Captura de Ecrã 2022-01-20 À(s) 16.15.07

o Costa
Parte 1
Belmir drigue
s
tica A
linda Ro
á Erm e
Mat em
o
12.º an
Propostas
de Resolução
A cópia ilegal viola os direitos dos autores.

Os prejudicados somos todos nós.
Oo
Índice
Manual – Parte 1
1 Cálculo combinatório 4
2 Probabilidades 26
3 Funções reais de variável real 43
Poderá encontrar no e-Manual Premium:
• todas as propostas de resolução do projeto em formato digital em contexto

(também em PDF no menu de recursos do projeto);
• as propostas de resolução assinaladas neste livro, com o ícone ( ), em

formato de aplicação interativa, permitindo a sua apresentação passo a passo.
ISBN 978-972-0-84686-0
2
Manual Parte 1
Unidade 1 Cálculo combinatório
NEMA12PR1 © Porto Editora
Z Z
Z Z
4
5
Cálculo combinatório
Unidade 1
6
7
Unidade 1
8
9
Unidade 1
10
NEMA12PR1_unidade_1
=
′ = =
× ′= × = =
× × ×
× ′ = × =
=
× =
× =
× =
× × × =
×( − )×( − )
= ⇔ = ⇔ = ⇔
( − ) ( − )
± +
⇔ − − = ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ =−
≥ =
=
× ×
= × × = × × =
×( − ) ×( − )
∩
= × × =
× × ×
( ∪ )∩
=
( ∩ )∪( ∩ )
11 11
Unidade 1
12
13
Unidade 1
14
15
Unidade 1
16
NEMA12PR1_unidade_1
= = × =
= = = =
= = = = = =
= = = = = = = = + =
= = = = = = = = = = + + =
+ = ⇔ = ⇔ =
= = = = = = = = = = = =
+ =
+ = ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ = −
⇔ = ∨ =
− + = ⇔ + = ⇔ =
+ + = ⇔ + + + =
⇔ + = ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ = −
= ⇔ = ∨ =
= ⇔ = + ⇔ =
= ⇔ = ∨ = − ⇔ = ∨ =
− = ⇔ =
− = ⇔ =
= =
= = ⇔ = ⇔ =
=
=
+ + + + + + = − =
+
=
∈N
+ = ⇔ = − ( = = )
+ = ⇔ + = ⇔ + =
− = =
⇔ + = ⇔ + = ⇔ =
NEMA12PR1-2
17 17
N
Unidade 1
18
19
NEMA12PR1_unidade_1
Unidade 1

= = =
= ⇔ = × ⇔
( )− ( − )
+ = =
×( − )×( − )×( − ) ×( − )×( − )
⇔ =
( − ) ( − )
×( − )×( − )
= = = + + = + + ⇔ = ×( − )⇔
⇔ ×( − )×( − )− ×( − )= ⇔ ×( − )×( − − )=
⇔ = ∨ = ∨ = ≥ =
= − = = − = = = =
=
=
+ = + =
+ + + + + =
− + − + − + =
+
+ = − ⇔ =
+ = ⇔ = = = =
= + = × =
= ⇔ = + ⇔ =
+ = − =
= ⇔ = ⇔
−
( − ) = − + − + − + =
×( − )×( − )
⇔ = ⇔ − = ⇔ ( − )= ⇔
( − )
⇔ = ∨ = + + = − ⇔ + + =
( − )
≥ =
= ⇔ + +
( − )= ⇔ + + − =
⇔ + − = ⇔ = ∨ =− ≥
=
20 20
NEMA12PR1_unidade_1
+ − + × = ⇔
= ⇔ = ⇔ = ⇔ + + × = ⇔ × + × =
⇔ ×( + )= ⇔ +
=
( + ) = ( ) + ( ) × + ( ) × +
− = − = + ( ) × + × = + + + +
( − ) = + ×(− ) + ×( − ) + ×( − ) +
+ ×(− ) + (− ) = − + − + −
= ⇔( + = ∨ + = − )∧ + ≤ ⇔
+
( + ) = ( ) + ( ) × + ( ) × +
⇔ = ∨ =
+ ( ) × + ( ) × + ( ) × + ( ) × + × =
= − ⇔ + = ⇔ = ⇔
⇔( = ∨ = − )∧ ≤ ⇔ = ∨ = = + + + + + + +
− = ⇔ = + ⇔ = ⇔ ×(−
− = + )+ ×(− ) +
⇔( = ∨ = − )∧ ≤ ⇔ = ∨ = ∈N
+ ×(− ) + ×(− ) + ×(− ) =
=
+ = − ⇔ + + + = = − + − + −
⇔ + = ⇔ =
⇔( = ∨ = − )∧ ≤ ⇔ = ∨ =
−
= × = × × =
( + )
( )
+
+ = + × = = × = × × =
( − ) ( + − )
×( − )×( − )×( − ) ( + )× ×( − )×( − )
= + ×
( − ) ( − ) = × − = × × = × =
−
×( − )×( − ) ( + )× ×( − )
= + ×
=
×( − )
×( − + + )=
×( − )
× =
×( − ) = ( ) ×(− ) = × × =
= × =
+
×( − )
+ = × ⇔ =
×( − )×( − ) ×( − ) ×( − )
= × ⇔ − × =
( − )
⇔ = +
∈N { }
−
= × × = × × =
+ + × = + + × =
= × + × = ×( + )= ×
21 21
N
Unidade 1
22
NEMA12PR1_unidade_1
+
× = ×
× ∈{ }
−
( ) ×( )
− − −
× = =
− − + − − − +
= × × × = ×
( − − + )
× = −
× −
= × = × + × = × + ×
= × =
( + ) +( − ) = + + + + × × =
+ + + − + − + − =
= + +
( + ) +( − ) = + +
( + ) +( − ) = ⇔ + + = ⇔ +
+ − = ⇔ + − = ⇔ + − = ⇔
=
− ±
⇔ + − = ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ =− ⇔
⇔ = ∨ =− ⇔ = ∨ =− −
=
×
× × =
× =
× =
× +
× =
× × × × × =
× × = ×
23 23
NEMA12PR1_unidade_1
Unidade 1
× × + × × × × =

( ) ( )
− −
+ = × = × ×
= =
− = ⇔ =
× =
× × = × × =
+ = × =
=
− − + − − +
= × × × = × ×
= =
×
− + = ⇔ =
× × =
× +
={ ∈ ∉ }= ∩
={ } ={− } ={− }
( ) × ×
× × = {( ) ∈ ∧ ∈ ∧ ∈ }
×
− − ×
( × × )=( )×( )×( ) = × × =
× × =
× =
− = −
( ) − −
+ = × = × =
= =
× =
− + − +
= × =
= =
+ = ⇔ =
= = = =
− + > ∧ ≤ ≤ ∧ ∈Z
− + > ∧ ≤ ≤ ∧ ∈Z ⇔ > ∧ ≤ ≤ ∧ ∈Z
⇔ = ∨ =
24 24
NEMA12PR1_unidade_1
= ⇔ = ⇔ = = =
× × =
× ×
− × = − =
× × =
( )
× ∈ ∈ ∈ − × <
∈ >
( )
× ∉ ∉ − × < ∈
∩
− < ∧ ≤
× =
25 25
Unidade 2 Probabilidades
26
27
Probabilidades
Unidade 2
28
NEMA12PR1_unidade_2
Probabilidades
( )=
( ∩ )
( )= = ≈
( )= ( )= ( )
( )= ( )= ( )=
( ∩ ) = ( )× ( )=( − ( ))× ( )=
=( − )× =
( )=
( )= − ( )= − =
( ∩ ) ( ∩ )= =
( )=
( ) ( ∩ )= =
( ∩ )= ( )− ( ∩ ) = − ( )× ( )=
= − × = − = ( ∩ )
( )= = = =
( )
( )= ( ∩ )+ ( ∩ )= + =
( ∩ ) ( )
( )= = =
( )=
∩
( ) ( )
= = =
( ∩ ) ( )− ( ∩ )
( )= = =
( )
( ) ∩
( )= = = =
− × ( )
= = =
( ∩ )
( )= = = =
( )
( )=
( )= − ( )= − =
( )= − ( )− ( )= − − =
( ∩ ) ( ∩ )= × ⇔ ( ∩ )=
( )= ⇔ = ⇔ ( ∩ )= × ⇔
( ∩ )= × ⇔ ( ∩ )=
( )
⇔ ( ∩ )= ( ∩ )= × ⇔ ( ∩ )=
( ∩ )= ( )− ( ∩ )= − =
( ∩ )
( )= ⇔ = ⇔ ( ∩ )= × ⇔
( )
⇔ ( ∩ )=
( ∩ )= ( )− ( ∩ )= − =
( ∩ )= ( ∩ )+ ( ∩ )= + =
( ∩ )
( )= = =
( )
( ∩ ) +
( )= = = =
( ) −
29 29
Unidade 2
30
31
Probabilidades
NEMA12PR1_unidade_2
Unidade 2
( )= ( ∩ )+ ( ∩ )= ( )= ( ∩ )+ ( ∩ )=

= ( )× ( ) + ( )× ( ) = ( )× ( ) + ( )× ( ) =
= × + × = = × + × =
=
( ∩ )= ×
( ) ( )= = =
∩ × ( ) −
( )= = ≈
( )
( ∩ ) = ( )× ( )= ×
( )= =
( ) ( )
= =
( )= ( )= ( )=
( ∩ )
− ( )× ( ) = − × ( )= − ( ∩ )=
( ∩ ) ( )
( )= ⇔ ( ∩ )= ( )× ( ) ⇔
( ) = ( ∩ )= ( ∪ )
⇔ ( ∩ )= × ⇔ ( ∩ )=
( ∩ ) = ( )− ∩ = − =
( ∩ )
( )= = = ( )= ( )=
( )
( ∪ )= − ( )× ( ) = − × = ( )
( ∩ ) = ( )× ( ) ( ) + ( )× ( ) =
( )= × + × = = ( ) + ( )×( − ( )) = ( ) + ( ) − ( )× ( ) =
= ( )+ ( )− ( ∩ )= ( ∪ )
( )= × + × =
( ∩ ) = ( )× ( ) ( )= ( ∩ )=
( )= =
( ∪ ) = ( ) + ( )× ( ) = + × =
( )= × ( )= × =
( )= − ( )= − =
32 32
Probabilidades
NEMA12PR1-3 33
Unidade 2
34
NEMA12PR1_unidade_2
Probabilidades
( )= × =
( )= × =
= {( )( )( )( )( ) ( )}
= {( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )}
= {( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )}
={( ) ( ) ( ) ( )}
∩ ={( ) ( ) ( )}
= ⇔ = ∩ ={( ) ( )}
∪ = {( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )}
∩ = { ( ) ( ) ( )}
( )= ( )= ( )= ( )=
= = =
( )= × =
=
× + ×
= =
×
( )= × + × =
× + ×
( )= × + × = = =
35 35
Unidade 2
36
37
Probabilidades
Unidade 2
38
39
Probabilidades
NEMA12PR1_unidade_2
Unidade 2

( − ) ( )= − ( )= − = − =
( − ) = + ×(− ) + ×(− ) + ×(− ) +
+ ×(− ) + ×(− ) + ×(− ) + ×(− ) +

+
+ ×(− ) + ×(− ) + (− ) = − + − ( )= ⇔ = ⇔ + = + ⇔
+
− + − + − + − + ⇔ = ⇔ =
( )=
( )= = =
( − ) >
× ( )= − ( )= − × = − = =
( )= = =
×
( )= = =
( )= ( )= ( )= ( )= ( )=
( )=
( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( ) =
+ + + + + = ⇔ = ⇔ = ×
( )= − ( )= − = − =
( ) = ( )+ ( )+ ( ) = + + = =
×
( )= = ≈
( ∪ )− ( )× ( ) =
+ + + = ⇔ =
( ∩ )
= ( )+ ( )− ( ∩ )− × ( )
( )
( )− ( ∩ )
= ( )+ ( ) −( ( ) − ( ∩ )) − × ( ) ( )= =
( )
( ∩ )
= ( )+ ( )− ( )+ ( ∩ )− − × ( )
( )
( ∩ )
= ( )+ ( ∩ )− ( )+ × ( )=
( ) =
( ∩ ) ( ∩ )
= ( ∩ )+ − ( ∩ )= = ( )
( ) ( ) = = = =
= =
40 40
41
Probabilidades
Unidade 2
42
Unidade 3 Funções reais de variável real
N N
N
N
N
N
N
N N
N N
N N
N
43
Unidade 3

N
N N
N N
N
N N
N N
N
N N
N
44
Funções reais de variável real
N
N
N N
N
45
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Unidade 3
46
47
R
R
R
R
Unidade 3
48
NEMA12PR1 Unidade 3
= { ∈R + ≥ }=R = { ∈R + ≥ }=R
R
R
( = + )
( = + )
⋅ +∞
⋅ +∞
∞ +
∞−∞ + ( ) + ∞
= = = =
( ) + − ∞ → +∞ → +∞ → +∞
= = = − =
→ +∞ → +∞ → +∞
+
= = + = + =
→ +∞ → +∞
+
( )=
∞−∞
= − = + − = − =−
=
→ +∞
( ( )− )= →+∞
+ −
→ +∞ → +∞
=
( + − )( + + )=
=
→ +∞
( ( )− )= → +∞
( + − + )= → +∞
+ +
+ −
( + − )( + + )= = = = =
( )=
∞−∞ → +∞
+ + → +∞
+ + +∞
= + −
→ +∞ → +∞
+ + =
+ − +∞
= = = = ⋅ −∞
→ +∞
+ + → +∞
+ + +∞
=− ∞ +
+∞ ( ) + ∞
= = = =
⋅ −∞ → −∞ → −∞ → −∞
∞ + − +
( ) + − ∞
= = − + =− + =−
= = = − = → −∞ → −∞
→ −∞ → −∞ → −∞
( )=
∞−∞
=
→ −∞
( ( )− )= →−∞
+ +
=
− +
− = − + − =− − =− =
( + + )( + − )=
→ −∞ → −∞ → −∞
+ −
+ −
= = = =
=
→ −∞
( ( )− )= → −∞
( + − + )= → −∞
+ − → −∞
+ − +∞
( + + )( + − )= =−
( )=
∞−∞
= + + −∞
→ −∞ → −∞
+ −
+ −
= = = =
→ −∞
+ − → −∞
+ − +∞ ( )= ( ) ⇔ ( )− ( )= ⇔ + − + =
=−
( )= + − +
−∞
[ ]
[ ]
( )= ( )⇔ + = + ⇔ ( )= − ( )= −
⇔ + =( + ) ∧ + ≥ ∧ + ≥ ⇔ ( )< ( )> ( ) ( )<
⇔ + = + + ∧ ≥− ⇔ [ ] ( ) ( )<
± +
⇔ − − = ∧ ≥− ⇔ = ∧ ≥− ⇔ ∃ ∈] [ ( )= ∃ ∈] [ ( )= ( )
⇔( = ∨ =−)∧ ≥− ⇔ = ∨ =− ( )= ( )
(− ) ( ) ] [
NEMA12PR1-4
49 49
Unidade 3
50
N N
N N
N N
N
N
N
N
N N
N
51
NEMA12PR1
Unidade 3
Unidade 3
+ + + +

= = + = + +
+ + + + + ≥ = ≥
+
∀ ∈N > ∀ ∈N > ×( − )( − )×( − ) ( − )( − )×( − )
+ + = = = =
+
∀ ∈N > = ×( − )
+
> ( ) = +∞ ≥ ( − ) ≥
+
∀ ∈N
+
> ( ) = +∞ ≥ ≥
+ ∀ ≥ ≥ = +∞
= +∞
+ = +∞
+
≥ =
+
= + = +
∀ ∈N − ≤ ( )≤
+
∀ ≥ > ∀ ≥ >
+
∀ ≥ > ∀ ≥ > ∀ ∈N ≤ + ( )≤ ⇔ ∀ ∈N ≤ ( + ( )) ≤ ⇔
⇔ ∀ ∈N ≥ ≥ ⇔ ∀ ∈N ≤ ≤
( + ( ))
> = +∞
= = = = = =
+∞ +∞
∀ ≥ > = +∞
=
= +∞ ∀ ∈N ≤ ≤ = =
=
∀ ∈N >
≥ >
≥ − <−
≥ − < −
≥ < − ∀ ∈N − ≤ ( )≤ ∀ ∈N + >
> ( ) = +∞ − ( )
∀ ∈N ≤ ≤
+ + +
( − )= = − ( +∞ ) = −∞
− −
= = = =
≥ < − ( − ) = −∞ + +∞ + +∞
− ( )
= −∞ ∀ ∈N ≤ ≤
+ + +
−
= =
+ +
( − )( − ) − + ( )
= = =
= =
+
= − + = +∞ − + = +∞
52 52
R
R
R
R
R
R
53
R
R
R
Unidade 3
54
NEMA12PR1 Funções reais de variável real
Unidade 3
( ) = ( )− − = − − =− =
+∞
( )= ( )− − = − − = −
( )= = =
( )< ( )> ( ) ( )< → −∞ → −∞
− → −∞
−
[ ] ( ) ( )<
= = = =−
→ −∞ → −∞
− −
∃ ∈] − − − −
∃ ∈] [ ( )= [ ( )= +
=−
( )= +
−∞
] [
−
− (− + ) ∉ (− ) = =− ( )= =
( − )× ( ) = × =− × =− +
− +
(− )× ( ) < ( )= ≈ ( )= ≈
( )= ⇔
−
= ∧ < ∨
+
= ∧ ≥ ⇔ [ ] ( )< < ( )
+
∃ ∈] [ ( )=
⇔( − = ∧ ≠ ∧ < ) ∨ ( + = ∧ + ≠ ∧ ≥ )
( )=
⇔( = ∧ < ) ∨ ( =− ∧ ≠− ∧ ≥ )⇔
] [
⇔ ∈∅ ∨ ∈∅ ⇔ ∈∅
∀ ∈R ( )≠
∈[ − ]
∈
[ ]
− +
( )= = −
= −∞ ( )= = =
→ −
→ −
→ +
→ +
+
→
( ) → −
( )≠ → +
( )
( ) ∀ ∈[ ] ( )≥ ∀ ∈[ ] ( )≤
→
[− ] ∀ ∈[ ] ≤ ( )≤ ′ =[ ]
[− ]
( ( )) >
( )= = { ∈R − > }
− ( )= ∧ > ⇔
− > ⇔ ( − )> ⇔
⇔ = ∧ > ⇔ = − ∧ > ⇔ =
⇔( > ∧ − > )∨( < ∧ − < )⇔ −
⇔( > ∧ > )∨( < ∧ < )⇔ × ×
[ ]= = =
⇔ > ∨ <
= ]−∞ [∪] + ∞[
( )= = = ] +∞[
→ +∞ → +∞ → +∞
−
−
⋅
( ) − =
( )= = =
−
= = = =
→ +∞ → +∞
−
− − ( )= = =
× −
55 55
N
Unidade 3
56
57
R
R
Unidade 3
58
Unidade 3
≠ ′( )= −
′(
( + )− ( ) + − ′( )= ( )=
)= →
=
→
= ⇔ − = ⇔ − ⇔
⇔ = ∨ − = ⇔ = ∨ = ∨ =−
( + ) −( ) −∞ − +∞
=
( + ) + + × + ( ) =
− − −
→ − − −
−
+ − ′
= = − −
→
( + ) + + + − −
= = = ]−∞ − ] [ ]
→
( + ) + + + + +
[− ] [ +∞[
−
′
( )′ =
−
′( )= = = = × ∞−∞
→−∞
( )= →−∞
( − )= →−∞
− =
′ ′
( )=
∞−∞
( )=
−
′( )= = = = = × = +∞× ( − ) = +∞ ( )= −
( )
→+∞ →+∞
= − = +∞ × ( − ) = +∞
→+∞
−
×( − )− × − − −
′( )= = =
( − ) ( − ) ( − )
( − )×( )−
+ ×( − )=
′ ′( )=
− ( − )×( − ) − ( − )×( − )= ( + )
′′ ( )= =
( − ) ( − ) =
+ − − − +
=
+ −
( − )×( )− − ×( − )= ( + ) ( + )
=
( − ) ( − ) ′ R {− } → R
+ −
′( )= + (− ) −
= − −
( + )
′′ ( )= − ×(− ) −
= −
′(
+ −
)= ⇔ = ⇔ + − = ∧ ( + ) ≠ ⇔
( + )
′( )= − ± +
⇔ = ∧ ≠− ⇔ =− + ∨ =− −
−∞ − − − − + +∞
× − ×
−
′′ (
( ) + − − − −
)= = =− =− ( + )
( ) ′ − −
(− − ) (− + )
( )= ⇔− + = ⇔ = (− − ) − (− − )= + + + +
(− − )= − − + −
=
+∞
−
=
+
=
( + )× =
+
=− −
− − × −
( )
(− + ) − (− + )= − + + −
(− )=
+ =
− + +
=
−
=
( − )× =
−
= −
×
59 59
R
R
Unidade 3
60
R
61
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Unidade 3
62
R R
R R
R R
R
63
NEMA12PR1
Unidade 3
Unidade 3

× − + − ×( − ) = ( ( )− )= − =
′( − + → +∞ → +∞ −
)= =
( − + ) =
− +
∞
∞
= = = =
− − −
×( )−( −
→ +∞ → +∞ → +∞
− + )×( − ) −
− + = +
= =
− + +∞
( − + )
⋅ −∞
∀ ∈R ′( )> ∞
( ) ∞
= = = = =
→ −∞ → −∞ − → −∞ → −∞
−
′ −
′
( )
−
′′ ( )= = − + =
( − + ) =
−
=
− ( − ) ( ( )− )=
( ) ×(
−
=− − + − )= =
→ −∞ → −∞ −
− =
( − + ) ∞
− ( − ) − + ∞
′′ ( = = = = =
)= ⇔ = ⇔ → −∞ − → −∞ − → −∞ −
−
( − + )
= +
⇔− ( − )= ∧ ( − + ) ≠ ⇔ = −∞
−∞ ×( − )− × − − −
+∞ ′( )= = =
′′ −
( − ) ( − ) ( − )
−
′( )= ⇔ = ⇔ − = ∧ ( − ) ≠ ⇔
( − )
[ +∞[ ⇔ ( − )= ∧ ≠ ⇔ = ∨ =
]−∞ ] −∞ +∞
− − − −
( − )
′ − −
= { ∈R − ≠ }=R { }
( )= ⇔ = ⇔ [ [ ] ]
−
⇔ = ∧ − ≠ ⇔ = ∧ ≠ ⇔ = ]−∞ ] [ +∞[
( − )× ( − ) − ( − )× ( − )=
′′ ( )=
( )= = = −∞ ( )= = = +∞ ( − )
→ −
→ −
− −
→ +
→ +
− +
= ( − )×( )−
− ×( − )= − − + − +
= =
( − ) ( − )
=
( − )
⋅ +∞ −∞ +∞
∞
( ) ∞
= = = = = ( − ) −
→ +∞ → +∞ − → +∞ → +∞
−
− ′′ −
= =
−
]−∞ [
] +∞[
64 64
NEMA12PR1 Unidade 3
′′ ( )= ⇔ − + = ⇔ − + = ⇔
± −
⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ =
−∞ +∞
′′ −
= − × + × − = − + − =−
( )= − × + × − =
− ( )
= { ∈R + ≥ }=R
′( )= × + + × = + + =
+ +
( )= × ×( − )= ×( − )=− +
+ + +
= =
+ + = { ∈R > ∧ − > }={ ∈R > ∧ < }=
∀ ∈R ′( )>
=] [
R ′( ) = (− + )′ = − +
[ ] ′( ) = ⇔ − + = ∧ ∈
( )= + = ( )= + = ≈
⇔ (− + ) = ∧ ∈ ⇔
[ ] ( )< < ( ) ⇔( = ∨ = ) ∧ ∈ ⇔ =
∃ ∈] [ ( )=
( )=
] [ ′ −
( )
∀ ∈R ′( )> ( )=
=
( )= − + − + ( )=( − )×( − )× =
′( )= − + − ′′ ( )= − + =( − − + )× = − +
= { ∈R − > ∧ − > ∧ > }=
( )= − − + =−
− + − + = = { ∈R < ∧ < ∧ > }=] [
′( ) = ⇔ − + − = ⇔ − − =− ⇔
′′ ( ) = − + = ′( )=( − + )′ = − +
=
′( ) = ⇔ − + = ∧ ∈ ⇔
− − + =− =− ⇔ − + = ∧ ∈ ⇔
⇔ = ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ = ∧ ∈ ⇔ =
= =
′ −
= = =−
( )
( )= − + − ′′ ( )= − +
=
NEMA12PR1-5
65 65
NEMA12PR1
Unidade 3
Unidade 3

=
( )= = = ( )
π
π + = ⇔ = − π ⇔ = − π
( )= × + = = × ≈
′( ) = (− + + )′ = − +
( ) = π +( − π )
′( )=− × + = = × −
× =
′( )= π + ( − π ) × ( − π) =
=
= π + ( − π ) × ( − π) = π − π + π =
= ( π+ π ) − π ′′ ( ) = −
′( )= ⇔ ( π+ π ) − π= ⇔ ′′ ( )=−
π = −
⇔ = ⇔ =
π+ π + π ′′ ( )=−
= { ∈R > ∧ − π > }= ∈R > ∧ < = = −
π
=
π
+ π π ( )− ( ) − + + −( )
′ − = = =
−
+ π
[ ]
( )− ( ) − + + − (− + + ) −
= = = = =−
+ π −
[ ] −
π π
= − π× = − × = − =
+ π + π +π
=
+ π− π
=
′( ) = (− + + )′ = − +
+π +π
′( )=− × + =
=
′( )=− × + =−
= = =
+ π +π +π = −
( ( )) >
= ′( )=− × + =
=
( )= ( − ) +( ( )− ) = + = +
= ′( )=− × + =−
′ − =
− −
′( )= + = = =
+ + +
−
′( )= ⇔ = ⇔ − = ∧ > ⇔ =
+
( )− ( ) −
= = =
−
+∞ = =
′ −
( )
66 66
67
NEMA12PR1
Unidade 3
Unidade 3

′′ − =− =− =−
′( ×
)= − −
−
−
′( − )
= +
−
(− − )
− = ×(− ) + ⇔ = − = = − + = + =
− = +
×( + )− × + ′
′( )= =
( + ) ( + )
−
′( − ) −
∀ ∈ R− ′( )>
=− +
(− )
=− ×(− ) + ⇔ =− ( )=
− =− −
( )>
′( )=
+
′( ) ( − )
= + ( )=−
( ) ( )
= × + ⇔ =− −
= −
( )= − ( )= −
′′ ( )= −
′′ ( ) = ⇔ − = ⇔ =
−∞ +∞
′( )= − ′′ −
+
′ − = − = − = − =
( )=−
− ×
=
′ ′
′′ ( )= ( )
−
− = + − =
+
( )
−
=− + =−
( + )
R {} >
′′ − =− =− =−
− ×
68 68
R R
R
69
NEMA12PR1
Unidade 3
Unidade 3

′ ×( + )− ×
′( )= = =
( )= + − + ′( )= + −
+ ( + ) ( + )
− ± +
′( )= ⇔ + − = ⇔ = ⇔ ( )
( )( ) = ( ( ) ) =
+ ( )
⇔ = ∨ =−
( )=( )( )
−∞ − +∞
R+ → R
′ −
(− ) ′= ′
′( )= ( )( ) ( ) × ′ ( ( )) = × =
( + )
− =
=− = ( + )
′
′′ ( )= ⇔ + = ⇔ =−
′′ ( )=
( + )
= ( ( + )
−
)′ = − ( + )
−
× =
−
−∞ − +∞ =
( + )
′′ −
−∞ − +∞
− − − − −
( + ) −
′′ −
− = − + − + + =− + + + =
−
]− +∞[
]−∞ − [
( )= + + + ≠
′( ) = + + ′′ ( )= +
( )= + + + ≠
′( ) = + + ′′ ( )= +
′′ ( )= ′′ ∀ ∈ ′′ ( − ) = − ′′ ( )
′′ ( )= ⇔ × + = ⇔ = ⇔ =
′′ ( − ) = − ′′ ( ) ⇔ ( − ) + = −( + )⇔
⇔− + =− − ⇔ = ⇔ =
( )= + + ≠
= { ∈R − > }
( )
− > ⇔( − )(
)> ⇔ +
( )= ′′( )= ′( )= + + ′′ ( )= + ⇔( − > ∧ + > ) ∨ ( − < ∧ + < )⇔
⇔( < ∧ >− ) ∨ ( > ∧ <− )⇔
( )= × + + + = − + + =
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ ⇔− < < ∨ ∈∅ ⇔ − < <
′′ ( ) = =−
+ =
= ]− [
=−
⇔
=−
70 70
Unidade 3
−
′ × − − ×( + ) ′( )= ⇔ = ⇔ = ∧ ( + ) ≠ ⇔
′( )=
+
=
−
= ( + )
−
( − ) ⇔ =
−∞ +∞
− + ×( + ) + −
= =
( − ) −
( − ) ( + )
′ −
∀ ∈] − [ + > ∧ ( − ) > −
′( )>
( − )
′ ×( + ) − ×( + )× ×
+ ′′ ( )= =
′′ ( )= = ( + )
( − ) ×(
=
+ )− × ×
=
− +
×( − ) − ×( − ) ×(− )×( + ) ( + ) ( + )
= =
( − ) ′′ ( )= ⇔
− +
= ⇔− + = ∧( + ) ≠ ⇔
− + ×( + ) + + ( + )
= =
( − ) ( − ) ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ =− ⇔ = ∨ =−
′′ ( )= = −∞ − +∞
− + − −
( + )
′′ − −
= { ∈R + ≠ }=R
−
∀ ∈ − ∈ (− ) = (− ) −
=
−
= ()
(− ) + +
−
= =−
+
− =
=
− − −
∃ ∈ ′( )=
×( + )− ×( − )= ×− − −
′( )=
]= =
( + ) ( + ) [
′ R
′
′ ( )< < ′ ( ) ′ ( )= ≈
= ={ ∈ ( )∈ } =
′ ( )= = ≈ ′ = { ∈R − − ∈ [ + ∞ [} = { ∈ R − − ≥ }
′ ( )< < ′ ( ) − − ≥ ⇔ − − ≥ ⇔( − )( + )≥ ⇔
⇔ ≤− ∨ ≥
∃ ∈ ′( )=
= ]−∞ − ] ∪ [ + ∞[
71 71
Unidade 3
72
Unidade 3
=
→ −∞
( ( )− ) =
= { ∈R }
∞
− + ≠ − − ∞
= − = =
± −
→ −∞ − + → −∞ − +
− + = ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ =
− −
=R { } −
= = = =
→ −∞ → −∞ − +
− + − +
= +
−∞
( )=
− −
= + = −∞ ′(
( − )×( − + ) −( − )×( − )=
− + )=
( )
− −
→ →
− +
− −
( )= = − = +∞
→ +
→ +
− + − + − + − − + + −
= = =
( − + )
− ( − )
( )= = = = − + − ( − ) ( − )
→ −
→ −
− + → −
( − )( − ) → −
( − ) = = =
( − + ) ( − )( − ) ( − )
− ( − )
( )= = = = ′( )= ⇔
−
= ∧ ∈ ⇔
→ +
→ +
− + → +
( − )( − ) → +
( − ) ( − )
=
⇔ − = ∧ ∈ ⇔ ( − )= ∧ ∈ ⇔
( = + ) ⇔( = ∨ = ) ∧ ∈ ⇔ =
−∞ +∞
⋅ +∞
( − ) − − −
∞ −
( ) − ∞
= = = = ( − )
→ +∞ → +∞ − + → +∞
− +
′ − −
−
−
= = =
→ +∞ − +
− + [ [ ] [
− −
∞
∞ ]−∞ ] ] +∞[
=
→ +∞
( ( )− )= → +∞ − +
− =
→ +∞ − +
=
( − )×( − ) − ( − )×( − )=
′′ ( )=
− −
− ( − )
= = = =
− + ( )×( )− ×( )=
→ +∞ → +∞
− + − + − − − − − + − +
= =
= + ( − ) ( − )
+∞ =
( − )
⋅ −∞ −∞ +∞
∞ − ( − )
( ) − ∞
−
= = = = ′′ −
→ −∞ → −∞ − + → −∞
− +
−
= =
−
= ]−∞ [
→ −∞ − +
− + ] [ ] +∞[
73 73
Unidade 3
74
75
NEMA12PR1
Unidade 3
Unidade 3

> ′′ ( )= =
( + ) = =− + = ∈] [
= ( ( + )
−
)′ − ( + )
−
=
(
−
+ ) ( )= × − + × = × − + =
< =− + ∧ ∈] [
(− + )
′′ ( )= ′(
− )=− +
>
( + ) ′( )= ⇔− + = ⇔ (− + )= ⇔ = ∨ =
−∞ +∞ < < =
′′ −
′ −
−
( )= ⇔ = ⇔ − = ∧ + ≠ ⇔ =
+ ( ) ( )
− − −
′′ ( )= ′′ = = = =−
+
[ ]
( )=( − ) +
[ ]
( )= − + = − + − + = ( − ) + − ( )= ( )− ( )= ( )= ( )
( ) = ( )− ( ) = ( )− ( ) = − ( )
( ) ( − ) ∀ ∈[ ] ( )< ( )< ( )<
( )>
[ ] ( )× ( ) <
( )= = ( − ) +( − + ) = − + + − + =
∃ ∈] [ ( )=
= − +
− −
] [
′( )= =
− + − + [− ]
[− ]
−∞ +∞
′ − (− ) = − + (− ) = − + =−
( )= + ( )= + =
[− ] (− )× ( ) <
∃ ∈] − [ ( )=
=
]− [
76 76
R
77
NEMA12PR1
Unidade 3
Unidade 3

∞
→+∞
( )= →+∞
=
→+∞
=
+
+
−∞ − − +∞
− − = = = =
→+∞ →+∞
+
+ + +
( + ) ∀ ∈ ( )≤ ( )≤ →+∞
( )= →+∞
=
′′ −
→+∞
( )=
(− ) (− ) ( )
(− ( − )) ( ( )) ∀ ∈] − [ ′( )>
]− [
′′ ( )= −
′′ ( )= ⇔ − = ⇔ = ⇔ = ∨ =− − < (− ) − − (− ) <
−∞ − +∞
− −
′′ −
( )= + − + ∈R
(− ) ( ) ′( )= + − ′′ ( )= +
]− [ ′′ ( ) + ′( ) = ⇔ + − + + = ⇔ =−
′(
′ ′′ ( ) = −
)= ( − ) = ( − ) × = ( − )
′′ ( ) = − =
∀ ∈R ′( )≥
′
′′ ( )= ( − ) = ( − )× = −
′′ ( )= ⇔ − = ⇔ =
−∞ +∞
′′ − =R
( )
− −
( )= = =
= → −
→ −
− −
→ +
( )= → +
+ =
−∞ +∞ =
′′ − R− R+
( ) ( ) ( )
( = + )
= = ⋅ −∞
∞ −
( ) − ∞
= = = =
→ −∞ → −∞ − → −∞
−
( )=
−
= −∞ = +∞ −
= = =
→ −∞ −
−
( − )= − = +∞ ( − ) = −∞
78 78
Unidade 3
=
→ −∞
( ( )− ) = ′( )=
+
∞
=
−
− =
− − +
=
−
=
∞
′′ (
′ ( )− ( ) = −
+ +
− − − )= =
( + ) ( )
→ −∞ → −∞ → −∞
+ +
− − ′( + )− ′( )
= = =
−
= = ′′ ( )=
→
→ −∞ → −∞ −
− −
− +
= + ′′ ( )= ⇔ = ⇔
−∞ ( + )
⋅ +∞ ⇔− + = ∧ ( + ) ≠ ⇔ = ∨ =−
∞ +
( ) + ∞ −∞ − +∞
= = = =
→ +∞ → +∞ → +∞
− + − −
+ + ( + )
= = = + = + =
→ +∞ → +∞ → +∞
′′ − −
∞
( )= (− ) ( )
∞
=
→ +∞
( ( )− )= → +∞
+ −
=
( + − )( + + )= =
→ +∞
+ + → +∞ =− =
+ +
= = =
→ +∞
+ +
+ + + = ∧ ≥ ⇔ = − ∧ ≥ ⇔
= + ⇔ ( = − ∨ =− − )∧ ≥ ⇔ = −
+∞
( )= −
+
R
[ ]
( ( )) >
( )<π< ( ) ( )= ≈ ( )= ≈
+
[ ] ( )<π< ( ) ( )= × ( )=( + ) −
∃ ∈] [ ( )=π − +
′( )= × − +( + )× = − − =
( )=π − −
] [ =
− − −
=
− − +
> − −
− − +
)=( )=
′ + + ′( )= ⇔ = ⇔
′( + =
+ + −
∀ ∈] [ ′( )> ⇔− − + = ∧ − ≠ ⇔ =− ∨ =
] [ > =
( )=π
′ −
] [ ( )
( )
79 79

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3 Funções reais de variável real 43

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NEMA12PR1 © Porto Editora

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( − ) = + ×(− ) + ×(− ) + ×(− ) +

+ ×(− ) + ×(− ) + ×(− ) + ×(− ) +

NEMA12PR1 © Porto Editora

NEMA12PR1 © Porto Editora

NEMA12PR1 © Porto Editora

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NEMA12PR1 © Porto Editora

NEMA12PR1 © Porto Editora

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