G( y ) = − + ⋅ f ( y) ⇒
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ I ⋅ G dy
d P ⋅ y2 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y2 d
⋅ f ( y) = − + e ⇒ f ( y ) = ∫ ⋅ f ( y ) ⋅ dy ⇒
dy 2⋅ I ⋅G 2⋅ E ⋅ I dy
P ⋅ y3 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y3
f ( y) = − + e⋅ y + g
6⋅ I ⋅G 6⋅ E ⋅ I
Continua ⇒
2⋅ E ⋅ I
1
P ⋅ x2 ⋅ y P ⋅ y3 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y3
u = − 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 6 ⋅ I ⋅ G − 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I + e ⋅ y + g
v = ν ⋅ P ⋅ x ⋅ y 2
P ⋅ x 3
+ +d⋅x+h
2⋅ E ⋅ I 6⋅ E ⋅ I
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 44/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
P ⋅ L3
(v )xy==L0 =0⇒ h=− −d ⋅L
6⋅ E ⋅ I
Continua ⇒
∂v = 0
x=L
∂x y =0
CASO 2: Um elemento da seção é fixo em A. Nesta condição tem-se:
A
∂u
=0
∂y xy==L0 Continua ⇒
Sendo :
∂v = ⇒
x=L 0 ν ⋅ P ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 P ⋅ x3
∂x y =0 v = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I + d ⋅ x + h
Sendo :
∂v = P ⋅ L + = ⇒ P⋅L ⇒
2 2
x=L d 0 d =− P ⋅ L3
∂x y =0 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ E ⋅ I h = − 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I − d ⋅ L
P ⋅ L3
h=
3⋅ E ⋅ I Continua ⇒
Lembrando que:
Sendo :
P ⋅ c2 P ⋅ L2
d +e = K ⇒ e = − + K = − (P ⋅ c 2
) / (2 ⋅ I ⋅ G )
2⋅ I ⋅G 2⋅ E ⋅ I d = −(P ⋅ L2 ) / (2 ⋅ E ⋅ I )
+ +d⋅x+h
2⋅ E ⋅ I 6⋅ E ⋅ I
P ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y P ⋅ y 3 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y 3 P ⋅ L2 P ⋅ c2
u = − 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 6 ⋅ I ⋅ G − 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I − 2 ⋅ I ⋅ G ⋅ y
ν ⋅ P ⋅ x ⋅ y 2
P ⋅ x 3
P ⋅ L2
⋅ x P ⋅ L3
v = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I − 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 3 ⋅ E ⋅ I Continua ⇒
(u ) y =0 = 0
P ⋅ x 3 P ⋅ L2 ⋅ x P ⋅ L3
(v ) y =0 = − +
6 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 3⋅ E ⋅ I
A flecha máxima é dada por:
P ⋅ L3
(v )max = (v )xy==00 =
3⋅ E ⋅ I
NOTA: As equações apresentadas são as mesmas equações apresentadas na teoria elementar de deflexão de vigas.
P ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y P ⋅ y 3 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y 3 P ⋅ L2 P ⋅ c2
u=− + − + − ⋅ y
2⋅ E ⋅ I 6⋅ I ⋅G 6⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ I ⋅G
A rotação da seção em torno do ponto A é dada por:
∂u P ⋅ x2 P ⋅ y 2 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y 2 P ⋅ L2 P ⋅ c2
=− + − + − ⇒
∂y 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ I ⋅G 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ I ⋅G
Sendo :
∂u P⋅c 2
∂u 3⋅ P
= − ⇒ = − 2 ⋅ c 3
∂y xy==L0 2 ⋅ I ⋅ G ∂y x = L
y =0
4 ⋅ c ⋅ G I =
3 Continua ⇒
A
x
∂u 3⋅ P
=−
∂y xy==L0 4⋅c ⋅G
Sendo :
∂u
=0⇒ P ⋅ x2 ⋅ y P ⋅ y3 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y3
∂y xy==L0 u = − 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 6 ⋅ I ⋅ G − 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I + e ⋅ y
∂u P ⋅ x2 P ⋅ y2 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y2
=− + − +e⇒
∂y 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ I ⋅G 2⋅ E ⋅ I
∂u P ⋅ L2 P ⋅ L2
=− +e =0⇒ e =
∂y xy==L0 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ E ⋅ I Continua ⇒
−d ⋅L
P⋅c ⋅ L P⋅ L
2 3
6⋅ E ⋅ I
h= +
2 ⋅ I ⋅G 3⋅ E ⋅ I
Continua ⇒
+ +d⋅x+h
2⋅ E ⋅ I 6⋅ E ⋅ I
P ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y P ⋅ y 3 ν ⋅ P ⋅ y 3 P ⋅ L2 ⋅ y
u = − 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 6 ⋅ I ⋅ G − 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I + 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I
v = ν ⋅ P ⋅ x ⋅ y 2
P ⋅ x 3
P ⋅ L2
⋅ x P ⋅ L3
P ⋅ c 2
⋅ (L − x )
+ − + +
2⋅ E ⋅ I 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 3⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ I ⋅G Continua ⇒
P ⋅ x 3 P ⋅ L2 ⋅ x P ⋅ L3 P ⋅ c 2 ⋅ ( L − x )
(v ) y =0 = − + +
6 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 3⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ I ⋅G
A flecha máxima é dada por: Força cortante
P ⋅ L3 P ⋅ c 2 ⋅ L
(v )max = (v )xy==00 = +
3⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ I ⋅G Continua ⇒
NOTA: O último membro das equações anteriores representa o efeito da força cortante na deflexão de vigas.
∂v ν ⋅ P ⋅ y 2 P ⋅ x 2 P ⋅ L2 P ⋅ c2 ∂v P ⋅ c2
= + − − ⇒ =− ⇒
∂x 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 ⋅ I ⋅ G ∂x xy==L0 2⋅ I ⋅G
Sendo :
∂v 3⋅ P
x=L =− 2 ⋅ c 3
∂x y =0 4 ⋅ c ⋅ G I = A
3 x
∂v = − 3 ⋅ P
x= L
∂x y =0 4⋅c ⋅G
CASO 1 CASO 2
A A
x x
∂v = − 3 ⋅ P
∂u 3⋅ P x= L
∂x y =0 4⋅c ⋅G
=−
∂y xy==L0 4⋅c ⋅G
c
x
2⋅c
(a) Componentes de tensão;
c
1
(b) Componentes de deformação; L L
c c
∫ σ xx ⋅ dy =0 ∫ σ xx ⋅ y ⋅ dy =0
−c x=± L −c x=± L
c
(τ )
q
xy y = ± c =0 ∫ τ xy ⋅ dy = q ⋅ L
−c x=± L
c
x
2⋅c
c
(σ ) (σ )
1
L L
yy y = − c = −q yy y =c =0
y
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 60/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
σ xx = ∂ 2φ / ∂y 2 ⇒ σ xx = d 3 ⋅ y + d 5 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y + f 5 ⋅ y 3
d5 3
σ yy = ∂ φ / ∂x ⇒ σ yy
2 2
= a2 + b3 ⋅ y + ⋅ y
3
τ xy = −∂ 2φ / (∂x ⋅ ∂y ) ⇒ τ xy = −(b3 ⋅ x + d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 ) NOTA: Ver análise dos
polinômios ø2, ø3 e ø5.
(τ )
xy y = ± c = −(b3 ⋅ x + d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ c 2 ) = 0 ⇒ b3 + d 5 ⋅ c 2 = 0
(σ )yy y = − c = − q ⇒ a2 − b3 ⋅ c −
d5 3
⋅ c = −q
3
Para y=c, tem-se σyy=0, logo:
(σ )yy y = c
d5 3
= 0 ⇒ a2 + b3 ⋅ c + ⋅ c = 0
3 Continua ⇒
1
a
2 = − ⋅q
b3 + d 5 ⋅ c = 0
2
2
d5 3 3 q
−
2 3
a b ⋅ c − ⋅ c = −q ⇒ 3
b = ⋅
3 4 c
d5 3 3 q
a +
2 3b ⋅ c + ⋅c = 0 d
5 = − ⋅ 3
3 4 c
c c
∫ σ xx ⋅ y ⋅ dy = 0 ⇒ ∫ (d 3 ⋅ y + d 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y + f 5 ⋅ y )⋅ y ⋅ dy
2 3
=0⇒
−c x=± L −c x=± L
c Sendo :
∫−c (d3 ⋅ y + d5 ⋅ L ⋅ y + f5 ⋅ y )⋅ y ⋅ dy = 0 ⇒
2 3
2
5f = − ⋅ d5
3
3 q L2 2 3 q
d3 = ⋅ ⋅ 2 − d = − ⋅ 3
4 c c 5 5
4 c
Prof.: Bernardo Moraes Neto Disciplina: Teoria da Elasticidade 64/174
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Instituto de Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Continua ⇒
3 ⋅ q L2 2 3 ⋅ q ⋅ x2 ⋅ y q ⋅ y3
σ xx = 4 ⋅ c ⋅ c 2 − 5 ⋅ y − 4 ⋅ c 3 + 2 ⋅ c 3
q 3 ⋅ q ⋅ y q ⋅ y3
σ yy = − + − ⇒
2 4⋅c 4⋅c 3
3⋅ q ⋅ x 3⋅ q ⋅ x ⋅ y2
τ xy = − 4 ⋅ c − 4 ⋅ c 3
Continua ⇒
3⋅ q 2 2 ⋅ y 3 3 ⋅ q L2 2
σ xx = − 4 ⋅ c 3 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 3 + 4 ⋅ c ⋅ c 2 − 5 ⋅ y
Sendo :
3 ⋅ q y3 2 ⋅ c 3
σ yy = − ⋅ − c ⋅ y + ⇒
2
2 ⋅ c3
4⋅c 3
3
3 I = 3
3⋅ q
τ
xy = − ⋅ (c 2
− y 2
)⋅ x
4⋅c 3
Continua ⇒
q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y
σ xx = 2 ⋅ I ⋅ (L − x )⋅ y + 2 ⋅ I ⋅ 3 − 5
q 2 2
q y3 2 ⋅ c 3
σ yy = − ⋅ − c ⋅ y +
2
2⋅ I 3 3
τ
xy = −
q
⋅ (c 2
− y 2
)⋅ x
2⋅ I
q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y
⋅ (L − x )⋅ y +
q
σ xx = 2 2
⋅ −
2⋅ I 2⋅ I 3 5
q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y
p / x = ± L ⇒ σ xx = ⋅ −
2⋅ I 3 5
σxx=2⋅q⋅c3 /(15⋅I)
2 ⋅ q ⋅ c3 x
p / y = c ⇒ σ xx = 15 ⋅ I
p / x = ±L ⇒
⋅ ⋅ 3 σxx=2⋅q⋅c3 /(15⋅I)
p / y = −c ⇒ σ = − 2 q c
xx
15 ⋅ I y Continua ⇒
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ y
⋅ (L2 − x 2 )⋅ y +
3 2
q q 2 y 2 c
σ xx = ⋅ −
2⋅ I 2⋅ I 3 5
NOTA 1 NOTA 2
Continua ⇒
NOTA 1: Parcela que coincide com a teoria elementar (a seção é solicitada apenas pela componente σxx);
NOTA 2: Parcela que corrige a teoria elementar (a seção é solicitada pelas componentes σxx e σyy). A correção não
depende da direção x e é pequena quando L>>2·c, nestas condições a teoria elementar apresenta precisão satisfatória.
q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y
σ xx = ⋅ −
2⋅ I 3 5
Na prática têm-se nas seções x=±L σxx=0. Entretanto, salienta-se que as resultantes de
força, (∫σxx·dy)x=±L=0, e de momento, (∫σxx·y·dy)x=±L=0, são nulas, logo, pelo Princípio de
Saint-Venant, as respostas apresentadas por σxx são válidas para seções distantes (>2·c)
das extremidades. Continua ⇒
y (mm)
0 0
25 25
NOTA: Tensão máxima σmax:
50 50
75 75 Teoria elementar:
100 100
σxx=M·y/I=1500 MPa
σxx(L,y) σxx(L,y) σxx(500,y) σxx(0,y)
Teoria da elasticidade:
q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y
⋅ (L − x )⋅ y +
q
σ xx = 2 2
⋅ −
2⋅ I 2⋅ I 3 5 σxx=1504 MPa
q y3 2 ⋅ c 3
σ yy =− ⋅ − c ⋅ y +
2
2⋅ I 3 3
q ⋅ c3 q σyy =q
p / y = 0 ⇒ σ = − = −
3⋅ I
yy
2
p / y = c ⇒ σ yy = 0 x
p / y = −c ⇒ σ = − q
yy
y Continua ⇒
σyy (MPa)
q y3 2 ⋅ c 3
σ yy =− ⋅ − c ⋅ y +
2
-100
2⋅ I 3 3 -75
-50
y (mm)
0
25
50
75
100
σyy(0,y)
⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )⋅ x
q
τ xy = − q ⋅ c2 ⋅ L
2⋅ I p / x = − L ⇒ τ xy = 2 ⋅ I
p/ y =0⇒
p / x = L ⇒τ = − q ⋅ c 2
⋅L
τxy=q⋅c 2⋅L/(2⋅I)
x xy
2⋅ I
NOTA 1: Análise da resultante de τxy em x=±L:
c c q
∫ τ xy ⋅ dy = ∫ − ⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )⋅ x ⋅ dy ⇒
−c x = ± L −c 2 ⋅ I x=± L
y
c
∫ τ xy ⋅ dy = q ⋅ L
NOTA 2: A tensão τxy coincide com a tensão
obtida na teoria elementar.
−c x=± L
∂V
Y =− = ρ ⋅ g ⇒ V = −ρ ⋅ g ⋅ y
NOTA: Y é a componente y da força de
∂y
massa por unidade de volume.
Desta forma, a análise do peso próprio pode ser estabelecida, para o presente problema,
mediante a seguinte consideração:
q = 2⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅c
Nestas condições, têm-se para as componentes de tensão:
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
σ xx = 2 −ρ⋅g⋅y σ yy = 2 −ρ⋅g⋅y τ xy =−
∂y ∂x ∂x ⋅ ∂y
Continua ⇒
φ = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ (y 3 + 3 ⋅ c ⋅ x 2 ) / 6
Desta forma, têm-se parcelas adicionais de componentes de tensão, conforme segue:
∂ 2φ
σ xx = ∂y 2 − ρ ⋅ g ⋅ y
σ xx = 0
∂ 2φ
σ yy = 2 − ρ ⋅ g ⋅ y ⇒ σ yy = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ (c − y )
∂x τ = 0
∂ 2φ xy
τ xy = − ∂x ⋅ ∂y
Continua ⇒
q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y Sendo :
σ xx = 2 ⋅ I ⋅ (L − x )⋅ y + 2 ⋅ I ⋅ 3 − 5
q
2 2
q = 2 ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ c
q y3 2 ⋅ c 3
σ yy = − ⋅ − c ⋅ y +2
+ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ (c − y )
2⋅ I 3 3
⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )⋅ x
q
τ
xy = −
2⋅ I
Continua ⇒
q y3 2 ⋅ c 3
Sendo :
σ yy =− ⋅ − c ⋅ y +
2
+ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ (c − y )
2⋅ I 3 3 q = 2 ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ c
p / y = 0 ⇒ σ yy = 0
x
p / y = c ⇒ σ yy = 0
p / y = −c ⇒ σ = 0
yy
y
Continua ⇒
q y3 2 ⋅ c3 -100
σ yy =− ⋅ − c ⋅ y +
2
+ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ (c − y )
2⋅ I 3 3 -75
-50
y (mm)
0
q = 2 ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ c 25
50
75
100
σyy(0,y)
Sendo :
(σ xx −ν ⋅ σ yy ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ y
⋅ (L − x )⋅ y +
3 2
ε
xx = σ xx =
q 2 2 q
⋅
2 y
−
2 c
E 2⋅ I 2⋅ I 3
(σ − ν ⋅ σ )
5
ε yy = ⇒
yy xx
q y 3
2 ⋅ c 3
E σ yy = − ⋅ − c ⋅ y +
2
γ = τ xy 2⋅ I 3 3
xy G
⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )⋅ x
q
τ
xy = −
2⋅ I
Continua ⇒
2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q y3 2 ⋅ c3
ε xx = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I ⋅ (L − x )⋅ y + 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I ⋅ 3 − 5 + 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I ⋅ 3 − c ⋅ y + 3
q 2 2 q 2
y3 2 ⋅ c3 ν ⋅ q 2 2 ⋅ y 3 2 ⋅ c 2 ⋅ y
⋅ (L − x )⋅ y +
q
ε yy = − ⋅ − c ⋅ y + − −
2 2
2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 5
γ = −
q
⋅ (c 2
− y 2
)⋅ x
2⋅G ⋅ I
xy
y3 2 ⋅ c3 ν ⋅ q 2 2 ⋅ y 3 2 ⋅ c 2 ⋅ y
⋅ (L − x )⋅ y +
q
ε yy = − ⋅ − c ⋅ y + − −
2 2
2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 5
γ = −
q
⋅ (c 2
− y 2
)⋅ x
2⋅G ⋅ I
xy
Continua ⇒
u = ∫ (∂u / ∂x ) ⋅ dx = ∫ ε xx ⋅ dx ⇒
q 2 x3 q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q y3 2 2 ⋅ c3
u= ⋅ L ⋅ x − ⋅ y + ⋅ − ⋅ x + ⋅ − c ⋅ y + ⋅ x + f ( y)
2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 5 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 3
v = ∫ (∂v / ∂y ) ⋅ dy = ∫ ε yy ⋅ dy ⇒
y 4 c 2 ⋅ y 2 2 ⋅ c3 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q 2 y 2 y 4 c 2 ⋅ y 2
⋅ (L − x )⋅ + −
q
v=− ⋅ − + − 2
+ f1 ( x )
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 12 2 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 6 5
Continua ⇒
∂v ν ⋅ q ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 d
= + ⋅ f1 ( x )
∂x 2⋅ E ⋅ I dx Continua ⇒
2 x3 2 ⋅ c2 ν ⋅q
⋅ ( y 2 − c 2 )⋅ x + ⋅ f ( y ) +
q q d
⋅ L ⋅ x − + ⋅2⋅ y −
2
⋅ x +
2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 5 2⋅ E ⋅ I dy
ν ⋅ q ⋅ x ⋅ y2
⋅ (c 2 − y 2 )⋅ x
d q
+ ⋅ f1 ( x ) = −
2⋅ E ⋅ I dx 2⋅G ⋅ I
Nesta equação, há membros que são função de (x), função de (y) e função de (x,y).
Agrupando estes membros, respectivamente, em F(x), G(y) e H(x,y), têm-se:
F (x ) + G( y ) = H (x , y )
NOTA: A equação F(x)+G(y)=H(x,y) só é satisfeita se F(x), G(y) e H(x,y) forem constantes. Continua ⇒
2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ E ⋅ I
q ⋅ ( y 2 )⋅ x
2 ⋅ G ⋅ I Continua ⇒
Sendo :
d +e = f
d = F ( x ) e = G( y ) f = H (x, y )
Desta forma, tem-se para F(x):
2 x3 2 ⋅ c2 ν ⋅q
⋅ (c 2 )⋅ x −
d q q
⋅ f1 ( x ) = − ⋅ L ⋅ x − + ⋅ ⋅ x +
dx 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 5 2⋅ E ⋅ I
⋅ (c 2 )⋅ x + d
q
2⋅G ⋅ I
Continua ⇒
q 2 x3 q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q y3 2 2 ⋅ c3
u= ⋅ L ⋅ x − ⋅ y + ⋅ − ⋅ x + ⋅ − c ⋅ y + ⋅ x +
2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 5 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 3
e⋅ y + h
y 4 c 2 ⋅ y 2 2 ⋅ c3 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q 2 y 2 y 4 c 2 ⋅ y 2
⋅ (L − x )⋅ + −
q
v=− ⋅ − + − 2
−
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 12 2 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 6 5
q L2 ⋅ x 2 x 4 q c2 ⋅ x2 ν ⋅ q c2 ⋅ x2 q c2 ⋅ x2
⋅ − + ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ +d ⋅x+ g
2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 12 5 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ G ⋅ I 2
(u )xy==00 = 0 ⇒ h = 0
q
(v )xy==00 = δ ⇒ g = δ
c
x
2⋅c
c
1
L L
y Continua ⇒
∂u ∂v = ⇒
=0⇒ e=0 x =0 0 d = 0
∂y xy==00 ∂x y =0
Sendo :
∂ ⋅ ν ⋅q
⋅ ( y 2 − c 2 )⋅ x + e
3 2
=u q x q 2 c
⋅ L ⋅ x − +
2
⋅2⋅ y −
2
⋅ x +
∂y 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 5 2⋅ E ⋅ I
∂v ν ⋅ q ⋅ x ⋅ y 2 2 x3 2 ⋅ c2 ν ⋅q
⋅ (c 2 )⋅ x −
q q
= − ⋅ L ⋅ x − + ⋅ ⋅ x +
∂x 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 5 2⋅ E ⋅ I
q
⋅ (c 2 )⋅ x + d
2 ⋅ G ⋅ I Continua ⇒
q 2 x3 q 2 ⋅ y3 2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q y3 2 2 ⋅ c3
u= ⋅ L ⋅ x − ⋅ y + ⋅ − ⋅ x + ⋅ − c ⋅ y + ⋅ x
2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 5 2⋅ E ⋅ I 3 3
y 4 c 2 ⋅ y 2 2 ⋅ c3 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q 2 y 2 y 4 c 2 ⋅ y 2
⋅ (L − x )⋅ + −
q
v=− ⋅ − + − 2
−
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 12 2 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 6 5
q L2 ⋅ x 2 x 4 q c2 ⋅ x2 ν ⋅ q c2 ⋅ x2 q c2 ⋅ x2
⋅ − + ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ +δ
2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 12 5 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ G ⋅ I 2
Sendo :
G = E / [2 ⋅ (1 +ν )] Continua ⇒
y 4 c 2 ⋅ y 2 2 ⋅ c3 ⋅ y ν ⋅ q 2 ⋅
⋅ (L − x )⋅ + −
2 4 2 2
q y y c y
v=− ⋅ − + − 2
−
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 12 2 3 2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 6 5
q L2 ⋅ x 2 x 4 q c 2 ⋅ x 2 q c 2 ⋅ x 2 q ⋅ν c 2 ⋅ x 2
⋅ − + ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ +δ
2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 12 5 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2
NOTA: Da análise do deslocamento u, verifica-se que a linha neutra não coincide com o
centróide da seção (y=0), pois devido à ação da tensão σyy, (σyy)y=0=-q/2, tem-se:
(u ) y =0 = ν ⋅ q ⋅ x / (2 ⋅ E ) ⇒ (ε xx ) y =0 = ν ⋅ q / (2 ⋅ E ) Continua ⇒
q L2 ⋅ x 2 x 4 q c 2 ⋅ x 2 q c 2 ⋅ x 2 q ⋅ν c 2 ⋅ x 2
(v ) y =0 =− ⋅ − + ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ +δ
2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 12 5 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2
Para x=±L, tem-se v=0, logo:
q L2
⋅ L2
L4
q c 2
⋅ L2
q c 2
⋅ L2
q ⋅ν c 2
⋅ L2
(v )xy==±0 L = − ⋅ − + ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅
2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 12 5 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2
+δ = 0 ⇒
q L2 ⋅ x 2 x 4 q c 2 ⋅ x 2 q c 2 ⋅ x 2 q ⋅ν c 2 ⋅ x 2
(v ) y =0 =− ⋅ − + ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ +δ
2⋅ E ⋅ I 2 12 5 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2 E ⋅ I 2 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I 2
∂ 2v q L2 − x 2 2 4 ν
2 =− ⋅ + c ⋅ +
∂x y =0 E ⋅ I 2 5 2
NOTA: Desta análise, verifica-se que a curvatura (∂2v/∂x2)y=0 não é proporcional ao momento
fletor, conforme apresenta a teoria elementar, (d2y/dx2)=M/(E·I).
m ⋅π ⋅ x
φ ( x , y ) = φ = sen ⋅ f ( y)
L
Continua ⇒
Sendo :
4
∂ 4φ ∂ 4φ ∂ 4φ ∂ φ / ∂ x 4
= sen (α ⋅ x ) ⋅ α 4
⋅ f (y)
∇ 4φ = 4 + 2⋅ 2 + 4 =0 4
∂x ∂x ⋅ ∂y ∂y
2
∂ φ / ∂ y 4
= sen(α ⋅ x ) ⋅ f ' ' ' ' ( y )
∂ 4φ / (∂x 2 ⋅ ∂y 2 ) = − sen(α ⋅ x ) ⋅ α 2 ⋅ f ' ' ( y )
f ( y ) = e r⋅ y
Continua ⇒
f ' ( y ) = e r⋅ y ⋅ r
f ' ' ( y ) = e r⋅ y
⋅ r 2
f ( y ) = e r⋅y ⇒
f ' ' ' ( y ) = e r⋅ y
⋅ r 3
α 4 − 2 ⋅ α 2 ⋅ r 2 + r 4 = 0 ⇒ r = ±α
Continua ⇒
f ( y ) = c1 ⋅ eα ⋅ y + c2 ⋅ e −α ⋅ y + c3 ⋅ y ⋅ eα ⋅ y + c4 ⋅ y ⋅ e −α ⋅ y ⇒
f ( y ) = (c1 + c3 ⋅ y ) ⋅ eα ⋅ y + (c2 + c4 ⋅ y ) ⋅ e −α ⋅ y
C1 + C2 C1 − C2 C3 + C4 C3 − C4
c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 =
2 2 2 2
Continua ⇒
eα ⋅ y + e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y − e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y + e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y − e −α ⋅ y
f ( y ) = C1 ⋅ + C2 ⋅ + C3 ⋅ y ⋅ + C4 ⋅ y ⋅ ⇒
2 2 2 2
Sendo :
eα ⋅ y − e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y + e −α ⋅ y
senh(α ⋅ y ) = 2
cosh(α ⋅ y ) =
2
Continua ⇒
Sendo :
α = m ⋅ π / L
C
4 ⋅ [2 ⋅ α ⋅ cosh (α ⋅ y ) + y ⋅ α 2
⋅ senh (α ⋅ y )]
Continua ⇒
A
(a) Seção retangular 1-2·c (largura unitária);
c
x
2⋅c
(b) Simplesmente apoiada nos extremos;
c
(c) Carga -A∙sen(α∙x) no bordo y=-c e 1
L
B
-B∙sen(α∙x) no bordo y=c;
Continua ⇒
− C1 ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) + C2 ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) +
0 = − cos(α ⋅ x ) ⋅ α ⋅ C3 ⋅ [cosh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )] − ⇒
C ⋅ [senh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )]
4
− C1 ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) + C2 ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) +
C3 ⋅ [cosh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )] − C4 ⋅ [senh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )] = 0
A
C1 ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) − C2 ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) − C3 ⋅ c ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + C4 ⋅ c ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) =
α2
B
C1 ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + C2 ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) + C3 ⋅ c ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + C4 ⋅ c ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) =
α2
A + B senh(α ⋅ c ) + α ⋅ c ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )
1C = ⋅
α 2
senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) + 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
C = − A − B ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + α ⋅ c ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )
2 α2 senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) − 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
C3 = A − B ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )
α 2 senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) − 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
C4 = − A +2 B ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )
α senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) + 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
A
• Distribuição das tensões σxx: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
x
distribuição de σxx:
c
σxx (MPa)
L
B
50 -100
-75
-50
y
25
Seção (mm)
σxx (MPa)
-25 50
75
100 Continua ⇒
-50
Vão (mm) σxx(250,y) σxx(750,y) NOTA:
Para x=0, σxx=0;
σxx(x,-c) σxx(x,0) σxx(x,c) Para x=L, σxx=0.
A
• Distribuição das tensões σxx: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
x
distribuição do momento fletor mxx(x):
c
300000 L
B
200000
y
100000
mxx (N∙mm
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-100000
-200000
-300000 c
Vão (mm)
mxx ( x ) = ∫ σ xx ( x , y ) ⋅ y ⋅ dy
mxx(x) −c
A
• Distribuição das tensões σyy: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
x
distribuição de σyy:
c
σyy (MPa)
L
B
25 -100
20 -75
15
-50
y
10
Seção (mm)
σyy (MPa)
A
• Distribuição das tensões τxy: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
x
distribuição de τxy:
c
τxy (MPa)
L
B
15 -100
-75
10 y
-50
5
Seção (mm)
τxy (MPa)
m ⋅π ⋅ x
φ ( x , y ) = φ = cos ⋅ f ( y)
L
Continua ⇒
Sendo :
4
∂ 4φ ∂ 4φ ∂ 4φ ∂ φ / ∂ x 4
= cos (α ⋅ x ) ⋅ α 4
⋅ f (y)
∇ 4φ = 4 + 2⋅ 2 + 4 =0 4
∂x ∂x ⋅ ∂y ∂y
2
∂ φ / ∂ y 4
= cos(α ⋅ x ) ⋅ f ' ' ' ' ( y )
∂ 4φ / (∂x 2 ⋅ ∂y 2 ) = − cos(α ⋅ x ) ⋅ α 2 ⋅ f ' ' ( y )
f ( y ) = e r⋅ y
Continua ⇒
f ' ( y ) = e r⋅ y ⋅ r
f ' ' ( y ) = e r⋅ y
⋅ r 2
f ( y ) = e r⋅y ⇒
f ' ' ' ( y ) = e r⋅ y
⋅ r 3
α 4 − 2 ⋅ α 2 ⋅ r 2 + r 4 = 0 ⇒ r = ±α
Continua ⇒
f ( y ) = c1 ⋅ eα ⋅ y + c2 ⋅ e −α ⋅ y + c3 ⋅ y ⋅ eα ⋅ y + c4 ⋅ y ⋅ e −α ⋅ y ⇒
f ( y ) = (c1 + c3 ⋅ y ) ⋅ eα ⋅ y + (c2 + c4 ⋅ y ) ⋅ e −α ⋅ y
C1 + C2 C1 − C2 C3 + C4 C3 − C4
c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 =
2 2 2 2
Continua ⇒
eα ⋅ y + e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y − e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y + e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y − e −α ⋅ y
f ( y ) = C1 ⋅ + C2 ⋅ + C3 ⋅ y ⋅ + C4 ⋅ y ⋅ ⇒
2 2 2 2
Sendo :
eα ⋅ y − e −α ⋅ y eα ⋅ y + e −α ⋅ y
senh(α ⋅ y ) = 2
cosh(α ⋅ y ) =
2
Continua ⇒
Sendo :
α = m ⋅ π / L
C
4 ⋅ [2 ⋅ α ⋅ cosh (α ⋅ y ) + y ⋅ α 2
⋅ senh (α ⋅ y )]
Continua ⇒
A
(a) Seção retangular 1-2·c (largura unitária);
c
x
2⋅c
(b) Simplesmente apoiada nos extremos;
c
1
(c) Carga -A∙cos(α∙x) no bordo y=-c e L
B
-B∙cos(α∙x) no bordo y=c;
y
(d) α=4∙π/L, ou seja, m=4.
LEMBRETE: Sentido positivo.
y
AA
Continua ⇒
− C1 ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) + C2 ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) +
0 = sen(α ⋅ x ) ⋅ α ⋅ C3 ⋅ [cosh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )] − ⇒
C ⋅ [senh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )]
4
− C1 ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) + C2 ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) +
C3 ⋅ [cosh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )] − C4 ⋅ [senh(α ⋅ c ) + c ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )] = 0
A
C1 ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) − C2 ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) − C3 ⋅ c ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + C4 ⋅ c ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) =
α2
B
C1 ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + C2 ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) + C3 ⋅ c ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + C4 ⋅ c ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c ) =
α2
A + B senh(α ⋅ c ) + α ⋅ c ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )
1C = ⋅
α 2
senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) + 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
C = − A − B ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c ) + α ⋅ c ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )
2 α2 senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) − 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
C3 = A − B ⋅ α ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )
α 2 senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) − 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
C4 = − A +2 B ⋅ α ⋅ senh(α ⋅ c )
α senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) + 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
A
• Distribuição das tensões σxx: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
distribuição de σxx:
x
c
σxx (MPa)
50 -100 L
B
-75
25 -50 y
Seção (mm)
σxx (MPa)
A
• Distribuição das tensões σxx: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
distribuição do momento fletor mxx(x):
x
c
300000 L
B
200000
100000
y
mxx (N∙mm
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-100000
-200000
-300000 c
Vão (mm)
mxx ( x ) = ∫ σ xx ( x , y ) ⋅ y ⋅ dy
mxx(x) −c
A
• Distribuição das tensões σyy: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
distribuição de σyy:
x
c
σyy (MPa)
25 -100
L
B
20 -75
15
-50
10 y
σyy (MPa)
-25
Seção (mm)
A
• Distribuição das tensões τxy: Admitindo A=10 N/mm, B=20
N/mm, L=2000 mm, c=100 mm e m=4, tem-se para a
c
distribuição de τxy:
x
c
τxy (MPa)
15 -100
L
B
-75
10
-50
5 y
Seção (mm)
τxy (MPa)
m ⋅π ⋅ x + m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞ ∞
qs = A0 + ∑ Am ⋅ sen ∑ A' m ⋅ cos
m =1 L m =1 L
• Face inferior (y=c):
∞
m ⋅π ⋅ x m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞
qi = B0 + ∑ Bm ⋅ sen + ∑ B' m ⋅ cos
m =1 L m =1 L
c
x
2⋅c
c
1
a a q
L L
y Continua ⇒
0 para − L ≤ x ≤ − a y
q
f ( x ) = q para − a < x < a x
0 para a ≤ x ≤ L
-L -a a L
• A Série de Fourier para função f(x) é dada por:
m ⋅π ⋅ x + m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = A0 + ∑ Am ⋅ sen ∑ m
A' ⋅ cos
m =1 L m=1 L
NOTA: Uma vez que f(x) é uma função par, mostrar-se-á que a parcela ∑Am∙sen(m∙π∙x/L)=0. Continua ⇒
m ⋅π ⋅ x + m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = A0 + ∑ Am ⋅ sen ∑ m
A' ⋅ cos
m =1 L m=1 L
Onde :
L
A = 1 / (2 ⋅ L ) ⋅ f ( x ) ⋅ dx
0 ∫− L
L
L
q q
A0 = ⋅ [x ]−a = ⋅ [a − (− a )] ⇒
a
2⋅ L 2⋅ L
q⋅a
A0 =
L
1
L
m ⋅π ⋅ x Sendo :
Am = ⋅ ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ sen ⋅ dx ⇒
L −L L ∫ sen(u ⋅ x ) ⋅ dx = − cos(u ⋅ x ) / u
−a m ⋅ π ⋅ x
a
m ⋅π ⋅ x
∫ 0 ⋅ sen L ⋅ dx + ∫ q ⋅ sen L ⋅ dx +
1 − L −a ⇒ A =0
Am = ⋅ L
L m ⋅π ⋅ x ⋅ m
∫ 0 ⋅ sen dx
a L
NOTA: Am=0 é um valor esperado, pois f(x) é uma função par. Continua ⇒
1
L
m ⋅π ⋅ x Sendo :
A' m = ⋅ ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ cos ⋅ dx ⇒
L −L L ∫ cos(u ⋅ x ) ⋅ dx = sen(u ⋅ x ) / u
−a m ⋅ π ⋅ x ⋅ +
a
m ⋅π ⋅ x
∫ 0 ⋅ cos L dx ∫ q ⋅ cos L ⋅ dx +
1 − L −a ⇒
A' m = ⋅ L
L m ⋅π ⋅ x
∫ 0 ⋅ cos ⋅ dx
a L
2 ⋅ q ⋅ sen(m ⋅ π ⋅ a / L )
A' m =
m ⋅π Continua ⇒
q ⋅ a 2 ⋅ q ∞ sen(m ⋅ π ⋅ a / L ) ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
f (x) = + ⋅∑
L π m =1 m
Continua ⇒
Carga (N/mm)
L=2000 mm, tem-se:
5
0 para − L ≤ x ≤ − a
f ( x ) = q para − a < x < a 0
0 para a ≤ x ≤ L
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
-5
Vão (mm)
q⋅a 2⋅q sen(m ⋅ π ⋅ a / L ) ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
∞
f SF ( x ) = + ⋅∑ NOTA: Nos pontos de descontinuidade
L π m =1 m verifica-se a não convergência da série.
Este comportamento é conhecido como
efeito Gibbs.
m ⋅π ⋅ x + m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞ ∞ a a
qs = A0 + ∑ Am ⋅ sen ∑ m
A' ⋅ cos q
m =1 L m =1 L
c
x
Face inferior (y=c):
c
m ⋅π ⋅ x + m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞ ∞
qi = B0 + ∑ Bm ⋅ sen ∑ m
B' ⋅ cos a a q
m =1 L m =1 L L L
y
NOTA: Averiguando que qs=qi=q, têm-se que A0=B0, Am=Bm e A’m=B’m. Continua ⇒
q ⋅ a 2 ⋅ q ∞ sen(m ⋅ π ⋅ a / L ) ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
qs = qi = − f ( x ) = − − ⋅∑
L π m =1 m
NOTA 2 NOTA 3
c
x x x
c
c
L L
q q
y y y
σ yy
q 3 ⋅ q ⋅ y q ⋅ y3
=− + − σ yy
q 3⋅ q ⋅ y q ⋅ y3
=− − + σ yy = (σ yy )y =0 = −q
2 4⋅c 4 ⋅ c3 2 4⋅c 4 ⋅ c3
NOTA: Ressalta-se que q·a/L representa a compressão uniforme do caso em estudo. Continua ⇒
∑
π m =1 m
∑ m
π m =1
α = m ⋅ π / L
Continua ⇒
c
tensão (σyy)y=0 do caso em estudo. Ressalta-se que q·a/L
x
c
representa a compressão uniforme, logo:
a a q
Sendo :
α = m ⋅ π / L
L L
y
q ⋅ a 4 ⋅ q ∞ sen(α ⋅ a ) senh(α ⋅ c ) + α ⋅ c ⋅ cosh(α ⋅ c )
(σ ) =− − ⋅∑ ⋅ ⋅ cos(α ⋅ x )
π m =1 m senh(2 ⋅ α ⋅ c ) + 2 ⋅ α ⋅ c
yy y = 0
L
Continua ⇒
-2
c
-4 x
c
-6
-8
a a q
-10
L L
-12
Vão (mm)
σyy(x,m=10) σyy(x,m=20) y
c
(c) Carga q distribuída no trecho 2·a. No bordo x x
superior, y=-c, q=qs e no bordo inferior, y=c, q=qi.
c
a qa P
L L L L
NOTA: Quando o valor de a é considerado muito pequeno,
tem-se o caso da força concentrada (P=2·q·a). y y Continua ⇒
q ⋅ a 2 ⋅ q ∞ sen(m ⋅ π ⋅ a / L ) ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
c
q = qs = qi = − − ⋅∑ x
L π m =1 m
c
a qa
L L
Sendo :
α = m ⋅ π / L
c
0
-100 -75 -50 -25
-0.2 0 25 50 75 100 x
-0.4
σyy (MPa)
c
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2 a qa
-1.4
L L
Vão (mm)
σyy(x,y=950,m=3) σyy(x,y=900,m=3)
y
σyy(x,y=800,m=3) σyy(x,y=0,m=3) NOTA: Teoria elementar:
σ=P/A=(q∙2·a)/(2·L)= (q·a)/L=0,5 MPa.
c
x
2⋅c
c
1
L L
y Continua ⇒
m ⋅π ⋅ x + m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = A0 + ∑ Am ⋅ sen ∑ m
A' ⋅ cos
m =1 L m=1 L
Continua ⇒
m ⋅π ⋅ x + m ⋅π ⋅ x
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = A0 + ∑ Am ⋅ sen ∑ m
A' ⋅ cos
m =1 L m=1 L
Onde :
L
A = 1 / (2 ⋅ L ) ⋅ f ( x ) ⋅ dx
0 ∫− L
L
L
m ⋅π ⋅ x
L
1
Am = ⋅ ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ sen ⋅ dx ⇒
L −L L
q sen(m ⋅ π ) − m ⋅ π ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π )
Am = 2 ⋅
π m2
m ⋅π ⋅ x q sen(m ⋅ π )
L
1
A' m = ⋅ ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ cos ⋅ dx ⇒ A' m = ⋅
L −L L π m
• Substituindo as constantes A0, Am e A’m em f(x), tem-se:
q q ∞ [sen(m ⋅ π ) − m ⋅ π ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π )] +
f (x) = + 2 ⋅ ∑ ⋅ sen ( m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
2 π m =1 m 2
q ∞ sen(m ⋅ π ) ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
⋅∑
π m =1 m
Continua ⇒
Carga (N/mm)
8
mediante um exemplo numérico. Sendo
6
assim, admitindo q=10 N/mm e L=2000
4
mm, tem-se:
2
0
q x
f ( x ) = ⋅ + 1
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
Vão (mm)
2 L fSF(m=10) fSF(m=7) fSF(m=3)
fSF(m=1) f(x)
NOTA
q q ∞ [sen(m ⋅ π ) − m ⋅ π ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π )] −
q = − f (x) = − − 2 ⋅ ∑ ⋅ sen ( m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
2 π m =1 m2
q ∞ sen(m ⋅ π ) ⋅ cos(m ⋅ π ⋅ x / L )
⋅∑
π m =1 m
3 ⋅ q L2 2 3 ⋅ q ⋅ x2 ⋅ y q ⋅ y3
(σ xx )1 = 8 ⋅ c ⋅ c 2 − 5 ⋅ y − 8 ⋅ c 3 + 4 ⋅ c 3
(τ ) = − 3 ⋅ q ⋅ x 3 ⋅ q ⋅ x ⋅ y 2
−
xy 1
8⋅c 8⋅c 3
NOTA: A solução da pg. 66 foi utilizada substituindo-se q por q/2, o qual corresponde à
constante A0 do presente estudo. Continua ⇒
B = 0 Continua ⇒
σ xx = (σ xx )1 + (σ xx )2 + (σ xx )3
NOTA 2
NOTA 1 NOTA 3
c
σxx (MPa)
x
c
2000 -100
1500 -75 L L
1000 -50
y
Seção (mm)
σxx (MPa)
σx=0=1676 MPa
c
x
fletor mxx(x):
c
12000000 L L
10000000
8000000 y
mxx (N∙mm
6000000 Continua ⇒
4000000
2000000
NOTA: Momento p/ x=0:
0 Teoria elementar:
-2000 -1000
-2000000 0 1000 2000
c
x
τxy (MPa)
c
120 -100
L L
80 -75
-50 y
40
Seção (mm)
τxy (MPa)
c
x
cortante V(x):
c
15000 L L
10000
y
5000
V (N)
0
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
NOTA: Reações:
-5000
Teoria elementar:
-10000
Vx=-L=6,67·103 N Vx=L=1,33·104 N
-15000 c
Vão (mm) V ( x ) = ∫ τ xy ( x , y ) ⋅ dy Teoria da elasticidade:
−c
V(x,-c) V(x,0) V(x,c)
Vx=-L=6,86·103 N Vx=L=1,31·104 N
FIM!