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TOMAS R. VILLASANTE

EDUQAQAQ E CRISE DO
TRABALHO
Pc‘1"sp@ctivas de final d6 século

4“ Edigiio

’v EDITORA
vozes
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Petrcbpcalis
2000
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___________________

EDUCAR PARA Q DESEMPREGO: A DESINTEGRAQAQ

PROMESSA INTEGRAD ORA

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1"1"1;1
oh A do" 1 *' > 1‘mos zlpos
unto ’ 1973 c1 a dc um mundo1 quc pcrdcu 7 suas
11111c11c1:1s e rcsvalou para :1 lnstabllldadc 1: a cnsc” (1995: 393).

O dcslnoronamcnto das expecmtivas no crcsci1ncnt1> scm limitc c da

co11fi;111<_;;1 na posslbllldadc teorlca e en1piric21 de distribuir dc111ocr;1tic:1-
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v -v

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necess;irias para ulna 111odific;1gi<> fund;11nent;.1l na filngfio econfrnica
atribufda 51 escola, processo que, como é obvio, Inzlrcarfi pI‘()Fl1I1d;1II1CI1t¢
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sulna, pretendo delnonstrznr que n;1;1tu;1l conjuntura do desenvolvi tnente»
capitzalista tem
A se _ produzido um deslom mento da (Enfilse na Fun §ie»d3
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<5 }) ;1r;1 o emprego (promessa que_;ust1t1-
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i
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\1.1;.111;1es*<:ol;111;1 d11nensf1o economica foi 21 ultima 21 ser destacada. A enfase
i.

1
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1
11:.~1.111e do 8661110, COiI1Cidi11dO Com aquilo que Eric Hobsbawm identificou
;;o111o ;1 E111 de Ouro do desenvolvi1nento capitalista. T510 impo11:;1nte seni o
1. 1 1111 1sto 1111p;1cto economico da educagfio (e, conseqiientemente, a cont1"ib11i<_;iio
11;; escola Z1 integragio econolnica da sociedade e das pessoas) que du1";111te os
1111111118 c111q1'1ent;1 e sessenta s11rgir:1 uma disciplina especffica dedicada ao estudo
-1

dc mis questoes e ulna teoria oficial destinada 21 fornecer coeréncia is reflexoes

'1
r1
9
1
p1'od11Z1d;1S nesse czunpo: a economia da educagiio e a teoria do capital h11m;.1no
1

-1 (_13]:111g, 1975; Nunez Sc Tortella, 1993).

' " dc uma profilnda
J
A
A crise c:1pi1:;11ista dos anos setenta marcarzi o 1ni”e1o
-
'
des;11-tic111agio dessa promessa lntegradora * " sent1
em todos os seus * 'd os‘.1\1 o q ue
1
se re Fere 21 sua dimensio economica, questiio que nos preocupa neste tr;1b;11l1o,
1.
o pfocesso tem sido, no In fnimo, paradoxal. Com efeito, a rupt11r;.1 da pro1ness.t1
§111egr;1d<>rg (13 CSCOIZI comegou 21 produzir-se de fonna definida nos ;1nos
o1te11ta,_just;11ne11te num contexto dc 1-evalo1"1zag§1o'do papel econom1co da
ed11ca~:_,;Z1o (Schultz, 1983 e 1991)), da pro1ife1";1§§o de d1scu1:sos que co111e§;11";1111
a e11fi1tiza1" a i111p1>11?111cia produtiva dos co11hecimen1:os (1nc1us1ve 11 cont1§;11-
r;1ga1> de ulna ve1'd£1dei1'a “Socied;,1de do Co1111eci1nento” na Tercelra Revolu-
-I

§Z1o I1;dust1'i;1l; vej.:1—se: Drucker, 1992 e Totfler, 1990)’, e de 11111.21 c1'eseente

1 1'}111Y1se of1ci;1l nos apofles supostalnente f11nd;.1111e11t;.11s que as 111st1tu1§oes
1 9 ' ' ' 1 ~ d1 1‘ econon11;1s 11:1 e1":.1 da
1
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- , . 5 Pr1Y1C1p2115~ 11565
= da E uro ' - I
1.11:. do crcscllnento II1Cd1O 21 nua,1 daI fixportaP " pa Ocldmtdl
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gao de rnercadorias o5c11
11111
1‘ I f o 12,4 Kda ‘I Alcmanh a c5 o 5,9 do Reino " -
Unido, Ou
scndo a média regional
9* “=9 (no PU lodo COmPr@@11d1dO Cntre os anos 1913 e 1950 0 crescimcnto
11‘Z.2.5 c.\;porta§oCS tinha sido apcnas do 0,7). O dcsempcnho da Arnéricg
1111111111 {oi scnsivelmcnte inferior (um crescirnento médio anual dc 4 0)
_ _ _ 7 7

anida quc rnuito maior do que no periodo anterior (2,?) na fase 1913-1950).
E5505 dados, apesar de serem eloqiientes, distorcern a particular e
\'ari;'1v1:1 intonsidadc do crescirnento experimentado por algumas regiocs,
313111 como o lmpacto soclalrnente desigual que te-ve a distribtiigiio dc-sse
1t1"c5<:i1ncnto em alguns paises. Tal como afirma Eric Hobsbawm, “hojc é
tw'idc11tc quc a Era do Ouro pertcnceu essencialrncntc aos paises capita-
Q51-115 dcscnvolvidos, que, por todas essas décad-a5, rcprcsentaram ccrcaflde
t:*1'}5 quartos da p1'odu§§1o do mundo, e mais de 80% dc suas ercportagocs
:t;;11111F;o1t11radas” (1995: 255). DC qualqucf f91'm51= 9 9‘ 9‘-‘_5PC;t9[i9 >6“
iI*i‘cg111;11" impacto, o crcscirncnto ncstc pcriodo 101 899f3"“11?‘}"O' C;
111055115 dz15 vantagcns quasc ilimitadas quc: clc tra1"1a p11r1CT1gC11>p\\;1$I:;111l1€(T¢O Ugo
do c111}>1~Qg<>; cm mcados dos anos 5c55;:y1t;11p5R1)r1g1a1t§§ Utlbaknlo Olilugada 6‘,
:1'.(1)1>11,;1";1;1‘/11111, na Europa pClC1CI1tjZ|\1, &,1_f:a°Li1;il1a C1.1C£,._Wa Q 374% A ¢5mbi_.
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co11l1cci111c11tos dcco:"1"1:11tcs d;1s c;1d;;1v1:z111;11s 11;1t1:11s;;1s ;1t1v1c1;1d1:s11c1’<S;D;

Lzmdcs, 1994 c F1"1:c111:111, 1974); c o ;111mc11to :1c1:1c1";1do no HIVC1 educa-
cio11;1l da pop11l;1§;Iio (I-Iobsb;1w111, 1994; OCDE, 199611; CEPAL, 1995).
Foi nesse contcxto, c a p;11"ti1" d;1 ;11"tic111z1§io clcsscs 11110105, quc 51*
c1'i.:11";1111 as co11dig6es 1112110111115 p;11";1 21 fo1"111111:1<__:;1o C111 p1"o1111:ss;1 quc dc1111ia
a csco1;11"id;1dc: como 11111 proccsso i11tcg1";1do1", 11510 apc11;1s 11o p1;111o polftico.
mas t;1111bé111 eco11o1111co. Dcssa P11111121, a p1"o1111:ss:1 vi1'o11 12e’(<’.~‘51'11'adc: 11060551-
dadc do zzzcrmrlo dc fmba//10 quc pl'CC1SZlVZl dc 11*z1b;1111;1dorcs q11;11if1c;1dos pm
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1 s1 ‘-1 1.1 co1111111g1o
ts.‘111> 111” 1.= p1o111o§.1o
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co11t11b111g;1o cco11o1111c;1 da cd11c;1g;1o cm ic‘c11tific'1d"1 como um F1101 111nd1-
1111:11t;11 P11111115111ct.11<dodcsc11volvi111c11t 9' C" L “ '
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1 . ; _ D 0* d“ P]““@J41I1111111; 111:ccss1d;.1d1: £1218 empresas, PM
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two cm dcf1111da como 1111111 111011 i~ ~ lg“) ~COmO slbtuna P11" ~~
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::..j.1o d;1s cxpcctativas E1 qual se rcfi-21-121 Landcs d1 di11"i111ic'1 que 1:-11'1ctc 7 ‘" 5 1- c 1. _'

1"1;f.1\'.1 21 socledade opulenta analisada porjohn K1:11111:tl1 G211b1"ait11 (1984).

T11 11ssc contcxto, 21 dcsco11fi21n§a sobre o car2'1tc1" int1:gr21d0r d21 cscola p;1rc-
~:.*:"1;1. 11o 11111111110, 1111121 exc<:nt1"icid21dc intclcctual. I\/1:.1s :1 d1:sc011fi:1ng.1
11111551111 alguns 2111os depois,_1unto com 215 décadas dc crisc global.

3. As 1:>écA0As DE CRISE GLOBAL 1-: A PR1vAT1zA<;5.o

DA PROMESSA INTEGRADORA
C0111oj2i {oi dcstacado, 21 1’5l‘a,qf/agfio foi 21 111211111 disti11t1\/11 da crisc quc
11111 ;1p;1g211" o fulgor da era dc o111'o, dando impulso E1 rcvolugiio :111tikcy111:-
s1;111;1. O 1:sg0t;11111:11to dos sistc111;1s dc ci111111i0 fixos d1: 131"1:~.tt1111\_‘(/111111s c :1
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?/*I*11:l (1\/1;1dd1s011, 1997). No pcrfodo 1973-199,2 a t;1s11 dc 1‘1'csc1111c11111
:111§di;1 211111211 do P113 n11111di;11 foi dc 3,0 (1121 1;1s1: 19:10l975, como 101
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d.1q11010 p01"1'odo 11 18,4/11> 1f“1150 1973
1 — 1993
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di111i1111i 511b5t11111:i:1l1n1:nt1:, porém 51: 1111111101/'0 0111 111111101110 .1 11111 11611111
lento (Quadro 2). A i11flz1g5'1o, c11_jo in1:1"01n011to 11c1:l0r11do 11111111 pr1w111‘11do115
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nova £151: (Th1:1'bon1, 1984). Citando nov111n0nt1: Eric Hob5b11w111: “no 11111
do Br0v1: Século XX, os pafscs do m11ndo capit11li5t11 d05011vo11»’1do5 51:
ac1111v:1111, tom;1do5 co1no 111n todo, 1111115 ricos 1: p1"od11t1vo5 do q111: no 11111111
da d0c;1d11 dc 1970, 0 :1 0130110111111 global d11 q1111l to1‘11111v111n o 01011101110 601111111
1:51:11/a 11110n5111110111:0 1111115 di11;'1111ic;1” (1995: 395).
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O_. x ,1 I 3 I 1 , 11l1111111&'V11li01' 1991 N, _ 1-1 E111'oP.1
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BECC/\R1A, L. 8; LQPEZ, N. (orgs). Sin rrabq/'0. La; ((11'11cr1’r1'_<11'1"11_<1/1’! c1'e.~‘1*111}1/1'0 }1_1~;1_<1_-1;»,-;,1_1

cu la soczcdad a1;ge11r111a. 131161105 A1105, UNICEF/Loszlda, 1996.
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BLAUG, M. Iurrodngzio 51110110/111'a da edzzcagdo. Rio dc:_Iz111ci1'o, Editors (limbo. 1975. \ _

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Taxa média dc escolarizacéio na América Latina e Carlbe, 1960-1989 1

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Fame: Maddison, 1997.

Quadro 7
Evolugfio do desemprego urbano em alguns paises
da América Latina, 1950-1995
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