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RULES OF COUNTING
• ARRANJOrdem - PERMUTATION
Definição de Arranjo
Arranjos são os modos diferentes de organizar os objetos de um conjunto, em uma
ordem específica. Isto implica toda a disposição ou rearranjo que for possível.
Permutations are the different ways in which a collection of items can be arranged.
Exemplo
Digamos que a senha do seu armário é 5432. Se você inserir 4325 nele, ele não
será aberto porque é uma ordem diferente.
Os arranjos possíveis para 2, 3, 4, 5 são: 5432, 5423, 5324, 5342, 5234, 5243, 4532,
4523, 4325, 4352, 4253, 4235, 3542, 3524, 3425, 3452, 3254, 3245, 2543, 2534,
2435, 2453, 2354, 2345.
Podemos dizer que a senha do seu armário é um arranjo específico de 2, 3, 4 e 5.
Se o seu armário funcionasse por combinação, você poderia inserir qualquer um dos
arranjos acima e ele abriria.
Fórmula para calcular arranjos simples
Dessa forma, de quantas maneiras distintas a escolha poderá ser feita? Observe
que nesse caso, a ordem é importante, visto que altera o resultado.
https://brilliant.org/wiki/fundamental-counting-
principle/#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20counting%20principle%20is,perform%20b
oth%20of%20these%20actions.
Fórmula
Exemplo
Para exemplificar, vamos pensar de quantas maneiras diferentes 6 pessoas podem
se sentar em um banco com 6 lugares.
Logo, existem 720 maneiras diferentes para as 6 pessoas sentarem neste banco.
• COMBINAÇÃO / COMBINATION
Definição de combinação
A combinação é definida como as diferentes formas de seleção de um grupo, tendo
alguns ou todos os itens de um conjunto, sem que a ordem importe.
A combination is a way of choosing elements from a set in which order does not
matter. The different selections possible from a collection of items are called
combinations.
https://brilliant.org/wiki/combinations/
Fórmula para calcular combinação
Exemplo
Iremos escolher 3 membros para formar uma comissão organizadora de um evento,
dentre as 10 pessoas que se candidataram.
1. How many 2 digit numbers can you make using the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4
without repeating the digits?
2. Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed
with the letters of the word ‘CHAIR’.
3. Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed
with the letters of the word ‘INDIA’.
4. Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed
with the letters of the word ‘SWIMMING?
5. How many different words can be formed with the letters of the word
‘SUPER’ such that the vowels always come together?
6. Find the number of different words that can be formed with the letters of
the word ‘BUTTER’ so that the vowels are always together.
7. In how many ways can a committee of 1 man and 3 women can be formed
from a group of 3 men and 4 women?
9. How many 4 digit numbers that are divisible by 10 can be formed from the
numbers 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 0 such that no number repeats?
10. Suppose that in the ABA English class we have 10 students, 5 women
and 5 men. Knowing that there will be a spelling competition and that the
class must be represented by a group of 3 men and 2 women, in how
many ways can this group be formed?
ANSWERS
1. How many 2 digit numbers can you make using the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4
without repeating the digits?
This time we want to use 2 digits at the time to make 2 digit numbers.
For the first digit we have 4 choices and for the second digit we have 3 choices (4 - 1
used already). Using the counting principle, the number of 2 digit numbers that we
can make using 4 digits is given by
4 × 3 = 12
The above problem is that of arranging 2 digits out of 4 in a specific order. This is
also called permutating.
The most important idea in permutations is that order is important. When you use the
digits 3 and 4 to make a number, the number 34 and 43 are different hence the order
of the digits 3 and 4 is important.
In general permutating r (2 digit in the above example) items out of a set of n (4 digits
in the above example) items is written as n P r and the formula is given by
n
Pr = n! / (n - r)!
2. Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed
with the letters of the word ‘CHAIR’.
Solution:
3. Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed
with the letters of the word ‘INDIA’.
Solution:
When a letter occurs more than once in a word, we divide the factorial of the
number of all letters in the word by the number of occurrences of each letter.
4. Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed
with the letters of the word ‘SWIMMING?
5. How many different words can be formed with the letters of the word
‘SUPER’ such that the vowels always come together?
Solution:
So, the letters are S,P,R, (UE). Now the number of words are 4.
Therefore, the number of ways in which 4 letters can be arranged is 4!
Hence, the total number of ways in which the letters of the ‘SUPER’ can be
arranged such that vowels are always together are 4! * 2! = 48 ways.
6. Find the number of different words that can be formed with the letters of
the word ‘BUTTER’ so that the vowels are always together.
Solution:
The word ‘BUTTER’ contains 6 letters.
The letters U and E should always come together. So the letters are B, T, T, R,
(UE).
Number of ways in which the letters above can be arranged = 5!/2! = 60 (since
the letter ‘T’ is repeated twice).
Number of ways in which U and E can be arranged = 2! = 2 ways
Therefore, total number of permutations possible = 60*2 = 120 ways.
7. In how many ways can a committee of 1 man and 3 women can be formed
from a group of 3 men and 4 women?
Solution:
No. of ways 1 man can be selected from a group of 3 men = 3C1 = 3! / 1!*(3-1)! =
3 ways.
No. of ways 3 women can be selected from a group of 4 women = 4C3 = 4! /
(3!*1!) = 4 ways.
Solution:
Selecting at least 3 black balls from a set of 5 black balls in a total selection of 5 balls
can be
3 B and 2 R
4 B and 1 R and
5 B and 0 R balls.
Therefore, our solution expression looks like this.
5 3 5 3 5 3
C3 * C2 + C4 * C1 + C5 * C0 = 46 ways .
9. How many 4 digit numbers that are divisible by 10 can be formed from the
numbers 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 0 such that no number repeats?
Solution:
If a number is divisible by 10, its units place should contain a 0.
___0
After 0 is placed in the units place, the tens place can be filled with any of the other 5
digits.
5
Selecting one digit out of 5 digits can be done in C1 = 5 ways.
After filling the tens place, we are left with 4 digits. Selecting 1 digit out of 4 digits can
4
be done in C1 = 4 ways.
3
After filling the hundreds place, the thousands place can be filled in C1 = 3 ways.
10. Suppose that in the ABA English class we have 10 students, 5 women
and 5 men. Knowing that there will be a spelling competition and that the
class must be represented by a group of 3 men and 2 women, in how
many ways can this group be formed?
5 5
Solution: C3 * C2 = 100