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INGLÊS COM PRONÚNCIA PERFEITA EM 7
DIAS!
Adriano Steffler
SUMÁRIO
INTRODUÇÃO
COMO USAR ESTE LIVRO
1º DIA: O ALFABETO E OS SONS DO INGLÊS
2º DIA: REGRAS ORTOGRÁFICAS GERAIS
3º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS VOGAIS
4º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS COMBINAÇÕES DE VOGAIS
5º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS CONSOANTES
6º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS COMBINAÇÕES DE CONSOANTES
7º DIA: ENTONAÇÃO
APÊNDICE
BIBLIOGRAFIA
INTRODUÇÃO
Ao estudar inglês, geralmente, tem-se a impressão de que essa língua
apresenta uma ortografia com pouca ou nenhuma regularidade, situação
que se torna ainda mais dramática se levarmos em conta as suas diversas
variantes e os inúmeros empréstimos de outros idiomas. Essa concepção,
no entanto, é falsa. O inglês apresenta bastante regularidade em sua
escrita, o que, na maioria dos casos, possibilita a leitura de uma palavra
desconhecida sem que nunca se tenha ouvido a sua pronúncia.
Com efeito, as regras ortográficas do inglês são mais complexas do que as
da maioria das línguas bem conhecidas, havendo também um bom número
de exceções. Contudo, isso não invalida o proveito que se pode conseguir
ao estudar as regularidades existentes na sua ortografia.
Este breve manual tem o objetivo de auxiliar os alunos de ensino
fundamental, médio e superior que têm dificuldades para associar a palavra
escrita à pronúncia do inglês. Intenta-se apresentar, em um período de uma
semana, as mais importantes regras ortográficas do idioma e fornecer
exercícios de leitura e de pronúncia, para que o aluno possa aplicar o que
estudou. Neste material, confere-se grande ênfase às exceções,
irregularidades e anomalias ortográficas, com o intuito de possibilitar ao
aluno que identifique facilmente as escritas aberrantes e suas respectivas
pronúncias e, por conseguinte, consiga também depreender e aplicar as
regras ortográficas gerais e decodificar as palavras com escrita regular.
Desse modo, espera-se que o aprendente atinja independência e
segurança para decidir a pronúncia correta de um vocábulo sem que, a todo
momento, precise recorrer a áudio ou consultar dicionários. Por esse
motivo, propositalmente, omitiu-se a transcrição fonética da maior parte das
palavras, restringindo-a à indicação da pronúncia de exceções.
Embora haja variação entre a pronúncia nos diversos países de língua
inglesa, para evitar que este manual se torne demasiadamente extenso,
esta obra se restringe ao inglês britânico, havendo, contudo, menções de
diferenças no inglês americano quando elas são relevantes.
Neste livro, evitou-se, ao máximo possível, o uso de termos técnicos
complexos ou desconhecidos e, quando isso se fez necessário, procurou-se
explicar detalhadamente o termo, de modo a não deixar dúvidas ao aluno.
Poder-se-ia argumentar que muitas das palavras com ortografia exótica ou
anômala que são apresentadas no decorrer da obra são estrangeirismos
ou, então, palavras arcaicas ou de uso restrito. Contudo, ocorre que,
justamente as palavras com a escrita mais esdrúxula são, paradoxalmente,
as mais usadas no cotidiano, mesmo na linguagem coloquial. Esse fato
justifica a inclusão de toda e qualquer irregularidade, para prover domínio
pleno da ortografia da língua inglesa.
Ao final deste breve curso de ortografia aplicada à pronúncia, espera-se
que o aluno esteja familiarizado com as peculiaridades do sistema
ortográfico da língua inglesa, com o seu inventário de fonemas e com as
exceções em geral, para que, assim, tenha independência e confiança para
falar, ler e escrever em inglês com correção, desembaraço e desenvoltura.
7º DIA: ENTONAÇÃO
A entonação das palavras do inglês causa algumas dificuldades aos
falantes de português, pois, muitas vezes, apresentam acentuação distinta.
Por esse motivo, ela deve ser aprendida juntamente com a pronúncia das
palavras.
Em inglês, o acento é a pronúncia mais forte de determinada porção de
uma palavra, ou seja, é dada maior ênfase a uma sílaba, para que a sua
pronúncia se distinga das demais. Isso também faz com que a vogal dessa
sílaba seja pronunciada levemente alongada, o seu tom aumenta e é falada
mais alto.
No caso da entonação do inglês, é mais proveitoso simplesmente decorar a
entonação juntamente com a pronúncia das palavras do que explicar as
poucas regras existentes para elas. Por esse motivo, na sequência, são
apresentadas várias palavras com a sua entonação marcada, a fim de que
sejam aprendidas pelo aluno.
Palavras com duas sílabas
1. Com acento na primeira sílaba: able, absent, accent, active, answer,
apple, army, artless, bacon, badness, barley, basin, basket, beggar, bellman,
better, bible, blameless, blanket, blessing, blindness, bonnet, bottle,
branches, breakfast, bridle, brightness, broken, brother, buckle, bully,
bundle, candle, careless, carpet, certain, chapter, charming, chestnut,
chicken, chooses, cobweb, colour, comfort, cottage, cotton, cruel, curtain,
darkness, dazzle, doing, double, dozen, eagle, either, even, ever, farthing,
fasten, father, feather, fever, foolish, frigthen, fuel, gather, gentle, gloomy,
glutton, happen, harmless, harvest, heaven, hedge, humour, husband,
jewel, kindle, knowledge, larger, laundry, learning, lemon, lesson, linen,
listen, little, market, master, matter, mother, murmer, music, muslin, napkin,
neighbour, neither, noble, nonsense, nothing, nurses, object, orange,
parent, parlour, partly, partridge, passage, pebble, people, pewter, pleasant,
prison, promise, pully, punish, quarrel, quiet, ragged, rather, rattle, raven,
reader, ripen, ruby, rudely, season, seldom, shilling, shovel, silent, soften,
something, stomach, stupid, sullen, tailor, taken, thimble, thunder, tutor,
vermine, whistle, wicked, woodly, woolly, woven
2. Com o acento na segunda sílaba: abhor, about, abroad, absurd,
abuse, account, accuse, acquaint, admire, adore, adorn, afford, affront,
again, ago, alarm, alive, allow, alone, aloud, amend, amongst, anoint,
apart, applaud, appoint, approve, around, arrive, attend, avoid, awake,
away, baloon, becalm, because, become, begin, behave, behind, behove,
believe, belong, between, beyond, buffoon, confess, consent, decamp,
deceit, deceive, declare, decoy, defend, deform, defraud, delay, delight,
demure, depart, depend, deserve, design, desist, destroy, devour, devout,
disarm, discard, discrete, disdain, disgrace, disguise, displease, disprove,
distress, disturb, divert, divide, dragoon, embark, embrace, embroil,
employ, enjoy, enlarge, enough, excel, expect, foment, foretell, himself,
improve, incline, indeed, inform, inquire, instruct, intrude, invent, invite,
itself, lament, maintain, mankind, miscall, mislaid, morose, neglect, offence,
perform, persuade, perverse, possess, prejudge, presume, profess,
propose, protect, provoke, rebuild, rebuke, recall, recoil, recruit, refresh,
refuse, regard, regret, rejoice, rejoin, remain, remark, remove, renounce,
renown, repass, repast, repeat, reprove, request, require, resist, resolve,
resound, return, revolve, reward, serene, sincere, submit, support,
suppose, surprise, traduce, unbolt, undo, unfit, unkind, unknown, unripe,
until, untruth, untwist, withdraw
Palavras com três sílabas
1. Com o acento na primeira sílaba: absolute, abstinence, admiral,
afterward, animal, animate, artifice, barbarous, blasphemous, butterfly,
candidate, candlestick, carefulness, carpenter, catholic, certainly, chearfully,
circular, cleanliness, clemency, commoner, confidence, constancy,
covetous, customer, dangerous, desolate, destitute, dignify, drowsiness,
dutiful, elegance, eloquence, embassy, emperor, equalize, evening,
excellence, exercise, faithfully, favorite, foreigner, frequency, frivolous,
gallantry, gingerbread, glorify, governor, gracefulness, grievously,
handkerchief, happiness, hazardous, hesitate, hurricane, ignorance,
indolent, industry, infancy, influence, intimate, inwardly, jealousy, justify,
kinswoman, knavery, landlady, legacy, liable, liberal, liberty, likelihood,
magnify, maintenance, marvellous, memory, merciless, messenger,
monument, mountebank, moveable, mulberry, multitude, natural,
negligence, nightingale, nourishment, nursery, obstinate, obviate, occupy,
orderly, origin, ornament, parentage, partnership, passenger, persecute,
pitiful, poulterer, poverty, presently, prosperous, punishment, quality,
quarrelsome, quarterly, rarity, readily, reckoning, recompense, reference,
regular, regulate, remedy, residence, resolute, reverence, rhetoric, ridicule,
rigorous, riotous, robbery, satisfy, scandalous, scrupulous, sensible,
separate, sepulchre, slavery, solitude, sovereign, substitute, tantalize,
temperate, tragedy, traveller, treachery, treasurer, troublesome, tyranny,
underhand, undermost, usefulness, vanity, vehemence, venison, victory,
vigilant, vinegar, visitor, warrior, wearisome, wickedness, wilderness,
wonderful
2. Com o acento na segunda sílaba: abundance, accomplish, admonish,
amendment, apparent, appearance, apprentice, archangel, assemble,
attendance, begotten, beholden, commandment, composure, conducive,
confinement, conjecture, consider, continue, deceitful, defiance, demolish,
demonstrate, diminish, disciple, discover, disgraceful, displeasure,
distribute, embassage, enable, engagement, enjoyment, establish,
examine, extinguish, forerunner, forgetful, forgiveness, hereafter, heroic,
ignoble, illegal, imagine, important, imprison, improvement, inhuman,
inquiry, intreaty, majestic, miscarry, misfortune, moreover, observe,
occurrence, offensive, oppressor, paternal, pathetic, performance,
preferment, prohibit, prophetic, receiver, recital, refulgent, remembrance,
repentance, securely, sincerely, spectator, successful, survivor,
thenceforward, together, tribunal, triumphant, unactive, ungrateful, unlawful,
unpleasant, unwelcome, unworthy
3. Com o acento na terceira sílaba: aftermoon, appertain, apprehend,
condescend, contradict, disagree, disappoint, disesteem, disregard,
disunite, importune, incorrect, insomuch, interfere, intermix, introduce,
misinform, overlook, overtake, overthrow, seventeen, superscribe,
thereabout, unbelief, undermine, understand, violin, volunteer
Palavras com quatro sílabas
1. Com o acento na primeira sílaba: acceptable, admirable, adversary,
annually, answerable, applicable, ceremony, charitable, comfortable,
commentary, controversy, courteously, cowardliness, customary, difficulty,
disputable, efficacy, eminency, formidable, gentlewoman, habitable,
imitable, impudently, intimacy, lamentable, literature, malefactor, matrimony,
melancholy, memorable, navigator, necessary, ordinary, pardonable,
parliament, passionate, persecutor, practicable, reasonable, sanctuary,
serviceable, statuary, temporary, territory, testimony, utterable, valuable,
variously, violable, voluntary, warrantable, weatherbeaten
2. Com o acento na segunda sílaba: abstemious, accommodate,
adventurer, adversity, affirmative, agreeable, annuity, antagonist, apology,
audacious, authority, barbarity, benevolent, calamity, captivity,
communicate, continual, convenient, courageous, creation, declension,
deformity, deliberate, deliverance, deplorable, desirable, divinity, edition,
effectual, encouragement, enumerate, erroneous, executor, experience,
extravagant, felicity, forgetfulness, futurity, geography, gratuity, habitual,
historical, idolater, idolatry, illustrious, immediate, immoderate, immoveable,
impatience, impenitent, impiety, incessantly, ingredient, inheritance, iniquity,
interpreter, irregular, luxuriant, magician, memorial, methodical, miraculous,
mortality, mysterious, nativity, obedient, observable, opinion, original,
perpetual, philosophy, physician, presumptuous, prevaricate, promiscuous,
prophetical, rebellion, remarkable, ridiculous, salvation, satyrical, severity,
significant, simplicity, sobriety, society, superfluous, superior, suspicious,
temptation, tumultuous, tyrannical, unanimous, unchangeable, undutiful,
unfortunate, unnatural, unusual, unworthily, variety, voluminous
3. Com o acento na terceira sílaba: accidental, altogether, commentator,
correspondence, detrimental, disadvantage, disagreement, discomposure,
disinherit, everlasting, inoffensive, introductive, legislative, manufacture,
misdemeanour, opportunely, overburden, unacquainted, unadvised,
undertaker, universal, unprepared, unprovided, whensoever
Palavras com cinco sílabas
1. Com acento na primeira sílaba: conscionable, customarily, dedicatory,
dictionary, fashionable, figuratively, judicatory, marriageable, ordinarily,
passionately, pensionary, questionable, stationary, supplicatory, voluntarily
2. Com acento na segunda sílaba: abominable, affectionate, apothecary,
compassionate, conditional, considerable, continually, degeneracy,
deliciously, dishonorable, effeminacy, imaginable, immediately,
impenetrable, incomparable, incorrigible, innumerable, insatiable,
inseparable, intolerable, inviolable, irregularly, maliciously, notoriously,
observatory, occasional, parishioner, preparatory, recoverable, traditional,
tyrannically, unalterable, unanswerable, unfortunately, unnecessary,
unpardonable, unreasonable, unrighteously, unseasonable, unsufferable,
unutterable, victoriously
3. Com o acento na terceira sílaba: alphabetical, apparition, artificial,
ceremonial, christianity, disagreeable, disobedience, excommunicate,
expeditious, fallibility, genealogy, generality, hospitality, immaterial,
importunity, incivility, inconceivable, inconsiderate, inconvenient, inequality,
inexpressible, ingenuity, insignificant, insufficient, insupportable, justifiable,
liberality, matrimonial, meritorious, ministerial, penitential, perpendicular,
philosophical, popularity, prejudicial, probability, reconcileable,
representative, sensibility, sensuality, supernatural, unaccountable,
uniformity
4. Com o acento na quarta sílaba: accommodation, administrator,
characteristic, communication, cooperator, deliberation, denominator,
determination, ecclesiastic, examination, experimental, interrogation,
justification, multiplicator, recommendation, signification, superabundance,
verification, versification
Palavras com seis e sete sílabas com os acentos marcados
ceremoniously, disobediently, dissatisfactory, emblematicaly, etymological,
familiarity, immateriality, immutability, inconsiderably, inconveniently,
incorruptibility, infallibility, interrogatory, involuntarily, latitudinarian,
meritoriously, particularity, recommendatory, superannuated,
superintendency, supernumerary, universality, unreasonableness,
valetudinarian
Palavras que mudam de sentido conforme a entonação
Há palavras do inglês cujo sentido muda conforme a sua entonação:
abject – abject
absent – absent
abstract – abstract
accent – accent
affix – affix
augment – augment
bombard – bombard
cement – cement
colleague – colleague
collect – collect
comment – comment
compact – compact
complot – complot
comport – comport
compound – compound
compress – compress
concert – concert
concrete – concrete
conduct – conduct
confine – confine
conflict – conflict
conserve – conserve
consort – consort
consult – consult
contest – contest
context – context
contract – contract
contrast – contrast
convent – convent
convert – convert
convict – convict
convoy – convoy
descant – descant
desert – desert
digest – digest
discount – discount
essay – essay
exile – exile
export – export
extract – extract
ferment – ferment
foretaste – foretaste
frequent – frequent
import – import
incense – incense
insult – insult
nickname – nickname
object – object
outcast – outcast
outlaw – outlaw
outleap – outleap
outwork – outwork
perfume – perfume
permit – permit
prefix – prefix
premise – premise
presage – presage
present – present
produce – produce
project – project
protest – protest
rebel – rebel
record – record
refuse – refuse
regress – regress
retail – retail
subject – subject
surname – surname
survey – survey
torment – torment
traject – traject
transfer – transfer
transport – transport
transverse – transverse
turmoil – turmoil
upstart – upstart
APÊNDICE
Nesta seção, apresentam-se diversas tabelas de flexão verbal, substantival
e adjetival. Embora não se relacionem diretamente à questão ortográfica,
devem ser elencadas pelas irregularidades e grafias, por vezes, anômalas
que apresentam. Por esse motivo, é altamente recomendável que o aluno
decore essas formas.
Verbos irregulares
Infinitivo Passado Particípio
abide abode / abided abode / abided / abidden
awake awoke awoken
be (am / is / are) was (were) been
bear bore born / borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bid bid / bade bid / bidden
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted
build built built
burn burnt / burned burnt / burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
clap clapped / clapt clapped / clapt
cling clung clung
clothe clad / clothed clad / clothed
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
dare dared / durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dove / dived dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit / fitted fit / fitted
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade / forbad forbidden
forget forgot forgot / forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung / hanged hung / hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden / hid
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled
knit knit / knitted knit / knitted
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant / leaned leant / leaned
learn learnt / learned learnt / learned
leap leapt / leaped leapt / leaped
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit / lighted lit / lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted molten / melted
mow mowed mown
pay paid paid
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
rid rid / ridded rid / ridded
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawn / sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn / sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaven / shaved
shear shore / sheared shorn / sheared
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled
sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snuck
sow sowed sown
speak spoke spoken
speed sped / speeded sped / speeded
spell spelt / spelled spelt / spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled
spin span / spun spun
spit spit / spat spit / spat
split split split
spoil spoilt / spoiled spoilt / spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
stride strode / strided stridden
strike struck struck / stricken
string strung strung
strip stript / stripped stript / stripped
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated
sweep swept / sweeped swept / sweeped
swell swelled swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive throve / thrived thriven / thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden
understand understood understood
vex vext / vexed vext / vexed
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
wet wet wet
win won won
wind wound wound
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
Substantivos irregulares
Singular Plural
addendum addenda / addendums
aircraft aircraft
alga algae
alumna alumnae
alumnus alumni
analysis analyses
antenna antennae / antennas
antithesis antitheses
apex apices / apexes
appendix appendices / appendixes
axis axes
bacillus bacilli
bacterium bacteria
basis bases
beau beaux / beaus
bison bison
brother brothers / brethren
buffalo buffalo / buffalos / buffaloes
bureau bureaux / bureaus
bus busses / buses
cactus cacti / cactus / cactuses
calf calves
campus campuses / campi
cello cellos / celli
château châteaux / châteaus
child children
codex codices
concerto concerti / concertos
corps corps
corpus corpora
craft craft
crisis crises
criterion criteria / criterions
curriculum curricula / curriculums
datum data
deer deer / deers
diagnosis diagnoses
die dice / dies
dwarf dwarves / dwarfs
echo echoes
elf elves
ellipsis ellipses
embargo embargoes
emphasis emphases
erratum errata
faux pas faux pas
fez fezzes / fezes
fish fish / fishes
focus foci / focuses
foot feet / foot
formula formulae / formulas
fungus fungi / funguses
genus genera / genuses
goose geese
graffito graffiti
grouse grouse / grouses
half halves
hero heroes
hippopotamus hippopotami / hippopotamuses
hoof hooves / hoofs
hovercraft hovercraft
hypothesis hypotheses
index indices / indexes
knife knives
larva larvae / larvas
leaf leaves
libretto libretti / librettos
life lives
loaf loaves
locus loci
louse lice
man men
matrix matrices / matrixes
means means
medium media / mediums
memorandum memoranda / memorandums
millennium millenniums / millennia
minutia minutiae
moose moose
mosquito mosquitoes
mouse mice
nebula nebulae / nebulas
neurosis neuroses
nucleus nuclei / nucleuses
oasis oases
octopus octopi / octopuses
offspring offspring / offsprings
opus opera / opuses
ovum ova
ox oxen / ox
paralysis paralyses
parenthesis parentheses
penny pence
person people / persons
phenomenon phenomena / phenomenons
phylum phyla
potato potatoes
prognosis prognoses
quiz quizzes
radius radii / radiuses
referendum referenda / referendums
salmon salmon / salmons
scarf scarves / scarfs
scissors scissors
self selves
series series
sheep sheep
shelf shelves
shrimp shrimp / shrimps
spacecraft spacecraft
species species
stigma stigmas / stigmata
stimulus stimuli
stratum strata
swine swine
syllabus syllabi / syllabuses
symposium symposia / symposiums
synopsis synopses
synthesis syntheses
tableau tableaux / tableaus
thesis theses
thief thieves
tomato tomatoes
tooth teeth
torpedo torpedoes
trout trout / trouts
tuna tuna / tunas
vertebra vertebrae / vertebras
vertex vertices / vertexes
veto vetoes
vita vitae
vortex vortices / vortexes
watercraft watercraft
wharf wharves / wharfs
wife wives
wolf wolves
woman women
zero zeroes / zeros
Adjetivos irregulares
Positivo Comparativo Superlativo
bad worse worst
far further / farther furthest / farthest
good better best
ill worse worst
late later / latter latest / last
less lesser least
little less / smaller least / smallest
many more most
much more most
near nearer nearest / next
old older / elder oldest / eldest
well better best
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<http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics>. Acesso em: 12 de fevereiro de 2019.
Received Pronunciation. Teflpedia, 2019. Disponível em:
<https://teflpedia.com/Received_Pronunciation>. Acesso em: 02 de
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Silent Letter Words. MyWords, 2019. Disponível em:
<https://mywords.cle.ust.hk/sir/silent_words.php>. Acesso em: 08 de abril
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ANTES DE IR…
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Table of Contents
INTRODUÇÃO
COMO USAR ESTE LIVRO
1º DIA: O ALFABETO E OS SONS DO INGLÊS
2º DIA: REGRAS ORTOGRÁFICAS GERAIS
3º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS VOGAIS
4º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS COMBINAÇÕES DE VOGAIS
5º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS CONSOANTES
6º DIA: PRONÚNCIA DAS COMBINAÇÕES DE CONSOANTES
7º DIA: ENTONAÇÃO
APÊNDICE
BIBLIOGRAFIA