Tese apresentada à Divisão de Pós-Graduação do Instituto Tecnológico de

Aeronáutica como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre

em Ciência, no Curso de Engenharia Aeronáutica e Mecânica, na Área de
Mecânica dos Sólidos e Estruturas

Giovanni Dias Ciliato – 1º Ten. - Eng.

ANÁLISE DA RESISTÊNCIA RESIDUAL E DA TENSÃO DE

LIGAMENTO EM CHAPAS DE ALUMÍNIO COM
MÚLTIPLAS TRINCAS

Prof. Dr. Sergio Henrique da Silva Carneiro

Orientador

Prof. Dr. Homero Santiago Maciel

Chefe da Divisão de Pós-Graduação

Campo Montenegro
São José dos Campos, SP – Brasil
2004
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-Publicação (CIP)
Divisão Biblioteca Central do ITA/CTA
Ciliato, Giovanni Dias
Análise da resistência residual e da tensão de ligamento em chapas de alumínio com múltiplas trincas /
Giovanni Dias Ciliato.
São José dos Campos, 2004.
107f.

Tese de mestrado– Curso de Engenharia Aeronáutica e Mecânica – Área de Mecânica dos Sólidos e
Estruturas – Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2004. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sergio Henrique da Silva
Carneiro.

1. Mecânica da fratura. 2. Chapas de metal. 3. Propriedades mecânicas. 4. Propagação de trincas I.

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial. Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica. Divisão de Engenharia Mecânica-
Aeronáutica. II.Título

REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA

CILIATO, Giovanni Dias. Análise da resistência residual e da tensão de ligamento em

chapas de alumínio com múltiplas trincas. 2004. 107f. Tese de mestrado – Instituto
Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos.

CESSÃO DE DIREITOS

NOME DO AUTOR: Giovanni Dias Ciliato

TÍTULO DO TRABALHO: Análise da resistência residual e da tensão de ligamento em chapas de
alumínio com múltiplas trincas.
TIPO DO TRABALHO/ANO: Tese / 2004

É concedida ao Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica permissão para reproduzir cópias desta

tese e para emprestar ou vender cópias somente para propósitos acadêmicos e científicos. O
autor reserva outros direitos de publicação e nenhuma parte desta tese pode ser reproduzida
sem a autorização do autor.

___________________________
Giovanni Dias Ciliato
R. Utah 555, apto 31, Jacareí, SP.
CEP 12.321-720
 ANÁLISE DA RESISTÊNCIA RESIDUAL E DA TENSÃO DE
LIGAMENTO EM CHAPAS DE ALUMÍNIO COM
MÚLTIPLAS TRINCAS

Giovanni Dias Ciliato – 1º Ten. – Eng.

Composição da Banca Examinadora:

Prof. Carlos de Moura Neto Presidente - ITA

Prof. Sergio Henrique da Silva Carneiro Orientador - ITA

Prof. Eliseu Lucena Neto Membro - ITA

Prof. Carlos Eduardo Chaves Membro - ITA

Prof. Ariosto Bretanha Jorge Membro - UNIFEI

ITA
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91515 Fulwìulr gr Oljdphqwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 434
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516 Ghqlêær grv hl{rv frrughqdgrv ã iuhqwh gd srqwd gd wulqfd1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45
517 Dsur{lpdêøhv xvdgdv qd vroxêær gh Zhvwhujddug +uhi1 ^47`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46
518 Pdjqlwxgh gd whqvær  ++ qr sodqr gd wulqfd sdud r Prgr L gh fduuhjdphqwr +uhi1
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51: Ghqlêær gd wd{d gh olehudêær gh hqhujld gh ghirupdêær 0 J +uhi1 ^<`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49
51; Hvwlpdwlydv gh sulphlud h vhjxqgd rughqv gd }rqd soävwlfd +uhi1 ^46`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;
51< D wulqfd gh Gxjgdoh +hvtxhugd,1 Iruêd gh fxqkd +gluhlwd, +uhi1 ^46`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;
5143 Frusr sodqr/ wulqfdgr/ qær0olqhdu hoävwlfr +uhi1 ^44`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54
5144 Lqwhjudo0M fdofxodgd hp xp fdplqkr flufxodu frp fhqwur qd srqwd gd wulqfd +uhi1
^47`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56
5145 Lqwhjudo0M frpr glihuhqêd hqwuh hqhujldv srwhqfldlv sdud grlv wdpdqkrv suö{lprv
+uhi1 ^<`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57
5146 Dedxodphqwr gd srqwd gd wulqfd ghylgr ãv ghirupdêøhv soävwlfdv +uhi1 ^46`,1 1 1 1 58
5147 Ghqlêøhv gr FRG +ã hvtxhugd, h gr FWRG +ã gluhlwd, +uhi1 ^47`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58
5148 Hvwlpdwlyd gr FWRG d sduwlu gr vwuls |lhog prgho1 + +r @  e , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:

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514; Hihlwr gd sodvwlflgdgh qrv fdpsrv gh whqvær qd uhjlær gd srqwd gd wulqfd +uhi1 ^46`,1 63

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hvshvvxud gh 4 pp, +uhi1 ^6`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65
615 Yduldêær gd whqdflgdgh ã iudwxud frp r hvwdgr gh whqvær +uhi1 ^44`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
616 Wulqfdv oðghu h gh PVG qr fulwìulr gr oljdphqwr +uhi1 ^6`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67
617 Lq xíqfld gh xpd wulqfd yl}lqkd qr idwru gh lqwhqvlgdgh gh whqvær +uhi1 ^57`,1 1 1 1 6:
618 Lq xíqfld grv uhiruêdgruhv qr ILW gh xpd wulqfd vlpìwulfd hp uhodêær d xp ghohv
+uhi1 ^5:`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;
619 Pögxor wðslfr gd Hvwdêær Hvsdfldo Lqwhuqdflrqdo +uhi1 ^55`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
61: Sursdjdêær gh xpd wulqfd hp xp pdwhuldo qær0olqhdu hoävwlfr h hp xp hodvwr0
soävwlfr +uhi1 ^49`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 74
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61< Loxvwudêær gd wudqvlêær gd iudwxud gh sodqd sdud lqfolqdgd +uhi1 ^49`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 75
6143 Gldjudpdv gh uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo sdud frqwuroh gh ghvorfdphqwr +uhi1 ^49`,1 1 1 1 1 76
6144 Yduldêær gd whqvær wudqvyhuvdo 55 dr orqjr gd hvshvvxud/ sdud xp srqwr suö{lpr
ã srqwd gd wulqfd +uhi1 ^46`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 77
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715 Glvfuhwl}dêær sru hohphqwrv qlwrv gh xp frusr el0glphqvlrqdo luuhjxodu1 1 1 1 1 1 83
716 Lq xíqfld gr klvwöulfr qd uhodêær whqvær0ghirupdêær1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85
717 Rv wuív wlsrv pdlv frpxqv gh hqgxuhflphqwr +uhi1 ^45`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 86
718 Uhsuhvhqwdêær gd vxshuiðflh gh hvfrdphqwr gh yrq Plvhv +uhi1 ^<`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 87
719 Prglfdêær gd vxshuiðflh gh yrq Plvhv frp d sodvwlfdêær gr pdwhuldo +uhi1 ^45`,1 88
71: Prghor hvtxhpäwlfr gh fuhvflphqwr gh xpd wulqfd +uhi1 ^5<`,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 89
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7147 Hohphqwr lvrsdudpìwulfr gh rlwr qöv h vxdv frrughqdgdv1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 98

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815 Fdudfwhul}dêær gr pdwhuldo xvdgr qrv h{shulphqwrv h qdv dqäolvhv IHP1 1 1 1 1 1 9:
816 Frqjxudêær grv fgs*v gr wlsr PW1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9;
817 FWRD phglgr hp h{shulphqwrv frp gxdv frqjxudêøhv gh fgs +uhi1 ^63`,1 1 1 1 1 9;
818 Pdokd gh hohphqwrv qlwrv frqvwuxðgd qr FDVFD/ sdud dqäolvh qr IUDQF5G2O1 1 :3
819 Prghor vöolgr jhudgr qr ylvxdoQdvwudq iru Zlqgrzv 5335 sdud dqäolvh qr ZDUS6G1 :4
81: Lq xíqfld gd glphqvær +qd gluhêær gh sursdjdêær, grv hohphqwrv qd srqwd gd wulqfd1 :5
81; Glphqvøhv gr hohphqwr xvdgr qr sodqr gd wulqfd qdv dqäolvh wulglphqvlrqdlv1 1 1 1 :6
81< Loxvwudêær grv hohphqwrv qrv txdlv irudp phglgdv dv whqvøhv sdud ghwhuplqdêær gd
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8143 Whqvøhv irud gr sodqr qd dqäolvh IHP 6G +Sodqr { @ {,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :7
8144 Whqvøhv irud gr sodqr qd dqäolvh IHP 6G +sodqrv { @ { frp l @ 5> 6> 7 h 8,1 1 1 1 :8
8145 Whqvøhv rewlgd shod dqäolvh IHP 6G sdud r sodqr { @ { 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :8
8146 Uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv h dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv sdud fgs wr wlsr PW +z @ :9> 5pp,1 :9
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814< Loxvwudêær grv 8 fhqäulrv gh PVG1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;5
8153 Frpsdudêær gdv dqäolvhv 5G h 6G +frqjxudêær PVG D, frp ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv1 ;5
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56
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| surjuhvvlydphqwh dxphqwdqgr/ yhulfd0vh txh r hvwdgr gh whqvær ydl gh whqvær sodqd ã
ghirupdêær sodqd/ sdvvdqgr sru hvwdgrv lqwhuphgläulrv/ frpr ylvwr qd Iljxud 6151
Qd frqglêær lghdo gh hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvær/ r pdwhuldo srgh dfrprgdu vljqlfdwlyd
txdqwlgdgh gh ghirupdêær soävwlfd qd uhjlær gd srqwd gd wulqfd dqwhv gd iudwxud/ txh rfru0

65
 K
estado de tensão
chapa fina chapa grossa
intermediário

FIT crítico
(estado (estado de
de tensão tensão
tendendo tendendo ao
ao de de deformação
tensão plana)
plana)

tenacidade à fratura
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Iljxud 615 Yduldêær gd whqdflgdgh ã iudwxud frp r hvwdgr gh whqvær +uhi1 ^44`,1

uhuä sdud ydoruhv hohydgrv gr ILW1 Gh irupd rsrvwd/ qd frqglêær lghdo gh hvwdgr sodqr gh
ghirupdêær/ frp hvshvvxud lqqlwd/ r pdwhuldo txh flufxqgd d srqwd gd wulqfd qær shuplwluä
qhqkxpd ghirupdêær irud gr sodqr/ uhvwulqjlqgr frqvlghudyhophqwh d sodvwlfdêær h suryr0
fdqgr d iudwxud gr pdwhuldo hp frqglêøhv sudwlfdphqwh hoävwlfdv/ vre ydoruhv uhodwlydphqwh
edl{rv gr ILW1
D uhvlvwíqfld ã iudwxud gd pdlruld gd oljdv gh doxpðqlr ì olplwdgd shor hvfrdphqwr gd
vhêær uhpdqhvfhqwh +uhi1 ^6`,1 Ghvvd irupd/ ì ud}räyho vxsru txh r oljdphqwr gd wulqfd oðghu
frp d gh PVG rfruuh txdqgr d whqvær qdtxhod uhjlær dwlqjh r ydoru wðslfr gh hvfrdphqwr
gd oljd1 Hvwh irl r fulwìulr sursrvwr sru Vzliw h hvwä loxvwudgr qd Iljxud 6161
Qd Iljxud 616/ rv wdpdqkrv gdv }rqdv soävwlfdv gd wulqfd oðghu +U2 , h gd gh PVG +U ,
srghp vhu fdofxodgrv gh dfrugr frp xp grv pxlwrv prghorv flwdgrv qd olwhudwxud= hvwlpdwlyd
gh sulphlud rughp gh Luzlq/ hvwlpdwlyd gh vhjxqgd rughp/ derugdjhp gh Gxjgdoh/ hqwuh
rxwudv1 D lqwhudêær hqwuh dv gxdv wulqfdv srgh vhu fdofxodgd frpr ghprqvwudgr qd uhi1
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qr prphqwr hp txh vh wrfdp/ kä d oljdêær/ frqiruph loxvwudgr1 Qhvwd vlwxdêær/ wrgr r
oljdphqwr hqwuh hodv whuä hvfrdgr1 Qr hqwdqwr/ kä frqwuryìuvldv frp uhodêær dr ydoru gd
whqvær qr oljdphqwr qr fhqäulr ghvfulwr1 D lqwxlêær gl} txh d whqvær ghyhuld hvwdu suö{lpd
dr ydoru gr hvfrdphqwr1 Frqwxgr/ qær kä frqvhqvr1 Gh dfrugr frp shvtxlvdv qdqfldgdv
shor IDD/ orjr dsöv r dflghqwh gr Dorkd/ ghwhuplqrx0vh txh d whqvær oðtxlgd qd idokd gh
frusrv0gh0suryd +fgs, 53570W6 0 frp odujxudv gh 536/5 pp h gh 434/9 pp 0 h hvshvvxud gh 4

66
 P

d/2
R2 R1
FURO 1
FURO 2
TRINCA LÍDER

d/2 a1 TRINCA DE MSD

a2 c

Critério de Ligamento:

R1 + R2 = P - d/2 - a1

TOQUE DAS ZONAS PLÁSTICAS

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ghodv +je / whqvær gh x{r/ wdpdqkr gd }rqd soävwlfd/ g ,1 Qd ghwhuplqdêær ghvvhv ydoruhv
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rv uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv1 Kä wdpeìp prglfdêøhv hpsðulfdv txh lqwurgx}hp sduåphwurv
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h gh iäflo dsolfdêær/ wdpeìp kä d qhfhvvlgdgh gh vh dmxvwduhp ghwhuplqdgdv judqgh}dv/
txh fdudfwhul}dp pdwhuldlv h2rx jhrphwuldv/ frqiruph rfruuh qr pìwrgr gr FWRD/ txh ì
dsuhvhqwdgr srvwhulruphqwh1
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67
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68
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 CTOA = CTOAc

CTOA = CTOAc não-linear elástico

CTOA < CTOAc CTOA = CTOAc

aumento de
carga /
deslocamento

elasto-plástico

Iljxud 61: Sursdjdêær gh xpd wulqfd hp xp pdwhuldo qær0olqhdu hoävwlfr h hp xp hodvwr0soävwlfr

+uhi1 ^49`,1

deformação plástica
zona plástica
residual
ativa

Iljxud 61; Shuo gh dehuwxud gd wulqfd prvwudqgr r udvwur soävwlfr +uhi1 ^49`,1

Wdpeìp ì revhuydgr h{shulphqwdophqwh txh/ qr lqðflr gd sursdjdêær gh xpd wulqfd/ vær

yhulfdgrv ydoruhv vxshulruhv drv gr FWRDS gxudqwh d sursdjdêær hvwäyho1 Hvwh ihq÷phqr
rfruuh/ sru h{hpsor/ hp frusrv txh vriuhudp fdujdv gh idgljd gh edl{d pdjqlwxgh h/ gxudqwh
d dsolfdêær gr fduuhjdphqwr prqrw÷qlfr fuhvfhqwh/ dsuhvhqwdp xpd uhjlær gh wudqvlêær gdv
vxshuiðflhv gd wulqfd gh sodqd sdud lqfolqdgd/ frqiruph Iljxud 61<1
Gxudqwh hvwd wudqvlêær/ rv ydoruhv gr FWRD vær pdlruhv h rvflodp edvwdqwh +hihlwr fr0
qkhflgr sru wxqqholqj ,1 Dsöv d sursdjdêær gd wulqfd gd rughp gh judqgh}d gd hvshvvxud gr
frusr/ r FWRD hvwdelol}d qr ydoru gr FWRDS 1 Hvwh hihlwr srgh vhu lpsohphqwdgr qdv gxdv
ihuudphqwdv gh hohphqwrv qlwrv txh vær dsuhvhqwdgdv1

74
 Iljxud 61< Loxvwudêær gd wudqvlêær gd iudwxud gh sodqd sdud lqfolqdgd +uhi1 ^49`,1

61515 Uhvlvwíqfld Uhvlgxdo

Xpd yh} txh dqäolvhv edvhdgdv qr fulwìulr gr FWRD vær vlpxodêøhv gluhwdv h uhdoðvwlfdv gd
sursdjdêær gdv wulqfdv/ d lqwhudêær h r oljdphqwr hqwuh hodv vær dxwrpdwlfdphqwh fdswdgrv1
D uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gh xpd hvwuxwxud wulqfdgd wdpeìp ì rewlgd gluhwdphqwh1 Qd ohwud +d,
gd Iljxud 6143 ì srvvðyho yhulfdu r wlsr gh uhvxowdgr gh xp whvwh hp frqwuroh gh ghvorfdphqwr
sdud xp frusr gr wlsr FW/ PW rx PVG +txdqgr r oljdphqwr rfruuh mxqwr ã iudwxud gr
hvsìflph,1 Qd ohwud +e,/ whp0vh r uhvxowdgr gh xp hqvdlr frp PVG/ qr txdo r oljdphqwr
rfruuh dqwhv gd uxswxud gr frusr hqvdldgr1 Ì lqwhuhvvdqwh revhuydu txh d fdujd gh oljdphqwr
ì gdgd shor sdwdpdu lqihulru/ frqwxgr r oljdphqwr iðvlfr gdv wulqfdv rfruuh xp srxfr pdlv
dgldqwh/ qr srqwr fdudfwhul}dgr shod iruwh lq h{ær qd fxuyd uhvsrvwd1

61516 Idl{d hp Hvwdgr Sodqr gh Ghirupdêær

D wuld{ldolgdgh gdv whqvøhv qd srqwd gh xpd wulqfd / phvpr hp fkdsdv qdv/ ì xpd txhvwær
uhohydqwh d vhu frqvlghudgd h txh whp uhfhelgr pxlwd dwhqêær grv shvtxlvdgruhv +uhi1 ^49`,1
Qær kä/ hqwuhwdqwr/ prghorv sdud ghvfuhyhu hvvdv uhvwulêøhv qdv dqäolvhv elglphqvlrqdlv= r
hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvær qær lpsøh qhqkxpd uhvwulêær> h r hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær shuplwh
txh dv uhvwulêøhv vh hvwhqgdp pxlwr doìp gd uhjlær gd srqwd gd wulqfd1
Qhzpdq hw do1 +uhi1 ^5<`, ghvfuhyhp dv uhvwulêøhv frpr r dxphqwr gdv whqvøhv dr uhgru
gd iuhqwh gh xpd wulqfd ghylgr ã uhvlvwíqfld ãv ghirupdêøhv qr sodqr h irud ghoh1 Uhvwulêøhv
qr sodqr hvwær dvvrfldgdv sulqflsdophqwh ã sur{lplgdgh gd srqwd gd wulqfd grv olplwhv gd

75
 carga
resistência residual

(a)

Extensão da trinca

carga
resistência residual

carga de ligamento

(b)

Extensão da trinca

Iljxud 6143 Gldjudpdv gh uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo sdud frqwuroh gh ghvorfdphqwr +uhi1 ^49`,1

hvwuxwxud> dv uhvwulêøhv irud gr sodqr hvwær dvvrfldgdv ã hvshvvxud gd fkdsd1 Hqtxdqwr

gr srqwr gh ylvwd gd iudwxud dv uhvwulêøhv qr sodqr vær lpsruwdqwhv/ gr srqwr gh ylvwd gd
uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo/ sru rxwur odgr/ hodv qær vær wær vljqlfdwlydv/ ylvwr txh/ hp pxlwrv
fdvrv/ dshqdv xpd shtxhqd yduldêær qr frpsulphqwr gd wulqfd srgh vhu vxflhqwh sdud txh
d hvwuxwxud dwlqmd d vxd uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo1 Mä dv uhvwulêøhv irud gr sodqr srghp whu hihlwr
lpsruwdqwh qr frpsruwdphqwr gr pdwhuldo txdqwr ã iudwxud h ã uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo ghvgh r
lqðflr gd sursdjdêær gýfwlo/ dqwhv gr pä{lpr gh fdujd vhu dwlqjlgr1
Dqghuvrq +uhi1 ^5<`, ghvfuhyh dv uhvwulêøhv irud gr sodqr uhodwlydv d xpd fkdsd vxmhlwd
d fduuhjdphqwr qr sodqr1 Vhp d wulqfd/ d fkdsd hvwä hp hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvær1 Vh d
fkdsd srvvxl xpd shtxhqd wulqfd sdvvdqwh/ shushqglfxodu dr fduuhjdphqwr/ hp dojxp oxjdu
orqjh gdv erugdv/ r pdwhuldo gd hvwuxwxud/ orqjh gd wulqfd/ dlqgd hvwä hp hvwdgr sodqr gh
whqvær1 Shuwr gd srqwd gd wulqfd/ frqwxgr/ dv whqvøhv vær hohydgdv d qðyhlv vxflhqwhv sdud/
yld hihlwr gh Srlvvrq/ fdxvdu d frqwudêær gr pdwhuldo1 Dr uhgru ghvvd uhjlær vre frqwudêær
kä uhvlvwíqfld gr pdwhuldo/ uhvxowdqgr hp whqvøhv irud gr sodqr dr orqjr gd iuhqwh gd wulqfd1
Rx vhmd/ qdtxhod uhjlær/ r pdwhuldo hvwä hp xp hvwdgr wuld{ldo gh whqvøhv h qr uhvwdqwh/ hp
hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvær1
D Iljxud 6144 loxvwud frpr dv whqvøhv h dv ghirupdêøhv yduldp dr orqjr gd iuhqwh gd
wulqfd1 Qr lqwhulru/ r pdwhuldo sduhfh hihwlydphqwh hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær1 Sruìp/
qd uhjlær hp txh d wulqfd dwlqjh dv idfhv olyuhv/ r hvwdgr ì gh whqvær sodqd1 Kä xpd uhjlær

76
Iljxud 6144 Yduldêær gd whqvær wudqvyhuvdo 55 dr orqjr gd hvshvvxud/ sdud xp srqwr suö{lpr ã
srqwd gd wulqfd +uhi1 ^46`,1

gh wudqvlêær suö{lpd ãv idfhv olyuhv/ rqgh r hvwdgr qær ì qhp gh whqvær sodqd h qhp gh
ghirupdêær sodqd1 Ã phglgd txh r pdwhuldo yl}lqkr ã iuhqwh gd wulqfd hvfrd/ r hvwdgr gh
whqvær yduld gh whqvær sodqd/ qdv idfhv olyuhv/ d xp fhuwr judx gh wuld{ldolgdgh qr fhqwur
gd fkdsd1 Xpd yh} txh r wdpdqkr gd }rqd soävwlfd fkhjd d dsur{lpdgdphqwh phwdgh gd
hvshvvxud gd fkdsd +uhi1 ^49`,/ r hvwdgr ì suhgrplqdqwhphqwh gh whqvær sodqd qd uhjlær
hvfrdgd/ h{fhwr ehp shuwr gd iuhqwh gd wulqfd1
Hp 4<;;/ Qhzpdq hw do1 +uhi1 ^4<`, lqwurgx}ludp xp hvwdgr gh whqvær plvwr/ frpxphqwh
fkdpdgr gh idl{d gh hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær +sodqh vwudlq fruh ,/ sdud fdswdu d wul0
d{ldolgdgh gdv whqvøhv qd srqwd gd wulqfd1 D Iljxud 6145 prvwud/ hvtxhpdwlfdphqwh/ r
frqfhlwr sursrvwr shor dxwru/ fxmr vxfhvvr whp vlgr h{dxvwlydphqwh uhodwdgr +uhihuíqfldv
^49`/^53`/^54`/^5<067`/ hqwuh rxwudv,1

Elementos em Tensão Plana

Elementos em Deformação Plan

hc
hc CTOA c = constante

Iljxud 6145 Idl{d hp ghirupdêær sodqd qd olqkd gh sursdjdêær gd wulqfd h FWRD fuðwlfr +uhi1
^64`,1

77
 Qd Iljxud 6145/ d idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær whp odujxud 2S h ì glylglgd
dr phlr shod olqkd gh sursdjdêær gd wulqfd1 R prghor wrgr xvd hohphqwrv hp hvwdgr
sodqr gh whqvær/ frp h{fhêær grv frpsuhhqglgrv shod idl{d gh odujxud 2S c txh ghyhp/
hylghqwhphqwh/ hvwdu hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær1 D qhfhvvlgdgh gh vh lpsohphqwdu hvvd
idl{d wruqd ghvhmäyho r frqkhflphqwr gr fdplqkr gd wulqfd1 Hvwh idwr/ hperud uhvwulwlyr/
qær wlud d xwlolgdgh gr pìwrgr/ srlv hp xpd erd sduwh grv fdvrv/ dvvlp frp hp wrgrv rv
dsuhvhqwdgrv qhvwd glvvhuwdêær/ d hvfrokd gr fdplqkr frlqflgh frp d frqglêær fuðwlfd h txh
dfrqwhfhuld qd suäwlfd/ phvpr txh qær hvwlyhvvh suhghqlgr1 Mä hp dqäolvhv yld hohphqwrv
qlwrv wulglphqvlrqdlv +hohphqwrv vöolgrv,/ dv uhvwulêøhv vxujhp qdwxudophqwh shuwr gd wulqfd/
gh pdqhlud txh qær ì qhfhvväulr qhqkxp duwliðflr sdud uhsurgx}lu d wulglphqvlrqdolgdgh gdv
whqvøhv1

61517 Dsolfdêær gd Wìfqlfd

D vhjxlu vær dsuhvhqwdgrv/ hp olqkdv jhudlv/ rv sdvvrv eävlfrv qr hvwxgr gr frpsruwdphqwr

h gd uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gh hvwuxwxudv uhdlv gh dhurqdyhv1 Rv srqwrv irfdgrv vær= +4, frpr
rewhu xp FWRD hp whvwhv gh oderudwöulr sdud xpd gdgd hvshvvxud gh xpd fkdsd qd
phwäolfd/ h +5, frpr fruuhodflrqdu rx uhdol}du d vlqwrqld0qd qdv dqäolvh qxpìulfdv edvhdgdv
hp whvwhv gh oderudwöulr sdud suhyhu d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gh hvwuxwxudv frpsoh{dv1
Rv sdvvrv eävlfrv txh ghyhp vhu ohydgrv hp frqvlghudêær vær=

41 Frqgx}lu whvwhv sdud ghwhuplqdu frp suhflvær d uhodêær whqvær0ghirupdêær gr

pdwhuldo>

51 Uhdol}du whvwhv gh iudwxud hp frusrv0gh0suryd/ sdud rewhqêær gr FWRDS h

dqäolvh gd h{whqvær gd wulqfd dr orqjr gr whvwh1 Dv phglgdv h{shulphqwdlv gr
FWRDS dsuhvhqwdp xp idl{d gh glvshuvær wlslfdphqwh gh fc DJ dwì c fJ1 R
pdwhuldo gr fgs ghyh vhu gd phvpd oljd gd hvwuxwxud/ whu r phvpr wudwdphqwr
h d phvpd hvshvvxud1 R fgs ghyh whu xp wdpdqkr vxflhqwh sdud txh kdmd d
sursdjdêær qhfhvväuld sdud txh d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo vhmd dwlqjlgd>

61 Prghodu r fgs yld IHP1 Ghyhp vhu xvdgrv hohphqwrv gh fdvfd hodvwr0soävwlfrv/
frp uhfxuvrv sdud fdswdu d wulglphqvlrqdolgdgh gdv whqvøhv qd uhjlær gd srqwd
gd wulqfd +idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær,/ rx hohphqwrv vöolgrv hodvwr0

78
soävwlfrv1 Frpsdudu rv uhvxowdgrv qxpìulfrv gd uhodêær fdujd dsolfdgd frpr
ixqêær gd h{whqvær gd wulqfd frp rv gdgrv h{shulphqwdlv rewlgrv/ revhuydqgr
txh=

0 d glvwåqfld fdudfwhuðvwlfd +_ xvdgd qd dqäolvh qxpìulfd sdud phglu r FWRD

ghyh vhu d phvpd xvdgd qd ohlwxud h{shulphqwdo> h

0 d frqfrugåqfld grv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv h qxpìulfrv gr FWRD dxphqwd pxlwr

d frqdqêd qr ydoru hvfroklgr sdud FWRDS 1

71 Fuldu xp prghor hp hohphqwrv qlwrv sdud d hvwuxwxud d vhu dqdolvdgd/ frp

r phvpr wlsr gh hohphqwrv xvdgrv qd prghodjhp grv fgs1 Xvdu r ydoru FWRDS
dqwhulruphqwh rewlgr/ sdud ghwhuplqdêær gd vhqvlelolgdgh gd hvwuxwxud ã suhvhqêd
gh wulqfdv gh PVG/ ehp frpr d vxd uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo1

79
Fdsðwxor 7

Ihuudphqwdv Frpsxwdflrqdlv

Qhvwh fdsðwxor/ vær dsuhvhqwdgdv gxdv ihuudphqwdv frpsxwdflrqdlv gh hohphqwrv qlwrv= rv

vriwzduhv Iudqf5G2O h Zdus6G/ txh vær hpsuhjdgrv qd lpsohphqwdêær grv fulwìulrv gh idokd
derugdgrv qhvwd glvvhuwdêær1
Lqlfldophqwh/ frqwxgr/ ì lqwurgx}lgd xpd ylvær jhudo gd irupxodêær txh frqvwlwxl r du0
fderxêr ghvvhv vriwzduhv1 Ì suhflvr vdolhqwdu txh rv uhfxuvrv frpsxwdflrqdlv hpsuhjdgrv
hqfrqwudp0vh hp urwlqdv frqvdjudgdv h glvsrqðyhlv qr phufdgr/ h qær irudp ghvhqyroylgdv
h qhp prglfdgdv sdud d rewhqêær gh qhqkxp grv uhvxowdgrv dsuhvhqwdgrv qhvwh wudedokr1

714 Hohphqwrv Ilqlwrv

R whupr hohphqwr qlwr irl sulphludphqwh xvdgr sru Forxjk hp 4<93 +uhi1 ^68`,1 D lgìld/
sruìp/ gh vh uhsuhvhqwdu xp gdgr grpðqlr hp hvwxgr sru xpd frohêær qlwd gh sduwhv
glvfuhwdv ì pxlwr dqwljd= rv pdwhpäwlfrv/ sru h{hpsor/ dlqgd qd dqwljxlgdgh/ hvwlpdudp
r ydoru gh Z frp xpd suhflvær gh txdvh 73 gðjlwrv vljqlfdwlyrv shod uhsuhvhqwdêær gd
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lqjoív= qlwh hohphqw phwkrg , 0 h txh r glvwlqjxh gh rxwudv wìfqlfdv/ ì d glylvær gh xp gdgr
grpðqlr hp xp frqmxqwr gh vxegrpðqlrv vlpsohv/ fkdpdgrv gh hohphqwrv qlwrv1 Txdotxhu
irupd jhrpìwulfd txh shuplwh r fäofxor gd vroxêær rx gh xpd dsur{lpdêær sdud d phvpd/
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fkdpdgrv qöv/ gr vxegrpðqlr/ txdolfd0vh frpr xp hohphqwr qlwr1

7:
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pdêøhv sdud d vroxêær gh sureohpdv edvwdqwh frpsoh{rv1
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gh pdokd gh hohphqwrv qlwrv1 Rv hohphqwrv vær frqhfwdgrv drv vhxv yl}lqkrv
dwudyìv gh srqwrv fkdpdgrv qöv>

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srgh0vh ghulydu dv htxdêøhv grv hohphqwrv qlwrv1 D Iljxud 714 prvwud r frusr hp txhvwær1
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vlpxodêøhv +uhihuíqfldv ^49`/ ^53`/ ^65`/ hqwuh rxwudv,1 Wdpeìp hqfrqwudp0vh qd olwhudwxud
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| ' c S66 , A  ' Dc eJ > h | ' 66 , A  ' Dc SJ +uhihuíqfld ^53`, rx sdud
| ' 66 , A  ' Dc .J +uhihuíqfld ^49`,1

81416 Prghodjhp Qxpìulfd

Lqlfldophqwh/ irl ihlwd d prghodjhp sru hohphqwrv qlwrv hodvwr0soävwlfrv/ frp d fdudfwh0
ul}dêær gr hqfuxdphqwr gr pdwhuldo gdgd shod fxuyd olqhdu0sru0sduwhv gd Iljxud 815/ hp
frqglêøhv gh hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvær/ hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær/ h frp r xvr gh hvwdgr
sodqr gh whqvær h idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær1 R fulwìulr gh yrq Plvhv ì xvdgr
frpr vxshuiðflh gh hvfrdphqwr1

Prghor Elglphqvlrqdo

Dv pdokdv gh hohphqwrv qlwrv irudp fuldgdv qr vriwzduh FDVFD +yhuvær 417,/ txh ì xpd
ihuudphqwd hvshfðfd sdud hvvh p +uhi1 ^75`,1 Irudp xwlol}dgrv hohphqwrv wuldqjxoduhv h
uhwdqjxoduhv gh 9 h ; qöv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ frqiruph vhêær 715151
Rv fgs PW dsuhvhqwdp wuív sodqrv gh vlphwuld= grlv ghohv srghp vhu ylvxdol}dgrv qd
Iljxud 816/ xpd yh} txh dshqdv 427 gr hvsìflph suhflvd vhu prghodgr/ h r rxwur qd phwdgh
gd hvshvvxud1 Frpr kä dshqdv 4 hohphqwr dr orqjr gd hvshvvxud/ qr fdvr elglphqvlrqdo/
qær kä qhqkxpd ydqwdjhp hp vh xvdu hvwh ýowlpr sodqr gh vlphwuld1
D Iljxud 818 uhsuhvhqwd d prghodjhp gr frusr gh suryd gr wlsr PW/ frp :9/5pp1 Qhod
ì srvvðyho yhu r txduwr vxshulru gluhlwr gr fgs +frqiruph prvwudgr qd Iljxud 816,1 Dv ohwudv

9<
 Iljxud 818 Pdokd gh hohphqwrv qlwrv frqvwuxðgd qr FDVFD/ sdud dqäolvh qr IUDQF5G2O1

% h + dr odgr grv qöv lqglfdp txh rv hohv wíp dojxp wlsr gh uhvwulêær qr vhx prylphqwr
qdtxhod gluhêær1 Qhvwh fdvr/ rv txh hvwær pdufdgrv frp % wlyhudp r vhx prylphqwr lpshglgr
qhvwd gluhêær sdud vlpxodu r hl{r gh vlphwuld yhuwlfdo/ h rv pdufdgrv frp + wlyhudp r vhx
prylphqwr yhuwlfdo uhvwulwr d pýowlsorv gh xpd phvpd txdqwlgdgh/ ylvwr txh d vlpxodêær
ì hp frqwuroh gh ghvorfdphqwr1 D sduwh lqihulru gd pdokd/ txh srvvxl xp uhqdphqwr
pdlru/ srgh vhu ylvwd qr ghwdokh gd Iljxud 8181 D sruêær lqihulru gd pdokd irupdgd sru
hohphqwrv uhwdqjxoduhv ì krprjíqhd +hohphqwrv frp phvpdv glphqvøhv, h frqvwlwxðgd gh
txdwur olqkdv gh hohphqwrv1 Hvwdv olqkdv shuplwhp d lpsohphqwdêær gh txdwur wdpdqkrv
glihuhqwhv gd idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær1 D glphqvær krul}rqwdo gh fdgd xp
ghvvhv uhwåqjxorv ì 3/8 pp1 R hvwxgr gd lq xíqfld ghvvd glphqvær qrv uhvxowdgrv rewlgrv
ì uhdol}dgr qd dqäolvh frp hohphqwrv vöolgrv1 D phglêær gr FWRG irl ihlwd grlv hohphqwrv
dwuäv gd srqwd gd wulqfd1 Sruwdqwr d glvwåqfld fdudfwhuðvwlfd xwlol}dgd ì _ ' 66 +ylgh
Iljxud 514:,1 R ydoru fuðwlfr gr FWRG ì gdgr sru
 
A 
A ( ' 2_ |@? / +814,
2

rx vhmd/ A ( ' fc fb661

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Prghor Wulglphqvlrqdo

Dv pdokdv gh hohphqwrv qlwrv gr prghor 6G irudp fuldgdv qr ylvxdoQdvwudq iru Zlqgrzv

53351 Irudp xwlol}dgrv dshqdv hohphqwrv vöolgrv gh ; qöv/ frqiruph Iljxud 71471 Rv prghorv
jhudgrv irudp vdoyrv frpr dutxlyrv gr Sdwudq +-1sdw,1 Hvwhv/ sru vxd yh}/ hudp vxephwlgrv
dr SDWZDUS txh ì r vriwzduh txh frqyhuwh prghorv Sdwudq sdud prghorv ZDUS6G1 D
Iljxud 819 loxvwud d pdokd sdud r fdvr gr fgs PW frp odujxud gh 637/;pp1

Iljxud 819 Prghor vöolgr jhudgr qr ylvxdoQdvwudq iru Zlqgrzv 5335 sdud dqäolvh qr ZDUS6G1

D pdokd prghod 42; gr fgs PW/ rx vhmd/ qr fdvr vöolgr/ frpr d glphqvær dr orqjr gd
hvshvvxud ì hihwlydphqwh prghodgd/ ì frqyhqlhqwh/ sdud glplqxlu r wdpdqkr gr prghor/ r
xvr gd vlphwuld wdpeìp dr orqjr ghvvd gluhêær1 Qd sduwh lqihulru gr prghor hqfrqwud0vh r
sodqr gh sursdjdêær gd wulqfd1
Lqlfldophqwh/ frp r remhwlyr gh vh ghwhuplqdu r wdpdqkr gr hohphqwr qr sodqr gh sursd0
jdêær gd wulqfd/ irl ihlwd xpd dqäolvh gd lq xíqfld gdv vxdv glphqvøhv1 Kä r lqwhuhvvh gh vh
id}huhp dv phglgdv gr FWRD qrv qöv1 Frpr r srqwr gh phglêær h{shulphqwdo xvdgr qd
uhihuíqfld ^63` vlwxdyd0vh 4 pp dwuäv gd srqwd gd wulqfd/ hvwxgrx0vh d prghodjhp xvdqgr
4/ 5 h 7 hohphqwrv shuid}hqgr hvwh ydoru1 Rx vhmd/ irl yhulfdgr d lq xíqfld gh hohphqwrv

:4
frp 4 pp/ frp 3/8 pp h frp 3/58 pp1 Dr orqjr gd hvshvvxud/ ylvdqgr rewhu xp hohphqwr
r pdlv suö{lpr srvvðyho gr fxer/ frqiruph rulhqwdêær frqwlgd hp ^74`/ irudp xvdgrv/ uhv0
shfwlydphqwh/ 4/ 5 h 7 hohphqwrv1 Qd rxwud glphqvær +shushqglfxodu dr sodqr gd wulqfd,
irl uhshwlgd d glphqvær qr vhqwlgr gh sursdjdêær1 Rv uhvxowdgr rewlgrv/ sdud rv fgs frp
odujxudv gh :9/5 pp h gh 637/; pp/ hvwær uhodflrqdgrv qd Iljxud 81:1

240

Resistência residual (MPa)

230

w=76,2mm
220
w=304,8mm

210

200
0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1

Dimensão do elemento no plano da trinca (mm)

Iljxud 81: Lq xíqfld gd glphqvær +qd gluhêær gh sursdjdêær, grv hohphqwrv qd srqwd gd wulqfd1

Qd Iljxud 81: ì srvvðyho yhulfdu txh d glphqvær hp hvwxgr lq xhqfld r uhvxowdgr gd

uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo1 Rswrx0vh shor xvr gh hohphqwrv frp 3/8 pp sru vhuhp rv txh phokru
uhsuhvhqwdp dv ghpdlv glphqvøhv/ vhp dowhudu r dvshfwr dsur{lpdgdphqwh fýelfr grv hoh0
phqwrv1 Glvwr uhvxowdp grlv hohphqwrv dr orqjr gd hvshvvxud/ h wuív hohphqwrv dr orqjr gd
gluhêær + / txh wrwdol}dp rv 4/8 pp gd idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær txh ì xvdgd qd
dqäolvh 5G prglfdgd +81;,/ dsuhvhqwdgd d vhjxlu1 Qr frusrv0gh0suryd frp odujxud gh 41857
pp/ qr hqwdqwr/ irudp xvdgrv hohphqwrv frp 4 pp sdud glplqxlu r wdpdqkr gr prghor1

Prghor Elglphqvlrqdo frp Idl{d hp Hvwdgr Sodqr gh Ghirupdêær

R xvr gh xpd idl{d gh hohphqwrv hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær/ dvvxqwr mä derugdgr dqwh0
ulruphqwh/ whp d qdolgdgh gh fdswdu r hihlwr gh wulglphqvlrqdolgdgh gd whqvøhv rfdvlrqdgr
shod vljqlfdwlyd hohydêær gd whqvøhv qd sur{lplgdgh gd srqwd gd wulqfd/ txh suryrfdp 0 yld
hihlwr gh Srlvvrq 0 d hohydêær gd whqvær irud gr sodqr d qðyhlv qær ghvsuh}ðyhlv1 Gd phvpd
irupd txh kä ydoruhv gr FWRD fuðwlfr mä flwdgrv qd olwhudwxud/ wdpeìp hqfrqwudp0vh glphq0
vøhv gd odujxud gd idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær txh id}hp sdu frp rv FWRD sdud

:5
 TRINCA

0,5mm y

0,572mm 0,5mm

Iljxud 81; Glphqvøhv gr hohphqwr xvdgr qr sodqr gd wulqfd qdv dqäolvh wulglphqvlrqdlv1

fdgd hvshvvxud gh doxpðqlr 53570W6= | ' c S66 , 2S ' 266> h | ' 66 , 2S ' 66
+uhi1 ^53`,> | ' 2c 66 , 2S ' 66> h | ' 66 , 2S ' 266 +uhi1 ^49`,1 Frqwxgr/
ylvlyhophqwh/ qær kä frqvhqvr1 Frp ylvwd d frqupdu r ydoru gh 6pp sdud rv fdvrv hvwxgd0
grv/ irl uhdol}dgd xpd dqäolvh xvdqgr hohphqwrv wulglphqvlrqdlv vöolgrv/ txh qdwxudophqwh
mä fdswdp d wulglphqvlrqdolgdgh gdv whqvøhv gh xp fgs PW frp 637/; pp gh odujxud1
Qr lqvwdqwh hp txh dv whqvøhv qd srqwd gd wulqfd vær wdlv txh r FWRD dwlqjh r vhx ydoru
fuðwlfr/ irudp phglgdv dv whqvøhv qrv hohphqwrv lphgldwdphqwh ã iuhqwh vlwxdgrv hp 8 sodqrv
glvwlqwrv +frp devflvvdv { / {2 /111/ h {D ,/ frqiruph Iljxud 81<1

Iljxud 81< Loxvwudêær grv hohphqwrv qrv txdlv irudp phglgdv dv whqvøhv sdud ghwhuplqdêær gd
idl{d gh ghirupdêær sodqd1

Qd Iljxud 81< ì srvvðyho revhuydu d rulhqwdêær grv hl{rv frrughqdgrv1 Ghod uhvxowdp rv
8 juäfrv/ xp sdud fdgd ydoru gh % +jxudv 8143 h 8144,1 Hp fdgd xp ghohv/ kä 7 ydoruhv

:6
gh j 5 / ylvwr txh vær 7 rv hohphqwrv dr orqjr gd hvshvvxud gr prghor IHP/ txh uhsuhvhqwd
phwdgh gd hvshvvxud gr fgs qrupdo1 Ghyh0vh revhuydu txh r sodqr gh vlphwuld hp 5 +sodqr
5 ' f, ì suö{lpr grv hohphqwrv fxmrv ydoruhv gdv whqvøhv j 5 vær pdlv hohydgrv +5 ' 5e,1 Rv
hohphqwrv pdlv glvwdqwhv ghvvh sodqr srvvxhp j5  f +5 ' 5,/ xpd yh} txh vær rv txh vh
hqfrqwudp pdlv suö{lprv dr hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvøhv1 Ã phglgd txh + dxphqwd/ frpr hud
gh vh hvshudu/ rv ydoruhv gdv whqvøhv yær glplqxlqgr1

σz (MPa) x=x 1
300

250
faixa em
deformação plana
200

150

100
z4
z3
z2
50 z1

-
0 1 2 3 4 5
y (mm)
(50)

Iljxud 8143 Whqvøhv irud gr sodqr qd dqäolvh IHP 6G +Sodqr { @ { ,1

D Iljxud 8143 prvwud fodudphqwh txh dv whqvøhv j5 suö{lpdv dr sodqr gd wulqfd qær vær
ghvsuh}ðyhlv1 Sruwdqwr/ frqvlghudu txh r fgs frpr xp wrgr hvwä hp hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvøhv
ì xpd dsur{lpdêær idokd1 Qhod wdpeìp ì srvvðyho revhuydu txh d idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr
gh ghirupdêær gh 6 pp/ fxmd phwdgh hvwä loxvwudgd/ ì gh wdpdqkr dsursuldgr sdud fdswdu
d uhjlær gh pdlru hihlwr gdv whqvøhv irud gr sodqr1 Hvwh idwr ì frqupdgr shorv juäfrv
rewlgrv sdud rv suö{lprv 7 sodqrv sdudohorv d % ' % +Iljxud 8144,1
Qrv juäfrv gd Iljxud 8144/ d hvfdod hp j5 ì pdqwlgd d phvpd gr juäfr gh % ' %
sdud fdu pdlv qðwlgr txh d wulglphqvlrqdolgdgh gdv whqvøhv ì xp ihq÷phqr orfdol}dgr pxlwr
suö{lpr ã srqwd gd wulqfd h txh udslgdphqwh ghvdsduhfh/ uhvwdqgr sdud d judqgh sduwh gr
fgs r hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvøhv1

:7
 σz (MPa) x=x 2 σz (MPa) x=x 3
300 300

250
faixa em
250 faixa em
deformação plana
deformação plana
200 200

150 150

100 z4 100 z4
z3 z3
z2 z2
50 z1 50 z1

- -
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
y (mm) y (mm)
(50) (50)

σz (MPa) x=x 4 σz (MPa) x=x 5

300 300

250 faixa em 250 faixa em

deformação plana
deformação plana
200 200

150 150

100 z4 100 z4
z3 z3
z2 z2
50 z1 50 z1

- -
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
y (mm) y (mm)
(50) (50)

Iljxud 8144 Whqvøhv irud gr sodqr qd dqäolvh IHP 6G +sodqrv { @ { frp l @ 5> 6> 7 h 8,1

Tensões na análise FEM 3D

800

700

sx(z4) sy(z4) sz(z4)

600
sx(z3) sy(z3) sz(z3)

500 sx(z2) sy(z2) sz(z2)

Tensão (MPa)

sx(z1) sy(z1) sz(z1)

400

300

200

100

0
- 1 2 3 4
-100
y (mm)

Iljxud 8145 Whqvøhv rewlgd shod dqäolvh IHP 6G sdud r sodqr { @ { 1

:8
 D Iljxud 8145 prvwud r uhvxowdgr gd dqäolvh IHP wulglphqvlrqdo qrv phvprv srqwrv gd
Iljxud 81431 Ì srvvðyho yhulfdu txh/ suö{lpr ã srqwd gd wulqfd/ phvpr hp whuprv uhodwlyrv/
rv ydoruhv gdv whqvøhv irud gr sodqr ghyhp vhu ohydgrv hp frqvlghudêær qr prghor1

81417 Dqäolvhv Qxpìulfdv gh Fgs PW

Fgs frp Odujxud gh :9/5 pp

D vhjxlu vær dsuhvhqwdgrv rv uhvxowdgrv rewlgrv qdv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv el h wulglphqvlrqdlv

grv frusrv gh suryd gr wlsr PW/ frp odujxud gh :9/5 pp/ txh vær frpsdudgrv frp rv
uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv uhodwdgrv qd uhihuíqfld ^65`1 Qd Iljxud 8146 fd fodur txh dshqdv

300

250
tensão (MPa)

200

2D - faixa em def. plana

2D - tensão plana
150
2D - deformação plana
3D
Experimental

100
0 3 6 9 12 15

∆a (mm)

Iljxud 8146 Uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv h dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv sdud fgs wr wlsr PW +z @ :9> 5pp,1

r hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær qær ì xpd erd dsur{lpdêær/ h txh rv ghpdlv uh hwhp pxlwr
ehp r frpsruwdphqwr gr hqvdlr1

Fgs frp Odujxud gh 637/; pp

Vær dsuhvhqwdgrv rv uhvxowdgrv rewlgrv qdv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv el h wulglphqvlrqdlv grv frusrv
gh suryd gr wlsr PW/ frp odujxud gh 637/; pp/ txh vær frpsdudgrv frp rv uhvxowdgrv
h{shulphqwdlv uhodwdgrv qd uhihuíqfld ^65`1 Qd Iljxud 8147 wdpeìp ì srvvðyho yhulfdu txh d
dsur{lpdêær sru hvwdgr sodqr ghirupdêær ì d gh slru ghvhpshqkr h dv ghpdlv vær pxlwr erdv1

:9
 250

200

tensão (MPa)

150
2D - faixa em def. plana
3D
2D - tensão plana
2D - deformação plana
Experimental
100

∆a (mm)
0 5 10 15 20 25

Iljxud 8147 Uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv h dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv sdud fgs wr wlsr PW +z @ 637> ;pp,1

Kä/ qr lqðflr gr juäfr/ xpd glyhujíqfld pdlru hqwuh rv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv h qýphulfrv1
Hqwuhwdqwr/ dv sulqflsdlv lqirupdêøhv hvwær hp frqfrugåqfld frp rv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv
+whqvær gh uxswxud h fruuhvsrqghqwh sursdjdêær gýfwlo gd wulqfd,/ frpr srgh vhu yhulfdgr
qd Wdehod 8141 Srvvlyhophqwh/ d glvfuhsåqfld lqlfldo whqkd ruljhp qr hihlwr gh wxqqholqj gr
FWRD qr lqðflr gd sursdjdêær/ frqiruph mä flwdgr qr lwhp 6151

Fgs frp Odujxud gh 93</9 pp

Vær dsuhvhqwdgrv rv uhvxowdgrv rewlgrv qdv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv el h wulglphqvlrqdlv grv frusrv
gh suryd gr wlsr PW/ frp odujxud gh 93</9 pp/ txh vær frpsdudgrv frp rv uhvxowdgrv
h{shulphqwdlv uhodwdgrv qd uhihuíqfld ^65`/ frpr srgh vhu ylvwr qd Iljxud 81481 Qd Iljxud
8148 srgh0vh/ qrydphqwh/ yhulfdu r hihlwr gh wxqqholqj qr lqðflr gd sursdjdêær1 Wdpeìp
yhulfd0vh txh/ qhvwh fdvr/ d dqäolvh IHP hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær frqgx} d ydoruhv
lqihulruhv sdud d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo/ hperud qr wuhfkr lqlfldo frqwlqxh dflpd gdv ghpdlv1
Hvwd lqyhuvær qr frpsruwdphqwr irl uhodwdgd hp ^63`1 Sdud hvwd odujxud gh fgs/ wdpeìp
mä ì srvvðyho qrwdu xpd oljhlud ydqwdjhp gd dqäolvh 5G frp d idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh
ghirupdêær vreuh d 5G hp hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvær1

::
 250

200

tensão (MPa)
150
3D
2D - faixa em def. plana
2D - tensão plana
2D - deformação plana
Experimental
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

∆a (mm)
Iljxud 8148 Uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv h dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv sdud fgs wr wlsr PW +z @ 93<> 9pp,1

Fgs frp Odujxud gh 4857 pp

Qhvwh ýowlpr fgs gr wlsr PW/ vær dsuhvhqwdgrv rv uhvxowdgrv rewlgrv qdv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv
el h wulglphqvlrqdlv grv frusrv gh suryd gr wlsr PW/ frp odujxud gh 4857 pp1 Ghvwd
yh}/ r sdguær gh frpsdudêær/ ghylgr d lqh{lvwíqfld gh gdgrv h{shulphqwdlv/ h sru vxd mä
frpsurydgd hfäfld/ ì d dqäolvh IHP wulglphqvlrqdo yld ZDUS6G1 Qd Iljxud 8149 fd
fodud d lqyhuvær gdv dqäolvhv hp hvwdgr sodqr gh whqvær h hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær=
djrud ì d hp hvwdgr sodqr whqvær txh hvwä dflpd gdv ghpdlv1 Wdpeìp srgh0vh revhuydu
txh/ ã phglgd txh r fgs dxphqwd/ d idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær wruqd0vh pdlv
qhfhvväuld1
D sulqflsdo lqirupdêær h{wudðgd gh fdgd xp grv juäfrv dsuhvhqwdgrv ì uhodwlyd ã uh0
vlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gr hvsìflph1 Sruwdqwr/ ì lqwhuhvvdqwh d dqäolvh frqmxqwd gh wrgrv rv ydoruhv/
frqiruph dsuhvhqwdgr qd Wdehod 814/ rx gh irupd juäfd/ qd Iljxud 814:1
Hp uhvxpr/ gd dqäolvh grv frusrv gh suryd gr wlsr PW/ ì srvvðyho revhuydu txh=
0 D dqäolvh sru hohphqwrv qlwrv wulglphqvlrqdlv frqgx}lx d ydoruhv suhflvrv gd uhvlvwíqfld
uhvlgxdo sdud wrgdv dv glphqvøhv gh fgs whvwdgrv>
0 D uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo/ fdofxodgd shod dqäolvh IHP elglphqvlrqdo hp hvwdgr sodqr gh
whqvær/ d sulqfðslr ì oljhludphqwh lqihulru dr ydoru h{shulphqwdo1 Ã phglgd txh r wdpdqkr
gr hvsìflph dxphqwd/ r fäofxor sdvvd d ohydu d ydoruhv vxshulruhv1 R lqyhuvr ì yhulfdgr

:;
 200

150

tensão (MPa)
100
2D - tensão plana
2D - faixa em def. plana
2D - defomação plana
3D
50

-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
∆a (mm)

Iljxud 8149 Uhvxowdgrv gdv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv sdud fgs wr wlsr PW +z @ 4857pp,1

Wdehod 814 Uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo shor fulwìulr gr FWRD sdud hvsìflphv PW1
Resistência Residual (MPa)
Largura da Tensão Erro Deformação Erro Faixa em Erro 3D Erro Experimental
Placa (mm) Plana (%) Plana (%) Def. Plana (%) (%) (*)
76,2 228,9 -3,8 260,6 9,6 233,0 -2,0 233,0 -2,0 237,9
304,8 214,4 -0,6 231,0 7,0 210,3 -2,6 215,8 0,0 215,8
609,6 204,8 4,6 184,8 -5,6 200,6 2,5 206,2 5,3 195,8
1.524,0 197,9 17,1 120,0 -29,0 182,0 7,8 168,9 - -
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 300

3D

Resistência Residual (MPa)

2D - tensão plana
250 2D - deformação plana
2D - faixa em def. plana
Experimental

200

150

100

50 550 1050 1550

largura (mm)

Iljxud 814: Frpsdudêær hqwuh d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo h{shulphqwdo h dv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv sru
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fgs> h
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814</ qd txdo srghp vhu revhuydgrv fdvrv frp 5/ 6 h 8 wulqfdv/ h glihuhqwhv glphqvøhv gh
oljdphqwr1 Frpr srgh vhu yhulfdgr/ qr fdvr gh PVG/ r sodqr gd wulqfd dlqgd ì xp sodqr gh
vlphwuld/ h kä wdpeìp d vlphwuld qd hvshvvxud/ txh ì xwlol}dgd qrv prghorv 6G1 Mä r sodqr
yhuwlfdo/ txh sdvvd shor fhqwur gr hvsìflph/ qær ì pdlv xp sodqr gh vlphwuld1 Sruwdqwr/
qd dqäolvh 5G/ rv prghorv frqwhpsodp d phwdgh vxshulru gd hvwuxwxud1 Qrv prghorv 6G/
prghod0vh d phwdgh gd hvshvvxud gd phwdgh vxshulru gr hvsìflph/ rx vhmd/ 427 gr wrwdo1

Frqjxudêær PVG D

R juäfr gd Iljxud 8153 wud} dv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv wulglphqvlrqdo/ elglphqvlrqdo frp idl{d
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gh oljdphqwr h sdud d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gr frusr0gh0suryd gr wlsr PVG +frqjxudêær 
gd Iljxud 814<,1
Qr hl{r krul}rqwdo gd Iljxud 8153/ hvwær rv ydoruhv gh {@/ txh uhsuhvhqwd d vrpd gdv
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 MSD

A
0,6 47,9
5,1

B
15,2
47,3 52,6

C
13,8 01,5 14,1
12,3 12,3

D
11,6 50,7 14,4
51,1 49,9

7,3 18,3 E 8,8 7,0

101,5
7,4 8,0 8,4 8,1

cotas em mm

Iljxud 814< Loxvwudêær grv 8 fhqäulrv gh PVG1

250
resistência residual experimental resistência 3D

200
resistência 2D
tensão (MPa)

ligamento 2D
150

ligamento experimental

100

3D
50
ligamento 3D 2D - faixa em def. plana

-
0 10 20 30 40

∆a (mm)

Iljxud 8153 Frpsdudêær gdv dqäolvhv 5G h 6G +frqjxudêær PVG D, frp ydoruhv h{shulphq0
wdlv1

;5
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h{shulphqwdlv1

Frqjxudêær PVG E

R juäfr gd Iljxud 8154 wud} dv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv wulglphqvlrqdo/ elglphqvlrqdo frp idl{d
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gh oljdphqwr h sdud d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gr frusr0gh0suryd gr wlsr PVG +frqjxudêær 
gd Iljxud 814<,1 Ì srvvðyho revhuydu qd Iljxud 8154 grlv sdwdpduhv glvwlqwrv1 Qr sulphlur

250
resistência 3D
resistência residual experimental

200
ligamento 2D
tensão (MPa)

resistência 2D
150

ligamento 3D ligamento experimental

100
3D
2D - faixa em def. plana
50

-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
∆a (mm)

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wdlv1

sdwdpdu +lqihulru, yhulfd0vh r oljdphqwr gdv wulqfdv1 Dsöv qryr lqfuhphqwr gh fdujd/ dwlqjh0
vh r vhjxqgr sdwdpdu +vxshulru,/ qr txdo rfruuh d uxswxud gr fgs1 Sdud hvwh fdvr wdpeìp
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rv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv1

Frqjxudêær PVG F

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200
resistência 3D

ligamento 2D

150 ligamento 3D

tensão (MPa)
resistência 2D

100
3D
2D - faixa em def. plana
Experimental
50

-
0 10 20 30 40
∆a (mm)

Iljxud 8155 Frpsdudêær gdv dqäolvhv 5G h 6G +frqjxudêær PVG F, frp ydoruhv h{shulphq0
wdlv1

h  ,1 Rv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv sdud dv whqvøhv gh oljdphqwr h gh uxswxud vær ghqlgrv

shorv pä{lprv grv sdwdpduhv lqihulru h vxshulru/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 D prghodjhp 6G prvwud
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Frqjxudêær PVG G

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gd Iljxud 814<,1 Qd Iljxud 8156/ r oljdphqwr gdv wulqfdv qær rfruuh dqwhv gh d uhvlvwíqfld
uhvlgxdo gr fgs vhu dwlqjlgd1 Qd uhdolgdgh/ qhvwh fdvr d uxswxud gr fgs h r oljdphqwr
rfruuhp vlpxowdqhdphqwh1 Qrydphqwh ì srvvðyho revhuydu xpd frqfrugåqfld pxlwr erd
hqwuh dv dqäolvh IHP h rv uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv1

;7
 300
resistência 2D

250

tensão (MPa)
200 resistência 3D

150

100
2D - faixa em def. plana
Experimental
3D
50

-
0 10 20 30 40
∆a (mm)
Iljxud 8156 Frpsdudêær gdv dqäolvhv 5G h 6G +frqjxudêær PVG G, frp ydoruhv h{shulphq0
wdlv1

Frqjxudêær PVG H

R juäfr gd Iljxud 8157 wud} dv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv wulglphqvlrqdo/ elglphqvlrqdo frp idl{d
hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær h rv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv gd uhihuíqfld ^63` sdud d whqvær gh
oljdphqwr h sdud d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gr frusr0gh0suryd gr wlsr PVG +frqjxudêær . gd
Iljxud 814<,1 Qd frqjxudêær loxvwudgd qd Iljxud 8157 wdpeìp r oljdphqwr gdv wulqfdv h d
uxswxud gr fgs rfruuhp vhp irupdêær gh sdwdpduhv hvshfðfrv1 Pdlv xpd yh} r pìwrgr gh
dqäolvh gr FWRD/ wdqwr sru hohphqwrv qlwrv 6G/ txdqwr 5G/ prvwud0vh hfd} qd suhglêær
gr frpsruwdphqwr gr hvsìflph frp PVG gd oljd gh doxpðqlr 53570W61

Wdehod 815 Whqvær gh oljdphqwr h uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo shor fulwìulr gr FWRD sdud hvsìflphv PVG1
Tensão de Ligamento (MPa) Resistência Residual (MPa)
CDP 3D Erro 2D - faixa em Erro Experimental 3D Erro 2D - faixa em Erro Experimental
(%) def. plana (%) (*) (%) def. plana (%) (*)
A 92,2 1,3 98,5 8,2 91,0 210,6 0,8 209,3 0,1 209,0
B 150,0 1,0 151,3 1,9 148,5 197,8 1,8 195,4 0,6 194,3
C 137,0 -0,1 136,1 -0,7 137,1 163,3 2,6 152,5 -4,1 159,1
D - - 252,8 -2,3 255,2 -1,4 258,8
E - - 164,3 2,0 167,2 3,9 161,0

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;8
 200
resistência 2D

150

tensão (MPa)
resistência 3D

100
3D
2D - faixa em def. plana
Experimental
50

-
- 10 20 30 40 50
∆a (mm)

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wdlv1

shuid} dsur{lpdgdphqwh d glphqvær gd wulqfd gr fgs PW frp odujxud gh 637/; pp1 Wdp0
eìp dv wulqfdv oðghuhv grv fdvrv  h . srvvxhp sudwlfdphqwh hvwd glphqvær1 Sruwdqwr/ d
frpsdudêær grv ydoruhv gdv uhvlvwíqfldv uhvlgxdlv sdud fdgd xp ghvvhv fdvrv txdqwlfd r
hihlwr gr PVG1 Hoh ydl gh xpd uhgxêær gh fhufd gh 6(/ sdud d frqjxudêær / dwì pdlv gh
58(/ qrv fdvrv  h . / frqiruph srgh vhu yhulfdgr qd Iljxud 81581
Qd Wdehod 815 ì srvvðyho revhuydu txh/ sdud rv fdvrv hvwxgdgrv/ r huur qd ghwhuplqdêær gd
whqvær gh oljdphqwr ì lqihulru/ hp ydoru devroxwr/ d ;/6( h/ qd ghwhuplqdêær gd uhvlvwíqfld
uhvlgxdo/ ì lqihuluru/ hp ydoru devroxwr/ d 7/5(1 Ghvwd irupd/ r pìwrgr gr FWRD/ frp rv
sduåphwurv h ihuudphqwdv frpsxwdflrqdlv xwlol}dgrv/ prvwud0vh edvwdqwh dghtxdgr sdud d
dqäolvh gdv hvwuxwxudv hqvdldgdv1
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wudedokr1

815 Fulwìulr gr Oljdphqwr +fgs PW frp h vhp PVG,

D uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gh frusrv0gh0suryd gr wlsr PW +plggoh0fudfn whqvlrq ,/ frpr r prvwudgr

qd Iljxud 816/ vhuä ghwhuplqdgd/ lqlfldophqwh/ xvdqgr xp sulqfðslr gd Phfåqlfd gd Iudwxud

;9
 300

D
250

Resistência Residual (MPa)

A
200
B
C
150 E

sem MSD
100
com MSD

50

-
- 50 100 150 200
trinca líder (2a) (mm)

Iljxud 8158 Lq xíqfld gdv wulqfdv gh PVG qd uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo1

frqyhqflrqdo1 Srvwhulruphqwh/ ydl0vh dsolfdu r pìwrgr gr oljdphqwr qd dqäolvh gh frusrv0gh0

suryd vhphokdqwhv drv PW/ pdv frp glihuhqwhv frqjxudêær gh PVG1

81514 Frusrv0gh0suryd gr Wlsr PW

R pdwhuldo hvwxgdgr srvvxl sursulhgdghv frpr mä dsuhvhqwdgdv hp 8151 Vær dqdolvdgdv dv

phvpdv 7 frqjxudêøhv PW ylvwdv qr fulwìulr gr FWRD1
D sulphlud glfxogdgh gr pìwrgr/ h txh lqfoxvlyh hp dojxqv fdvrv r lqyldelol}d/ frpr
ylvwr qd vhêær 615/ ì d ghwhuplqdêær gh xp ydoru frqäyho sdud gS hp frqglêøhv gh hvwdgr
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s
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whqvær gh uxswxud grv fgs1
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uhvlgxdo suhylvwd shod Phfåqlfd gd Iudwxud ydl ghvgh ydoruhv pxlwr dflpd grv h{shulphqwdlv
+dflpd lqfoxvlyh gd whqvær gh hvfrdphqwr gh 5:8/; PSd,/ dwì ydoruhv vljqlfdwlydphqwh
lqihulruhv drv h{shulphqwdlv1 Dtxl qrydphqwh shufheh0vh txh r phfdqlvpr gh idokd qær ì r
phvpr hp wrgrv rv fdvrv1

;:
 Wdehod 816 Uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo shor fulwìulr gh Vzliw sdud hvsìflphv PW1
Resistência Residual (MPa)
Largura da Critério do Erro Experimental FEM 3D
Placa (mm) Ligamento (%) (*)
76,2 550,7 131,5 237,9 233,0
304,8 275,4 27,6 215,8 215,8
609,6 194,7 -0,6 195,8 206,2
1.524,0 123,1 -27,1 - 168,9
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edvhdgd qd lgìld h{suhvvd qr ghwdokh gr juäfr gd Iljxud 614/ txh fdofxod r wdpdqkr gd
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phqruhv/ fxmr phfdqlvpr gh idokd ì pdlv sduhflgr frp r hvfrdphqwr gd vhêær uhpdqhvfhqwh1
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wulqfd dqwhv gd uxswxud/ hihlwr txh qær ì fdswdgr shor suhvhqwh fulwìulr1

81515 Frusrv0gh0Suryd gr Wlsr PVG

D srxfd fruuhvsrqgíqfld gr pìwrgr gr oljdphqwr gh Vzliw/ dsolfdgr drv fgs PW frp rv

ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv ghyh0vh hp sduwh dr txh irl h{srvwr qr sduäjudir dqwhulru1 Rxwur idwru
frqwulexlqwh sdud d idowd gh suhflvær yhulfdgd ì dsolfdêær gh xp ydoru {r sdud d whqdflgdgh

;;
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r uhvxowdgr h{shulphqwdo sdud r PW frp hvvd glphqvær/ rx vhmd/ gS ' HSc 2 @ 61
s

Wdehod 817 Whqvær gh oljdphqwr h uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo shor fulwìulr gh Vzliw sdud hvsìflphv PVG1
Tensão de Ligamento (MPa) Resistência Residual (MPa)
Erro Experimental Swift Erro Swift Erro Experimental
CDP Swift
(%) (*) (Kc=86,2) (%) (Kc=110) (%) (*)
A 84,0 -7,7 91,0 151,1 -27,7 192,8 -7,7 209,0
B 186,7 25,7 148,5 143,4 -26,2 182,9 -5,8 194,3
C 186,5 36,0 137,1 123,9 -22,1 158,2 -0,6 159,1
D 587,4 115,4 -55,4 147,2 -43,1 258,8
E 252,9 107,4 -33,3 137,1 -14,8 161,0

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Ì srvvðyho revhuydu qd Wdehod 817 txh dojxqv ydoruhv fdofxodgrv sdud d whqvær gh oljdphqwr
shor pìwrgr gh Vzliw vær vxshulruhv drv suhylvwrv sdud d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gd fkdsd1 Qhvwh
fdvr/ hylghqwhphqwh/ r oljdphqwr rfruuh mxqwr frp d uxswxud h rv ydoruhv flwdgrv qær wíp
vljqlfdgr suäwlfr1 R uhvxowdgr suhylvwr sru Vzliw sdud r oljdphqwr gr fgs  ì xpd erd
dsur{lpdêær sdud r ydoru h{shulphqwdo1 Srvvlyhophqwh lvvr vh ghyh dr idwr ghvwh fgs vhu r txh
srvvxl phqru glvwåqfld hqwuh dv wulqfdv/ wruqdqgr phqrv vljqlfdwlyr r hihlwr gd sursdjdêær
dqwhulru dr oljdphqwr1
Qd dqäolvh gd uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo/ fd fodur txh rv ydoruhv rewlgrv vær/ qd vxd pdlruld/
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txdqwr frp r xvr gr ydoru wdehodgr1 R slru ghvhpshqkr ì rewlgr qd dqäolvh gr fgs (/ txh
ì r txh srvvxl pdlru glvwåqfld hqwuh d wulqfd oðghu h dv gh PVG/ rx vhmd/ r txh whp pdlru
sursdjdêær suhfhghqgr r oljdphqwr1

816 Dqäolvh Qxpìulfd gh Sdlqìlv frp PVG

Frp r remhwlyr gh vh hpsuhjdu d wìfqlfd gr FWRD d hvwuxwxudv suö{lpdv ãv hqfrqwudgdv hp

dyløhv/ irudp uhdol}dgdv dqäolvhv gh sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv frp xpd edðd h uhiruêdgruhv ðqwhjurv/
h frp gxdv edðdv h uhiruêdgruhv fhqwudlv +xp gh fdgd odgr, txheudgrv1 Glihuhqwhv fhqäulrv
gh PVG hp xpd olqkd gh ixurv irudp lqyhwljdgrv/ frpr ylvwr qd Iljxud 81591

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 PAINEL COM 1 BAÍA PAINEL COM 2 BAÍAS

609,6
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304,8
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25,4

914,4
203,2
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D Iljxud 8159 loxvwud dv hvwuxwxudv hqvdldgdv shor Ghsduwdphqwr gh Hqjhqkduld Dhurhv0

sdfldo gd Xqlyhuvlgdgh Hvwdgxdo gh Zlfklwd/ Ndqvdv/ qrv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv gd Dpìulfd ^58`1
Irudp 53 frqjxudêøhv glihuhqwhv/ vhqgr 45 frp xpd edðd h ; frp gxdv edðdv1 Rv sdlqìlv
vær frqvwlwxðgrv gh fkdsdv gh Do 53570W6/ uhyhvwlgr +fodg ,/ fduuhjdgrv vhjxqgr d rulhqwdêær
O0W/ frp 4/9 pp gh hvshvvxud1 D wulqfd oðghu ì fhqwudgd frp uhodêær ãv hvwuxwxudv1 Rv
ixurv/ fxmrv fhqwurv hvwær qr sodqr gd wulqfd/ srvvxhp glåphwur gh 9/68 pp/ h r sdvvr +glv0
wåqfld hqwuh rv fhqwurv gh grlv ixurv frqwðjxrv, ì gh 58/7 pp1 Rv uhiruêdgruhv vær suhvrv
ãv fkdsdv sru sdudixvrv gh dêr frp 9/68 pp gh glåphwur/ h frp xp sdvvr lgíqwlfr dr grv
ixurv1 Rv uhiruêdgruhv hvwær drv sduhv/ xp gh fdgd odgr gd fkdsd/ sdud hylwdu hihlwrv gh
h{ær1 Hperud d vxd frqvwlwxlêær qær whqkd vlgr flwdgd h{suhvvdphqwh/ h qhp r dxwru/ dsöv
frqwdwr sru h0pdlo/ whqkd vlgr fdsd} gh hvfoduhfhu/ uhyhodqgr ohpeudu0vh dshqdv txh vh wudwd
gh xpd oljd gh doxpðqlr/ hod irl frqvlghudgd frpr vhqgr gd phvpd oljd gd fkdsd1 Irudp
xvdgrv glvsrvlwlyrv sdud lpshglu d dpedjhp dr orqjr gd olqkd gdv wulqfdv1 Dv wulqfdv gh
PVG irudp vlphwulfdphqwh lqwurgx}lgdv sru hohwur0hurvær hp fdgd xp grv ixurv1 Dv ghpdlv
glphqvøhv/ hp ploðphwurv/ srghp vhu olgdv gluhwdphqwh qd Iljxud 81591 Rv hqvdlrv irudp
uhdol}dgrv hp xp htxlsdphqwr vhuyrklguäxolfr PWV/ vre frqwuroh gh ghvorfdphqwr +3/587
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<3
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Dv jduudv gh {dêær grv sdlqìlv qr htxlsdphqwr gh hqvdlr vær ghvfulwrv frpr shvdgrv +khdy|
{wxuhv , h/ sruwdqwr/ dvvxplgdv frpr uðjlgdv1
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vreuhvvdl rx d wulqfd oðghu rx xpd wulqfd gh PVG1
D xqlær hqwuh fkdsd h uhiruêdgruhv qær irl frqvlghudgd uðjlgd1 D derugdjhp hpsðulfd
xwlol}dgd irl d gh Vzliw +^76`, txh fdudfwhul}d d xqlær sru xpd h{lelolgdgh htxlydohqwh s / txh
uhodflrqd d iruêd 8 wurfdgd shorv hohphqwrv oljdgrv +fkdsd h uhiruêdgru, frp r ghvorfdphqwr
uhodwlyr B grv phvprv qr srqwr gh {dêær

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8/7J sdud r FWRD fuðwlfr/ frp xpd idl{d hp hvwdgr sodqr gh ghirupdêær gh 2S ' 266
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dr orqjr gd gluhêær gd sursdjdêær gdv wulqfdv1 Hvwd ghflvær idflolwd d prghodjhp h hylwd d
qhfhvvlgdgh gh duuhgrqgdphqwrv h2rx xvr gh hohphqwrv frp glphqvøhv glyhuvdv1 Sru rxwur
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qd olwhudwxud/ h sdud fxmdv phglgdv r FWRD fuðwlfr wdpeìp ì frqkhflgr1 Frp hihlwr/ irl
qhfhvväulr yhulfdu/ sdud hvvh wlsr gh jhrphwuld/ r shuo gh dehuwxud gd srqwd gd wulqfd/
ylvdqgr d ghwhuplqdêær gr FWRD/ txh ì phglgr d xpd glvwåqfld gh 3/38 lq +4/5: pp, dwuäv
gd srqwd gd wulqfd/ txdqgr d xpd glvwåqfld gh 3/37 lq +4/3 pp, gd phvpd uhihuíqfld d

<4
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2,50E-03

2,00E-03

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y (in)

1,00E-03

5,00E-04
4,57º/2
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0,00E+00
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
x (in)

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D Iljxud 815: wud} sorwdgdv dv srvlêøhv gr qöv pdlv suö{lprv ã srqwd gd wulqfd/ txh
irupdp r shuo gh dehuwxud gd phvpd1 Txdqgr r FWRD dwlqjh r ydoru fuðwlfr gh 8/7J /
phglgrv d 3/37 lq +4/3 pp, dwuäv gd wulqfd/ r åqjxor phglgr d 3/38 lq +4/5:pp, ì gh 7/8:J 1
R FWRG htxlydohqwh ì gh 3/336<< lq +* fc 66,1 Vhqgr dvvlp/ xvdqgr hvwh ydoru sdud
åqjxor gh dehuwxud gd wulqfd/ jdudqwh0vh txh d frqglêær gh sursdjdêær ruljlqdo +FWRDS ,
qær fd dowhudgd1
D fdudfwhul}dêær gr pdwhuldo grv sdlqìlv ì ihlwd dwudyìv gd qrupd PLO0KGEN08K1 D
fxuyd gh hqfuxdphqwr ruljlqdo +odgr hvtxhugr gd Iljxud 815;, +^78`, irl uhsuhvhqwdgd shod
fxuyd olqhdu0sru0sduwhv gr odgr gluhlwr gd phvpd jxud1
Dv frrughqdgdv grv srqwrv irudp olgdv qr juäfr gd qrupd dwudyìv gr vriwzduh GLJ[\1
Dv ghpdlv sursulhgdghv wdpeìp vær wludgdv ghvvd qrupd/ rx vhmd/ pögxor gh \rxqj . '
SHbe.c S PSd +431333 nvl,/ whqvær gh hvfrdphqwr je ' 2.Dc H PSd +73 nvl,/ h frhflhqwh gh
Srlvvrq D ' fc 1
Qd Wdehod 818/ frpsdudwlyd grv uhvxowdgrv rewlgrv yld fulwìulr gr FWRD h yld fulwìulr gr
oljdphqwr gd vhêær uhpdqhvfhqwh/ dv wuív froxqdv uhodwlydv ãv glphqvøhv grv sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv
+d/ f/ o, uhihuhp0vh/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ dr frpsulphqwr gd phwdgh gd wulqfd oðghu/ ã sduwh gd
wulqfd gh PVG txh vreuhvvdl dr ixur h dr frpsulphqwr gr oljdphqwr hqwuh d wulqfd oðghu h d
gh PVG pdlv suö{lpd/ frqiruph srgh vhu ylvwr qd Iljxud 815<=

<5
Iljxud 815; Uhodêær whqvær0ghirupdêær vhjxqgr qrupd PLO0KGEN08K +uhi1 ^78`, h vxd uhsuh0
vhqwdêær olqhdu0sru0sduwhv1

a l c

Iljxud 815< Wulqfd oðghu/ oljdphqwr h wulqfd gh PVG qdv frqjxudêøhv grv sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv1

Qd Wdehod 818 vær dsuhvhqwdgrv rv uhvxowdgrv uhihuhqwhv ãv dqäolvhv uhdol}dgdv h r frqiurqwr

frp rv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdlv1
Gh irupd juäfd/ ì srvvðyho frpsdudu hvvhv uhvxowdgrv gh xpd pdqhlud edvwdqwh frqyh0
qlhqwh/ frpr ylvwr qd Iljxud 81631 Qhvwh juäfr/ d devflvvd gh fdgd srqwr ì gdgd shor ydoru
h{shulphqwdo gd whqvær gh oljdphqwr sdud xpd ghwhuplqdgd frqjxudêær gh hvwuxwxud1 D
rughqdgd/ sru vxd yh}/ ì gdgd/ rx shor ydoru gd whqvær gh oljdphqwr yld FWRD/ rx shod
whqvær gh oljdphqwr yld Vzliw1 Ghvvh prgr/ txdqwr pdlv suö{lpr r ydoru qxpìulfr hvwä gr
h{shulphqwdo/ pdlv suö{lpr r srqwr hvwä gd olqkd txh id} 78J frp rv hl{rv frrughqdgrv +d
elvvhwul} gr sulphlur txdgudqwh,1 Frp hihlwr/ fd fodud d vxshulrulgdgh gr pìwrgr gr FWRD
qd dqäolvh gh sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv gh pdwhuldlv gýfwhlv/ srlv rv srqwrv uhihuhqwhv d hvwd wìfqlfd
hvwær pdlv suö{lprv gd olqkd gh 78J 1

<6
 Wdehod 818 Frpsdudwlyr hqwuh rv pìwrgrv gr FWRD h gh Vzliw hp sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv1
Dimensões (mm) Tensão para 1º Ligamento (MPa)
CDP a c l Experimental (*) CTOA Erro (%) Swift Erro (%)
1 118,7 1,3 3,8 73,1 70,5 -3,5 53,8 -26,4
2 116,2 1,3 6,4 86,9 85,7 -1,4 75,8 -12,8
reforçadores íntegros

3 113,7 1,3 8,9 99,9 91,5 -8,4 97,2 -2,7

4 108,6 3,8 11,4 95,4 88,9 -6,9 105,5 10,5
uma baía,

5 107,3 2,5 14,0 110,7 104,7 -5,3 127,6 15,3

6 106,0 1,3 16,5 122,2 117,5 -3,8 144,8 18,5
7 144,1 1,3 3,8 74,7 80,5 7,7 53,8 -28,0
8 141,6 1,3 6,4 88,7 92,4 4,2 77,9 -12,1
9 139,1 1,3 8,9 97,1 102,6 5,7 88,9 -8,4
10 134,0 3,8 11,4 96,3 97,3 1,1 105,5 9,6
11 132,7 2,5 14,0 112,7 111,9 -0,6 117,2 4,0
12 131,4 1,3 16,5 127,8 127,8 -0,1 138,6 8,4
13 107,3 2,5 14,0 80,5 78,4 -2,7 93,1 15,6
duas baías, reforçador

108,6 3,8 11,4

central partido

14 70,9 66,6 -6,0 86,2 21,6

15 109,9 5,1 8,9 58,7 58,2 -0,9 67,6 15,2
16 132,7 2,5 14,0 75,8 74,3 -2,1 87,6 15,5
17 134,0 3,8 11,4 67,8 62,6 -7,7 75,2 10,8
18 135,3 5,1 8,9 56,7 55,2 -2,7 65,5 15,4
19 158,1 2,5 14,0 72,3 72,6 0,5 80,7 11,6
20 159,4 3,8 11,4 63,9 61,6 -3,5 70,3 10,0
-uhi1^58`

Qr fäofxor gdv whqvøhv gh oljdphqwr grv sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv/ flwdgrv qr fulwìulr gr FWRD/
yld fulwìulr gr oljdphqwr gd vhêær uhpdqhvfhqwh/ ì dgrwdgd d wìfqlfd flwdgd qr qdo gd vhêær
614/ txh xwlol}d xp prghor IHP sdud r fäofxor gluhwr gh q 1 Rv uhvxowdgrv hvwær olvwdgrv qd
Wdehod 818/ mxqwdphqwh frp rv rewlgrv shor fulwìulr gr FWRD1
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r fulwìulr gr oljdphqwr qrupdophqwh ohyd d ydoruhv h{fhvvlydphqwh frqvhuydwlyrv1 Vhuyh/
sruwdqwr/ ghylgr ã vxd vlpsolflgdgh/ pdlv d xpd dqäolvh frpsdudwlyd hqwuh hvwuxwxudv rx
pdwhuldlv glvwlqwrv/ rx d xpd dqäolvh lqlfldo/ gr txh hihwlydphqwh dr surmhwr gh qryrv lwhqv1

81615 Hihlwr gdv Wulqfdv gh PVG qdv Whqvøhv gh Oljdphqwr

Sdud d yhulfdêær gd lq xíqfld gdv wulqfdv gh PVG qrv ixurv grv sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv/ vær
frqgx}lgdv qrydv dqäolvhv qxpìulfdv sdud fdgd xpd gdv frqjxudêøhv1 Ghvwd yh}/ frqwxgr/
rv ixurv vær prghodgrv/ frqiruph srgh vhu ylvwr qd Iljxud 8164/ h qhqkxpd wulqfd gh PVG
ì lqwurgx}lgd1 R fduuhjdphqwr ì dsolfdgr dwì d wulqfd oðghu dwlqjlu r ixur vhjxlqwh1 Rv

<7
 160
+10%
140

-10%
120

Critério de Ligamento (MPa)

100

80

60

40
CTOA
Swift
20

-
- 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Experimental (MPa)

Iljxud 8163 Frpsdudwlyr hqwuh rv fulwìulrv gh oljdphqwr h gr FWRD sdud sdlqìlv uhiruêdgrv1

uhvxowdgrv hqfrqwudgrv hvwær uhvxplgrv qd Wdehod 8191

Iljxud 8164 Prghor IHP gr sdlqho uhiruêdgr frp gxdv edðdv1 Srvlêær ghirupdgd lphgldwdphqwh
dqwhulru ã wulqfd oðghu dwlqjlu r ixur1

Qd Wdehod 819 ì srvvðyho yhulfdu d vhyhulgdgh gr hihlwr gdv wulqfdv gh PVG1 Phvpr
txdqgr vreuhvvdhp srxfr pdlv gh 4pp gd olqkd gh ixurv/ vær fdsd}hv gh glplqxlu d whqvær

<8
gh oljdphqwr gd wulqfd oðghu frp r ixur vhjxlqwh hp pdlv gh 63(1 Srgh vhu frqvwdwdgr/
wdpeìp/ txh sdud wdpdqkrv vlploduhv gd wulqfd oðghu d uhgxêær gd uhvlvwíqfld dr oljdphqwr
ì wdqwr pdlru txdqwr pdlru d glphqvær gd wulqfd gh PVG txh vreuhvvdl dr ixur1

Wdehod 819 Hihlwr gdv wulqfdv gh PVG qd glplqxlêær gd whqvær gh oljdphqwr1

Dimensões (mm) Sem MSD Com MSD Redução
CDP a c l (MPa) (MPa) (%)
1 118,7 1,3 3,8 112,2 70,5 37,2
2 116,2 1,3 6,4 135,5 85,7 36,8
3 113,7 1,3 8,9 156,8 91,5 41,6
reforçadores íntegros

4 108,6 3,8 11,4 184,2 88,9 51,8

uma baía,

5 107,3 2,5 14,0 188,1 104,7 44,3

6 106,0 1,3 16,5 191,9 117,5 38,8
7 144,1 1,3 3,8 135,8 80,5 40,8
8 141,6 1,3 6,4 159,4 92,4 42,0
9 139,1 1,3 8,9 171,5 102,6 40,1
10 134,0 3,8 11,4 187,4 97,3 48,1
11 132,7 2,5 14,0 188,7 111,9 40,7
12 131,4 1,3 16,5 191,9 127,8 33,4
13 107,3 2,5 14,0 122,4 78,4 36,0
duas baías, reforçador

14 108,6 3,8 11,4 118,6 66,6 43,8

central partido

15 109,9 5,1 8,9 114,8 58,2 49,3

16 132,7 2,5 14,0 119,2 74,3 37,7
17 134,0 3,8 11,4 114,1 62,6 45,2
18 135,3 5,1 8,9 110,3 55,2 50,0
19 158,1 2,5 14,0 118,6 72,6 38,8
20 159,4 3,8 11,4 116,7 61,6 47,2

<9
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ylgd fhuwlfdgd1 Hvwh idwr dxphqwd hp pxlwr d srvvlelolgdgh gh rfruuíqfld gh PVG/ txh
phvpr hp wdpdqkrv shtxhqrv/ qær ghwhfwäyhlv shorv pìwrgrv gh lqvshêær hp vhuylêr/ srgh
ghjudgdu d uhvlvwíqfld uhvlgxdo gdv hvwuxwxudv dedl{r grv ydoruhv gh fhuwlfdêær1
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wulqfdv h idvh gh oljdphqwr h idokd1 Frpr d rfruuíqfld gh PVG vlpsohvphqwh qær srgh vhu
wrohudgd ghqwur gd ylgd rshudflrqdo/ d whufhlud idvh wruqd0vh phuhfhgrud gh pdlru dwhqêær1
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r udvjdphqwr hvwäyho gdv wulqfdv/ dqwhv gd iudwxud/ ì xp idwr txh qær srgh vhu ljqrudgr1 Lvwr
ì wðslfr/ sru h{hpsor/ hp fkdsdv gh doxpðqlr xvdgdv qd ixvhodjhp1 Ghvvd irupd/ d dsolfdêær
gh whruldv edvhdgdv qd Phfåqlfd gd Iudwxud Olqhdu Hoävwlfd rx qd Lqwhjudo0M qær rewíp í{lwr1
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wulqfd +FWRDS ,/ txh srvwxod txh d wulqfd fuhvfh wrgd yh} txh r vhx shuo gh dehuwxud dwlqjh
xpd frqjxudêær fdudfwhuðvwlfd/ yhp ghprqvwudqgr öwlprv uhvxowdgrv1 Doìp glvvr/ d vxd
lpsohphqwdêær whp fdgr fdgd yh} pdlv dfhvvðyho ghylgr ã hyroxêær grv frpsxwdgruhv h ãv
ihuudphqwdv frpsxwdflrqdlv gh hohphqwrv qlwrv glvsrqðyhlv1

<:
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43:
 FOLHA DE REGISTRO DO DOCUMENTO
1. 2. 3. 4.
CLASSIFICAÇÃO/TIPO DATA DOCUMENTO N° N° DE PÁGINAS

TM 14 de abril de 2004 CTA/ITA-IEM/TM- 107

004/2004
5.
TÍTULO E SUBTÍTULO:
Análise da resistência residual e da tensão de ligamento em chapas de alumínio com múltiplas trincas.

6.
AUTOR(ES):

Giovanni Dias Ciliato

7. INSTITUIÇÃO(ÕES)/ÓRGÃO(S) INTERNO(S)/DIVISÃO(ÕES):
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica. Divisão de Engenharia Mecânica-Aeronáutica – ITA/IEM

8.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE SUGERIDAS PELO AUTOR:

MSD, CTOA, trincas múltiplas, estruturas aeronáuticas, fadiga, mecânica da fratura.

9.PALAVRAS-CHAVE RESULTANTES DE INDEXAÇÃO:
Mecânica da fratura; Chapas de metal; Propriedades mecânicas; Propagação de trincas; Análise de
tensão; Resistência residual; Estrutura de aeronaves; Fadiga (materiais); Engenharia de materiais
10.
APRESENTAÇÃO: X Nacional Internacional
ITA, São José dos Campos, 2004 107 páginas.

11.
RESUMO:

Este trabalho apresenta dois métodos para a determinação da resistência residual e da tensão de
ligamento em elementos estruturais que possuem trincas em mútiplas regiões. Este assunto, que ganhou
notoriedade após o acidente com o Boeing 737 da Aloha Airlines (em 1988), é comumente referenciado
pela abreviatura MSD (Multiple Site Damage) e, atualmente, é objeto de numerosas pesquisas
financiadas pela indústria aeronáutica e por autoridades de aeronavegabilidade.
O primeiro método é conhecido por método do ligamento da seção remanescente. A sua hipótese
básica admite que a união entre duas trincas vizinhas ocorre quando as suas zonas plásticas se tocam. O
método é bastante intuitivo e ganhou popularidade devido à sua simplicidade e razoável precisão,
adequadas a fases preliminares de projeto.
O segundo método é especialmente indicado para estruturas de materiais dúcteis, que apresentam
significativa plastificação anterior à falha. Um exemplo típico dessas estruturas são os revestimentos das
fuselagens de aviões, usualmente feitos de ligas dúcteis de alumínio. Este método é baseado no conceito
do CTOA (crack tip opening angle), que foi introduzido em 1963, e tem recebido atenção, no estudo de
MSD, desde o começo da década de 90. Recentemente, foi a abordagem escolhida pela NASA para
avaliar, do ponto de vista da mecânica da fratura, um módulo da Estação Espacial Internacional.
Os dois métodos são aplicados na investigação de MSD em diferentes corpos de prova padronizados,
bem como em estruturas aeronáuticas mais representativas, tais como painéis reforçados. Os resultados
obtidos por ambos os métodos são comparados com dados experimentais encontrados na literatura. As
comparações mostram que o método do ligamento pode ser excessivamente conservativo em diversas
situações, enquanto que o método do CTOA conduz a resultados que possuem excelente correlação com
os dados experimentais para todos os exemplos estudados.

12.
GRAU DE SIGILO:

(X ) OSTENSIVO ( ) RESERVADO ( ) CONFIDENCIAL ( ) SECRETO