DTMI - Fundamentos - 1

MCA08677 - DESENHO TCNICO MECNICO I
FUNDAMENTOS DO DESENHO MECNICO
Prof.:Antnio Bento Filho

Departamento de Engenharia Mecnica
Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo - ufes
Referncias:
Narayana, K.L., Kannaiah, P., Venkata Reddy, K., 2007. Machine drawing. New Age
International.
Provenza, F., 1987. Desenhista de mquinas. Pro-Tec.
!1
I. INTRODUO
a.Linguagem Grfica
Em geral, utilizada entre as pessoas como poderoso meio

de intercmbio e comunicao de idias de temas tcnicos;
Para o efetivo intercmbio de idias o engenheiro deve
compreender:
A
linguagem falada e escrita;

Os Smbolos bsicos utilizados na engenharia;
A
Linguagem Grfica.
Independe das barreiras de linguagem.

Desenho tcnico: ano 500 AC rei Pharos do Egito; smbolos
foram usados para troca de idias entre pessoas.
Linguagem universal entre engenheiros.
!2
b. LINGUAGEM GRFICA
Importncia da linguagem grfica: expressa idias as

quais no possvel transmitir apenas com a linguagem
falada e escrita;
Preciso: preparado por qualquer pessoa com formao
tcnica o desenho tcnico deve ser claro, preciso e deve
possibilitar uma nica interpretao;
No seria possvel produzir as mquinas/automveis/
avies/etc. em grande escla com um elevado nmero de
montagens e sub-montagens sem desenhos claros,
corretos e precisos.
!3
CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

TCNICOS
a. Desenhos de
mquinas:
Partes ou componentes;
Apresentado em vistas
ortogrficas;
Tamanho e forma devem
ser completamente
entendidos;
Desenhos de projeto,
fabricao e montagem.
!4

TCNICOS
b. Desenhos de
fabricao:
Desenho
de trabalho:
Deve conter as
informaes de
material, dimenses,
tolerncias,
acabamento,
tratamento trmico,
etc. necessrias para
orderientar a
fabricao da pea.
!5
CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS TCNICOS
c. Desenhos de montagem: desenho que mostra as partes da

mquina na sua posio de trabalho
Desenho de montagem na fase de projeto:
quando uma mquina

projetada, um desenho de montagem ou lay-out realizado para
visualizar o conjunto.
Desenho de montagem detalhado:
usualmente feito para mquinas

simples com poucas partes. Todas informaes e dimenses para
construo so dadas diretamente no desenho de montagem .
Vistas separadas de partes em escala aumentada mostrando

ajuste das peas podem ser includas no desenho de montagem.
!6
Classificao dos desenhos tcnicos
Desenhos de montagem
!7

TCNICOS
Desenho
de sub-montagem: um desenho de montagem de um

grupo de peas que compem um sub-conjunto da montagem
principal de um navio, avio, motor diesel, automvel, mquina
operatriz, etc.
Desenho
de instalao e montagem: a localizao e dimenso de

algumas partes importantes e dimenses globais da unidade montada
so mostrados. Fornece informaes teis para montagem e mostra as
partes da mquina em suas posies de trabalho corretas na montagem.
Desenho
de montagem para catlogos: so preparados para catlogo

de produtos. Tipicamente mostram detalhes e dimenses que
despertaro o interesse do potencial comprador, e as dimenses
principais.
!8

TCNICOS
Desenho
de montagem para catlogos
!9

TCNICOS
Desenho de montagem para

manuais de instruo: So
utilizados para montagem e

instalao no local, quando a
mquina entregue preparada
para montagem.
Cada componente numerado
para permitir a montagem
correta.
!10

TCNICOS
Vista
explodida de desenho de
montagem: para manuais de
instruo e catlogo de
componentes.
!11

TCNICOS
Desenhos para patentes: utlizados para
ilustrar e explicar o invento, so desenhos

pictricos que devem ser auto-explicativos.
essencial que estejam mecanicamente
corretos e incluam ilustraes completas de
todos os detalhes da inveno.
Estes desenhos no so teis para a
fabricao.
!12

TCNICOS
Desenho de
montagem
esquemtico: facilita o
entendimento do
princpio de operao
da mquina ou sistema.
uma ilustrao
simplificada
substituindo todos
elementos por suas
respectivas
representaes.
A figura ao lado a
representao
esquemtica de um
trem de engrenagens.
!13

TCNICOS
Desenho para
usinagem: Peas
fundidas e forjadas
devem ter acabamento
atravs de operaes de
usinagem.
As informaoes do
processo anteior no
contm as especificaes,
caractersitcas e
dimenses finais e
emitido um desenho para
a usinagem.
Por este mesmo critrio
possvel haver desenhos
de fundio, de forjaria,
de caldeiraria, etc.
!14
I. EXERCCIOS DE APLICAO:
1. Classifique os vrios tipos de desenhos usados na engenharia mecnica.

2.Explique o que um desenho de mquina.
3.Defina o que um desenho de fabricao.
4.Mostre a diferena entre um desenho de mquina e um desenho de fabricao.
5. O que um desenho de montagem?
6.Liste os vrios tipos de desenho de montagem.
7. O que quer significa um desenho detalhado de montagem?
8.O que um desenho de sub-montagem?
9.O que um desenho de montagem explodido e onde utilizado?
10.Mostre a diferena entre desenhos para catlogos e para manuais de instruo.
11.O que significa desenho de montagem esquemtico e onde ele preferido?
12.O que um desenho de usinagem e qual a diferena em relao a um desenho de mquina?
13.O que so desenhos de patentes e como so preparados?
!15
III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS
Um objeto tem 3 dimenses: comprimento, largura e altura;
Projeo a representao de um objeto 3D em

um plano
Elementos da projeo:
Objeto;
Plano de projeo;
Posio do observador; e
Linhas de projeo;
!16
Projeo ortogrfica: observador localizado no
infinito e linhas de projeo paralelas;
Sistemas de projeo mais comuns: 10 diedro e

30 diedro
!17
ne
l
tica
r
e
V ne
pla
a
l pl
a
c
r ti
Ve

44
Sistema de projees no 1o Diedro
Machine Drawing
m
fro t
w
e
Vi e fron
th
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O objeto
suposto
posicionado
no 1o Diedro
;
44
Machine Drawing
m
fro
w
Vie bove
a
n
e
plaposicionado frente do Quadrante
lan ;
Vista
frontal
tomada
com
o
observador
l
p
a
l
nt
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nta
The view
from the front
of an object is defined
as the view that
zo is obtained as projection on the
o
i
r
z
i
r
Hosurface. It is the usual practice to
Ho
vertical
plane
by
looking
at
the
object
normal
to
its
front
A Vista
superior tomada com o observador posicionado acima do Quadrante;
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position the object such that its view from the front reveals most of the important features.
The
view3.1
from
the front
of an object
is defined the
as the
view
thatthe
is obtained
as projection
on the
Figure
shows
the method
of obtaining
view
from
front
ofobservador
an
object. posicionado
A
Vista
lateral
esquerda
tomada
com
o
esquerda
Fig.
3.1
Principle
of
obtaining
the
Fig.
the do Quadrante;
vertical plane by looking at the object normal to its front surface. It is the usual practice
to 3.2 Principle ofobtaining
A
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from the
front
position the object such that its view from the frontview
reveals
most
of the important features.
Figure 3.1 shows the method of obtaining the view from the front of an object.
e
ta
!"!"@ 4789*+:;<*-A;B8
lan
cal
i
p
Vis tal
t
r
l
Ve ne
cano
ia
n
tlobject
r
o
The
view
from
above
of
an
a
l
r
e
p
l is defined as the
f
VP
a
c
eti
view that is obtained as projection
on the horizontal
laenr
canl o
i
p
V
t
a
r
l
l
e
a
l
V P ne a
plane, by looking the
r tic object normal to its top
plaertic
Ve
V
view from above
Vista lateral
esquerda
Observador ()
m
fro t
w
e
Vi e fron
th m
surface. Figure 3.2 shows the method of obtaining

the view from above of an object.
e
laon
p
l
calan l
r tiP
e
a
V
tic
PlParof
p noile
pelrane de
fil
Ve
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ro
w f ont
e
i
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th
lanfrom
The view from the side ofPan
object
is defined as
l
w zovneta
e
i
io
V oras
the nview
that is obtained
e
hm ab projection on the
e
a
o
l
frthe object, normal to
lanits
lp
profile
plane
by
looking
p
w
a
l
ho Plan
e
t
e
n
ta
Vi bov
riz o
one object,
e surface. As there
izo side
a
r
z
n
i
are
two
sides
for
an
o
r n
on
H
pla
Hol pla
tal
tal viz., left side and right Vi
sta
a
n
t
side, two possible
o
on views from
riz
riz
o
Ho
iorleft and
H view from the
super
the side, viz., view from
the
Fig. 3.1 Principle of obtaining
Fig.for
3.2 any
Principle
of obtaining
right the
may be obtained
object.
Figure the
3.3
view from
the front
viewofthe
from
abovethe
shows
of3.2
obtaining
view
from the
Fig. 3.1 Principle
of obtaining
the the method
Fig.
Principle
obtaining
view from the front left of an object.
view from above
!18
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Observador
()
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4789*+:;<*-A;B8
The view
from above of an object is defined as the
Vie
w
the from
lef
t
Observador
Fig. 3.3 Principle of obtaining the
() view from the left
The different views of an object are placed on a drawing sheet which is a two dimensional one,
to reveal all the three dimensions of the object. For this, the horizontal and profile planes are
rotated till they coincide with the vertical plane. Figure 3.4 shows the relative positions of the
Orthographic
Projections
views, viz., the view from the front, above
and the
left of an 45
object.
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The different views of an object are placed on a drawing sheet which is a two dimensional one,
to reveal all the three dimensions of the object. For this, the horizontal and profile planes are
rotated till they coincide with the vertical plane. Figure 3.4 shows the relative positions of the
views, viz., the view from the front, above and the left of an object.
Representao das Vistas no 1o Diedro
a
erfdt
u
q le
rom
f
w
Vie
t
lef
e
th
Vista
Frontal
View
from
the front
Es e
alm th
r
e
t o
Law fr
nt
ta ie
Vis V
lt
t
raon
f
n
rtohe
rom
f
w
Vie
VistaView
Lateral
fromEsquerda
the left
fro
the
View from the front
View from the left
Rebatimento
aoFm
iswtfr
Vie
V
View
from
above
Vista
Superior
pura
(b)
View from above
e io
opver
b
au
mS
ftroa
s
w
ie i
VV
rom
f
w
Vie
e
ov
ab
Projees
(a)
(b)
(a)
!1the
9 symbol
Fig.
3.4three
Relative
positions
of the
Fig. 3.4 Relative positions
of the
views and
Sinal correspondente
projees no 1o diedro.
three views and the symbol
b b
4. View
in the
direction
d =dview
from
thethe
right
4. View
in the
direction
= view
from
right
f f
5. View
in the
direction
e =eview
from
below
5. View
in the
direction
= view
from
below
6. View
in the
direction
f =fview
from
thethe
rear
6. View
in the
direction
= view
from
rear
Figure
3.6a
shows
thethe
relative
positions
of the
above
Figure
3.6a
shows
relative
positions
of the
above
sixsix
views
in in
thethe
first
angle
projection
andand
Fig.3.6b,
thethe c c
views
first
angle
projection
Fig.3.6b,
distinguishing
symbol
of this
method
of projection.
Figure
distinguishing
symbol
of this
method
of projection.
Figure
d d
3.73.7
a shows
thethe
relative
position
of the
views
in the
third
a shows
relative
position
of the
views
in the
third
angle
projection
andand
Fig.Fig.
3.7b,
thethe
distinguishing
symbol
angle
projection
3.7b,
distinguishing
symbol
a a
o
of this
method
of projection.
of this
method
of projection.
NOTE
A comparison
of Figs.
3.63.6
andand
3.73.7
reveals
that
NOTE
A comparison
of Figs.
reveals
that
e e
in both
the
methods
of
projection,
the
views
are
identical
in
in both the methods of projection, the views are identical in
3.53.5
Designation
of the
views
Designation
of the
views
shape
andand
detail.
Only
their
location
with
respect
to to
thethe Fig.Fig.
shape
detail.
Only
their
location
with
respect
Machine Drawing
view
from
thethe
front
iso different.
o
view
from
front
is different. 46
Representao das Vistas no 1 e 3o Diedros

1 Diedro
b
(a) (a)
3 Diedro
4. View in the direction d = view from the right

5. View in the directionb eb= view from below
6. View in the direction f = view from the rear
Figure 3.6a shows the relative positions of the above
six views in the first angle projection and Fig.3.6b, the
distinguishing symbol of this method of projection. Figure
c c position
a a of the dviews
d
f
3.7f af shows the relative
in thef third
angle projection and Fig. 3.7b, the distinguishing symbol
of this method of projection.
NOTE A comparison of Figs. 3.6 and 3.7 reveals that
in both the methods of projection,
e e the views are identical in
shape and detail. Only their location with respect to the
view from the front is different.
(a) (a)
Smbolo indicativo
de
(b) (b)
Projeo no 1o Diedro
Fig.Fig.
3.6 3.6
Relative
positions
of six
views
Relative
positions
of six
views
in first
angle
projection
in first
angle
projection
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Smbolo indicativo
de
(b) (b)
c
Projeo
no 3f o Diedro
Fig.Fig.
3.73.7
Relative
positions
of six
views
Relative
positions
of six
views
in third
angle
projection
in third
angle
projection
!20
b
b
f
c
d
a
e
Fig. 3.5 Designation of the views
Legenda:
a. vista frontal;
b.b vista superior;
c. vista lateral esquerda;
d. vista lateral direita;
e. vista inferior;
f.a vista ded trs.
f
Consideraes para escolha da posio

do objeto
Uma linha aparecer em
tamanho real se for paralela ao plano de projeo;
superfcie aparecer em formato real se for paralela ao plano de

projeo;
Uma
objeto deve ser posicionado em relao aos planos de projeo de

maneira que, se possvel, suas principais superfcies sejam
paralelas aos planos de projeo;
Um
!21

Linhas invisveis
Projetando um objeto podero existir caractersticas no visveis em
relao ao plano de projeo;
As caractersticas invisveis do
tracejadas;
objeto so representadas por linhas
Orthographic Projections
47
jection of an object on to any

ction, certain features of the
ble. The invisible or hidden
d by short dashes of medium
ows the application of hidden
an object.
in curved surfaces,
urved surfaces. The
g the surfaces can be
Fig. 3.8 Application

of hidden lines
Representao
de caractersticas
invisveis
na projeo do objeto com linhas tracejadas;
!22
lines in the projection of an object.
tangential to other curved surfaces. The

difficulty in representing the surfaces can be
Fig. 3.8 Application of hidden lines
overcome !"#"if the./01('*2/0345(,
following rule is observed.
Wherever Certain
a tangential
line drawn to the curved
objects contain curved surfaces,
Line
No line
surface becomes
a projector,
line should
be The
tangential
to otheracurved
surfaces.
drawn in difficulty
the adjacent
view. Figure
shows can be
in representing
the3.9
surfaces
the representation
curvedrule
surfaces,
overcome of
if certain
the following
is observed.
tangentialWherever
to other acurved
surfaces.
tangential
line drawn to the curved
Fig. 3.9 Representation of tangential
Lin
No line
surface
becomes
a projector,by
a casting
line should be
Certain
objects
manufactured
curved surfaces
in the contain
adjacent corners
view. Figure
3.9 shows
technique,drawn
frequently
filleted
47
the representation
of certain
curved
and the edges
rounded. When
the radius
ofsurfaces,
a rounded corner is greater than 3 mm and the
tangential
to
other
curved
surfaces.
Fig.
3.9adjacent
Representation
tangential
angle between the surfaces is more than 90, no line is shown in
the
view.ofFigure
3.10
Certain
objects
manufactured
by
casting
curved surfaces
shows the application of the above principle.

Superfcies Curvas
Superfcies curvas tangentes

a outras
curvas:
technique, frequently
contain Superfcies
corners filleted
ect on to any
and the edges rounded. When the radius of a rounded corner is greater than 3 mm and th
angle between the surfaces is more than 90, no line is shown in the adjacent view. Figure 3.1
atures of the
shows the application of the above principle.
le or hidden
s of medium
Quando uma linha do objeto uma Fillet
ion of hidden
aresta(1) ou um quadrante(2), ela
ces,
The
n be
ved.
rved
d be
hows
aces,
Fillet
Filete
deve aparecer na vista adjacente;

(1)
Filete
Fillet
Corner
Fig. 3.8 Application of hidden lines
Canto
(2)
(1)
Corner
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.10 Representation of corners and fillets
Sem
Nolinha
line
Fillet
Corner
Canto
Corner
(a)
(b)
If true projection
is followed
in drawing
the view arredondadas
of an object containing
Peas
com
cantos
e arestas
comfillets and
3.10 Representation
of cornerspractice,
and filletsfillets and rounds are
rounds; it
will result in misleading Fig.
impression.
In conventional
Linha
Line
raio
de
arredondamento
maior
que 3the
mm
e oof tangency
represented by Iflines
runouts.
The runouts
arethe
terminated
point
truecalled
projection
is followed
in drawing
view of anatobject
containing
fillets an
o no h linha na
(Fig. 3.11).rounds; it will
ngulo
de
dobra
maior
que
90
result in misleading impression. In conventional practice, fillets and rounds ar
represented by lines called runouts. The runouts are terminated at the point of tangenc
vista adjacente.
(Fig. 3.11).
!"6 27+7.89:;* :<* =97>2

Fig. 3.9 Representation of tangential
curved surfaces
For describing
object completely
through its orthographic projections, it is important to
!"6 any
27+7.89:;*
:<* =97>2
select a number of views. The number of views required to describe any object will depend
sting
eted
For describing any object completely through its orthographic projections, it is important t
of a rounded corner is greater than 3 mm and the
!23 of views. The number of views required to describe any object will depen
select a number
0, no line is shown in the adjacent view. Figure 3.10
ple.

Filetes e arredondamentos
lved in it. The higher the

of views required.
are or hexagonal features

mber of features in it may
such cases, the diameter
re, the side of the hexagon
be expressed by a note or
ndicated by light crossed
some objects which may
s.
Tangent
Ponto
de
point
tangncia
Filete
Fillet
Arredondamento
Runout
Fig. 3.11
Runouts
!24

Seleo das Vistas
Desenhos de uma nica vista
Peas com sees, cilndricas, hexagonais e quadradas podem ser
representadas em uma vista nica;
Nesses casos, fornecida a
ou uma
dimenso e um smbolo indicativo
nota especificando a forma da seo;
placa com qualquer quantidade de caractersticas podem

ser representadas em uma vista nica com uma nota especificando
a espessura da placa
Peas de
!25
!"#"$ %&'()*'+,-./+*&01
Some objects with cylindrical, square or hexagonal features
or, plates of any size with any number of features in it may
be represented by a single view. In such cases, the diameter
of the cylinder, the side of the square, the side of the hexagon
or the thickness of the plate may be expressed by a note or
abbreviation. Square sections are indicated by light crossed
diagonal lines. Figure 3.12 shows some objects which may
be described by one-view drawings.
Tangent
point
Fillet
Seleo das Vistas
Desenhos de uma nica vista
Runout
Fig. 3.11 Runouts

3 THICK 3
ESPESSURA
M 20
22 HOLES,
FUROS,
R 12
38
16
46
R 18
f 32
f 50
! 65
DIA 220
O
DIA
58
180
30
35
100
Eixo com uma seo (a)

quadrada, sees
cilndricas e uma extremidade roscada.
Placa com espessura

3 mm e
(b)
diversos furos e
Fig. 3.12 One view drawings arredondamentos .
R 35
!"#"2 3+4()*'+,-./+*&01
Some objects which are symmetrical
about two axes may be represented
completely by two views Normally, the
f 35
!26
R8

Seleo das Vistas
Desenhos de 2 vistas
Peas simtricas em relao a 2 eixos podem ser representadas em 2
vistas;
maior face mostra o maior nmero de detalhes e

selecionada como a vista frontal;
Normalmente a
A forma do objeto vai determinar se a outra vista ser uma vista
superior ou uma vista lateral.
!27
16
R 18
f 32
f 50
DIA 20
38
46
58
180
30
35
III. PROJEES100ORTOGRFICAS
(a)
Seleo das
Vistas
(b)
Fig. 3.12 One view drawings
R 35
4()*'+,-./+*&01
R8
20
40
140
180
33
f 15
33
ects which are symmetrical

o axes may be represented
y by two views Normally, the
ce showing most of the details
ect is selected for drawing the
m the front. The shape of the
en determines whether the
ew can be a view from above
view. Figure 3.13 shows the
of two-view drawings.
f 35
Desenho com 2
vistas:
lembrando
que no
Fig.
3.13 Two
view drawing
aconselhvel inserir cotas em arestas invisveis.
!28

Seleo das Vistas
Em geral a maioria dos objetos simples ou as montagens com vrias
partes, necessitam 3 vistas;
Nesses casos, as vistas mais comumente utilizadas so a
frontal, a vista superior e a vista lateral esquerda;
!29
vista
20
15
35
70
10

Seleo das Vistas
49
10
15
25
45
60
35
10
Desenhos com 3 vistas no 1o diedro
!"#"! $%&''()*'+,-&.+*/01
In general, most of the objects consisting of either a single component or an assembly of a

number of components, are described with the help of three views. In such cases, the views
normally selected are the views from the front, above and left or right side. Figure 3.14 shows
an object and its three necessary views.
20
10
(a)
15
35
70
10
10
15
25
45
60
35
10
(a)
(b)
Desenho Fig.
com
3 vistas: vista frontal,
3.14 Three view drawing
vista superior e vista lateral esquerda.
Observe as linhas invisveis e as linhas
de centro nas cavidades.
Perspectiva isomtrica: a seta

indica a direo da tomada da
dharm
vista frontal.
d:\N-Design\Des3-1.pm5
!30
Seventh Print
2. Draw the projection lines to the right of the view from above.
3. Decide the distance, D from the view from the front at which, the side view is to be
drawn.
4. Construct a mitre line at 45.
5. From the points of intersection between the mitre line and the projection lines, draw
vertical projection lines.
6. Draw the horizontal projection lines from the view from the front to intersect the
above lines. The figure obtained by joining the points of intersection in the order is the required
view.
Figure 3.16 shows the steps to be followed in constructing the view from above of an
object, from the given views from the front and left.
NOTE These exercises are aimed at improving the practice in reading and developing
the imagination of the student.

Seleo das Vistas
Rebatimento a partir de 2 vistas para obter a 3a vista

Sequncia de traado para o rebatimento:
45
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.15 Construction of the view from the left
Traado da vista lateral esquerdal.
!"E
45
line
1. Desenhe as vistas frontal e superior;

2. Trace as linhas de projeo para a direita da
vista superior;
3. Arbitre Mitre
a distncia, D a partir da vista
frontal
line para posicionar a vista lateral a
(a)
ser desenhada;
4. Construir a linha de esquadria a 45 ;
5. Desde os pontos de interseco entre a linha de
esquadria e as linhas de projeo, trace linhas de
projeo verticais;
6. Trace as linhas de projeo horizontal a partir da
vista frontal para cruzar as linhas acima. A
figura obtida
juntando-se os pontos de
(b)
interseco na ordem a vista lateral
Fig. 3.16 Construction of the view from above
desejada.
D
Linha de
Mitre
esquadria
0)FG/+1- ,H%- &/%20

!31
The views of a given object must be positioned on the drawing sheet so as to give a good and
balanced appearance. Keeping in view, (i) number of views, (ii) scale and (iii) space between
3. Decide the distance, D from the view from the front at which, the side view is to be
drawn.
4. Construct a mitre line at 45.
5. From the points of intersection between the mitre line and the projection lines, draw
vertical projection lines.
6. Draw the horizontal projection lines from the view from the front to intersect the
above lines. The figure obtained by joining the points of intersection in the order is the required
view.
Figure 3.16 shows the steps to be followed in constructing the view from above of an
object, from the given views from the front and left.
a
NOTE These exercises are aimed at improving the practice in reading and developing
the imagination of the student.

Seleo das Vistas
Rebatimento a partir de 2 vistas para obter a 3 vista

D
45
Mitre
line
45
Linha Mitre
de
esquadria
line
Traado da vista(a)superior.
(a)
(b)
(b)
Fig. 3.15 Construction of the view from the left
!32
Fig. 3.16 Construction of the view from above
35
51
30
2 HOLES,
DIA 20
10
20
ews, the draughtsman should decide about the placement of views on the drawing sheet.
ent space between the views must be provided to facilitate placement of dimensions,
etc., on the drawing without overcrowding.
12
0
60
30
E For all the examples given, the following may be noted: Figure a-Isometric projection
igure b-orthographic views. Arrow indicates the direction to obtain the view from the
Exemplo 1
gures 3.17 to 3.21 show the isometric views of machine components and their view from
ont, the view from above and the view from the right.
gure 3.22 shows how to obtain the view from the front, the view from above and the view
he left from the given isometric view of a machine component.
15
30 15
15
(a)
15
20
45
15
15
45
15
20
35
10
60
20
10
15
35
30
2 HOLES,
DIA 20
60
20
60
120
10
12
10
%&'()*%+
60
30
30
15
(a)
60
20
15
10
35
60
15
10
30 15
15isomtrica:
20
45 a seta
Perspectiva
vista frontal.
15
22 HOLES,
FUROS
DIA 20
DIA
20
(b)
Desenho com 3 vistas no 1o diedro:
vista frontal,
vista superior e vista Fig.
lateral
3.17direita. Observe as
linhas invisveis e as linhas de centro.
120
30
!33
dharm
Seventh Print

Exemplo 2
52
Machine
Machine Drawing
Drawing
15
15
16
16
32
16
15
70
2
60 1
40
22
100
60
70
12
64
30
64
12
10
0
30
22
40
70
22
12
12
64
22
40
100
60
75
16
16
30
12
(a)
70
12
16
12
16
75
60
75
15
16
16
32
75
16
40
52
(b)
10
Fig. 3.18
Perspectiva isomtrica: a seta

12 16
(a)
vista frontal.
12
40
20
f16
60
60
Fig. 3.18
20
12
12
40
Desenho com 3 vistas no 1o diedro: vista frontal,

vista superior e vista lateral direita. Observe as
4 HOLES,
(b) e as linhas de centro.
R
linhas
invisveis
DIA 16
12
16
30
64
!34
12 16 12
20
12
4 HOLES,

III. EXERCCIOS DE APLICAO:
1. Quais so os elementos que devem ser considerados ao obter uma
projeo?
2. O que uma projeo ortogrfica?
3. Quando uma projeo de um objeto chamado uma projeo ortogrfica?
4. Explicar a projeo no 1o Diedro e indicar o smbolo a ser utilizado:
5. Explicar a projeo no 3o Diedro e indicar o smbolo a ser utilizado:
6. Liste as possveis projees ortogrficas que podem ser obtidas de um
objeto no espao, especificando as suas posies relativas.
7. O que um desenho de uma vista e para que tipo de objetos estes podem
ser usados?
8. Qual a base sobre a qual o nmero de pontos de vista necessrios para um
objeto selecionado?
9. Quais so os pontos a serem considerados ao definir as diferentes vistas
para representar um objeto de um objeto?
!35
II. NORMAS E CONVENES

Tamanho dos desenhos: o desenho deve ser realizado na menor folha possvel que
permita a necessria resoluo e completa definio.
Formatos ISO Srie A
Formatos alongados
Nomenclatura
!36
Tamanho
(Altura x Comp)
[mm]
A3x3
420x891
A3x4
420X1188
A4x3
297x630
A4x4
297x840
A4x5
297x1050

Legenda: deve conter (pelo menos):
Ttulo do desenho
Nmero da folha
Escala: pode haver vista e/ou detalhes em escalas diferentes;
Projeo: Smbolo para indicar mtodo de projeo; se no
Posio da legenda na folha de

desenho.
indicado assumido o 1o diedro;

Proprietrio: do desenho ou nome da empresa;
Rubricas do desenhista, do revisor e do responsvel.
NOME
DES
DATA
MATERIAL
TOLERNCIA
VER
APRO
PROJEO
PROPRIETRIO
TTULO
DESENHO NO
!37
ACABAMENTO

Espessura mnima:
20 mm para A0 e A1
10 mm para A2, A3 e A4
Marca de corte
Margens
e
guias:
Marca de referncia mtrica

Borda
Espao do desenho
Marca de centro
Marca de orientao
Margem
Legenda
Grade de referncia
!38

Margens e guias:
Marca
de corte: quando a folha tem bordas maiores que o padro;
Marca
de referncia mtrica: til para visualizao de microfilmes;
Borda:
limite do papel; pode ter sobre-medida para corte posterior;
Marca
de orientao: indica a orientao do desenho na mesa;
Espao
do desenho: rea limitada pelas margens;
Marca
de centro: para facilitar o posicionamento do desenho para cpia e
microfilmagem;
Margem: limites da rea de desenho;
Legenda:
Grade
informaes detalhadas do desenho;
de referncia: permite a localizao de partes e detalhes do desenho;

!39

Escalas:
A escala
do desenho deve ser indicada na legenda;

Se h partes ou detalhes em escala diferente, as escalas devem ser
colocadas junto s mesmas.
Categoria
Escalas de
aumento
Escalas recomendadas
50:1
30:1
10:1
5:1
2:1
Real
1:1
Escalas de
reduo
1:2
1:20
1:200
1:2000
1:5
1:50
1:500
1:5000
!40
1;10
1:100
1:1000
1:10000

Linha
Descrio
Contnua grossa
Contnua fina, reta ou
curva
Linhas:
Contnua fina, mo livre
Linhas de
diferentes tipos e
espessuras so
utilizadas no
desenho;
Contnua fina, em ziguezague
Tracejada
A1 - contornos visveis
B1 Linhas imaginrias de interseo
B2 Linhas de chamada e cotas
B3 Linhas de projeo
B4 Linhas de guia
B5 Linhas de hachuras
B6 Contornos de peas em posies limite
B7 Pequenas linhas de centro
C1 Limites de vistas parciais ou

interrompidas e linhas de ruptura
D1 Linha de ruptura
E1 Contornos invisveis
Trao longo-trao curto

fina
G1 Linhas de centro
G2 Linhas de simetria
G3 Linhas de trajetria
Trao longo-curto fina,

grossa nas extremidades e
mudana de direo
H1 Planos de corte
Trao longo-trao
curto grossa
Trao longo-duplo trao
curto fina
!41
Aplicao
J1 Indicao de linhas e superfcies nas

quais se aplica algum requisito
K1 Contorno de peas adjacentes
K2 Posies alternativas ou estremas de peas
mveis
K3 Linhas centroidais

Linhas:
Exemplos de utilizao no desenho
Detalhe de estrutura
soldada.
Detalhe de um manpulo de acionamento
!42
Espessura de Linhas:
Na prtica, 2 espessuras de linha so utlilizadas;
A espessura da linha grossa deve ser no mnimo o dobro da
espessura da linha fina;
A espessura das linhas deve ser escolhida de acordo com o
tamanho e o tipo do desenho dentro da segunte faixa: 0.18, 0.25,
0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.4 and 2 mm;
O espao entre 2 linhas paralelas, inclusive de hachuras, deve ser
maior que 0.7 mm.
!43
Linhas coincidentes: se 2 ou mais linhas coincidem, a
prioridade de visualizao a seguinte:

Contornos e arestas visveis (Linha grossa contnua tipo A);
Contornos e arestas invisveis (Linha tracejada tipo E);
Planos
de corte (Linha Trao longo-curto, fina, grossa nas
extremidades e mudana de direo, tipo H);

Linhas de centro e de simetria (Trao longo-curto fina, tipo G),
Linhas
centroidais (Trao longo-duplo trao curto fina, tipo K),
Linhas
de projeo (Linha contnua fina, tipo B).
!44

Instrues
Comea com um trao no com um
espao
Os traos interceptam-se sem um
espao entre eles.
Concordncia
de linhas:
Trs traos interceptam-se em um

ponto.
A continuao de uma linha/arco
visvel comea com um espao.
Arcos invisveis comeam com um
trao.
Pequenos arcos invisveis podem der
feitos com linha contnua.
Dois arcos tangentes invisveis
encontram-se no ponto de tangncia..
!45
Certo
Errado
Certo
Instrues
Linhas de entro e eixos comeam com o
trao longo.
Linhas de
centro e eixos:
Dois eixos intersectam com

trao longo.
Eixos se estendem para fora do contorno

da peo com um trao longo.
!46
Errado

Linhas de referncia(leader): uma linha de referncia a
uma caracterstica (dimenso, objeto, texto, etc.) .
A linha de referncia deve terminar em:
(a) Ponto, se termintam dentro do contorno de um objeto;
(b) Seta, de termina no contorno do objeto;
(c) Sem seta ou ponto, se termina em uma cota.
!47
18
!"#
for microfilming and other photographic reproductions. In order to meet these requirements,
the characters are to be clearly distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any confusion
between them, even in the case of slight mutilations. The reproductions require the distance
between
adjacent lines or the space between letters to be at least equal to twice the line
Machinetwo
Drawing
thickness (Fig. 2.8). The line thickness for lower case and capital letters shall be the same in
order
to facilitate lettering.
$%&&%'()*
IS0 8 1 e jA
R
f
Letras:
The essential features of lettering on technical drawings are, legibility, uniformity and suitability
for microfilming and other photographic reproductions. In order to meet these requirements,
the characters are to be clearly distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any confusion
a
between them, even in the
mutilations. The reproductions
require the distance
e
d case of aslight
between two adjacent lines or the space between letters to be at least equal to twice the line
as letras
devem
proporcionar
leitura
precisa
e terem
dimenses
thickness (Fig.
2.8). The
line thickness
for lower uma
case and
capital
letters shall
be the
same in
order
to facilitate lettering.
espaamento
adequado para cpia e microfilmagem.
Fig. 2.8 Dimensions of lettering
IS0 8 1 e jA
R
f
c
!"#"+ ,-./01-201
The following specifications are given for the dimensions of letters and numerals:
(i) The height of capital letters is taken as the base of dimensioning

(Tables 2.6 and 2.7).
a
d
a e
(ii) The two standard ratios for d/h, 1/14 and 1/10 are the most economical, as they
result in a minimum number of line thicknesses.
(iii) The lettering may be inclined at 15 to the right, or may be vertical.
Table 2.6 Lettering A (d = h/14)
Characteristic
Caracterstica
Fig.Proporo
2.8
Dimensions of lettering
Ratio
Dimensions, [mm]
(mm)
Dimenses
Lettering
height
h (14/14)h
2.5
3.5
5
7
10
14
Altura
da letra
!"#"+ ,-./01-201
(Heightdas
of maisculas)
capitals)
(altura
The following
specifications are given for the dimensions of letters and numerals:
20
Heightdas
of lower-case
letters
Altura
letras minsculas
(10/14)h
2.5
3.5
10
14
Minimum spacing between words
(6/14)h
1.05
1.5
2.1
4.2
8.4
0.5
0.7
1.4
(i)
The
height
of capital letters is taken as the base of dimensioning (Tables 2.6 and 2.7).
(without
or tail)
(sem
popastem
ou cauda)
(ii) The two standard ratios for d/h, 1/14 and 1/10 are the most economical, as they
Spacing between characters
a (2/14)h
0.35
0.5
0.7
1
1.4
2
2.8
Espaamento
caracteres number of line thicknesses.
result inentre
a minimum
Minimum spacing
of base
b (20/14)h
3.5
5
7
10
14
20
28
Espaamento
mnimo
entrelines
linhas
(iii)
The
lettering
may
be
inclined
at
15
to
the
right,
or
may
be
vertical.
Espaamento mnimo entre palavras
Thickness da
of linha
lines
Espessura
Characteristic
Table 2.6 Lettering A (d = h/14)

d
(1/14)h
Ratio
0.18
0.25
0.35
Dimensions, (mm)
8
NOTE The spacing between two characters may be!4reduced
by half, if this gives a better viusal effect as
for example LA, TV; it then equals
the line thickness.
Lettering height
h (14/14)h
2.5
3.5
5
7
10
14
20
Principles of Drawing
19
A B C D E F G H IJ K L M N
OPQRS TUV W X Y Z
c b c d e f g hi jk l m n o p
Letras inclinadas
19
A B C D E F G H IJ K L M N
q r s t u v w x y z OPQRS TUV W X Y Z
[(
c
b c d(e[f g h i j k l m n o p
%&
;"=+
qr s t uv w x y z
0 123 4 5 6 789 [I( V ;"=+

X
75
%& ([
0 123 4 5 6 789 I V X
Fig. 2.9 Inclined lettering
Table 2.7 Lettering B (d = h/10)

Characteristic
Caracterstica
Ratio
Proporo
Fig. 2.9 Inclined lettering
Table 2.7 Lettering B (d = h/10)

Dimensions,
(mm)
Dimenses
[mm]
Characteristic
Lettering
height
Altura da letra
(Height
ofmaisculas)
capitals)
(altura das
(10/10)h
2.5
Lettering height
Height
of minsculas
lower-case letters
Altura das
(sem popastem
ou cauda)
(without
or tail)
Spacing between
characters
Espaamento
entre caracteres
Espaamento
mnimoofentre
linhas
Minimum spacing
base
lines
Espaamento
mnimobetween
entre palavras
Minimum spacing
words
a
e
(6/14)h
Thickness
lines
Espessura daoflinha
!"# $%&'()*$
(1/10)h
0.25
Ratio
3.5
Dimensions, (mm)
5 (10/10)h7
h
2.5
Height of lower-case letters
(7/10)h
Spacing between characters
(2/10)h
0.5
Minimum spacing of base lines
(14/10)h
3.5
103.5
5 14 7
20
10
14
20
10
14
2.8
(Height of capitals)
(without stem
or tail)
(7/10)h
2.5
3.5
Minimum spacing
words e1
(2/10)h
0.5 between0.7
Thickness of 3.5
lines
(14/10)h
d
7
2.5
3.5
0.7
1.4
10
10
14
(6/14)h1.4 1.5
2 2.1
3 2.8 4.2
46
20
28
8.4
12
(1/10)h10 0.25
140.35
0.5
20 0.7
1
28
1.4
14
Figures1.5
2.9 and 2.10
letters of
2.1show the
3 specimen
4.2
6 type A, inclined
8.4 and
12vertical and are
given only as a guide to illustrate the principles mentioned above.
0.35
0.5
0.7
1.4
In order to show the inner details of a machine component, the object is imagined to be cut by
a cutting plane and the section is viewed after the removal of cut portion. Sections are made by
at cuttingletters
planes andof
aretype
designated
by capital letters
the direction
of viewing
specimen
A, inclined
andandvertical
and
are is indicated
by arrow marks.
Figures 2.9 and 2.10 show the

!49 mentioned above.
given only as a guide to illustrate the principles
!"# $%&'()*$
75
Fig. 2.12 Hatching of adjacent components

X
ctioning along two

allel planes

Sees: para mostrar detalhes interiores de um componente, ele imaginado
cortado por um50plano de corte e a seco vista removendo a poro cortada..

X
As Sees so feitas por planos de corte que e so designados por letras

maisculas e a direo de visualizao indicada por marcas de
Fig. 2.14 Hatching interrupted
seta.
for dimensioning
(a)
XX
ld be indicated by means of type H

ould be identified by capital letters
ing should be indicated by arrows.
icated by the relevant designation
asteners, shafts, spokes of wheels

longitudinal sections and therefore
g. 2.16).
nts sectioning in two parallel planes
ioning in three continuous planes.
nth Print
(b)
XX
50
X
Fig. 2.13 Sectioning along two
Fig.Indicao
2.15 Cutting
planedeindication
do plano
corte
2 planos parallel
de corte
paralelos
planes
!50

for dimensioning
!"#"! $%&&'()*+,-(./
The cutting plane(s) should be indicated by means of type H
line. The cutting plane should be identified by capital letters
and the direction of viewing should be indicated by arrows.
The section should be indicated by the relevant designation
(Fig. 2.15).
In principle, ribs, fasteners, shafts, spokes of wheels
XX
21
c bcde f gh k mnop
qr s t uv w x y z
[(
21
" =+
II.
NORMAS
% & ( [ E CONVENES
0 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 I V X
Fig. 2.10 Vertical lettering
Hachuras: utilizada para mostrar a rea cortada. O padro da hachura
!"#"$ %&'()*+,-./ -01('*.+2

(a)
(b)
Hatching is generally used to show areas of sections. The simplest form of hatching is generally
adequate for the purpose, and may be continuous thin lines (type B) at a convenient angle,
preferably
45,Hatching
to the principal
or lines of symmetry of the sections (Fig. 2.11).
Fig. 2.12
of adjacentoutlines
components
pode indicar o material da pea cortada.
XX
Fig. 2.11 Preferred hatching angles
ngulos preferenciais para hachuras.
Separate areas of a section of the same component shall be hatched in an identical

manner. The hatching of adjacent components shall be carried out with different directions or
spacings (Fig 2.12 a). In case of large areas, the hatching may be limited to a zone, following
the contour of the hatched area (Fig. 2.12 b).
Where sections of the same part in parallel planes are shown side by side, the hatching
50 dividing line between the sections (Fig. 2.13).
shall be identical, but may be off-set along the
Hatching should be interrupted
when it is not possible to place inscriptions outside the hatched
X
area (Fig. 2.14).
(a)
13 Sectioning along two

parallel planes

for dimensioning
Hachura interrompida para

X cota
X
visualizao da
should be indicated by means of type H
(a)Hachura
de componentes adjacentes.
XX
(b)O pino de travamento das peas no cortado.
/dharm
d:\N-Design\Des2-1.pm5 Seventh Print
ne should be identified by capital letters

viewing should be indicated by arrows.
be indicated by the relevant designation
ribs, fasteners, shafts, spokes of wheels
(b)
!51
21

Planos de corte:
Deve ser indicado por meio de linha tipo H - trao longo-curto
fina.
Deve ser identificado por letras maisculas e a direo de

visualizao deve ser indicada por setas.
A seo deve ser indicada pela denominao relevante.

Em princpio, nervuras, anis, parafusos, eixos, raios de
rodas
e similares no so seccionados em cortes longitudinais.
O padro da hachura pode indicar o material da pea cortada.
!52

Planos
22 de 22corte: elementos no cortados.
Machine Drawing
Machine Drawing
Pino
(a)
(b)
Parafuso
(a)
(b)
Rebite
(c)
(c)
Nervura longitudinal
Eixo
(d)
!53
Fig. 2.16 Sections not to be hatched
(e)

(d)
Fig. 2.16 Sections not to be hatched

Planos de corte:
AA
(e)
X
X
X-X
A
A
Fig. 2.17
Fig. 2.18
esquerda 3 planos contnuos ; direita, 2 planos paralelos

dharm
!54
23
Sectioning in two intersecting planes, in which one is shown revolved into plane of
projection,
in Fig. 2.19.
Sectioning as
in shown
two intersecting
planes, in which one is shown revolved into plane of
projection, asInshown
in Fig.
case of
parts2.19.
of revolution, containing regularly spaced details that require to be
shown
are not situated
in the
cutting
plane;details
such details
may be
by
In caseinofsection,
parts ofbut
revolution,
containing
regularly
spaced
that require
to depicted
be
them
(Fig.
2.20).plane; such details may be depicted by
shownrotating
in section,
butinto
arethe
notcutting
situatedplane
in the
cutting
rotating
them
into the cutting plane (Fig. 2.20).
!"#"$
%&'()'&*+(,+%&-('&*+.&/01(2
!"#"$ Cross
%&'()'&*+(,+%&-('&*+.&/01(2
sections may be revolved in the relevant view or removed. When revolved in the relevant
Cross view,
sections
be revolved
in the relevant
view
or removed.
When revolved
the(Fig.
relevant
themay
outline
of the section
should be
shown
with continuous
thin in
lines
2.21). When
view, removed,
the outlinethe
of outline
the section
should
be shown
continuous
thin lines (Fig.
of the
section
should with
be drawn
with continuous
thick2.21).
lines.When
The removed
removed,
the may
outline
the section
be drawn with
with continuous
lines.
The
removed
section
be of
placed
near toshould
and connected
the view bythick
a chain
thin
line
(Fig. 2.22 a) or
section
be placed
near toand
andidentified
connectedin
with
view by a chain
thin as
line
(Fig. 2.22
a) or
inmay
a different
position
thethe
conventional
manner,
shown
in Fig.
2.22 b.
in a different position and identified in the conventional manner, as shown in Fig. 2.22 b.
Planos de corte:
A
A
AA
XX
AA
XX
Fig. 2.19
Fig. 2.19
Seo com 2 planos que se

intersectam sendo um deles
coincidente com um dos
planos de projeo
Fig. 2.20
Fig. de
2.20revoluo
Partes de peas
contendo detalhes
espaados irregularmente e que necessitam ser
mostradas na seo mas esto fora do plano de
corte podem ser girados e includos no plano de
corte
!55
.19

Fig. 2.19
Fig. 2.20
Sees revolvidas Fig.

ou2.20
removidas:
Fig. 2.21 Revolved section
AA
A
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2.22 Removed section

Quando removidas
da vista, o contorno da seo deve ser
Quando
revolvidas section
na
Fig.
2.21 Revolved
mostrado com linha grossa contnua. Observar a indicao
prpria vista, o contorno da dharm
do plano de corte
seo deve ser mostrado com d:\N-Design\Des2-1.pm5 Seventh Print
linha fina contnua.
AA
A
!56
24
Machine Drawing
24
II.
NORMAS
E CONVENES
!"#"$ %&'()*+,-./0
Machine Drawing
!"#"$ %&'()*+,-./0Symmetrical parts may be drawn, half in plain view and half in
2.23).half in plain view and half in
Symmetrical partssection
may be(Fig
drawn,
section (Fig 2.23).
2.23 Half section
Meio corte, corte parcial ou local e seesFig.sucessivas:
Fig. 2.23 Half section
iew and half in
!"#"1 2/,&')*+,-./0
A local section may be drawn if half or full
!"#"1 2/,&')*+,-./0
section is not convenient. The local break may
A local section may
be drawn if half or full
be shown by a continuous thin free hand line
section is not convenient.
The local break may
(Fig. 2.24).

(Fig. 2.24).
!"#"# 344&05+6+0-)/( )*7,,+88.9+)*+,-./08

Fig. 2.24 Local section
Successive sections may be placed separately, with designations for both cutting planes and
corte.sections
Corte parcial ou corte local.
!"#"# Meio
344&05+6+0-)/(
)*7,,+88.9+)*+,-./08
(Fig. 2.25) or may be arranged below the cutting planes.
B
sections (Fig. 2.25) or may be arranged Abelow the cutting
planes. C
D
A
Sees
Sucessivas.
AA
BB
BB
CC
!57
th designations for both cutting planes and

AA
cutting planes.
CC
DD
Fig. 2.25 Successive sections
!": ;<=>?=@A<=32) B?CB?*?=@3@A<=

DD

Type
Tipo
Convention
Conveno
Material
Material
Ao,
fundido,
Cobre
e
Steel,Ferro
Cast Iron,
Copper
and its
suas ligas,
Alumnio
e suas
Alloys,
Aluminium
and its
Alloys,
etc.etc
ligas,
Metals
Metais
Convenes
de
Hachura
para
materiais:
Chumbo, Zinco, Estanho, Metal

Lead, Zinc,
Tin, White-metal,
etc.
branco,
etc
Vidro
Glass
Vidro
Glass
Porcelana,
Mrmore,
etc.
Porcelain,Pedra,
Stoneware,
Marble,
Slate, etc.
Material de
Packing and e
embalagem
Insulating
material
isolamento
Asbestos,Fibre,
Fibras,
Resinas
Asbestos,
Felt,
Synthetic
sintticas,
cortia,Paper,
Borracha,
resin products,
Cork,
Linoleum,
Rubber,
Leather,
Couro, Cera,
material
deWax,
Insulating and
Filling materials,etc.
etc.
Isolamento
e Preenchimento,
!58
Liquids
Water, Oil, Petrol, Kerosene, etc.
25
Metals
Lead, Zinc, Tin, White-metal, etc.

Glass
Glass
Porcelain, Stoneware, Marble,

Slate, etc.
Packing and
Insulating material
Tipo
Convenes
de
Hachura
para
materiais:
Conveno
Asbestos, Fibre, Felt, Synthetic

resin products, Paper, Cork,
Linoleum, Rubber, Leather, Wax,
Insulating and Filling materials, etc.
Material
gua, leo, Petrleo,

Querozene, etc.
Liquids
Lquido
Water, Oil, Petrol, Kerosene, etc.
Wood
Madeira
Madeira,
compensado,
Wood,
Plywood, etc.etc.
A mixturedeofcimento,
Cement, Sand
Mistura
areiaand
e
Gravel
brita.
Concreto
Concrete
Fig. 2.26 Conventional representation of materials
!"# $%&'()%*(%(+
A drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must also
furnish information regarding the!59size description. These are provided through the distances
between the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finsih, type of material, etc. The
expression of these features on a drawing, using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called

26
Machine Drawing
Aplicao
Desenho
Recartilhado
reto
Convenes
de
Representao
de
componentes
de mquinas:
Recartilhado
losangular
Segmento
quadrado em
um eixo
Furos
radialmente
distribudos
em um flange
!60
Representao

Aplicao
Desenho
Representao
Rolamentos
Convenes
de
Representao
de
componentes
de mquinas:
Rosca
externa
(detalhes)
Rosca
interna
(detalhes)
Rosca
interna e
externa
(montagem)
!61
Fig. 2.27 Conventional representation of machine components (Contd.)

Title
Aplicao
Subject
Desenho
Convention
Representao
Eixos
Splined
ranhurados
shafts
Convenes
de
Representao
de
componentes
de mquinas:
Vistas
interrompidas
Interrupted
views
Mola
plana
Semi-elliptic
leafelptica
spring
semi
Mola
Mola plana
plana
semi
elptica
semi
elptica
Semi-elliptic
com
olhais
leafolhais
spring de
com
de
with
eyes
fixao
fixao
!62
Subject
Convention
Diagrammatic
Representation
27
Semi-elliptic
leaf spring

Semi-elliptic
leaf spring
with eyes
Aplicao
Convenes
de
Representao
de
componentes
de mquinas:
Desenho
Subject
Conveno
Convention
Diagrammatic
Representao
Representation
diagramtica
Cylindrical
Mola de
compression
compresso
spring
Cylindrical
Mola
de trao
tension
spring
(b)
Fig. 2.27 Conventional representation of machine components (Contd.)

!63

28
Machine Drawing
Aplicao
Title
Conveno
Convention
Engrenagem
gear
deSpur
dentes
retos
Convenes
de Representao
de componentes de
mquinas:
Engrenagem
Bevel gear
cnica
Engrenagem
doWorm
parwheel
semfim coroa
Parafuso
sem-fim
do
Worm
par sem-fim
coroa
!64
Fig. 2.27 Conventional representation of machine components
1. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the view.

Dimensionamento
Cota: o valor valor numrico da dimenso de um elemento do desenho, expresso
em unidade de medida e na preciso adequada indicada
no desenho,
Principles
of Drawingutilizando
29
linhas, smbolos, notas, etc.
dimensioning are shown in Figs. 2.28 and 2.29. The following are some of the principles to be
adopted during execution of dimensioning:
Linha de ruptura
Leader line
Leader
Linha de chamada
Projection
line
45
Value
dimension
Valor of
dathe
dimenso
cotada
Origem
Origin
indication
4500
3500
1500
Cota
Dimension
line
Seta - terminao
da cota
Termination
(Arrow head)
Fig. 2.28 Elements of dimensioning
Exemplo de aplicao: cota referenciada a uma

origem definida numa das extremidades da pea
Projection line
4240
!65
Value of the dimension
Termination (Oblique stroke)

Regras para dimensionamento do desenho
Sempre que possvel, as cotas devem ser posicionadas na vista fora do

contorno da pea;
Cotas devem devem ser colocadas sempre entre elementos visveis;
Cotas em linhas de centro devem ser evitadas exceto se a linha de centro
passa pelo centro de um furo;
Cada elemento ou caracterstica deve ser cotada apenas uma vez no desenho;
A cota deve ser colocada na vista ou seo na qual sua associao com o
elemento ou caracterstica sendo cotada mais clara;
No desenho deve ser usada apenas uma unidade de medida para todas as
cotas sem incluir seu smbolo na cota;
Deve ser mostrado no desenho, o nmero mnimo de cotas para definir a pea;
Nenhum elemento ou caracterstica de uma pea deve ser definido por mais
de uma cota em qualquer direo.
!66
Leader line
2
45
Projection line
4500
3500
1500
Value of the dimension

Origin indication
Dimension line
Termination (Arrow head)
Dimensionamento
Fig. 2.28 Elements of dimensioning
Linha de chamada
Projection
line
4240
Value
dimension
Valor of
dathe
dimenso
Termination
Terminao (Oblique stroke)
Dimension
line
Linha de cota
Fig. 2.29
Exemplo
de aplicao:
cota be
com
terminao
1. Projection and
dimension
lines should
drawn
as thinem
continuous lines.
segmento
linhaslightly
oblqua.beyond
Este estilo
2. Projection lines
should de
extend
the no
respective
dimension lines.
normalmente
no desenho
tcnicotomecnico.
3. Projection
lines shouldutilizado
be drawn
perpendicular
the feature being dimensioned.
Where necessary, they may be drawn obliquely, but parallel to each other (Fig. 2.30). However,
they must be in contact with the feature.
4. Projection lines and dimension lines should
not cross each other, unless it is unavoidable
!67
(Fig. 2.31).

Linhas de chamada e linhas de cota, devem ser traadas com linha fina
contnua;
Linhas de chamada devem alongar-se um pouco alm da respectiva linha de
cota;
Linhas de chamada devem ser perpendiculares ao elemento ou caracterstica
a que se referem sem toc-lo. Quando necessrio, podem ser oblquas porm
sendo paralelas;
Linhas de chamada e de cota no devem se cruzar a no ser que seja inevitvel;
Linhas de cota devem ser mostradas sem quebra mesmo que o elemento ou
caracterstica ao qual se refiram mostrado quebrado;
Linhas de centro e de contorno no devem ser usadas como Linhas de cota
mas podem ser usadas como linha de chamada;
!68
1.3.
Projection
dimension
lines
should
be drawn
as to
thin
lines.dimensioned.
Projection
lines
should
be
drawn
perpendicular
thecontinuous
feature
Where necessary,
theyand
may
be
drawn
obliquely,
but parallel
to
each being
other
(Fig. 2.30). However,
Where
they
may
be
obliquely,
but parallel
to each other
(Fig. 2.30).
However,
2.
Projection
lines
should
extend
slightly beyond
the respective
dimension
lines.
they must
benecessary,
in contact
with
thedrawn
feature.
they 3.
must
be in contact
with thebefeature.
Projection
lines should
drawn perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned.
4. Projection
lines
and
dimension
lines should
not cross
each unless
other,itunless
it is unavoidable
4. Projection
lines
and
lines should
not cross
is unavoidable
Where necessary,
they
may
bedimension
drawn obliquely,
but parallel
toeach
eachother,
other (Fig. 2.30).
However,
(Fig. 2.31).
(Fig.
2.31).
they
must
be in contact with the feature.
5.
A dimension
line
should be
belines
shown
unbroken,
where
the feature
to
which itto which it
5. A4.dimension
line
should
shown
unbroken,
feature
Projection
lines
and
dimension
should
not crosseven
eacheven
other,where
unless
itthe
is unavoidable
refers,
is shown
broken
(Fig.2.32).
2.32).
2.31).
refers,(Fig.
is shown
broken
(Fig.
Regras
para
dimensionamento
do
desenho
6.AAdimension
centre line
or the
outline
of
a partunbroken,
should noteven
be used
as athe
dimension
line,
but may
5.
line
should
be
shown
where
feature
to which
it
6.
A
centre
line
or
the
outline
of
a
part
should
not
be
used
as
a
dimension
line,
but may
be used
in place
of projection
line (Fig. 2.31).
refers,
is shown
broken
(Fig. 2.32).
be used in place of projection line (Fig. 2.31).
6. A centre line or the outline of a part

should
not be used as a dimension line, but may
16
18
be used in place of projection line (Fig. 2.31).
16
16
26
18
18
26
Fig. 2.30
12
28 Fig. 2.31
21
13
12
28
13
21
13
21
26
Fig. 2.32
Linhas de cota mostradas

sem quebra
mesmo que o
Fig. 2.30
Fig. 2.31
Fig. 2.32
Fig. 2.30
Fig.chamada
2.31
Fig. 2.32
Linhas de
e elemento ou caracterstica
Linhas de chamada
ao qual se refiram
de cota no devem se
dharm
oblquas
porm Seventh Print
mostrado quebrado;
cruzar a no ser que
sendo
paralelas;
dharm
seja inevitvel;
28
dharm
!69
12

31
20
20
20
60
20
20
30
30
39
20
20
60
20
20
Fig. 2.36
60
20
30
20
70
20
60
60
Fig. 2.37 Oblique dimensioning
Fig. 2.38 Angular dimensioning
Dimensionamento paralelo: os valores das dimenses so colocados

paralelos respectiva linha de cota, aproximadamente no meio da
Dimensons should be indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing only.
linha. preferably near the middle, for insertion of
Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted,
METHOD2 (Uni-directional System)
the dimension (Fig. 2.39).

Angular dimensions may be oriented as in Fig. 2.40.
70
60
!70
30
60
Fig. 2.36
Fig. 2.37 Oblique dimensioning
METHOD2 (Uni-directional System)
Dimensons should be indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing only.
Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted, preferably near the middle, for insertion of
the dimension (Fig. 2.39).
Angular dimensions may be oriented as in Fig. 2.40.
60
30
70
60
60
30
30
39
60
Fig. 2.39
60
Dimensionamento uni-direcional: os valores das dimenses so

Dimensions can be, (i) above the extension of the
15
12
colocados
em
uma
nica
direo,
normalmente,
na
horizontal,
dimension line, beyond one of the terminations, where
aproximadamente
meio da linha.
space is limited (Fig. 2.34)
or (ii) at the end ofno
a leader
line, which teminates on a dimension line, that is too short
to permit normal dimension placement (Fig. 2.34) or (iii)
above a horizontal extension of a dimension line, where
!71
space does not allow placement at the interruption
of a
non-horizontal dimension line (Fig. 2.41). Values of
Fig. 2.41
30of the drawing on which

The size
70 of the terminations should be proportionate to the size
60 termination may be shown outside the
they are used. Where space is limited, arrow head
intended limits of the dimension line that is extended for that purpose. In certain other cases,
60
an oblique stroke or a dot may
be
substituted
(Fig.
2.34).
30
30
Where
a
radius
is
dimensioned,
only
one
arrow head termination, with its point on the
39
arc end of the dimension line, should be used (Fig. 2.35). However, the arrow head termination
Regras
para
dimensionamento
do
60
60 desenho
may be either
on the inside
or outside
of the feature outline,
depending
upon the size of feature.

30 2.39
Fig.
20
10 Fig. 2.40 Angular dimensioning
30
0
R 250
10
10
50
(2)extension
(3)of the
Dimensions can be,(1)(i) above the
15 (9)
12
20
30
ension line, beyond one of the terminations, where
R 6.
5
e is limited (Fig. 2.34) or (ii) at the end of a10leader
(4)
(5)
8
which teminates on a dimension line, that is too
short
10
ermit normal dimension placement (Fig. 2.34) or (iii)
(6)
ve a horizontal extension
of a(7)
dimension(8)
line, where
Fig. 2.41
e does Legenda:
not allow placement at the interruption of a
-horizontal dimension line (Fig. 2.41). Values of
Fig. 2.34
Fig. 2.35
Dimenso
linha
de
cota;
ensions,1.out
of scale sobre
(excepta where
break
lines are
d) should
underlined
as shown
in Fig.
2.be
Espao
reduzido,
as setas
so2.41.
colocadas exteriores s linhas de chamada
!"#"4 5&,6-/7.-8 .2*/)3+,)*1..9)(&*7)-*7
The 3.
following
(symbols) s
arelinhas
used with
dimensions
reveal
the shape
Setas e indications
dimenso exteriores
de chamada
por to
falta
de espao;
Dimensions should be shown on drawings in characters of sufficient size, to ensure complete
tification
to improve
drawingcom
interpretation.
The symbol
should precede the dimensions
4. and
Cotas
em
sequncia,
uma
das
setas
eliminada;
legibility. They should be placed in such a way that they are not crossed or separated by any
. 2.42).
other line
on the drawing.
should be
indicatedcom
on alinhas
drawing,
to one of
5. Ponto
substitui
setas doDimensions
meio; dimenso
indicada
de according
referncia;
: Square
: Diameter
S : Spherical
diameter
R : only
Radius
SR : Spherical
radius
the
following
two
methods.
However,
one
method
should
be
used
on
any
one drawing.
6. (7) e (8): alternativas preferveis alternativa (6);
METHOD1
(Aligned
System) indica que o valor est fora de escala.
9. Valor
da dimenso
sublinhado
2
Dimensions should be placed parallel to their !7dimension
lines and preferably near the middle,
above and clear-off the dimension line (Fig. 2.36). An exception may be made where super-
erminations should be proportionate to the size of the drawing on which

space is limited, arrow head termination may be shown outside the
dimension line that is extended for that purpose. In certain other cases,
dot may be substituted (Fig. 2.34).
is dimensioned,II.
only NORMAS
one arrow head termination,
with its point on the
E CONVENES
on line, should beRegras
used (Fig. para
2.35). However,
the arrow head termination
dimensionamento
do desenho
side or outside of the feature outline, depending upon the size of feature.
R 6.
5
R 250
10
10
10
30
0
10
50
20
Fig. 2.34
2.35 pode estar dentro ou fora da

Dimensionamento: de raios;Fig.
o centro
pea. A linha de cota interrompida pode ser utilizada para indicar
3+,)*1..9)(&*7)-*7
o centro, o qual pode ser cotado.
shown on drawings in characters of sufficient size, to ensure complete

be placed in such a way that they are not crossed or separated by any
!73
ing. Dimensions should be indicated on a drawing, according to one of
hods. However, only one method should be used on any one drawing.

Machine
Drawing
Machine
Drawing
f40
0
1
0
R1 R
f30
f30
f40
f40
R1 R15
5
(c) (c)
(b) (b)
(a) (a)
Sf50Sf50
S R6
0
SR6
17 R1
R
S S
f40
3232
(d) (d)
(e) (e)
100
following
ways
of arranging
dimensions.
following
areare
thethe
ways
of arranging
thethe
dimensions.
!"#"$"%&'()*+&,*-.+/*0+/
!"#"$"%&'()*+&,*-.+/*0+/
Chains
of single
dimensions
should
be used
where
Chains
of single
dimensions
should
be used
onlyonly
where
!74not endanger
possible
accumulation
of tolerances
does
thethe
possible
accumulation
of tolerances
does
not
endanger
functional
requirement
of the
(Fig.
2.43).
thethe
functional
requirement
of the
partpart
(Fig.
2.43).
100
Simbologia:Fig.
f Fig.
dimetro;
Ridentification
raio; symbols
seo
Shape
symbolsquadrada,
2.422.42
Shape
identification
SR(ou
R ESF) raio esfrico; e Sf (ou f ESF)
!"#"$
%&&'()*+*(,-./
-01+*(21.(2
!"#"$
%&&'()*+*(,-./
-01+*(21.(2
The
arrangement
of dimensions
ondrawing
a drawing
must
indicate
clearly
design
purpose.
esfrico.
The
arrangement
of dimensions
on dimetro
a
must
indicate
clearly
the the
design
purpose.
The The
Sf50
(d)
S R6
0
SR6
0
SR
(e)
Fig. 2.42 Shape identification symbols(d)
(e)
100
following are the ways of arranging the dimensions.

)*+&,*-.+/*0+/
single dimensions should!"#"$"%&'()*+&,*-.+/*0+/
be used only where
Chains
single
dimensions should be used only where
e accumulation of tolerances
doesofnot
endanger
the (Fig.
possible
accumulation of tolerances does not endanger
nal requirement of the part
2.43).
100
Fig. 2.42 Shape identification symbols

()*+*(,-./ -01+*(21.(2
gement of dimensions onRegras
a drawing
must
indicate
clearly the design purpose. The
!"#"$
%&&'()*+*(,-./
-01+*(21.(2
para
dimensionamento
do desenho
re the ways of arranging The
the arrangement
dimensions.of dimensions on a drawing must indicate clearly the design purpose. The
30160
150
2)33.3&,*-.+/*0+/
!"#"$"!&1)2)33.3&,*-.+/*0+/
dimensoning, a numberInofparallel
dimension
lines, a number of dimension lines,
dimensoning,
one another and spaced-out
are
This and spaced-out are used. This
parallel
to used.
one another
70
160 of dimensions
200
used where a number ofmethod
dimensions
is usedhave
wherea a number
have a
atum feature (Fig. 2.44 a).common datum feature (Fig. 2.44 a).
150
the functional requirement of the part (Fig. 2.43).
70
200
30
Fig. 2.43 Chain dimensioning Fig. 2.43 Chain dimensioning

!"#"$"4&567.28*-70/.9&:6++*+;&,*-.+/*0+/
7.28*-70/.9&:6++*+;&,*-.+/*0+/
Dimensionamento alinhado
These are simplified parallel dimensons and may be used where there are space
se are simplified parallel dimensons and may be used where there are space
limitations (Fig. 2.44 b).
(Fig. 2.44 b).
(a)
0-=*+.9&,*-.+/*0+/
(a)
420
640
150
(b)
DimensionamentoFig.paralelo
e dimensionamento aditivo
2.44 Parallel dimensioning
(b)
!"#"$"<&&&'0-=*+.9&,*-.+/*0+/
Fig. 2.44 Parallel dimensioning
!75
These are the result of simultaneous use of chain
and parallel dimensions (Fig. 2.45).
640
420
640
420
640
420
150
150
parei aqui
9/10/14

33
!"#"$"$%%%&'(')*+,-./%0+1/,2+',2
The sizes of the holes and their co-ordinates may be indicated directly on the drawing;
or they may be conveniently presented in a tabular form, as shown in Fig. 2.46.
1
3
5
4
Y
Fig. 2.45 Combined dimensioning
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X
20
20
60
60
100
Y
160
20
120
60
90
f
15.5
13.5
11
13.5
26
Fig. 2.46 Co-ordinate dimensinong
Dimensionamento por
coordenadas - tabela de
!"#"3"4%%%0+-1/./)2
combinado
furao
Diameters should be dimensioned on the most appropriate view to ensure
clarity. The dimension
!"#"$ %&'()*+,-./)(*0)1.2
Dimensionamento
value should be preceded by . Figure 2.47 shows the method of dimensioning diameters.
!"#"3"!%%%&5')*26%7)826%7,9:/2%-,*%;-*++
The dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles should be as shown in Fig. 2.48. Where the centre
of an arc falls outside the limits of the space available, the dimension line of the radius should
be broken or interrupted according to whether!76or not it is necessary to locate the centre (Fig.
2.35).
Where the size of the radius can be derived from other dimensions, it may be indicated
Diameters should be dimensioned on the most appropriate view to ensure clarity. The dimension
value should be preceded by . Figure 2.47 shows the method of dimensioning diameters.
!"#"3"!%%%&5')*26%7)826%7,9:/2%-,*%;-*++
The dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles should be as shown in Fig. 2.48. Where the centre
of an arc falls outside the limits of the space available, the dimension line of the radius should
be broken or interrupted according to whether or not it is necessary to locate the centre (Fig.
2.35).
Where the size of the radius can be derived from other dimensions, it may be indicated
by a radius arrow and the symbol R, without an indication of the value (Fig. 2.49).
!"#"3"<%%%=>?+(*+2.-,.%@/-.?)/2
Linear spacings with equi-distant features may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 2.50.
34
Machine Drawing
100
f 15
f 10
20
50
f 20
f 80
f 100
f 70
f 55
f 40
R15
105
Fig. 2.49 Dimensioni
30
42
16
(b)
(a)
Dimetros: devem
ser dimensionados
na vista
Fig. 2.47 Dimensioning
of diameters
50
mais apropriada
Fig. 2.49 Dimensioning of radius
15
Fig. 2.48 Dimensioning of chords,

Dimensionamento
de:
arcs and angles
corda, arco e ngulo.
!"#"$"%&'()*+,-.&)/0&'12/3,-.2/4.
5 18 (= 90
Fig. 2.50 Dimensioning e
Chamfers may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 2.51 and countersunk

245
dharm
g of chords,
gles
12/3,-.2/4.
15
5 18 (= 90)
245
or
90
245
Dimensionamento de elementos
(a)
(furos) equidistantes.
f 14
or
or
245
Fig. 2.50 Dimensioning equi-distant features

(b)
!77
Fig. 2.51 Dimensioning chamfers
!"#"$"5&67-,8&9(-,)0.
Fig. 2.52 Dimensioning co

20
245
42
or
5 18 (= 90)
90
(a)
f 14
15
90
245
or
Fig. 2.48 Dimensioning of chords,

arcs and angles
Fig. 2.50 Dimensioning equi-distant features

245
245
or
!"#"$"%&'()*+,-.&)/0&'12/3,-.2/4.
Chamfers may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 2.51
(b) and countersunks, as shown in Fig. 2.52.
or
Fig. 2.52 Dimensioning countersunks
!"#"$"5&67-,8&9(-,)0.
Screw threads are always specified with proper
or
designation. The nominal diameter
is preceded by the
letter M. The useful length of the threaded portion only
245
should be dimenioned as shown in Fig. 2.53. While
dimensioning the internal threads, the length 3.5
of the
drilled hole should also be dimensioned (Fig. 2.53).
20
245
or
(b)
M10
90
90
(a)
f 14
245
M10
245
3.5
12
15
Fig. 2.53 Dimensioning screw threads
!"#"$"$&9):,-,0&;,)32-,.
Furos
escareados
Roscas esternas e internas
Fig. 2.52
Dimensioning
countersunks
Principles
of Drawin
Tapered features are dimensioned, either by specifying the diameters at either end and
the
35
!"#"$"5&67-,8&9(-,)0.
20
length, or the length, one of the diameters
and the taper or the taper angle (Fig. 2.54 a).
Screw threads are always specified with proper
A slope or flat taper is defined as the rise per unit length and is dimensioned by the ratio
designation. The nominal diameter is preceded by the
1:10
of the difference between the heights to its1:5
length
(Fig. 2.54 b).
1:10
Tronco de cone:
Chanfros
Cunha plana:
12
b
H (16)
a/2 (536)
letter M. The useful length of the threaded portion

only
1:5
should be dimenioned as shown in Fig. 2.53. While
2 dimetros e
dimensioning the internal threads, the length of the
comprimento ou 1
drilled hole should also be dimensioned (Fig. 2.53).
M10
a/2 (536)
M10
of the difference between the heights to its length (Fig. 2.54 b).
(a) Conical taper
(b) Flat taper

(a) Conical taper
h(12)
d (22)
h(12)
D (28)
H (16)
d (22)
D (28)
2 alturas e 15
comprimento ou 1
Fig. 2.53 Dimensioning screw threads
dimetro,
altura, comprimento
L (40)
L (40)
!"#"$"$&9):,-,0&;,)32-,.
comprimento e
e ngulo ou
Tapered ngulo
featuresouare dimensioned, either by specifying the diameters at either end and the
declividade L (30)
L the
(30) taper or the taper angle (Fig. 2.54
length, or
the
length,
one
of
the
diameters
and
a).
dharm
conicidade.
Seventh
A slope or flat taper is defined
asTaper
the rise
per unit
length Print
and is dimensioned
ratio
dthe
28
22 = 1 ) Slope = H h = (16 12 = 1 )
by
12
h = (16
=D
= D d = ( 28 22 = 1 ) Slope = H Taper
==1( )
Conicidade
Inclinao
40L 10 30
40
L
L
30
5
L
10
5
(b) Flat taper
!78
Fig. 2.54 Dimensioning tapered
features
Fig. 2.54 Dimensioning tapered features
!"#"$"%&'()*+
!"#"$"%&'()*+
L (30)
Taper = D d = ( 28 22 = 1 )
L
30
5
(a) Conical taper
Slope = H h = (16 12 = 1 )
40
L
10
(b) Flat taper
Fig. 2.54 Dimensioning tapered features

!"#"$"%&'()*+
Regras
para
dimensionamento
do line
desenho
Notes should always be
written horizontally
in capital
letters and begin above the leader
and may end below also. Further, notes should be brief and clear and the wording should be
standard in form. The standard forms of notes and the method of indication, for typical cases is
ANOTAES
AUXILIARES
LEGENDA:
shown in Fig. 2.55. The meaning of the notes is
given in Table 2.8.
1. Furo com 25 mm de dimetro e
25 mm de profundidade;
6 HOLES,
EQUI
- SP
DIA 17,
17, REB
6 FUROS,
ESP
IG DIA
C BORE
FOR M M16
16 SOCKET
PAR ALLEN
HD CAP SCR
DIA
DIA25,
25,
PROF25
15
DEEP
Machine Drawing
(1)
1
DIA
10,10,
CSK
DIA
ESC,
DIA 15
DIA15
(2)
2
DIA66REAM
ALARGAR
DIA
FORP
KEYWAY, WIDE 6
PINO
CNICO
TAPER
DEEP
3 PIN
3. 4 furos com dimetro 12 mm,

com rebaixo de 25 mm de
dimetro e 15 mm de
profundidade;
44 HOLES,
DIA 12
FUROS, DIA
12,
DIA
25, REB
PROF
C BORE
DIA
15, 15
DEEP 8
(3)
3
SEAT FOR
RASGO
CHAVETA
WOODRUFF
WOODRUFF
KEY
(4)4
U/C, WIDE 6 DEEP 3
KEY SEAT, WIDE 10

DEEP 10
ROSCA
ACME PASSO 6
6 ACME
THD
DIA66ALARGAR
REAM
DIA
P
PINO
CNICO
FOR
TAPER
PIN
7
5 11
6
12
(6)
THD RELIEF
(5)
MORSE TAPER 2
Fig. 2.55 Method
of
indicating
notes
DIA 20 WIDE 3.5
KNURL
DIAMOND KNURL 1
CARB AND HDN
RAISEDTable
30
2.8 Meaning of notes given in Fig. 2.55
!79
Note
2. Furo escareado com 10 mm de

dimetro e escareado com
dimetro 15;
Meaning/Instruction
4. 6 furos de dimetro 17 mm com

rebaixo para parafuso Allen M16
espaados igualmente sobre o
crculo;
5. Furar com 6 mm de dimetro e
alargar para pino cnico;
6. Inserir rasgo de chaveta Woodruf
(meia lua); furar com 6 mm de
dimetro e alargar para pino
cnico; e usinar rosca ACME
passo 6 mm.
and may end below also. Further, notes should be brief and clear and the wording should be
!"#"$"%&'()*+
standard
in form.
The
forms of notes
and theletters
method
ofbegin
indication,
Notes
should
always
bestandard
written horizontally
in capital
and
above for
thetypical
leader cases
line is
shown
Fig.below
2.55. also.
The meaning
of theshould
notes is
and
mayinend
Further, notes
begiven
brief in
andTable
clear2.8.
and the wording should be
standard in form. The standard forms of notes and the method of indication, for typical cases is
shown in Fig. 2.55. The meaning of the notes is given in Table 2.8.

6 HOLES, EQUI - SP DIA 17,
C BORE FOR M 16 SOCKET
HD CAP SCR
6 HOLES, EQUI - SP DIA 17,
Regras para dimensionamento

C BORE FOR M 16 SOCKET do desenho
HD CAP SCR
DIA 25,
DIA 10, CSK
DEEP 25
DIA 25,
ANOTAES AUXILIARES
C BORE DIA 15,

8 DIA 12
4 DEEP
HOLES,
C BORE3 DIA 15,
DEEP 8
3
DIA15
DIA 10, CSK
2
DIA15
1 25
DEEP
1
4 HOLES, DIA 12
KEYWAY, WIDE26
DEEP 3
KEYWAY, WIDE 6
DEEP 3
KEY SEAT, WIDE 10

DEEP 10
KEY SEAT, WIDE 10
DEEP 10
M18 1
8
8
(4)
THD RELIEF
6
DIA 20 WIDE 3.5
THD RELIEF
CARB AND HDN
DIA 20 WIDE 3.5
CARB AND HDN
M30 2
M30 2
1. Rasgo de chaveta 6 mm largura e 3 de

profundidade;
10 de profundidade;
3. Ranhura interna de 6 mm de
comprimento por 3 de profundidade;
7
(3)
MORSE TAPER 2
7
KNURL
MORSE TAPER 2
KNURL
4. Recartilhado losangular passo 1mm e

inclinao 30;
5. Rosca mtrica f=30 mm e passo 2 mm;
NECK, WIDE 3
DEEP
WIDE 2
3
NECK, WIDE NECK,
3
HDN
DEEPCARB,
2
DEEP
NECK,
WIDE1.5
3
AND
GND
CARB,
HDN
9DEEP 1.5
AND GND 10
9
10 )
Fig. 2.55 Method
of indicating notes (Contd.
(5)
(6)
Fig. 2.55 Method of indicating notes (Contd.)
dharm
dharm
LEGENDA:
2. Assento para chaveta 10 mm largura e
(2)6
5
DIAMOND KNURL 1
M18 1
U/C, WIDE 6 DEEP 3

4
U/C, WIDE 6 DEEP 3
5
(1)
RAISED 30
DIAMOND KNURL 1
RAISED 30
!80
rebaixo de alvio f=20 mm largura 3.5

mm, canal largura 3 mm e
profundidade 1.5 mm;
6. Recartilhado; Cone morse N 2; rebaixo 3

mm comprimento e 2 de profundidade;
carbonetar, endurecer e retificar.

Exemplo de dimensionamento
3
f54
28
25
12
25
54f
12
120
ELEVATION
ELEVAO
120
VIEWVISTA
FROMFRONTAL
THE FRONT
15
13
14
2 HOLES,
DIA 10
2 HOLES 10f
R15
30
f3
D
IA
15R 11
10
12
45
90
16
90
45
PLAN
PLANO
a-Incorrect
40
VIEW
FROM
ABOVE
VISTA
SUPERIOR
b-Correct
Dimensionamento Fig. 2.56 Dimensionamento

10. Dimension should be placed above the dimension line
(Fig.correto
2.39).
mais
com erros
LEGENDA:
39
1. Smbolo f deve preceder o valor da cota;
2. No utilizar um contorno da pea como linha de
chamada; cota sobre elemento invisvel
3. (dem 2);
4. Deixar um pequeno espao entre a linha de
chamada e o elemento;
5. Estender a linha de chamada um pouco aps a linha
de cota;
6. Cota no alinhada como as demais;
7. Linhas tracejadas cheias na interseo;
8. Linha de centro fora do padro;
9. Linha de cota horizontal no deve ser interrompida
para inserir a cota;
10. Cota deve ser posicionada sobre a linha de cota;
11. Smbolo R deve preceder o valor da cota;
12. Linhas de centro devem cruzar no trao longo;
13. Usar smbolo f e no a abreviao DIA para cotar o
dimetro;
14. Notas devem ser escritas em maiscula;
15. Elevao no o nome correto da vista;
16. Termo PLANO no utilizado.
11. Radius symbol should precede the dimension (Fig. 2.42)

!81
12. Centre lines should cross at long dashes (Table 2.5 B).
13. Dimension should be written by symbol (not abbreviation) followed by its value
(Fig. 2.42).

II. EXERCCIOS DE APLICAO:
1. Descreva nomenclatura de folha de desenho e seus tamanhos de acordo com ISO-A srie.
2.Qual o princpio envolvido na fixao dos tamanhos das folhas de desenho?
3.Liste as informaes geralmente fornecidas pela legenda e d suas dimenses tpicas?
4.O que voc entende pelos termos, (a) borda e margens, (b) marcas de centralizao, (c)
marca de referncia mtrica (d) espao do desenho e (e) marcas de corte?
5. Quais so as escalas recomendadas para o desenho mecnico?
6.O que significa para voc: (a) escala = 5:1 e (b) escala = 1:10 ?
7. Liste as espessuras padro de linhas que so utilizadas no desenho mecnico?
8.Qual deve ser a proporo entre as linhas grossa e fina usadas no desenho mecnico ?
9.Qual a ordem de prioridade se as seguintes linhas so coincidentes no desenho: (a) linhas
de centro; (b) arestas visveis; e (c) arestas invisveis
10.Como as linhas de referncia so terminadas?
!82

11.Descreva a especificao de nmeros e letras quanto ao tipo, tamanho e espaamento.
12.Como so representadas no desenhos as superfcies seccionadas?
13.Liste as caractersticas que no podem ser hachuradas quando seccionadas
longitudinalmente.
14.Qual o ngulo que as linhas de hachuras devem fazer com os eixos ou com contorno da
pea?
15.Explique a diferena entre sees revolvidas e removidas.
16.Explique os termos :(a)meia seo; seo local; e (c) sees sucessivas.
17.Liste os elementos da linha de cota.
18.Liste os smbolos identificadores para as seguintes caractersticas: (a) dimetro; (b) raio;
(c) quadrado; e (e) raio esfrico.
19.Liste resumindo os princpios a serem seguidos na colocao das cotas no desenho.
20.Quais so as regras a serem seguidas na execuo de um desenho quanto, por exemplo,
escolha das vistas, necessidade de sees, colocao das cotas, etc ?
!83

21.Descreva os 2 mtodos normalmente utilizados para a colocao de cotas no desenho.

22.Descreva as formas de arranjar as dimenses no desenho em termos de espao e
localizao.
23.Explique as seguintes anotaes:(a) f; (b) R; (c)
!84
; (d) SR(ou R ESF); e (e) Sf (ou f ESF).
IV. CORTES E SEES
Vistas Ortogrficas podem revelar detalhes externos dos objetos mais

complexos;
Vistas de Cortes e Sees

Obtidas imaginando-se o objeto cortado por um plano e removendo-se
a parte do objeto
entre o observador e o plano;
Permitem visualizar detalhes internos de um objeto 3D, os quais

so insuficientemente revelados por linhas invisveis nas
vistas ortogrficas;
!85
,-+&$(%./01$-2,
!"# $%&'()*+&$(%
IV. CORTES E SEES
Orthographic views when carefully selected, may reveal the external features of even the most
complicated objects. However, there are objects with complicated interior details and when
represented by hidden lines, may not effectively reveal the true interior details. This may be
overcome by representing one or more of the views in section.
A sectional view is obtained by imagining the object, as if cut by a cutting plane and the
portion between the observer and the section plane being removed. Figure 4.1a shows an object,
with the cutting plane passing through it and Fig. 4.1b, the two halves drawn apart, exposing the
interior details.
Secionamento do objeto
Viso do observador com

remoo da parte secionada.
Parte secionada
que removida.
Objeto
(a)
(b)
Cutting
Plano
deplane
Corte
Observador
Fig. 4.1 Principles of sectioning
!"# $%&&' ()*+,-.

A sectional view obtained by assuming that the object is completely cut by a plane is called a full
section or sectional view. Figure 4.2a shows the view from the right of the object shown in Fig. 4.1a,
in full section. The sectioned view provides all the inner
!86 details, better than the unsectioned view
with dotted lines for inner details (Fig. 4.2b). The cutting plane is represented by its trace (V.T) in
the view from the front (Fig. 4.2c) and the direction of sight to obtain the sectional view is represented
IV. CORTES E SEES

Corte total
A vista em corte em que o objeto completamente
cortado
um plano chamado de
Sectional Views
65 porSectional
Sectional65
Views
65
Views
corte total.
X
XX
Plano de Corte
XX
XX
Observador
X
(a)
(b)
Parte secionada
do objeto que
removida
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Corte total mostrando
Fig. 4.2 Sectioned and un-sectioned views
Vista
lateral
direita
Vista frontal mostrando as posies
Fig. 4.2 Sectioned and un-sectioned
views
Fig.
4.2
Sectioned
and
un-sectioned
It
may
be
noted
that,
in
order
to obtain aviews
sectional view, only one half of the object is
explicitamente os detalhes
imagined
to no
bein
removed,
is not
actually
removed
anywhere
except
the
It may be noted that, in order
to obtain
a sectional
view,
only
one
half
of the shown
object
isonly
secionada
do
observador,
doinplano
de corte e a
It may
be
noted
that,
order
tobut
obtain
ano
sectional
view,
one
half of the
object
is sectional
internos
da
pea.
view.
Further,
in
a
sectional
view,
the
portions
of
the
object
that
have
been
cut
by
the
plane
are
imagined to be removed, butimagined
is not actually
shown
removed
anywhere
except
in
the
sectional
to be removed, permite
but is not actually
shown removed
anywhere except in the sectional
visualizar
os
parte
que
removida
para
represented
byview,
section
lining
or hatching.
The
view
should
also contain
theplane
visibleare
parts behindpermitir
view.
in ado
sectional
view,cortadas
the portions
the object
thatthe
have
been
cut
by the
plane
view.
Further,
in
aof
sectional
portions
of the
object
thatare
have been
cut by the
AsFurther,
partes
objeto
the
cutting
plane.
detalhes
internos
da
represented by section liningrepresented
or hatching.by
The
view
should
also
contain
the view
visible
partsalso
behind
a visualizao
dobehind
interior do objeto.
section
lining
or
hatching.
The
should
contain
the visible parts
pelo
plano
so
representadas
Figure
4.3
represents
the
correct
and
incorrect
ways
of
representing
a
sectional view.
the cutting plane.
the cutting plane.
pea
Sections are ways
used primarily
to replace
line representation, hence, as a rule, hidden lines
hachuradas.
Figure 4.3
represents the correct
representing
a hidden
sectional
Figureand
4.3 incorrect
represents the of
correct
and incorrect
ways view.
of representing a sectional view.
are omitted in the sectional views.
Sections are used primarily to

replaceare
hidden
representation,
a rule,
hidden lineshence, as a rule, hidden lines
Sections
usedline
primarily
to replacehence,
hiddenasline
representation,
X
are omitted in the sectionalare
views.
omitted in the sectional views.
!87
XX
XX
X
XX
IV. CORTES E SEES

X
(a)
(b)
(c)
Traados corretos
e incorretos
das vistas
Fig. 4.2 Sectioned and un-sectioned views
As sees so
utilizadas
para
substituir
de linhas
ocultas
It may
be noted that,
in order
to obtain aa representao
sectional view, only
one half
of the object is
imagined
be removed,
but is not actually shown removed anywhere except in the sectional
atravs
de to
linhas
tracejadas;
view. Further, in a sectional view, the portions of the object that have been cut by the plane are
Assim,
linhas by
tracejadas
sooromitidas
nasview
vistas
emalso
corte.
represented
section lining
hatching. The
should
contain the visible parts behind
the cutting plane.
Erro!
Figure 4.3Erro!
represents
Arestathe correct and incorrect
Erro! ways of representing a sectional view.
Linhas
Sections
primarily to replace
hidden line representation, hence, as a rule, hidden lines
Erro! are used visvel
com
Arestas
are omitted in the sectional views.
tracejadas
Hachura com
inclinao
invertida
linha
tracejada
na vista
em corte
Incorrect
Incorreto
visveis no
traadas. X X
Correct
Correto
Fig. 4.3 Incorrect and correct sections

!88
!"# $%&'( )*+,-./

A half sectional view is preferred for symmetrical objects. For a half section, the cutting plane
66
Machine Drawing
shows the half sectional view from the front. It may be noted that
the halves of the half section. Students are also advised to note th
plane in the view from above, for obtaining the half sectional vie
IV. CORTES E SEES

Meio Corte
O meio corte preferido para objetos simtricos;
No meio corte, o plano de corte remove apenas um quarto do objeto;
Num objeto simtrico, o meio corte mostra detalhes interiores e exteriores na mesma vista.
Mesmo no meio corte, no so representadas as linhas ocultas.
66
66
Machine
Drawing
Machine
Drawing
the
half sectional
viewthe
from
the It
front.
be that
noteda that
a centre
to separate
showsshows
the half
sectional
view from
front.
mayItbemay
noted
centre
line is line
usedistoused
separate
Parte
secionada
the halves
the
half section.
Students
are
also advised
note
the representation
of the
cutting
the halves
of the of
half
section.
Students
are also
advised
to notetothe
representation
of the cutting
plane
in
the
view
from
above,
for
obtaining
the
half
sectional
view
from
the
front.
plane in the view from above, for obtaining
Planosthedehalf sectional view from the front. que removida.(a)
Linha
representativa
da aresta de
corte
corte
Ob
s
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
erv
ad
or
(c) corte
Vista em meio
Fig. 4.4 Method of obtaining half sectiona

!89
!"#"1 2/,&')*+,-./0
A local section may be drawn if half or full
section is not convenient. The local break may
(Fig. 2.24).
IV. CORTES E SEES

Sees mltiplas
!"#"# 344&05+6+0-)/(
)*7,,+88.9+)*+,-./08
Vrias
sees transversais
para mostrar os detalhes do eixo em uma nica vista.
sections (Fig. 2.25) or may be arranged below the cutting planes.
A
AA
BB
CC

!90
!": ;<=>?=@A<=32) B?CB?*?=@3@A<=
DD
A
AA
XX
AA
XX
IV. CORTES E SEES

X
Fig. 2.19
Sees
auxiliares
A
Fig. 2.20
Sees transversais destacadas ou internas vista principal.

Fig. 2.19
Fig. 2.20
AA
A
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2.22 Removed section

dharm
A
!91
Machine Drawing
4.2 Figure 4.7 shows the isometric view of a shaft support. Sectional view from the front, the
view from above and the view from the right are also shown in the figure.
f 50
DIA 20 C BORE DIA 30

DEEP 6
12
28
IV. CORTES E SEES

Exemplo 1
f6
35
R 15
Vista em perspectiva isomtrica de um suporte de eixo;

Vista Frontal em corte;
Machine Drawing
Vista
superior
completa a projeo no 10 diedro.
Figure 4.7 shows the isometric view of a shaft support. Sectional view from the front, the
10
35
2 HOLES,
DIA 12
(a)
f 50
f 30
f 50
28
DIA 20 C BORE DIA 30

DEEP 6
f12
10
10
12
40
f6
12
view from above and the view from the right are also shown in the figure.
28
70
15
f6
35
R 15
Plano de
corte
10
35
2 HOLES,
DIA 12
20
15
(a)
2 HOLES,
DIA12
Vista isomtrica da
f 50
pea
f 30
Parte secionada
que removida.
(b)
6
f6
12
28
68
f12
Fig. 4.7 Shaft support

Observador
!92 the isometric view of a machine component along with the sectional view
4.3 Figure 4.8 shows
from the front, the view from above and the view from the left.
4.4 Figure 4.9 shows a sliding block and (i) the view from the front, (ii) the view from above
IV. CORTES E SEES

Exemplo 2
90
24
f5
6
56
Vista em perspectiva isomtrica de um componente de mquina;

Vista Frontal em corte;
Sectional Views 0 69
Vista superior e vista lateral esquerda completam a projeo
no 1 diedro.
40
f3
f 32
56
90
32
24
f 56
32
40
(a)
Direo de
Parte secionada
tomada da
que removida.
vista
Fig.
4.8 Machine component
frontal.
Vista isomtrica da
pea
(b)
Observador
Plano de
corte
!93
10
20
f 20
f5
90
24
40
56
90
f3
f 32
IV. CORTES E SEES

32
24
Exemplo 3
40
f 56
32
(a)
Vista em perspectiva isomtrica de um(b)bloco deslizante;

Vista Lateral Esquerda
em corte;
Fig. 4.8 Machine
component
Vista frontal e vista superior completam a projeo no 10 diedro.
10
20
42
25
15
35
20
15
55
85
45
0
f3
25 10
20
70
R 30
15
80
70
45
20
Direo de
tomada da vista
frontal.
90
f 30
55
15
45
R 30
180
DIA 50 DEEP 10
180
42
10
90
DIA 20 C BORE
f 20
f 50
8
45 5
25
Vista isomtrica da
pea(a)
Fig. 4.9 Sliding block
(b)
!94
4.5 Figure 4.10 shows the orthographic views of a yoke. The figure also shows the sectional
view from the front, the sectional view from the right and the view from above.
Observador
Plano de
corte
Parte secionada
que removida.
IV. CORTES E SEES

Exemplo 4
Vista Frontal de um Mancal com suporte;
Vista Lateral Direita em corte;
Vista superior completa a projeo no 10 diedro.
Sectional Views
X
DIA 3 CSK DIA 5
f 20
X-X
f 45
Posio do observador para

a vista em corte
10
24
15
Plano de
corte
75
115
145
Parte secionada
que removida.
55
34
10
24
24
20
73
71
55
15
(b)
!95
Fig. 4.11 Bearing bracket
THEORY QUESTIONS
2 HOLES,
DIA 14
IV. CORTES E SEES

1. Em relao s Vistas Ortogrficas , cite em em que condies deve-se escolher uma Vista
em Corte ;
2. Descrever os diferentes tipos de Vistas Seccionais . Explique-os com um exemplo
adequado.
3. Explique com um exemplo o Corte Total ;
4. Explique com um exemplo o Meio Corte ;
5. Explique com um exemplo o Corte Parcial ;
6. Mostre com um exemplo como um Plano de Corte representado nas vistas ortogrficas
para obteno de:
(a) Seo completa (Corte Total);
(b) Meia seo (Meio Corte).
7. Explique e mostre com um exemplo o que uma Seo Auxiliar e quando usada.
!96
V. PARAFUSOS
Elementos de fixao: so componentes mecnicos utilizados para

a unio de duas ou mais partes de uma mquina ou estrutura;
Unies: permanentes ou fixas e temporrias ou desmontveis;
unies fixas: no podem ser desmontadas sem a destruio da
unio;
Rebitagem e Soldagem;
Unies desmontveis: unies com elementos roscados:

parafusos, porcas, peas roscadas, etc;
!97
V. PARAFUSOS
Unies parafusadas
Rosca: sulco contnuo e de perfil constante cortado na superfcie
de um corpo cilndrico cilndrico -
rosca externa ou na superfcie de um furo
rosca interna;
Unies roscadas: em geral, o corpo cilndrico com rosca externa parafuso se encaixa no furo cilndrico com rosca interna - porca ou
pea roscada formando uma unio roscada;
Unies parafusadas: unies formadas com elementos
roscados: parafusos, porcas, peas roscadas, etc;
!98
types : permanent and removable (temporary). Riveting and welding processes are used for fastening
permanently. Screwed fasteners such as bolts, studs and nuts in combination, machine screws,
set screws, etc., and keys, cotters, couplings, etc., are used for fastening components that require
frequent assembly and dissembly.
Screwed fasteners occupy the most prominent place among the removable fasteners. In
general, screwed fasteners are used : (i) to hold parts together, (ii) to adjust parts with reference
to each other and (iii) to transmit power.
V. PARAFUSOS
Nomenclatura das Roscas
!", -+'./0 &1'.2)0 %(3.%+42&*'.

A screw thread is obtained by cutting a continuous helical groove on a cylindrical surface
(external thread). The threaded portion engages with a corresponding threaded hole (internal
thread); forming a screwed fastener. Following are the terms that are associated with screw
threads (Fig. 5.1).
Minor dia.
Dia. interno
Pitch
dia.
Dia. mdio
Major dia.
Dia. nominal
Crista
Crest
Raiz
Root
Flank
Flanco
P
Angle
Anguloofdathread
rosca
P: passo
Fig. 5.1 Screw thread nomenclature
1. Major (nominal) diameter

This is the largest diameter of a screw thread, touching the crests on an external thread or the
!99
roots of an internal thread.
2. Minor (core) diameter
This is
the angle included between the flanks of the thread, measured in an axial plane.
9. Thread
angle
This is!"#
the angle
included
between the flanks of the thread, measured in an axial plane.
$%&'()
%$) *+&,-.(
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adapts ISO (International Organisation for Standards) metric
!"# threads
$%&'()
%$)
which
are *+&,-.(
adapted by a number of countries apart from India.
Bureau of Indian
Standards
adapts
ISO
(International
for Standards)
The design
profiles(BIS)
of external
and
internal
threads areOrganisation
shown in Fig. 5.2.
The followingmetric
are
the relations
between
variousofparameters
markedfrom
in the
figure :
threads
which
are adapted
by athe
number
countries apart
India.
V. PARAFUSOS
The design profiles of external and

internal
threads
are shown in Fig. 5.2. The following
The root
is rounded
and cleared
beyond a width of marked
0.125P
are the relations between the various parameters
in the figure :
0.125 H
Rosca mtrica ISO
0.5 H
0.5 H
0.25 H
0.5 H
H
0.167 H
0.5 P
60
0.5 H
H
d3
dh23
d
0.25 H
0.167 H
60
External thread diameters

d - Major diameter
0.25 diameter
H
d2 - Pitch
d3 - Minor diameter
d3
d2
d
Internal thread diameters

D - Major diameter
D2 - Pitch diameter
D1 - Minor diameter
60
External
Filetes
P
threads
internos
0.25 H
Filetes
Internal
internos
threads
60
External
threads
h3
0.125P
0.5 P
Internal
threads
D2
D1
D2
D1
H 1D
H1
beyond
a width of
at a largura
de0.125P
0.125P
0.125 H
The root
is rounded
and cleared
A raiz
0.125P
arredondada
Fig. 5.2 Metric screw thread

Internal thread diameters
External thread diameters
P
=
Pitch
d
=
d
2
(H/2 H/6)
Passo
3
2
D - Major diameter
d - Major diameter
H
0.86 diameter
P
= d 1.22P
D2 =- Pitch
d2 - Pitch diameter
nominal
D
d = Dimetro
Major
diameter
H1 = (D dD-1)/2
= 5H/8 = 0.54P
D1=- Minor
diameter
3 Minor diameter
D2 = d2 = d 0.75H
h3 = (d d3)/2 = 17/24H = 0.61P
Metric
screw
thread
= d5.2
2H
R = H/6
= 0.14P
D1 = d2 2(H/2 H/4)Fig.
1
P = Pitch
H = 0.86 P
D = d = Major diameter
dharm
!100
d3 = d2 2 (H/2 H/6)
= d 1.22P
H1 = (D D1)/2 = 5H/8 = 0.54P
right angle to the axis, the normal force between the threads, acts parallel to the axis, with zero
radial component. This enables the nut to transmit very high pressures, as in the case of a s
radial component. This enables the nut to transmit very high pressures, as in the case of a screw
jack
andsimilar
other similar
applications.
jack and
other
applications.
!"#"$"!%;<=>%()*+,!"#"$"!%;<=>%()*+,It is a modified
of square
It is
much stronger
thanthread
square
threadofbecause
of the w
It is a modified
form ofform
square
thread. thread.
It is much
stronger
than square
because
the wider
base
and
it is
to cut.
The inclined
sides
of thefacilitate
thread facilitate
easy engagemen
base and
it is
easy
toeasy
cut. The
inclined
sides of the
thread
quick andquick
easy and
engagement
and
disengagement
as for example,
lead
screw
disengagement
as for example,
the splitthe
nutsplit
withnut
thewith
lead the
screw
of a
lathe.of a lathe.
V. PARAFUSOS
Outros perfis de rosca
Sharp V
0.5P
0.5P
P
0.37
P
0.5P
0.5P
0.5 P
0.5 P
Rosca "V": maior rea
P
0.5P
P
British 0.37
Standard
29
29
Whitworth
(BSW)
Buttress
P
P
29
0.5P
de contato e maior
atrito entre os filetes;
Rosca em polegadas,
ACME
maiorSquare
resistncia
Square ao
ACME
adotada
na Inglaterra
movimento
Fig. 5.3 Types
of thread Unidos.
profiles O
Estados
Fig.e 5.3
Types of thread profiles
(afrouxamento);
perfil tem arestas
posicionamento
arredondadas sendo
preciso; conexes de
menos sujeito a falhas
bronze para circuitos
que o perfil V sem
dharm
dharm
pneumticos
e Print
arredondamento.
Seventh
Seventh
Print
hidrulicos.
.
!101
0.66 P
WhitworthWhitworth
Whitworth
Sharp V
V (sem arredondamento)
45
0.16 P
Worm
Buttress
0.34 P
29
Worm
0.34 P
0.69 P
45
0.66 P
55
0.16 P
P
0.69 P
55
0.64 P
r = .14 P r = .14 PP
60
0.64 P
60
0.87 P
0.87 P
!"#"$"3%45)6%,-)*./
!"#"$"3%45)6%,-)*./
is similar
to the thread,
ACME thread,
but is It
deeper.
isshafts
used on
to carry
WormWorm
threadthread
is similar
to the ACME
but is deeper.
is usedIton
to shafts
carry power
to pow
worm worm
wheels.wheels.
!"#"$"!%;<=>%()*+,!"#"$"!%;<=>%()*+,!"#"$"!%;<=>%()*+,e direction only such as screw press, quick

It isItais
modified
form
of square
thread.
It isItmuch
stronger
thanthan
square
thread
because
of the
a modified
form
of square
thread.
is much
stronger
square
thread
because
of wider
the wider
It is a modified form of square thread. It is much stronger than square thread because of the wider
base
andand
it isiteasy
to cut.
TheThe
inclined
sides
of the
thread
facilitate
quick
andand
easyeasy
engagement
andand
base
is easy
to cut.
inclined
sides
of the
thread
facilitate
quick
engagement
base and it is easy to cut. The inclined sides of the thread facilitate quick and easy engagement and
disengagement
as for
the the
splitsplit
nutnut
withwith
the the
leadlead
screw
of a of
lathe.
disengagement
as example,
for example,
screw
a lathe.
disengagement
as for example, the split nut with the lead screw of a lathe.
smission. In this, as the thread flank is
at
!"#"$"3%45)6%,-)*./
threads, acts parallel to the axis,!"#"$"3%45)6%,-)*./
with
zero
!"#"$"3%45)6%,-)*./
ry high pressures, as in the caseWorm
of aWorm
screw
thread
is similar
to the
ACME
thread,
but but
is deeper.
It isItused
on shafts
to carry
power
to to
thread
is similar
to the
ACME
thread,
is deeper.
is used
on shafts
to carry
power
Worm thread is similar to the ACME thread, but is deeper. It is used on shafts to carry power to
worm
wheels.
worm
wheels.
worm wheels.
0.66 P
P P
P 0.16 0.16
0.167P 7
P
7
45 45
acionamento45so
P
d profiles
DenteButtress
de Serra
29
Dente de Serra
0.34 0.34
P
0.34 PP
PP
29 29
29
29 29
29
ACME
ACME
ACME
ACME
0.69 P
PP
0.37 0.37
P0.37P P
0.5P 0.5P
0.5P
Square
Square
Quadrada
Square
Worm
Worm
Trapezoidal
Worm
Fig.Fig.
5.3
Types
of thread
profiles
5.3
ofofthread
profiles
Fig.
5.3Types
Types
thread
profiles
0.34 P
0.5P
0.5P
45
Buttress
Buttress
Whitworth
Whitworth
0.5P
0.5 P
0.5 P
Sharp
V V
Sharp
P P
0.5P 0.5P
0.5P
0.5 P
0.16 P
0.66 P
0.69 P
0.64 P
de
r
r rde mquinas a partir de
utilizados para aplicar fora ou movimento linear de partes
eeper. It is used on shafts to carry power to
um motor.Whitworth
Buttress
Sharp V
ACME: Base maior,
Quadrada: o flanco
mais resistente e de
Utilizada onde a
da rosca normal ao
usinagem mais fcil.
transmisso
eixo e a fora entre os
Worm de fora
Os flancos inclinados
dharm
dharm
ocorre apenas emdharm
uma
flancos
resulta
Seventh
PrintPrint
Seventh
Seventh
Print
facilitam o
direo tal como em
paralela ao eixo, sem
acoplamento com
prensas mecnicas.
componente radial,
porcas bipartidas
Capacidade de
que permite maior
como em tornos
transmisso de fora
capacidade de carga.
mecnicos.
com baixo atrito.
!102
Trapezoidal: Similar
ao perfil ACME, mas
com maior altura do
filete. usada em
parafusos para
acionamento de
redutores sem fim coroa.
.
0.69PP
0.69
60 60
60 tambm
Parafusos de potncia:
P P
r = .14
r =P.14 P
P
r = .14 P
55 55
55
chamados de parafusos
0.64 P
0.64 P
0.64 P
0.87 P
0.87 P
0.87 P
Perfis de rosca para parafusos de potncia
ger than square thread because of the wider

d facilitate quick and easy engagement and
ead screw of a lathe.
0.66PP
0.66
V. PARAFUSOS
80
Machine Drawing
!"# $%&'()* +'&,'+

BIS recommends two thread series: coarse series and fine series, based on the relative values of
the pitches. However, it must be noted that the concept of quality is not associated with these
terms. For any particular diameter, there is only one largest pitch, called the coarse pitch and the
rest are designated as fine pitches.
Rosca Table
mtrica
- Sries
de
passo
5.1 givesISO
the nominal
diameter
andcombinaes
pitch combinations fordimetro
coarse and fine x
series
of
ISO metric screw threads.
V. PARAFUSOS
Table 5.1 Diameter-pitch combination for ISO metric threads

Nominal
Dimetrodiameter
Nominal
First
Primeira
choice
Escolha
Second
Segunda
choice
Escolha
Pitch
Passo
FineFina
Rosca
Rosca
Coarse
Grossa
0.4
0.25
2.2
0.45
0.25
2.5
0.45
0.35
0.5
0.35
3.5
0.6
0.35
0.7
0.5
4.5
0.75
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.75
0.5
1.25
0.75
10
1.5
1.25
12
1.75
1.5
1.25
16
14
1.5
20
18,22
1.5
24
27
1.5
30
33
3.5
1.5
2.5
!103
0.75
choice
choice
Coarse
1
0.4
0.25
2.2
0.45
0.25
2.5
0.45
0.35
V.
PARAFUSOS
0.5
0.35
3.5
0.6
0.35
0.7
0.5
Rosca mtrica
ISO
Sries
de
combinaes
dimetro
x passo
4.5
0.75
0.5
Dimetro
Nominal
6
0.8
0.5
0.75
1.25
Primeira
10
Escolha
Segunda
Escolha
16
14
20
18,22
24
12
Rosca
1.5
Grossa
1.25
Passo 0.5
0.75
Rosca1Fina
0.75
1.75
1.5
1.25
1.5
2.5
1.5
27
1.5
30
33
3.5
1.5
36
39
1.5
42
45
4.5
48
52
56
60
5.5
64
68
72
76
80
85
90
95
100
105
to
300
!104
V. PARAFUSOS
Especificao de Roscas
Rosca Mtrica ISO: designada pala letra M seguida do dimetro nominal
e do passo, separados por x. Ex.: M10 x 1.25 significa dimetro nominal
10 mm e passo 1.25 mm;
Se no h indicao do passo significa o passo da rosca grossa. Ex.: M10
significa dimetro nominal 10 mm e passo 1.5 mm.
Rosca Quadrada SQ 40 10 dimetro nominal 40 mm e passo 10 mm;
Rosca ACME 40 8 dimetro nominal 4 mm e passo 8 mm;
Rosca TRAP 40 10 dimetro nominal 10 mm e passo 10 mm .
!105
V. PARAFUSOS
Roscas de Mltiplas Entradas
Rosca de 1 entrada: consiste de um nico filete para o qual o avano igual ao
passo ou seja, cada 1 volta (2p) do parafuso a porca avana 1 passo;
Para aumentar o avano pode-se aumentar o passo at um limite dado
pelo atrito entre os filetes e pelo dimetro da raiz o qual depende do passo;
Rosca de mltiplas entradas: utilizadas para obter maior avano sem
alterar o passo;
2 entradas: 2 filetes diametralmente opostos, cortados separadamente;
3 entradas: 3 filetes a 120o, cortados separadamente;
Roscas de mltiplas entradas: so utilizadas para obter acionamento
mais rpido como em motores de partida de automveis, parafusos de
acionamento em prensas, em vlvulas hidrulicas, etc.
!106
is designated
asM10
mm ismm
designated
as M10
1.25. 1.25.
If there
is no indication
of pitch
the designation,
it shall
the coarse
If there
is no indication
of pitch
in theindesignation,
it shall
meanmean
the coarse
pitch.pitch.
For For
example,
10 means
thatnominal
the nominal
diameter
the thread
is 10and
mmpitch
and is
pitch
1.5 mm.
example,
M 10 M
means
that the
diameter
of theofthread
is 10 mm
1.5 is
mm.
Following
areother
the other
designations,
depending
the shape
the thread
:
Following
are the
designations,
depending
on theonshape
of theofthread
profileprofile
:
40 SQUARE
10 SQUARE
of nominal
diameter
40and
mmpitch
and pitch
10 mm
SQ 40SQ
10
threadthread
of nominal
diameter
40 mm
10 mm
8 ACME
of nominal
diameter
40and
mmpitch
and pitch
ACMEACME
40 840 ACME
threadthread
of nominal
diameter
40 mm
8 mm8 mm
WORM
40 WORM
10 WORM
of nominal
diameter
40and
mmpitch
and pitch
10 mm
WORM
40 10
threadthread
of nominal
diameter
40 mm
10 mm
V. PARAFUSOS
Exemplos de roscas com 1 e 2 entradas
$%&'()*'+,''.,/+0*
!"# !"#
$%&'()*'+,''.,/+0*
1 entrada
0.5 P
0.5 P
P
L
0.5 P
P
0.5 P
0.5 P
P
L
0.5 P
0.5 P
D
H
D
H
0.5 P
0.5 P
P
L
0.5 P
0.5 P
P
PL
0.5 P
P
L
0.5 P
0.5 P
(a) 2V-threads
(a) V-threads
entradas
D
H
0.5 P
P
L
0.5 P
H H
D
H
0.5 P
P
D
H
0.5 P
0.5 P
D
H
0.5 P
A single-start
consists
of a single,
continuous
for which
theislead
is equal
to
A single-start
threadthread
consists
of a single,
continuous
helicalhelical
groovegroove
for which
the lead
equal
to
the pitch.
the depth
the thread
depends
the pitch,
greater
thedesired,
lead desired,
greater
the pitch.
As theAs
depth
of the of
thread
depends
on theon
pitch,
greater
the lead
greater
will bewill be
P:
L: hence
avano
.will
A geometria
dos
filetes
a mesma
oofavano
2fastener.
vezes
thepasso;
pitchhence
and
smaller
the
core
diameter,
reducing
the strength
the
the pitch
and
smaller
bewill
thebe
core
diameter,
reducing
the porm
strength
theof
fastener.
To To
overcome
this drawback,
multi-start
threads
are recommended.
overcome
this drawback,
multi-start
threads
are recommended.
maior
na
rosca
com
2of entradas
5.4 shows
and double-start
threads
of V-and
square
profiles.
FigureFigure
5.4 shows
singlesingle
and double-start
threads
V-and
square
profiles.
(b) Square
(b) Square
threadsthreads
1 entrada
2 entradas
Rosca de perfil V: H=0.86

PFig.
Rosca Quadrada: H=0.5P
5.4 Single
and mult-start
Fig. 5.4
Single
and mult-start
threadsthreads
In multi-start
threads,
leadbe
may
be increased
by increasing
the number
of starts,
without
In multi-start
threads,
lead may
increased
by increasing
the number
of starts,
without
increasing
the pitch.
a double
start thread,
is equal
to twice
the pitch
and
for a triple
increasing
the pitch.
For a For
double
start thread,
lead islead
equal
to twice
the pitch
and for
a triple
start thread,
is equal
to thrice
the pitch.
start thread,
lead islead
equal
to thrice
the pitch.
In double
start threads,
two threads
are
cut separately,
starting
at points,
diametrically
In double
start threads,
two threads
are cut
separately,
starting
at points,
diametrically
opposite
each other.
In start
triplethreads,
start threads,
the starting
areapart
120 apart
the circumference
opposite
to eachtoother.
In triple
the starting
pointspoints
are 120
on theon
circumference
the screws.
of the of
screws.
!107
Multi-start
threads
areused
also wherever
used wherever
is desired,
as in fountain
Multi-start
threads
are also
quick quick
actionaction
is desired,
as in fountain
pens, pens,
automobile
starters,
spindles,
hydraulic
spindles,
automobile
starters,
arbor arbor
press press
spindles,
hydraulic
valve valve
spindles,
etc. etc.
V. PARAFUSOS
Rosca Direita e Rosca Esquerda
A Rosca pode ser direita ou esquerda dependendo da direo
da hlice.
Rosca Direita: avana para dentro da porca quando girada no sentido
horrio
Rosca Esquerda : avana para dentro da porca quando girada no sentido
anti-horrio;
Exceto quando mencionado em82
contrrio
, as Drawing
roscas so consideradas
Machine
direita
nces
Turn counter
clockwise
Avana
Advances
Turn clockwise
Gira
horrio
Rosca
Right Direita
hand
Fig. 5.5 Right hand and left hand threads
Avana
Advances
Turn counter
Gira
anti-horrio
clockwise
Rosca
Esquerda
Left hand
!108
Fig. 5.5 Right hand and left han
Right hand
Left hand
Left hand
Right hand

!"#"$%&'()*+,-.(/
!"#"$%&'()*+,-.(/
A coupler-nut or turnbuckle is an example of a machine element, in which both right hand and
left hand thread
forms are used.
length of
of aa tie
rod, may
be adjusted
by thisboth
device.
Referring
A coupler-nut
or turnbuckle
is anThe
example
machine
element,
in which
right
hand and
Fig.thread
5.6a ; out
of the
rods
operating
the nut
doubleby
nut),
will Referring
have a
leftthe
hand
forms
are two
used.
The
length ofinside
a tie rod,
may(abelong
adjusted
thisone
device.
itstwo
end rods
and the
other, ainside
left hand
nut is
usually
hexagonal
its a
theright
Fig.hand
5.6a thread
; out ofatthe
operating
theone.
nutThe
(a long
double
nut),
one willathave
outer
surface,
with
clearance
at the
centre.
Byone.
turning
the two hexagonal
rods in it may
right
hand
thread
ataits
end andprovided
the other,
a left
hand
Thethe
nutnut,
is usually
at its
move either closer together, or away from each other. Figure 5.6b shows a coupler used for railway
outer surface, with a clearance provided at the centre. By turning the nut, the two rods in it may
coaches. They are also used for fixing guy wires, etc.
V. PARAFUSOS
Porca e Parafuso de Acoplamento
move either closer together, or away from each other. Figure 5.6b shows a coupler used for railway
coaches. They are also used
for fixing guy wires, etc. 95
95
12
12
95
12
60
60
35
35
55
35
40
55
35
40
95
12
170
60
(a) Adjustable joint for

round
Porca
derods
acoplamento
170
SQ THD 8(RH)
KNURLED
60
60
60
SQ THD 8 (LH)
120
70
15
120
36
15
Rosca
quadrada
SQ THD
8 (LH)36 x 8 (Esquerda)
36
KNURLED
Recartilhado
50
Rosca quadrada
x 8(Direita)
SQ36
THD
8(RH)
50
(a) Adjustable joint for round rods
(b) Coupler for railway coaches
120
705.6
Fig.
120
(b) Coupler for railway coaches
de acoplamento
!"# $%&$%'%()*)+,(- ,.-Parafuso
)/$%*0'
Fig. 5.6
The true projection of a threaded portion of a part consists of a series of helices and it takes
considerable time to draw them. Hence it is the usual
practice to follow some conventional methods
!109
!"#
$%&$%'%()*)+,(,.-5.1)/$%*0'
to represent
screw threads. Figure
shows the true projection of a screw thread, whereas the
The
true projection
of a threaded
portion
a partthreads
consists
a series of by
helices
it takes
conventional
representation
of external
andof
internal
as of
recommended
BIS isand
shown
in
V. PARAFUSOS
Porca e Parafuso de Acoplamento
A porca e parafuso de acoplamento tm Rosca Direita em uma das extremidades e
Rosca Esquerda na outra.

So utilizados para unir 2 peas roscadas, permitindo a desmontagem e o aperto ou
afrouxamento da unio.
A porca pode ser sextavada ou quadrada e tem filetes esquerda em uma das
extremidades e filetes
direita na outra;
O parafuso recartilhado e pode ter um furo para acionamento com uma haste
cilndrica e tem filetes
esquerda em uma das extremidades e filetes direita na outra;
Ao girar em um sentido, os tirantes so aproximados e no outro so afastados

possibilitando aperto ou afrouxamento das partes.
!110
The limit of useful length of screw threads is represented by a continuous thick line or a
dotted line, depending on its visibility. The length upto which the incomplete threads are formed
beyond the useful limit, is known as a run-out. It is represented by two inclined lines.
The simplified representation, though it saves time, is not an effective method to convey
thread forms. The schematic representation, used for the purpose is shown in Fig. 5.8. In practice,
the schematic representation is followed for only visible threads, i.e., for external threads and
internal threads in section. From the Fig. 5.8, it may be observed that the crest diameters, both
in external and internal threads, are drawn by thick lines. Further, the crests are represented by
thin lines, extending upto the major diameter and the roots by thick lines, extending upto the
minor diameter, these lines being drawn inclined with a slope equal to half the pitch.
Rosca externa nas vistas frontal e lateral esquerda
V. PARAFUSOS
Representao das Roscas no Desenho Projetivo

Parafuso prisioneiro: a
parte roscada mais
longa o lado da pea a
ser fixada pela porca
Rosca externa nas vistas frontal em corte e lateral esquerda
Rosca interna nas vistas frontal em corte e lateral esquerda
Rosca interna: pea

com furo roscado
Parafuso prisioneiro:
vista em corte para
mostrar detalhes
internos ocultos na Vista
Frontal
Rosca interna nas vistas frontal em corte e lateral esquerda
Rosca interna: pea

com furo e rosca de
comprimentos definidos.
Fig. 5.7 Conventional representation of threads
!111
V. PARAFUSOS
(a)
Juntas Parafusadas
(b)
A combinao porca
e parafuso permite a unio
Fig. 5.10 External and internal threads in engagement
Porca
de 2 ou mais peas em uma unio parafusada ;
(c)
Parafuso
rosca corpo cabea
!"# $%&'()* +%,-'

O parafuso
um corpo(Fig.
cilndrico
cabea
A bolt
and nut intem
combination
5.11) ise auma
fastening
hexagonal,
etc. em uma
device
used toquadrada,
hold tworedonda,
parts together.
The das
body of
the extremidades
bolt, called shank
cylindrical
in form, the head;
obtidaispor
forjamento;
square or hexagonal in shape, is formed by forging.
Screw
threads
are cut ou
on forjada
the other
of na
theoutra
shank.
A rosca
usinada
emend
uma
Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape.
extremidade;
The nuts with internal threads engage with the
corresponding
size of the
externalcom
threads
the
A Porca hexagonal
ou quadrada
rosca of
interna
bolt. However, there are other forms of nuts used to
encaixa
na rosca externa do parafuso de mesma
suitque
specific
requirements.
especificao
For nuts,; hexagonal shape is preferred to the
Fig. 5.11 Bolted joint
square one, as it is easy to tighten even in a limited
Peas sendo unidas
Outras
formas
de cabeas de parafuso e porca
space. This is because, with only one-sixth of a turn, the spanner can be re-introduced in
ser utilizadas
quando
necessrio.
the podem
same position.
However,
square
nuts are used when frequent loosening and tightening
is required, for example on job holding devices
like vices, tool posts in machines, etc.
!112
The sharp corners on the head of bolts and nuts are removed by chamfering.
V. PARAFUSOS
Traado da cabea do parafuso e da porca hexagonal
Dados:
Seqncia
Traado:
Screwed
Fasteners do87
D: dimetro nominal do parafuso
Traar o crculo com dimetro 2D;
Width of the nut across corners
=2D
R arc,
= 1.5*D;
Radius of chamfer
R
= 1.5 D
Traar um hexgono inscrito ao
Alturathe
dastages
cabeaof do
parafuso
: 0.75*D
Figure 5.13 illustrates
drawing
different
views of a hexagonal nut,
crculo; Dica: o lado do hexgono igual ao
ng the above relations,
are self-explanatory.
Alturawhich
da porca
:D
R2
Traar as linhas
de centro e de
chamada conforme mostrado na
R2
R1
raio do crculo.
figura;
Traar o arco
de raio R tangente
borda superior;
Traar os arcos de raio R1 cujas
extremidades devem ser horizontais
sendo uma delas coincidente com uma
das extremidades do arco de raio R.
D
2D
(a)
!113
(b)
V. PARAFUSOS
D
Traado da 2cabea
do parafuso e da porca hexagonal
(a)
Porca - Resultado do traado
2D
Cabea do parafuso
(a)
Resultado do traado
D
Vista Frontal
Vista Lateral Esquerda
0.75*D
(a)
2D
Vista Superior
(b)
14
Fig. 5.13 Method of drawing views of a hexagonal !1nut
(Method II)
bove method may be followed in routine drawing work, as it helps in drawing the
(b)
88
Machine Drawing
V.
PARAFUSOS
Major or nominal diameter of bolt
=D
Thickness of nut, T
=D
Width of the nut across flats, W
= 1.5 D + 3 mm
Radius of chamfer arc, R
=2D
Figure 5.14 illustrates the method of drawing views of a square nut, in two orientations.
Traado da cabea do parafuso e da porca quadrada

R1
Major or nominal diameter of bolt

Thickness of nut, T
Width of the nut across flats, W
Radius of chamfer arc, R
Figure 5.14 illustrates the method of d
D: dimetro nominal
diameter of bolt
w = 1.5*D+3mm:
W
D
D
W
espessura entre faces da

porca;
R = 2*D: Rraio do arco
de chanfro;
R = 1.5*D;
Machine Drawing
88
Dados:
Fig.5.14 Method of drawing the views of a square nut
Fig.5.14 Method of draw

!"#"$ %&'()*+(,-(+.-/01(2&-%&(.&.-3*,45
!"#"$ %&'()*+(,-(+.-/01(2&-%&(.&.-3*,45
Figure 5.15 shows the two views of a hexagonal headed bolt and square headed
bolt,
Figure 5.15
showswith
the twothe
views of a hexago
proportions marked.
proportions marked.
!115
0.75 D
0.75 D
L
2D
W
D
V. PARAFUSOS
D
Fig.5.14 Method Dof drawing the views of a square nut
Propores dos parafusos
!"#"$ %&'()*+(,-(+.-/01(2&-%&(.&.-3*,45
Figure 5.15 shows the two views of a hexagonal headed bolt and square headed bolt, with the
proportions marked.
Fig.5.14 Method of drawing the views of a square nut
!"#"$ %&'()*+(,-(+.-/01(2&-%&(.&.-3*,45
0.75 D
L
Figure 5.15 shows the two views of a hexagonal headed bolt and square headed bolt, with the
2D
proportions marked.
2D
2D
2D
0.75 D
(a) Hexagonal headed bolt
Parafuso
0.75 D com cabea sextavada
L
(a) Hexagonal headed bolt
L
2D
0.75 D
2D
(b) Square headed bolt
Fig. 5.15
(b) Square headed bolt
Parafuso com
Fig.cabea
5.15 Quadrada
dharm
dharm
!116
V. PARAFUSOS
D+1
Propores dos parafusos
Screwed Fasteners
Fig. 5.16 Washer
89
2D
0.15 D
xagonal
ion.
D+1
0.75 D
Fig. 5.16 Washer
Arruela plana: D o
Fig. 5.17 A hexagonal headed bolt with a nut and a washer in position
Parafuso sextavado com porca e

!"#"! +,()*-./*0'-/1-2/3,'
dimetro nominal
do
arruela plana: apenas a arruela foi
!"#"!"$%&'()*+%,+)-+-%./01%2314%&'()*+%5+67
parafuso. As arruelas
secionada;
pelainto
regra
de cortes e sees
It is provided with a square neck,
which fits
a corresponding
square hole in the adjace
espessas podem
o bolt
corpo
do parafuso
preventing the rotation of the
(Fig.
5.18). e da porca no so
receber chanfro na
cortados pelo plano de corte.
aresta exterior.
2D
0.15 D
2D + 4
2D
2D + 4
0.15 D
hole to
ting for
iformly
the nut
e joint.
ortions
2D + 4
the nut and to distribute the tightening force uniformly

to the parts under the joint. It also prevents the nut
from damaging the metal surface under the joint.
Figure 5.16 shows a washer, with the proportions
marked.
Figure 5.17 illustrates the views of a hexagonal
headed bolt with a nut and a washer in position.
!117
2
0.75 D
Fig. 5.17 A hexagonal headed bolt with a nut and a washer in position
90
V. PARAFUSOS
Machine Drawing
,()*-./*0'-/1-2/3,'
&'()*+%,+)-+-%./01%2314%&'()*+%5+67
!"#"!"$%&'()*+)+%,-./%01/2%345*6)%7)89
vided with a square neck, which fits into a corresponding square hole in the adjacent In
part,
this, a square neck provided below the head, prevents the rotation of t
ing the rotation of the bolt (Fig. 5.18).
used for fixing vices, work pieces, etc., to the machine table having T-slo
gn\Des5-1.pm5
Outros Parafusos
0.8 D
0.8 D
0.8 D
0.8 D
1.8 D
0.8 D
1.5D + 3
2D
Fig. 5.18 Square headed bolt with square neck
Parafuso com cabea e pescoo

quadrados: o pescoo encaixa em em
um
furo
quadrado na pea, impedindo
Seventh
Print
que o parafuso gire.
Fig. 5.19 T-headed bolt
Fig. 5.2
Parafuso
com cabea em T" com pescoo
!"#"!":%(--9%,-./
This bolt passes
through
a hole
in onede
part
only, while the other par
quadrados:
utilizado
para
fixao
peas
shaped bolt head. It is used where there is no space for making a bolt ho
de
trabalho e morsas em mquinas
square neck prevents the rotation of the bolt (Fig. 5.20).
operatrizes com nervuras em T".
!118
!"#"!";%<=)%,-./
In order to facilitate lifting of heavy machinery, like electric generato
eye bolts are screwed on to their top surfaces. For fitting an eye bolt, a
above the centre of gravity of the machine (Fig. 5.21).
0.8 D
Fig. 5.19 T-headed bolt
Fig. 5.20 Hook bolt
!"#"!":%(--9%,-./
This bolt passes through a hole in one part only, while the other part is gripped by
shaped bolt head. It is used where there is no space for making a bolt hole in one of the p
square neck prevents the rotation of the bolt (Fig. 5.20).
V. PARAFUSOS
*6)%7)89
!"#"!";%<=)%,-./
ow the head, prevents the rotation of the bolt. This type of bolt is
In order to facilitate lifting of heavy machinery, like electric generators, motors, turb
etc., to the machine table having T-slots (Fig. 5.19).
eye bolts are screwed on to their top surfaces. For fitting an eye bolt, a tapped hole is
Outros
Parafusos
above the centre of gravity of the machine (Fig. 5.21).
0.8 D
2D
0.9 D
olt
Fig. 5.20 Hook bolt
Parafuso com cabea tipo grampo: o
Fig. 5.21 Eye-bolt
Parafuso olhal: utilizado para facilitar o
manuseio de mquinas pesadas nas quais

in one part only, while the other part is gripped by the hook
corpo passa por um furo apenas em uma
there is no space for making a bolt hole in one of the parts. The
mosqueado na parte superior para conexo
dharmem
das
peas
e
a
outra
fixa
pela
cabea
n of the bolt (Fig. 5.20).
de cabos
d:\N-Design\Des5-1.pm5 Seventh
Printe ganchos de mquinas de
forma de grampo.
avy machinery, like electric generators, motors, turbines, etc.,

top surfaces. For fitting an eye bolt, a tapped hole is provided,
machine (Fig. 5.21).
0.8 D
elevao.
!119
1.5 D
0.8 D
2D
0.4 D
5
1.
!"#"!"!$%&'($)*+&$*,$%&'(
It consists of cylindrical shank with threads cut on both the ends (Fig. 5.22a). It is used w
there is no place for accommodating the bolt head or when one of the parts to be joined is too
to use an ordinary bolt.
The stud is first screwed into one of the two parts to be joined, usually the thicker o
stud driver, in the form of a thick hexagonal nut with a blind threaded hole is used fo
purpose. After placing the second part over the stud, a nut is screwed-on over the nut end
Parafusos
usual to provide inOutros
the second part,
a hole which is slightly larger than the stud nominal diam
Figure 5.22b shows a stud joint.
V. PARAFUSOS
2D
D
da porca
Nut
end
Lado
Pea
Plate
sendo fixa
Parte
Plain
plana
part
prisioneiro
end
Pea
Main
base
casting
Stud
Lado
Parafuso
prisioneiro ou
prisioneiro: um
corpo
cilndrico
roscado em
ambas
extremidades.
rosqueado
primeiro em
uma das
partes,
normalmente
a mais grossa
ou a uma
carcaa de
mquina ou
equipamento.
(a)
!120
(b)
Fig. 5.22 (a)Stud, (b)Stud joint
V. PARAFUSOS
Outras Porcas
92 92Machine
Drawing
Machine
Drawing
92
Machine Drawing
porca com um flange que

permite fixar peas com furos
comparativamente maiores.
D
D
0.5DD
0.5
0.5 D
0.5 D
D
D
D
D
D
0.5
0.5DD
0.25 D
0.25 D
0.25 D
0.1 D
1.8 D
1.8 D 1.8 D
-bCap
- cobertura
Cap
-bCap
nutnutnut
Porcab com
plana: porca hexagonal
com uma cobertura
cilndrica plana. Protege
1.8 D D
1.8aD1.8
contra
corroso
e
1.51.5
DD
1.5oDvazamento
impede
atravs da rosca.
!121
Dome
nut
c - Dome
nut
cc -- Dome
nutcobertura
Porca
com
abaulada: outra forma de
porca com cobertura
esfrica.
1.5
D D
1.5
0.6 D
0.6 D
0.6 D
1.5 D
1.2 D D
1.2 1.2
D
0.4 D
0.4
D
0.4 D
a - Flanged nut
a - Flanged
- Flanged
nut nut
Porcaa hexagonal
flangeada:
D D
DDD
DD
D
2.2 D2.2
2.2DD
0.1 D
0.5 D 0.1 D
0.5 D
0.5 D
D
D
0.25 D
0.25 D
D
0.25 D
0.5 D
DD
D
D
0.5 D
0.5 D
1.5 D + 3
D 3+ 3
1.51.5
D+
D
D
2D
2D
2D
0.25 D
V. PARAFUSOS
b - Cap
b -nut
Cap
b -nut
Cap nut
a - Flanged
a - Flanged
nut nut
a - nut
Flanged
0.25 D
0.25 D
2.2 D2.2 D
2.2 D
c - Dome
c - nut
Dome
c - nut
Dome nut
2D
0.4 D
D
D
2D
0.2 D
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
D
0.2
0.2
0.2 D
0.2 D
2D
0.4 D
0.2 D
0.2 D
0.2 D
1.2 D
0.5 D
0.5 D
0.5 D
0.5 D
1.5 D
0.5 D
0.1 D
0.1 D
1.8 D
0.6 D 0.6 D 1.5 D 1.5 D 1.5 D

0.6
1.2DD 1.2 D
0.1 D
1.8 D 1.8 D
1.8 D
1.5 D 1.5 D
0.5 D
1.8 D1.8 D
0.4 D
Mais Porcas
f - Wing nut
d - Capstan nut
e - Ring nut
Porca
anel
ou
ranhurada:
porca
Porca
Porca cilndrica:
com
furos
f borboleta:
- Wing nut utilizada para
d - Capstan nut
e - Ring nut
f - Wing nut
d - Capstanpara
nut
e ranhuras
- of
Ring
nut para fixao de partes
cilndrica
desmontadas
Fig.
5.23 Othercom
forms
nuts
na superfcie cilndrica
Fig. 5.23 com
Otheruma
formschave
of nuts em frequentemente como tampas,
fixao da ferramenta que
operao
!"#"$"!%&'())*+%(,%-./0%12)
Fig. 5.23 Other forms of nuts
gira
a
porca.
C"especial.
janelas de inspeo, etc..
!"#"$"!%&'())*+%(,%-./0%12)
This nut is in the form of a ring, with slots in the curved surface, running parallel to the axis. A
!"#"$"!%&'())*+%(,%-./0%12)
This
nut is in the
formtoofoperate
a ring,the
with
slots
in the
surface,
running
parallel
!122curved
special
C-spanner
is used
nut.
These
nuts
are used
on large
screws,
where to
thethe
useaxis. A
special
is used
the
nut.
These
nuts
are used
on large
screws,
where to
thethe
useaxis. A
This C-spanner
nut
is inisthe
formto
ofoperate
a ring,
slots
in the
curved
surface,
running
parallel
of ordinary
spanner
inconvenient
(Fig.with
5.23e).
of ordinary spanner is inconvenient (Fig. 5.23e).
V. PARAFUSOS
0.4 D
0.4 D
0.4 D
0.6 D
Cabea
abaulada
1.5 D
90 1.5 D
30
1.5 D
30
30
0.75 D
0.75 D
0.75 D
0.4 D
D
!123
0.4 D
Round head
Round head
Round head
9 0.2 D
0.2 D 0.2 D
0.6 D
0.2 D
0.6 D
1.5 D
escareada
0.2 DR = 92.25
00.2DD
0.2 D
R = 2.25 DR = 2.25 Dplana
1.5 D
0.6 D
0.2 D
0.6 D
hexagonal
1.5 D
0.6 D
0.6 D
Hexagonal head Flat head

Flat head
Hexagonal
head
Hexagonal
head
Flat
head
Cabea
Cabea
0.6 D
0.2 D
0.2 D
D
0.4 D
0.2 D
0.6 D
0.2 D
0.2 D
0.2 D
90
0.2 D
0.6 D
D
90
ScrewedScrewed
Fasteners
93
Fasteners
93
Screwed
Fasteners
90
0.6 D
2D
0.6 D
0.6 D
2D
0.6 D
2D
0.6 D
Mais Parafusos
93
V. PARAFUSOS
Mais Parafusos
head head
CheeseCheese
head Cheese
Oval head
Oval head
Oval head
30
0.75 D
0.75 D
0.75 D
30
30
90
0.4 D
1.5 D1.5 D 1.5 D
L 0.4 D D
0.4 D
90
0.6 D
0.2 D
Round
headRound
Round
head head
90 D
0.2 D 0.2 D 0.2
R = 2.25
D
R = 2.25RD= 2.25 D
0.2 D
Flat head
Flat head
Flat head
0.6 D
0.2 D
1.5 D
0.6 D
1.5 D
1.5 D
0.6 D
0.6 D
0.6 D
Hexagonal
head
Hexagonal
head head
Hexagonal
Socket
head head
Socket
headSocket
Fig. Types
5.24
of Cabea
machine
and screws
cap
Fig.Types
5.24
Types
of
machine
andscrews
cap screws
Fig. 5.24
of machine
and
cap
Cabea
escareada
Cabea Allen
cilndrica
Cap
screws
are produced
in finish
form
and used
are
on machines
where
accuracy
Cap
are in
produced
in finish
form
andused
aremachines
used
on machines
where
accuracy
Cap screws
arescrews
produced
finish
form
and
are
on
where
accuracy
andand and
abaulada
appearance
are important.
Asscrews
cap
are inferior
to studs,
they
are
only
on
machines
appearance
are important.
Asscrews
cap
are
to studs,
theyused
are used
only
on machines
appearance
are important.
As cap
arescrews
inferior
toinferior
studs,
they
are used
only
on machines
requiring
few adjustments
andnot
are
not
where
frequent
removal
is necessary.
These
are are
requiring
few adjustments
and
aresuitable
notwhere
suitable
where
frequent
is necessary.
requiring
few
adjustments
and are
suitable
frequent
removal
isremoval
necessary.
These
areThese
produced
in different
diameters,
upto
aupto
maximum
ofmm
100ofand
mm
and
250 mm.
in
different
diameters,
a maximum
100lengths
mmlengths
and250
lengths
250 mm.
produced
inproduced
different
diameters,
upto a
maximum
of 100
mm.
Machine
screws
are produced
with
awith
naturally
bright
finish
andnot
are
not
They They
Machine
arewith
produced
a bright
naturally
bright
finish
and
areheat
not treated.
heatThey
treated.
Machine
screws
are screws
produced
a naturally
finish
and
are
heat
treated.
!124
are
particularly
adopted
for
screwing
into
thin
materials
the
ones
are
threaded
are
particularly
adopted
for
screwing
into
thin materials
andsmaller
theones
smaller
are threaded
are particularly adopted for screwing into thin materials
and and
the smaller
are ones
threaded
throughout
the length.
They
are used
in fire-arms,
fixture
and
They
are produced
throughout
the
length.
They
used
in fire-arms,
jigs,
fixture
and
are produced
throughout
the length.
They
are used
inare
fire-arms,
jigs, jigs,
fixture
and
dies.dies.
Theydies.
are They
produced
in in in
4 Types of machine and cap screws
t and so are used only

ds. For longer life, set
se hardened. Further,
ce is suitably machined
inating any slipping
different forms of set
ve motion between two

ment of pulley on shaft.
into the pulley hub so
nst the shaft (Fig. 5.25).
between the screw and
0.25 D
finish form and are used on machines where accuracy and

screws are inferior to studs, they are used only on machines
not suitable where frequent
is necessary. These are
V.removal
PARAFUSOS
to a maximum of 100 mm and lengths 250 mm.
Parafusos
de
travamento
d with a naturally bright finish and are not heat treated. They
Parafuso
de travamento:
utilizados
para
impedir
wing into
thin materials
andsothe
smaller
ones
areo movimento
threadedrelativo entre duas peas
sed in fire-arms,
jigs, que
fixture
and
dies. mosqueado
They are produced
de um conjunto
gira. O
parafuso
no cubo e suain
extremidade forado
um of 20 mm
andolengths
upto
50 mm.
contra
eixo. Usado
apenas
na transmisso de pequenos torques entre as peas.
!125
Fig. 5.25
!"#$"#%&'()%*+,
!"#$"#%&'()%*+,
This is the most commonly used locking device. In this arrangement, a second nut, known
This is the most commonly used locking device. In this arrangement, a second nut, know
as lock
nut nut
is used
in combination
with
a standard
nut
(Fig.
5.27a).
The
as lock
is used
in combination
with
a standard
nut
(Fig.
5.27a).
Thethickness
thicknessofofa alock
lo
nut nut
is usually
two-thirds
D, D,
where
D is
major
diameter
of ofthe
is usually
two-thirds
where
D the
is the
major
diameter
thebolt.
bolt.The
Thelock
locknut
nuti
usually
placed
below
thethe
standard
nut.
To To
make
thethe
joint,
the
usually
placed
below
standard
nut.
make
joint,
thelock
locknut
nutisisfirst
firstscrewed
screw
tightly
andand
thenthen
the the
standard
nutnut
is tightened
tilltill
it it
touches
the
lock
tightly
standard
is tightened
touches
the
locknut.
nut.Afterwards,
Afterwards,thth
locknut
is then
screwed
back
on on
the
standard
which
is is
held
byde
a aspanner.
locknut
is then
screwed
back
the
standard
nut,
which
held
by
spanner.The
Thethread
threa
Parafusos
de
travamento:
cabea
enut,
extremidade
fixao
of the
two two
nutsnuts
become
wedged
between
thethe
threads
of of
thethe
bolt.
of the
become
wedged
between
threads
bolt.
V. PARAFUSOS
0.5 D
D
D
0.5 D
1.5 1.5
D D
0.6 D
4545
0.5 D
0.5 D
0.6 D
D D
D
a screw
Set screw
heads
a Set
heads
D
D D
D D
D D
DD
Cabeas
D D
D D
D
30 30
45 45
0.6 D0.6 D
45 45
0.6D0.6D
120
120
Extremidades
de fixao
c Set screw ends
c Set screw ends
!126
DD
Grub
screws
b b Grub
screws
0.2 D
0.2 D
0.8 D
1.8 D1.8 D
0.8 D
1.51.5
D D
1.5 D
1.5 D
0.2 D
0.2 D
5.26
Fig.Fig.
5.26
0.8D0.8D
0.2 D
D
45
30
45
0.6D
V. PARAFUSOS
0.8D
0.6 D
120
c Set screw ends
Esquemas de travamento anti-giro para porcas

Fig. 5.26
0.67 D
2D
(a)
(b)
(c)
Porca com contra-porca: a contra-porca

montada
primeiro. Aps o aperto, os
Fig. 5.27 Lock
nut
flancos superiores da porca pressionam contra os flancos inferiores do
parafuso. Com a montagem e aperto da porca, ambas ficam travadas no
parafuso.
dharm
!127
!"#$"5&'()*+,-&./&678329&:;3
A castle nut is a hexagonal nut with a cylindrical collar tu

in the nut portion only and six rectangular slots are cut
inserted through a hole in the bolt body after adjusting t
bolt body comes in-line with slots. This arrangement is use
V. PARAFUSOS
0.05 D 45

0.3 D
CONTRAPIN,
PINODIA
DIA0.2
0.2*D
SPLIT
D
Porca com contra-pino: contra-pino de

ao com seo transversal semicircular. introduzido dobrado em um
furo no parafuso, com a extremidade
aberta para evitar a desmontagem, e
apoiado na superfcie da porca
impedindo que a mesma gire.
Desvantagem: o furo de insero do
pino deve ser executado com preciso
para assegurar o aperto desejado.
30
2D
30
!128
the top surface of the nut. Then, the ends of the pin are split open to prevent it from
coming out while in use (Fig. 5.28).
!"#$"5&'()*+,-&./&678329&:;3
A castle nut is a hexagonal nut with a cylindrical collar turned on one end. Threads are cut
in the nut portion only and six rectangular slots are cut through the collar. A split pin is
inserted through a hole in the bolt body after adjusting the nut such that the hole in the
bolt body comes in-line with slots. This arrangement is used in automobile works (Fig. 5.29).
V. PARAFUSOS
0.05 D 45
Porca Castelo e contra-pino: contra-pino de

ao com seo transversal semi-circular.
introduzido dobrado em uma ranhura da
porca e um furo no parafuso. A
extremidade aberta para evitar a
desmontagem, e apoiadoDna superfcie da
porca impedindo que 2aDmesma gire.
Vantagem: o furo de insero do pino no
necessita ser executado com preciso para
assegurar o aperto desejado.
1.25 D
0.45 D
0.3 D
SPLIT PIN, DIA 0.2 D
CONTRA
PINO
0.2*D
SPLIT
PIN,
DIADIA
0.25
D
30
2D
30
SLOTS,
RANHURAS
WIDE 0.25 D
0.2*D
!129
Fig. 5.28 Locking by split pin
Fig. 5.29 Castle nut
!"#$"%&'()*+,&-./0&123
It is a hexagonal nut with a slot, cut half-way across it. Af
manner, a set screw is used from the top of the nut, com
purpose, the upper portion of the nut should have a clea
tapped (Fig. 5.30).
!"#$"!%&'()*+,%-.%/01%/(203
V. PARAFUSOS
In this arrangement, after the nut is tightened, a set screw

nut, so that it touches one of the flat faces of the nut. The ar
tendency of the nut (Fig. 5.31).

PARAFUSO O.25*D
Porca de Wile: a porca tem uma ranhura que

vai at a metade da seo transversal. Aps a
montagem e aperto normal, um parafuso
de tratamento comprime as partes
travando o giro da porca.
0.5 D
0.15 D
SCREW, DIA 0.25 D

COMP 0.75*D
LONG 0.75 D
SCREW, D
LON
2D
0.75 D
!130
Fig. 5.30 Wiles lock nut
Fi
manner, a set screw is used from the top of the nut, compressing the two parts. For this
purpose, the upper portion of the nut should have a clearance hole and the lower portion
tapped (Fig. 5.30).
!"#$"!%&'()*+,%-.%/01%/(203
In this arrangement, after the nut is tightened, a set screw in fitted in the part, adjoining the
nut, so that it touches one of the flat faces of the nut. The arrangement prevents the loosening
tendency of the nut (Fig. 5.31).
V. PARAFUSOS
PARAFUSO DIA O.2*D

SCREW, DIA 0.2 D
COMPLONG
0.9*D0.9 D
0.5 D
0.15 D
SCREW, DIA 0.25 D

LONG 0.75 D
Parafuso de travamento: aps o aperto, um

parafuso de travamento roscado rente face
D
da porca impedindo
seu giro.
2D
Desvantagem: o furo roscado para

2D
insero do parafuso
de travamento deve
ser executado com preciso para
assegurar o aperto desejado.
0.75 D
!131
Fig. 5.30 Wiles lock nut
Fig. 5.31 Locking by set screw

2D
um parafuso de tratamento
mosqueado na pea pressiona a
ranhura da porca travando seu
giro.
0.9 D
1.35 D
0.25 D
colar cilndrico com uma ranhura

na parte inferior, que encaixa na
pea sendo fixada. Aps o aperto,
0.2 D
0.25 D
Porca ranhurada: a porca tem um
PARAFUSO
SCREW,
O.25*D
DIA DIA
0.25
D
D
1.5 D
!132
0.3 D
V. PARAFUSOS
V. PARAFUSOS
Screwed Fasteners
97
In this arrangement, a set screw fitted through the cap and through the bolt end, prevents
the loosening tendency of the nut, when the pitches of the main nut and the set screw are
different (Fig. 5.33). This type of arrangement is used for fitting the propeller blades on
turbine shafts.
0.3 D
0.9 D
0.4 D
0.15 D
PARAFUSO
DIA O.25*D
SCREW,
DIA 0.25
D
COMP
LONG 0.85
D 0.85*D
2D
Porca com capa e parafuso de

travamento: nesse esquema, a porca tem
0.25 D
0.2 D
0.25 D
0.9 D
uma cobertura plana com um furo roscado

onde introduzido um parafuso de
1.35 D
tratamento pressionado contra
o parafuso
da unio e travando o giro da porca.
D
2.25 D
2D
1.5 D
1.2 D
SCREW,
DIA 0.25 D
D
1.5 D
!133
Fig. 5.32 Grooved nut
Fig. 5.33 Locking by screw
V. PARAFUSOS
0.125 D
0.2 D
Machine Drawing
Esquemas de travamento 98
anti-giro
para porcas
Chapa de travamento: usinada e encaixa

uma porca sextavada em qualquer posio
em intervalos de 300. fixa por um
parafuso pea sendo fixada
SCREW,
PARAFUSO
DIA0.2
O.2*D+2
DIA
D+2
Fig. 5.34 Locking by plate

!134
!"## $%&'()*+%', -%.*/
Fig. 5
V. PARAFUSOS
Esquemas
de travamento anti-giro para porcas
98
Machine Drawing
Arruela de presso: a arruelaDde presso com 1 ou
SCREW,
2 espiras apertada a a fora de mola da
arruela
DIA 0.2 D + 2
atuando para cima, na porca, mantm os filetes de
rosca da porca e do parafuso pressionados,
evitando o giro da porca.
0.125 D
0.2 D
2D
D
2.1 D
Fig. 5.34 Locking by plate

!135
!"## $%&'()*+%', -%.*/
Fig. 5.35 Locking by spring washer
V. PARAFUSOS
Parafusos para fundaes (Chumbadores)
Chumbadores: parafusos utilizados para a fixao de equipamentos
e estruturas no piso
Screwed Fasteners
99
Fasteners
ou em fundaes construdas com estaScrewed
finalidade.
10 D
0.1 D
0.1 D
10 D
2.5 D
15 D
15 D
2.5 D
2.5 D
2.5 D
99
4D
2D
2D
4D
Chumbador ondulado: forjado com

Chumbador comFig.
olhal:
forjado
com
um
olhal
na
5.36 Eye
foundation
foundation
boltfoundation bolt
Fig.
5.36 Eyebolt
foundation bolt Fig. 5.37 BentFig.
5.37 Bent
corpo ondulado;
chumbado primeiro
extremidade e montado com uma haste D
em Dchumbo e em seguida na fundao
transversal; fundao em concreto.
em concreto.
5D
2.5 D
!136
0.1 D
V. PARAFUSOS
4D
2D
Parafusos para fundaes

(Chumbadores)
Fig. 5.36 Eye foundation bolt
Fig. 5.37 Bent foundation bolt
2.5 D
10 D
Chumbador cnico: o parafuso

consiste em um corpo cnico de
seo quadrada ou retangular com
ranhuras nas arestas do corpo
cnico; chumbado primeiro em
chumbo e depois no concreto.
6D
2D
!137
!"##"$% &'()*% +,-./01),.% 2,31
Fig. 5.38 Rag foundation bolt
V. PARAFUSOS
100
Machine Drawing
Key
Chaveta
10 D
Key
Chaveta
7.5 D
Chumbador Lewis: chumbador

removvel. O corpo de perfil
retangular do chumbador tem uma
face cnica. Para usar este
chumbador produzida uma
cavidade com uma face cnica na
fundao. O chumbador ento
introduzido com sua face cnica
contra a face cnica da cavidade e
uma chaveta inserida em contato
com a face plana da cavidade e do
chumbador.
2.5 D
1.67 D
0.67 D
Fig. 5.39 Lewis foundation bolt
This type of foundation bolt is not commonly used for fixing machines. How
!138
principle is advantageously
used for lifting huge stones. For this, a groove, simila
pit is chiselled in the stone and the bolt is fitted in. The top end of the bolt may b
Fig. 5.39 Lewis foundation bolt
This type of foundation bolt is not commonly used for fixing machines. Howeve
principle is advantageously used for lifting huge stones. For this, a groove, similar t
pit is chiselled in the stone and the bolt is fitted in. The top end of the bolt may be f
into an eye and used for lifting purposes.
V.!"##"!$%&''()$*&+,-.'/&,$0&1'
PARAFUSOS
It is used for fixing heavy machines. It has a rectangular slot at its bottom end, to rece
cotter. For putting the bolts in position, the foundation bed is first made, providing
for inserting cotters. Figure 5.40 shows a cotter foundation bolt in position. A cast
washer (W) placed as shown, provides bearing surface for the cotter (C).
W
C
1.2D
0.4D
1.2 D
0.4D
0.5D
3D
Chumbador Cotter:
0.4 D
1.5 D
THICK
0.25 D0.25*D
ESPESSURA
Hand Hole
Fig. 5.40 Cotter foundation bolt
dharm
1! 39
12
17
22
30
38
44
50
58
65
75
85
95
30
38
44
50
58
65
75
85
95
17
22
30
38
44
50
38
44
50
58
65
75
10
12
14
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
8
8
9
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
VI. CHAVETAS,
PINOS
E
JUNES
85
22
14
58
65
75
85
95
110
16
18
20
10
11
12
Ligao ( junta) cubo-eixo

com Chaveta
paralela fixa
25
14
95
110
22
25
28
28
16
14
14
paralela
16
Chaveta
fixa:
Seo quadrada ou retangular
Com largura e espessuras uniformes,
Fixas no eixo.
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
!"#"#"#$%&'&(()($*'$+)&,-)'$.)/0
A
parallel or feather key is a sunk key,
%&'&(()($*'$+)&,-)'$.)/0
uniform
in width
thickness
as well.
lel
or feather
key is aand
sunk
key,
These
are used
in widthkeys
and thickness
as when
well. the parts
W
L
keys
are used
when the
parts
(gears,
clutches,
etc.)
mounted are
W
L
clutches,
etc.)
mounted
are
required to slide along the shaft;
ed to slide along the shaft;
permitting relative axial movement. To
ing relative axial movement. To
achieve
this, a clearance
fit must exist
this, a clearance
fit must exist
the the
keykeyway
and the
nbetween
the key and
in keyway in
twhich
slides. it slides.
he feather
may be
fitted
The key
feather
key
may be fitted
keyway
the shafton theD shaft
D
into
the provided
keywayon
provided
or more screws (Fig. 6.5) or into
by two or more screws (Fig. 6.5) or into
of the mounting (Fig. 6.6). As
Fig. 6.5 Parallel sunk key
Vista As
isomtrica
Vista ortogrfica em corte
the
hub
of
the
mounting
(Fig.
6.6).
Fig.
6.5
Parallel
sunk
key
om Fig. 6.6, these keys are of
seen (i)
from
6.6,key,
these
ypes:
pegFig.
feather
(ii) keys are of
Chaveta
paralela
fixa na ranhura do eixo: usada quando as partes (engrenagens, embreagens, etc)
headed
feather(i)
key
andfeather
(iii)
three types:
peg
key, (ii)
montadas
noand
eixo(iii)
necessitam deslizar, em movimento axial relativo. Necessita um ajuste
headed
key.
single feather
headed
feather
key
cubo
de folga
adequado entre a chaveta e a ranhura do cubo: a chaveta pode ser encaixada na
&'(")$*"+
double headed feather
key.
ranhura
dois
mais
parafusos.
key, a projection known as peg is provided at the
middle ofno
theeixo
key. por
The peg
fitsou
into
a
!"#$%"&'(")$*"+
the hub of the sliding member (Fig. 6.6 a). Once placed in a position, the key and the
In move
this key,
a as
projection
of the key. The peg fits into a
ng
axially
one unit. known as peg is provided at the middle
!140
hole in the hub of the sliding member (Fig. 6.6 a). Once placed in a position, the key and the
mounting move axially as one unit.
VII. TOLERNCIA E AJUSTES

Necessidade
de um Sistema
de Tolerncia e ajustes
Fabricao de peas em srie : preciso controlada para garantir a

intercambiabilidade;.
impossvel fazer economicamente peas com dimenses exatas devido a:
Mquinas e ferramentas imprecisas;

Impreciso na montagem da pea de trabalho e da ferramenta;
Erros de medio,
Etc.
Preciso: o nvel de exatido para garantir o funcionamento de uma montagem
como pretendido.
!141

Finalidade de um Sistema de Tolerncia e ajustes
Definir margem permitida para que a pea possa ser produzida entre 2
limites mximo e mnimo.
O sistema em que a variao aceita chamado sistema de ajustes e os
desvios permitidos so chamados tolerncia
As relaes entre as peas de encaixe so chamados ajustes;
As especificaes da tolerncia e ajustes tarefa da engenharia tanto no
projeto como na fabricao
O desenho da pea ou montagem deve conter as especificaes de ajustes e
tolerncia para orientar a manufatura.
!142
Af. superior
(es)
Upper
deviation
Af. Inferior
(ei)
Lower
deviation
Furo
Hole
Tolerncia
Tolerance
Campos de tolerncia
Furo
Eixo
Zero
Linhaline
zero
Dim.
nominal
Basic
size
Shaft
Eixo
Maximum
Dim.
mxima
diameter
(dmax)
or line of zero
deviation
Minimum
Dim.
mnima
diameter
(dmin)
Af. Inferior
(Ei)
Lower
deviation
Af.
superior
(Es)
Upper
deviation
Dim. nominal
Basic
size
Minimum
Dim. mnima (Dmin)
diameter
Maximum
Dim.diameter
mxima (Dmax)
Tolerncia
Tolerance
8.5&9.:*
mined solely from design calculations. If the strength and stiffness requirements
mm diameter shaft, then 50mm is the basic shaft size. If it has to fit into a hole, then
the basic size VII.
of the hole.
Figure 15.1 illustrates the basic
size, deviations and
TOLERNCIA
E AJUSTES
.
e, the two limit dimensions of the shaft are deviating in the negative direction with
Terminologia
tolerncia
e corresponding
ajustes
the basic size and
those of the hole in the de
positive
direction. The line
c size is called the zero line or line of zero deviation.
Fig. 15.1 Diagram illustrating basic size deviations and tolerances
!143
8.<1&9.:*
ize, from which the limits of size are derived by the application of tolerances. If there

Ajuste com interferncia
!144

Ajuste incerto
!145

Ajuste com folga
!146

Sistema de Tolerncia e Ajustes
Estabelecer um conjunto de normas, regras e tabelas;

Normalizar e limitar a variao das dimenses de
componentes mecnicos
Garantir a intercambiabilidade e funcionamento de peas e
montagens.
!147

Sistema de Tolerncia e Ajustes
Resumo da terminologia
Campo de tolerncia na representao grfica de tolerncias, o campo compreendido

entre duas linhas, representando as dimenses mxima e mnima;
Afastamento superior(ES: furo, es: eixo): diferena algbrica entre as dimenses
mxima e nominal
Afastamento inferior (EI: furo; ei: eixo): diferena algbrica entre as dimenses
mnima e nominal
Linha Zero: a linha que representa a dimenso nominal e serve de origem aos
afastamentos fundamentais.
Ajuste: relao resultante da diferena entre as dimenses dos 2 elementos antes da
montagem. Os 2 elementos de uma montagem tem em comum a dimenso
nominal.
!148

Figura: 1- Posio dos campos de tolerncia para furos
211
Limits, Tolerances, and Fits
Afastamento fundamental: define a posio do
Afastamento fundamental
campo de tolerncia em relao linha zero;
Pode ser o afastamento superior ou o inferior.

Por conveno, aquele mais prximo da linha zero.
C
zero
Linha
Zero line
K M N P
E EF
R S T
U V X
Y Z ZA
F FG G H
ZB
J
JS
ZC
(a) Holes (Internal features)
Dim. nominal
Basic size
CD
ES
EI
Positive
Afastamento
fundamental
Negativo
Negative
Fundamental deviation
Positivo
mais utilizado devido maior dificuldade normalmente ser a de usinar comzcqualidade furos.
!149
Zero line
f fg g h
r s
za
y z
u v x
zb
ei
tal deviation
o sistema
Positive
Sistema de ajustes furo-base: os ajustes so obtidos pela associao de eixos de vrias classes com furos da
classe de tolerncia H;
EI
Positive
CD
K M N P
E EF
Zero line
R S T
U V X
Y Z ZA
ZB
J
JS
Basic size
Negative
F FG G H
ES

ZC
Figura: 2 - Posio dos campos de tolerncia
para eixos
(a) Holes (Internal features)
Afastamento
fundamental
zc
e ef
j
js
Dim. nominal
k m n p
zb
Basic size
es
Negative
cd
r s
f fg g h
za
y z
u v x
ei
Linhalinezero
Zero
Negativo
Positivo
Positive
Afastamento fundamental
Sistema de ajustes eixo-base: os ajustes so obtidos pela associao

de furos de vrias classes de tolerncias com eixos da classe de
tolerncia h.
(b) Shafts (external features)
Fig. 15.3 Graphical illustration

!150 of tolerance zones

Grupos de dimenses fundamentais
Por convenincia as tolerncias-padro e os afastamentos fundamentais no so
calculados individualmente para cada dimenso nominal, mas para grupos de
dimenses nominais;
Estes grupos esto separados em grupos principais e grupos intermedirios.
Os valores das tolerncias-padro e afastamentos para cada grupo de dimenso nominal
esto calculados a partir da mdia geomtrica (D) das dimenses limites
(Dmx e Dmn) deste grupo, como segue: D= (Dmn*Dmx)1/2
Norma ABNT-NBR-6158 define os grupos de dimenses para eixos e furos.
O sistema ISO de tolerncia e ajustes prev:
20 nveis de tolerncia-padro, designados IT01, IT0, IT1 a IT18 na faixa de
dimenses de 0 a 500 mm (inclusive) e;
18 nveis de tolerncia-padro na faixa de dimenso acima de 500 mm at 3150 mm
(inclusive), designados IT1 a IT18.
!151
50
NBR
6158/1995
Nenhuma
subdiviso
siva
xclu
16
so e
16
63

10
para
Petr
10
18
10
14
80
Grupos de Dimenses
e furos.
(Norma
ABNT-NBR-6158)
Tabela 4 para
- Gruposeixos
de dimenses
nominais
Tabela
4
Grupos
de
dimenses
14
18
Tabela 1a 18
Unid.:
30
18
24 mm
1 00
14
18
10
800
180
18
1 000
250
560
630
Nenhuma subdiviso
120
140
140
160
630
710
160
180
710
800
10
180
800
14
200
900
225
18
1 000
24
250
1 120
280
30
40
1 315
250
1 355
400
50
65
1 400
600
A.
A.
(A)
180
800
10
2 00
50
s S.
s S.
80
120
630
6
100
560
120
obr
obr
50
A.
10
14
Petr
30
80
500
100
2 50
63
14
80
200
900
18
225
1 000
250
18
30
24
1 00
30
18
24
1 000
1 250
1 120
30
250
315
280
24
30
1 250
315
30
50
40
1 25
50
50
30
40
1 250
1 600
1 400
315
400
355
40
50
1 600
400
50
80
65
1 80
80
80
50
65
1 800
2 000
1 800
400
500
450
65
80
1450
800
2500
000
80
120
80
100
2 00
100
120
(A)2a
80 casos, para
100
000
2certos
500oucasos,
So120
usados, em certos
afastamentos a
c
e r aemzc
A a para
C2afastamentos
e000
R a ZC"a2a240
So
usados,
c e r a zc ou A a C
100
120
2 240
2 500
!152
120
140
2 50
(B)
Eles
so
usados
para
os
afastamentos
r
a
u
e
R
a
U
(ver
Tabelas
2
e
3).
120
180
140
160
120
140
2 500
3 150
2 500
2 800
160
180
18
18
1 80
Acima
Petr
10
630
65e
At
At
e
80
inclusive
inclusive
para
10
para
Nenhuma subdiviso
120
3
a) Dimen
1 25
G
50
Acima
Acima
65
siva
siva
500
80e
AtAt
e
inclusive
inclusive
xclu
80
-
xclu
50
Acima
Acima
so e
At e
inclusive
s S.
Acima
so e
At e
inclusive
de u
de u
Acima
na
na
Grupos intermedirios(A)
Grupos principais
obr
Lice
Lice
a) Dimenses nominais at 500 mm (inclusive)
24
30
a)
Dimenses
nominais
at
500
mm
(inclusive)
a) Dimenses nominais acima de 500 mm at 3150 mm (inclusive)
30
50
30
40
(B) (A)
40 intermedirios
50
Gruposprincipais
principais
Grupos
intermedirios
Grupos
Grupos
ena
de u
Grupos intermedirios(A)
Grupos principais
Acima
At e
inclusive
Acima
NBR 6158/1995
At e
Grupos principais
Acima
At e
inclusive
Grupos intermedirios(B)
NBR 6158/1995
Acima
so e
inclusive
VII. TOLERNCIA
E AJUSTES
Grupos
de Dimenses para eixos e furos.
(Norma
3
500
630 ABNT-NBR-6158)
500
Tabela
4
Grupos
de
dimenses
nominais
de dimenses nominais
560
Tabela 1b
3
6
Nenhuma subdiviso
xclu
Lice
siva
Unid.: mm
301 250
180
301 250
501 600
180
1 800
50
250
2 000
80
250
315
2 500
siva
para
2 000
100
14900
120
1 000
18
800
900
(B)
Grupos
900 intermedirios
1 000
1At
250e
inclusive
Acima
1 000
1 120
e
1At
120
inclusive
1 250
1 250
500
1 600
630
1 250
500
1 400
560
1 400
560
1 600
630
1 800
630
2 000
800
1 600
630
1 800
710
1 800
710
2 000
800
2 000
800
2
1 500
000
2 000
800
2 240
900
2 240
900
2 000
500
1
2
1 500
000
2
1 800
120
2 120
800
1
3 250
150
1
1 250
1 400
1 400
1 600
1 600
1 800
1 800
2 000
120
140
2
3
1 120
181 000
24
1 500
000
1 150
250
1 250
140
160
241 120
30
160
180
1 250
1 400
30
40
1 250 r a u 1
(B) Eles so usados
para os afastamentos
e 600
R a U
1
400
1
600
180
200
40
50
200
225
!153
1
600
1
800
225
250
50
65
1 800
2 000
1 800
2 000
65
80
250
280
2 000
2 240
Lice
181 000
120
80
10 800
100
14 900
Unid.: mm
Acima
1 000
A.
120
181 000
800
1 000
Grupos principais
A.
80
10 800
560
630
630
710
710
800
a) Dimenses nominais acima de 500 mm at 3150 mm (inclusive)
s S.
6
80 800
10
800
obr
3
50 630
6
At
e e
24
At
inclusive
inclusive
30
30 500
40560
40 560
50630
Nenhuma subdiviso
50 630
65710
65 710
80800
Petr
503 630
xclu
30- 500
Acima
18Acima
24
s S.
so e
At
e e
30At
inclusive
inclusive
obr
de u
Acima
18Acima
Petr
na
para
6
10
a)
Dimenses
nominais
500mm
mmat
(inclusive)
a) Dimenses nominais
acima at
de 500
3150 mm (inclusive)
10
18
10
14
(A)(B)
Grupos
principais
Grupos
intermedirios
Grupos
principais
Grupos
intermedirios
14
18
630
At e
inclusive
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
2
2,5
3
4
1
1,2
1,5
2
3
4
5
6
siva
50
80
120
180
250
315
400
500
xclu
30
50
80
120
180
250
315
400
so e
na
de u
Graus de tolerncia-padro ISO
Lice
20
nveis
de tolerncia-padro,
designados
IT18
nadimenses
faixa de
Tabela
6 - Frmulas
para tolerncias-padro
paraIT01,
graus IT0,
ITO1,IT1
ITO a
e IT1
para
dimenses
de 0 a 500 mm (inclusive).
nominais at
500 mm, inclusive
Tabela 2
Graus de tolerncia-padro
(A)
Frmula para clculo(B)
ITO1(A)
0,3 + 0,001D
ITO(A)
0,5 + 0,012D
IT1
0,8 + 0,020D
(A)Uso
limitado na prtica:
D a mdia geomtrica
dimensesdo
nominais,
D = mdiadas
geomtrica
grupo em
de milmetros.
dimenses nominais, em mm
rs
S.A.
(B)
Ver 4.5.2.
Unid.: m
Dimenso
trob
Tabela 7 - Frmula para graus !1de

54 tolerncias-padro IT1 a IT18
Frmula para clculo(B)
ITO1(A)
0,3 + 0,001D
ITO(A)
0,5 + 0,012D
IT1
+ 0,020D
VII. TOLERNCIA
E0,8AJUSTES
Ver 4.5.2.
(B)
D a mdia geomtrica das dimenses nominais, em milmetros.
A.
(A)
s S.
18 nveis de tolerncia-padro na faixa de dimenso acima de 500 mm at 3150 mm (inclusive),

designados IT1 a IT18.
Tabela 3
obr
Tabela 7 - Frmula para graus de tolerncias-padro IT1 a IT18
Petr
Dimenso
nominal
IT1(A) IT2(A) IT3(A) IT4(A) IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8
para
(mm)
Acima At e
(A)
xclu
-
3150
IT10
IT11
IT12
IT17
IT18
7i
10i 16i 25i
40i
64i
100i
160i
250i
400i
640i
1000i
1600i
2500i
2I
2,7I
3,7I
5I
7I
10I 16I 25I
40I
64I
100I
160I
250I
400I
640I
1000I
1600I
2500I
de u
na
IT16
Para a
clculo
i, ver determinados
4.5.3.2.
IT5
IT18:de so
como uma funo do
Lice
IT15
de
D,clculo
a mdia
Para
de I,geomtrica
ver 4.5.4.
(C)
IT14
Frmulas para tolerncias-padro (resultados em m)
Ver 4.5.3.1.
IT2,
IT3 e IT4: os valores foram obtidos escalonando em progresso
(B)
IT13
so e
500 (C)
500
IT9
siva
inclusive
-(B)
geomtrica os valores para IT1 e IT5;
fator de tolerncias - padro i ou I
do grupo de dimenses nominais, em mm;
i = 0,45 3 D + 0,001 D, sendo D acima de 0 e at 500 mm

I = 0,004 D + 2,1, sendo D acima de 500 e at 3150 mm
!155
o qual funo
NBR 6158/1995

Tabela
Tabela
4a1 - Valores numricos de graus de tolerncia-padro IT para dimenses nominais at 3150 mm
(A)
Acima At e
inclusive
IT8
IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14(C) IT15(C) IT16(C) IT17(C) IT18(C)
A.
IT7
s S.
IT1(B) IT2(B) IT3(B) IT4(B) IT5(B) IT6
Tolerncia
(m)
(mm)
1,2
10
14
25
40
60 0,1
1,5
2,5
12
18
30
48
75 0,12 0,18
0,3
10
1,5
2,5
15
22
36
58
90 0,15 0,22
para
10
18
1,2
11
18
27
43
70
110 0,18 0,27
18
30
1,5
2,5
13
21
33
52
84
130 0,21 0,33
30
50
1,5
2,5
11
16
25
39
62
100
50
80
13
19
30
46
74
120
190 0,3
80
120
2,5
10
15
22
35
54
87
140
120
180
3,5
12
18
25
40
63 100
180
250
4,5
10
14
20
29
46
250
315
12
16
23
32
315
400
13
18
25
400
500
10
15
20
27
(B)
0,25
0,6
1,4
0,48
0,75
1,2
1,8
0,58
0,9
1,5
2,2
0,7
1,1
1,8
2,7
0,52
0,84
1,3
2,1
3,3
160 0,25 0,39
0,62
1,6
2,5
3,9
0,46
0,74
1,2
1,9
4,6
220 0,35 0,54
0,87
1,4
2,2
3,5
5,4
1,6
2,5
6,3
0,36
siva
0,14
Petr
0,4
0,43
xclu
na
Lice
de u
3(C) 0,8
so e
obr
Dimenso
nominal
(mm)
160
250 0,4
0,63
72 115
185
290 0,46 0,72
1,15
1,85
2,9
4,6
7,2
52
81 130
210
320 0,52 0,81
1,3
2,1
3,2
5,2
8,1
36
57
89 140
230
360 0,57 0,89
1,4
2,3
3,6
5,7
8,9
40
63
97 155
250
400 0,63 0,97
1,55
2,5
6,3
9,7
!156
30
1,5
2,5
13
21
33
52
84
130 0,21 0,33
0,52
0,84
1,3
2,1
3,3
30
50
1,5
2,5
11
16
25
39
62
100
160 0,25 0,39
so e
0,62
1,6
2,5
3,9
de u
xclu
18

0,46
0,74
1,2
1,9
4,6
220 0,35 0,54
0,87
1,4
2,2
3,5
5,4
1,6
2,5
6,3
NBR 6158/1995
13
19
30
46
74
120
2,5
10
15
22
35
54
87
140
120
180
3,5
5
8
12 18
25
Dimenso
180nominal
250
4,5
7
10
14 20
29
(mm)
IT1(B) IT2(B) IT3(B) IT4(B) IT5(B) IT6
250
315
6
8
12
16 23
32
Acima At e
315 inclusive
400
7
9
13
18 25 (m)
36
40
80
80
120
190 0,3
na
50
0,63
1,4
2,3(mm) 3,6
5,7
8,9
2,5
0,4
4
0,6
6,3
1
9,7
1,4
2,8
0,48
4,4
0,75
7
1,2
11
1,8
3,2
0,58
5
0,9
8
1,5
12,5
2,2
3,6
0,7
5,6
1,1
9
1,8
14
2,7
10
1,2
15
2
20
3
27
4
40
6
63
10
97 155
14
25
250
40
400
0,63 0,14
0,97
60 0,1
1,55
0,25
500
3
6306(B)
9
1
11
1,5
162,5 22
4
32
5
44
8
70
12
110
18 175
30
280
48
440
0,7 0,18
1,1
75 0,12
1,75
0,3
630
6
800
10(B)
101
13
1,5
182,5 25
4
36
6
50
9
80
15
125
22 200
36
320
58
500
0,8 0,22
1,25
90 0,15
para
800
10
1000
18(B)
111,2
15
2
21
3
28
5
40
8
56
11
90
18
140
27 230
43
360
70
560 0,18
0,9 0,27
1,4
110
1000
18
1250
30(B)
131,5
18
2,5
24
4
33
6
47
9
66 105
13
21
165
33 260
52
420
84
660 0,21
1,05 0,33
1,65
130
2,6
0,52
4,2
0,84
6,6
1,3
10,5
2,1
16,5
3,3
1250
30
1600
50(B)
151,5
21
2,5
29
4
39
7
55
11
78 125
16
25
195
39 310
62
500
100
780 0,25
1,25 0,39
1,95
160
3,1
0,62
5
1
7,8
1,6
12,5
2,5
19,5
3,9
1600
50
2000
80(B)
182
25
3
35
5
46
8
65
13
92 150
19
30
230
46 370
74
600
120
920 0,3
1,5
190
2,3
0,46
3,7
0,74
6
1,2
9,2
1,9
15
3
23
4,6
2000
80
2500
120(B)
222,5
30
4
41
6
55
10
78
15
110
22 175
35
280
54 440
87
700 1100
1,75 0,54
2,8
140
220 0,35
4,4
0,87
7
1,4
11
2,2
17,5
3,5
28
5,4
2500
120
3150
180(B)
263,5
36
5
50
8
68
12
96
18
135
25 210
40
330
540
63 100
5,4
1
8,6
1,6
13,5
2,5
21
4
33
6,3
siva
2
0,36
2,3
0,43
xclu
na
Lice
brs
etro
ra P
a pa
usiv
(A)
Petr
500
8
3(C) 0,8
S.A.
400
-
so e
0,89
s S.
A.
0,72 1,15 1,85

2,9
4,6
7,2
IT13 IT14(C) IT15(C) IT16(C) IT17(C) IT18(C)
0,81 1,3
2,1
3,2
5,2
8,1
de u
57
63 100 160 250 0,4

72 115 185 290 0,46
IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12
81 130 210 320 0,52
Tolerncia
89 140 230 360 0,57
obr
46
IT7
52
Lice
Tabela
4b
Tabela
1 - Valores numricos de graus de tolerncia-padro IT para dimenses nominais at 3150 mm(A)
860 1350
2,1
160
250 0,4
3,3
0,63
excl
Os valores
para graus
igual a 1,15
500 mm1,85
so dados
180
250
4,5 de tolerncia-padro
7
10
14 IT01
20 e IT0
29para46dimenses
72 115nominais
185 menores
290 0,46ou 0,72
2,9na Tabela
4,6 5. 7,2
!157
(B)
315
(C)
uso
Os valores
IT1 a IT5
acima1,3
de 5002,1
mm esto
uso
250
315para graus
6 de8tolerncia-padro
12
16 23
32 (inclusive)
52
81 para
130 dimenses
210 320nominais
0,52 0,81
3,2includos
5,2 para8,1
experimental.
400
13
18
25
36
57
89 140
230
360 0,57 0,89
1,4
2,3
3,6
5,7
8,9
10

Tabela 2 - Valores numricos dos afastamentos fundamentais para eixos
Tabela 5a: Norma ABNT-NBR-6158 afastamentos fundamentais para eixos acima de 0 mm (zero) at 500 mm.
Afastamento superior es
(mm)
Todos os graus de tolerncia-padro
Acima At e
inclusive
a(A)
b(A)
cd
ef
Afastamentos fundamentais (m)
fg
IT5
e
IT6
js(B)
-270
-140
-60
-34
-20
-14 -10
-6 -4
-2
-270
-140
-70
-46
-30
-20 -14 -10 -6
-4
-2
10
-280
-150
-80
-56
-40
-25 -18 -13 -8
-5
-2
10
14
-290
-150
-95
-50
-32
-6
-3
-300
24
30
30
40
-310
-160
-170
-110
-65
40
50
-320
-180
-130
50
65
-340
-190
-140
-100
65
80
-360
-200
-150
80
100
-380
-220
-170
-4
-240
-180
120
140
-460
-260
-200
140
160
-520
-280
-210
160
180
-580
-310
-230
180
200
-660
-340
-240
200
225
-740
-380
-260
225
250
-820
-420
-280
250
280
-920
-480
-300
-145
-170
-190
280
315
-1050
-540
-330
315
355
-1200
-600
-360
-210
355
400
-1350
-680
-400
400
450
-1500
-760
-440
-60
-72
-25
-30
-36
-9
-10
-12
-5
-7
-9
-230
-85
-100
-110
-125
-135
-43
-50
-56
-62
-68
-14
-15
-17
-18
-20
-11
-13
-16
-18
-20
za
zb
zc
+2
+4
+6
+10
+14
+18
+20
+26
+32
+40
+60
-4
+1
+4
+8
+12
+15
+19
+23
+28
+35
+42
+50
+80
-5
+1
+6
+10
+15
+19
+23
+28
+34
+42
+52
+67
+97
+ 40
+50
+64
+90
+130
-6
+1
+7
+12
+18
+23
+28
+33
+39
+ 45
+60
+77
+108
+150
+41
+47
+54
+63
+73
+98
+136
+188
+41
+48
+55
+ 64
+75
+88
+118
+160
+218
+48
+60
+68
+80
+94
+112
+148
+200
+274
+54
+70
+81
+97
+114
+136
+180
+242
+325
-8
-10
-12
-15
-+2
+2
+2
+3
+8
+9
+11
+13
+15
+17
+20
+23
+22
+26
-18
-21
-26
-28
-32
+3
+4
+4
+4
+5
-480
!158
+15
+17
+20
+21
+23
+27
+31
+34
+37
+40
+28
+34
+35
+43
+41
+53
+66
+87
+102
+122
+144
+172
+226
+300
+405
+43
+59
+75
+102
+120
+146
+174
+210
+274
+360
+480
+51
+71
+91
+124
+146
+178
+214
+258
+335
+445
+585
+54
+79
+104
+144
+172
+210
+254
+310
+400
+525
+690
+63
+92
+122
+170
+202
+248
+300
+365
+470
+620
+800
+65
+100
+134
+190
+228
+280
+340
+415
+535
+700
+900
+68
+108
+146
+210
+252
+310
+380
+465
+600
+780
+1000
+32
+37
+43
+50
+56
+62
+77
+122
+166
+236
+284
+350
+425
+520
+670
+880
+1150
+80
+130
+180
+258
+310
+385
+470
+575
+740
+960
+1250
+84
+140
+196
+284
+340
+425
+520
+640
+820
+1050
+1350
+94
+158
+218
+315
+385
+475
+580
+710
+920
+1200
+1550
+98
+170
+240
+350
+425
+525
+650
+790
+1000
+1300
+1700
+108
+190
+268
+390
+475
+590
+730
+900
+1150
+1500
+1900
+114
+208
+294
+435
+530
+660
+820
+1000
+1300
+1650
+2100
+126
+232
+330
+490
+595
+740
+920
+1100
+1450
+1850
+2400
+132
+252
+360
+540
+660
+820
+1000
+1250
+1600
+2100
+2600
+68
/continua
NBR 6158/1995
-410
-50
-6
S.A.
brs
etro
ra P
a pa
usiv
excl
uso
120
-840
de
na
Lice
100
-1650
-7
ITn
-120
500
-20
-120
-80
450
-40
, onde n o valor IT
24
-4
At IT3
(inclusive e
acima de IT7
18
Afastamento =
18
-2
Afastamento inferior ei
S.A.
brs
etro
ra P
a pa
usiv
excl
uso
3A)
14
IT4
IT8 at
IT7
-16
IT7
de
na
Lice
Dimenso
nominal

/continuao
Afastamento superior es
(mm)
Acima At e
inclusive
b(A)
cd
-260
-145
-22
js(B)
At IT3
(inclusive e
acima de IT7
710
800
800
900
-320
900
1000
1000
1120
1120
1250
1250
1400
-390
1400
1600
1600
1800
-430
1800
2000
2000
2240
-480
2240
2500
2500
2800
-170
-195
-80
-86
- 98
-24
-26
-28
ITn
350
-160
-520
3150
-220
-240
-260
-290
-110
-120
-130
-145
-30
-32
-34
-38
+26
+44
+30
+34
+40
+48
+58
+50
+56
+78
+88
+100
+66
+78
+ 92
+68 +110
+76 +135
+150
+280
+400
+600
+155
+310
+450
+660
+175
+340
+500
+740
+185
+380
+560
+840
+210
+430
+620
+940
+220
+470
+680
+1050
+250
+520
+780
+1150
+260
+ 580
+ 840
+1300
+300
+ 640
+ 960
+1450
+330
+ 720 +1050
+1600
+370
+ 820 +1200
+1850
+400
+ 920 +1350
+2000
+440
+1000 +1500
+2300
+460
+1100 +1650
+2500
+550
+1250 +1900
+2900
+580
+1400 +2100
+3200
Lice
na
de
-290
uso
excl
usiv
a pa
ra P
etro
brs
S.A.
710
-76
, onde n o valor IT
630
za
zb
zc
+120
+140
+170
+195
+240
Os afastamentos fundamentais a e b no devem ser usados para dimenses nominais menores ou iguais a 1 mm.
Para classes de tolerncia js 7 e js 11, se o valor IT um nmero n mpar, ele pode ser arredondado para o nmero par imediatamente abaixo, tal que o afastamento possa ser expresso em micrometros inteiros,
isto ,
ITn
2
Lice
na
de
(B)
fg
IT4
IT8 at
IT7
630
(A)
IT7
Afastamento inferior ei
560
560
2800
ef
IT5
e
IT6
Afastamento =
500
a(A)
uso
excl
usiv
a pa
ra P
etro
brs
S.A.
Dimenso
nominal
!159
NBR 6158/1995
Tabela 5b: Norma ABNT-NBR-6158 afastamentos fundamentais para

eixos acima de 500 at 3150 mm.
NBR 6158/1995

Tabela 3 - Valores numricos dos afastamentos fundamentais para furos
Tabela 6a: Norma ABNT-NBR-6158
afastamentos fundamentais para furos acima de 0 mm (zero) at 500 mm.
Dimenso
Afastamento inferior EI
Valores para (m)
Afastamento superior ES
nominal
A(A)
B(A)
CD
EF
FG
JS(B)
IT8
At
IT8
(incl.)
3(A) (E)
+ 270 +140
+ 60
+34
+ 20
+ 14
+10
+ 6
+4
+2
+2
+4
+6
+ 270 +140
+ 70
+46
+ 30
+ 20
+14
+10
+6
+4
+5
+6
+10
10
+ 280 +150
+ 80
+56
+ 40
+ 25
+18
+13
+8
+5
+5
+8
10
14
+ 290 +150
+ 95
+ 50
+ 32
+6
+6
+10
+ 300 +160 +110

30
30
40
40
50
+ 320 +180 +130
50
65
+ 340 +190 +140

+100
80
80
100
+ 380 +220 +170
120
+ 410 +240 +180
120
140
+ 460 +260 +200
140
160
+ 520 +280 +210
160
180
+ 580 +310 +230
180
200
+ 660 +340 +240
200
225
+ 740 +380 +260
225
250
+ 820 +420 +280
250
280
+ 920 +480 +300
+8
+ 50
+ 60
+25
+30
+9
+10
+10
+12
-4
-1 +
-4 +
-4
+12
-1 +
-6 +
+15
-1 +
-7 +
+20
-2 +
315
+1050 +540 +330
315
355
+1200 +600 +360
355
400
+1350 +680 +400
400
450
+1500 +760 +440
+170
+210
+230
+1650 +840 +480
+36
+12
+13
+16
+14
+18
+22
+24
+28
+34
-2 +
-2 +
-3 +
-8 +
-9 +
-11 +
-13 +
+ 85
+100
+110
+125
+135
+43
+50
+56
+62
+68
+14
+15
+17
+18
+20
+18
+22
+25
+29
+33
+26
+30
+36
+39
+41
-3 +
+43
-15 +
+47
+55
+60
-4 +
-4 +
-4 +
+66
-5 +
-17 +
-20 +
-21 +
-23 +
At
IT7
(incl.)
Graus de tolerncia-padro acima de IT7
P at ZC(C) P
-4
-6
-8 +
-12
-6
-10 +
-15
-7
-12 +
-18
-8
-9
-11
-13
-15 +
-17 +
-20 +
-23 +
+145
+190
280
+ 72
ITn
+120
500
+7
+ 360 +200 +150
100
450
+20
Acima
de
IT8
N (C)(E)
-2
+ 310 +170 +120

+ 80
65
+ 40
M (C)(D)
-15
uso
excl
usiv
a pa
ra P
etro
brs
S.A.
24
+ 65
At
IT8
(incl.)
-2
Lice
na
de
24
, onde n o valor IT
18
Acima
de
IT8
18
Afastamento =
14
At
IT8
(incl.)
K(C)
+16
Acima
de
IT8
-17
-20
-21
-23
-27 +
-31 +
-34 +
-37 +
-40 +
!160
uso
excl
usiv
a pa
ra P
etro
brs
S.A.
At e
inclusive
IT7
-22
-26
Graus de tolernciapadro
ZA
ZB
ZC
IT3
IT4
IT5
IT6
IT7
IT8
- 10
- 14
- 18
- 20
- 26
- 32
- 40
- 60
- 15
- 19
- 23
- 28
- 35
- 42
- 50
- 80
1,5
- 19
- 23
- 28
- 34
- 42
- 52
- 67
- 97
1,5
- 40
- 50
- 64
- 90
- 130
- 23
- 28
- 33
- 39
- 45
- 60
- 77
- 108
- 150
- 41
- 47
- 54
- 63
- 73
- 98
- 136
- 188
1,5
12
- 41
- 48
- 55
- 64
- 75
- 88
- 118
- 160
- 218
- 48
- 60
- 68
- 80
- 94
- 112
- 148
- 200
- 274
1,5
14
- 54
- 70
- 81
- 97
- 114
- 136
- 180
- 242
- 325
11
16
13
19
15
23
17
26
20
29
11
21
32
13
23
34
Lice
na
de
Acima
IT6
Valores para graus de tolerncia-padro acima de IT7 acrescido por

(mm)
- 28
- 34
- 35
- 43
- 41
- 53
- 66
- 87
-102
-122
- 144
- 172
- 226
- 300
- 405
- 43
- 59
- 75
-102
-120
-146
- 174
- 210
- 274
- 360
-480
- 51
- 71
- 91
-124
-146
-178
- 214
- 258
- 335
- 445
- 585
- 54
- 79
-104
-144
-172
-210
- 254
- 310
- 400
- 525
- 690
- 63
- 92
-122
-170
-202
-248
- 300
- 365
- 470
- 620
- 800
- 65
-100
-134
-190
-228
-280
- 340
- 415
- 535
- 700
- 900
- 68
-108
-146
-210
-252
-310
- 380
- 465
- 600
- 780
-1000
- 77
-122
-166
-236
-284
-350
- 425
- 520
- 670
- 880
-1150
- 80
-130
-180
-258
-310
-385
- 470
- 575
- 740
- 960
-1250
- 84
-140
-196
-284
-340
-425
- 520
- 640
- 820
-1050
-1350
- 94
-158
-218
-315
-385
-475
- 580
- 710
- 920
-1200
-1550
- 98
-170
-240
-350
-425
-525
- 650
- 790
-1000
-1300
-1700
-32
-37
-43
-50
-56
-108
-190
-268
-390
-475
-590
- 730
- 900
-1150
-1500
-1900
-114
-208
-294
-435
-530
-660
- 820
-1000
-1300
-1650
-2100
-126
-232
-330
-490
-595
-740
- 920
-1100
-1450
-1850
-2400
-132
-252
-360
-540
-660
-820
-1000
-1250
-1600
-2100
-2600
-62
-68
/continua
13

14
Tabela 6b: Norma ABNT-NBR-6158 afastamentos fundamentais para

furos acima de 500 mm at 3150 mm.
/continuao
Dimenso
Afastamento inferior EI
Valores para (m)
Afastamento superior ES
nominal
B(A)
CD
+260
+145
EF
FG
JS(B)
At
IT8
(incl.)
K(C)
560
710
710
800
800
900
+290
+320
900
1000
1000
1120
1120
1250
1250
1400
1400
1600
1600
1800
+390
+430
1800
2000
2000
2240
+480
2500
2500
2800
2800
3150
+195
+86
+98
+24
+26
+28
+520
+220
+240
+260
+290
+110
+120
+130
+145
+30
+32
+34
+38
At
IT8
(incl.)
Acima
de
IT8
M (C)(D)
At
IT8
(incl.)
Acima
de
IT8
N (C)(E)
-26
-30
-34
-40
-48
-58
-68
-76
At
IT7
(incl.)
P at ZC(C) P
-44
-50
-56
-66
-78
-92
-110
Graus de tolerncia-padro acima de IT7
-150
-280
-400
-600
-155
-310
-450
-660
-175
-340
-500
-740
-185
-380
-560
-840
-210
-430
-620
-940
-220
-470
-680
-1050
-250
-520
-780
-1150
-260
-580
-840
-1300
Graus de tolernciapadro
ZA
ZB
ZC
IT3
IT4
IT5
IT6
IT7
IT8
-78
-135
-88
-100
-120
-300
-640
-960
-1450
-330
-720
-1050
-1600
-370
-820
-1200
-1850
-400
-920
-1350
-2000
-440
-1000
-1500
-2300
-460
-1100
-1650
-2500
-550
-1250
-1900
-2900
-580
-1400
-2100
-3200
-140
-170
-195
-240
de
na
Lice
2240
+170
+80
ITn
+350
+160
, onde n o valor IT
630
630
+22
560
+76
Acima
de
IT8
Valores para graus de tolerncia-padro acima de IT7 acrescido por
A(A)
IT8
S.A.
brs
etro
ra P
a pa
usiv
excl
uso
500
At e
inclusive
IT7
Afastamento =
Acima
IT6
de
na
Lice

(mm)
Os afastamentos fundamentais A e B no devem ser usados para dimenses nominais menores ou igual a 1 mm.
(B)
Para classes de tolerncia JS7 a JS11, se o valor IT um nmero n mpar, ele pode ser arredondado para o nmero par imediatamente abaixo, tal que o afastamento possa ser expresso em micrometros inteiros, isto ,
ITn
2
(C)
Para determinar os valores K, M e N para os graus de tolerncia-padro at IT8 (inclusive) e afastamentos P a ZC para graus de tolerncia-padro at IT7 (inclusive), tomar os valores das colunas direita.
Exemplos:
K7 na faixa 18 mm a 30 mm: = 8 m. Portanto ES = - 2 + 8 = + 6 m;
!161
S6 na faixa 18 mm a 30 mm: = 4 m. Portanto ES = - 35 + 4 = - 31 m.

(D)
(E)
Casos especiais: para classe de tolerncias M6 na faixa de 250 mm a 315 mm, ES = - 9 m (em vez de - 11 m).
NBR 6158/19
S.A.
brs
etro
ra P
a pa
usiv
excl
uso
(A)
Exemplos
1. Detalhar o eixo 125g9 e o furo 125G9
Soluo:
Dimenso Nominal: 125 mm
Tolerncia Fundamental (Tab. 4a, p.169)
Grupo: D1=120 e D2=180 mm
Qualidade 9 (eixo e furo): IT9=100m
Afastamentos fundamentais
Eixo: (Tab. 5a p. 171)
es=-14m (Fig. 1, p.162)
dmax=125-0.014-0.100=124.886 mm
dmin=125-0.014
=124.986 mm
Furo:
Limites
Desvios
EI=+14m (Fig.2, p. 163)

Dmax=125+0.014+0.100=125.114 mm
dmin=125+0.014
=125.014 mm
!162
232
VII. TOLERNCIAS DE FORMA

E POSIO
Machine Drawing
232
232 %.Machine Drawing

!"#" $%&'()*+',.%(/- )*0- 1%,2$2%*
Machine Drawing
!"#"
%.- .%(/- )*0- 1%,2$2%*
!"#" $%&'()*+',%.-$%&'()*+',.%(/- )*0- 1%,2$2%*
!"#"#!--234567894:63
Tolerncias
dimensional
nem sempre so suficientes para fornecer o
!"#"#!--234567894:63
Tolerances of size are
not always sufficient
to provide the required control of form. For example,
!"#"#!--234567894:63
Tolerances
of size are
always
provide
thebut
required
control of form. For example,
in Fig. 15.15 a theTolerances
shaft hasofthe
diameter
measurement
in the
allsufficient
possibleto
positions
is example,
sizesame
are not
always sufficient
tonot
provide
required
control
of form.
For
in has
Fig.has
15.15
asame
the
shaft
has
thethroughout
same diameter
measurement
all possible
positions but is
Fig. 15.15
a the
shaft
the
same
diameter
measurement
in allbut
possible
is
not circular; in Fig.in15.15
b, the
component
the
thickness
is notpositions
flat in but
notb,
circular;
Fig. 15.15
b, the
has
theThe
sameform
thickness
throughout but is not flat
in Fig.
the
has the
same
throughout
but
is not flat
and in Fig. 15.15 c,not
thecircular;
component
is15.15
circular
in component
allin
cross-sections
butcomponent
isthickness
not straight.
A forma
destes
componentes
pode
ser
controlada
por
meio
deThe
tolerncias
and
in Fig. 15.15
c, the
component
is circular
inisall
cross-sections
but
is not straight. The form
andcan
in Fig.
15.15
c, theby
component
is
circular
in
all
cross-sections
but
not
straight.
form
of these components
be controlled
means
of
geometrical
tolerances.
controle
necessrio da forma da pea;
of these components can be controlled by means of geometrical tolerances.
of these components can be controlled by means of geometrical tolerances.

geomtricas.
fD
fD
fD
fD
fD
fD
O eixo tem o mesmo(a)

(a)
dimetro em todas as
(b)
(a)
O componente
tem a(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
O componente
(c)
Fig. 15.15 Errors of form Fig. 15.15 Errors of form
mesma espessura ao
circular longo do
Fig. 15.15 Errors of form

!"#"#;--.65<-=>5:>4:63!"#"#;--.65<-=>5:>4:63
It is a condition
variation of
of athe
actual
condition
of a line)
formfrom
feature
(surface, line)
from geometrically ideal
It is a variation of the actual
form
feature
(surface,
geometrically
ideal
!"#"#;--.65<-=>5:>4:63
form.
form.
It is a variation of the
actual condition of a form feature (surface, line) from geometrically ideal
!"#"#?--16@:4:63-=>5:>4:63
!"#"#?--16@:4:63-=>5:>4:63
form.
It is a position
variationofofthe
theform
actual
position
of the
the geometrically
form feature from
geometrically ideal position,
It is a variation of the actual
feature
from
idealthe
position,
!"#"#?--16@:4:63-=>5:>4:63
withform
reference
to feature.
another
!163 form (datum) feature.
with reference to another
(datum)
It is a variation of the actual position of!"#"#A--BC6<C45:9>D-$6DC5>39C
the form feature from the geometrically ideal position,
!"#"#A--BC6<C45:9>D-$6DC5>39C
with reference to another form (datum)Geometrical
feature. tolerance is defined as the maximum permissible overall variation of form or
posies de medio
possveis, mas no
circular.
longo do
comprimento mas no
plano.
comprimento, mas
no reto.

E POSIO
Variao de forma: variao de uma caracterstica de forma (superfcie, linha) da
sua forma geomtrica ideal;
Variao de posio: variao da posio real de uma caracterstica de forma a partir da
posio geomtrica ideal, com referncia a uma outra forma caracterstica
(ponto de referncia);
Tolerncia geomtrica definida como a variao total mxima permitida de forma ou
de posio de um recurso.
Finalidade:
Especificar a preciso necessria para controlar a forma de uma caracterstica,
Garantir o posicionamento funcional correto da caracterstica;
Assegurar a intercambiabilidade dos componentes;
Facilitar a montagem de componentes de acoplamento.
!164

E POSIO
Zona de tolerncia: uma area ou volume imaginrio dentro do qual a
caracterstica do componente que est sendo controlada est contida.

233
Limits, Tolerances and Fits
Limits, Tolerances and Fits

ElementoElement
tolerado
Tolerance zone
Element
Zona
de tolerncia
Tolerance
zone
Tolerance
zone
Zona
de tolerncia
a Tolerance area
a Tolerance area
rea de Tolerncia:
Element
233
Elemento tolerado
Element
Tolerance zone
b Tolerance volume
b Tolerance volume
de Tolerncia:
Fig. Volume
15.16
Fig. 15.16
!"#"#$#%&&'()*+&,-()*.!"#"#$#%&&'()*+&,-()*.-A datum feature is a feature of a part, such as an edge, surface, or a hole, which forms the basis
!165
for aof
datum
or is
used
establish
its location
15.17).
A datum feature is a feature
a part,
such
astoan
edge, surface,
or a(Fig.
hole,
which forms the basis
for a datum or is used to establish its location (Fig. 15.17).

E POSIO
Dado de referncia (Datum) : uma referncia geomtrica teoricamente
exata (como arestas, planos, linhas retas, etc) s quais as tolerncias

esto relacionadas;
Caracterstica de referncia (Datum feature) : uma caracterstica de
uma pea, tal como uma aresta, uma superfcie, ou um furo, a qual
forma a base para um ponto de referncia ou usada para determinar a
localizao da referncia;
Caracterstica tolerada : uma caracterstica da pea, tal como uma
aresta, uma superfcie, ou um furo.
!166
VII. TOLERNCIAS
DE FORMA
Tolerance zone
Tolerance zone
E
POSIO
a Tolerance area
b Tolerance volume
a Tolerance area
b Tolerance volume
Fig. 15.16
Fig. 15.16
!"#"#$#%&&'()*+&,-()*.!"#"#$#%&&'()*+&,-()*.As
especificaes
das figuras indicam que a caracterstica tolerada deve manter um paralelismo
A datum feature is a feature of a part, such as an edge, surface, or a hole, which forms the basis
A datumde
feature
is aunidades
feature ofcom
a part,
such as an edge,
surface, or. a hole, which forms the basis
at
0.02
a
caracterstica
de
referncia
Linha deline
chamada
Leader
Leader line
Seta
Arrow
0.02
Arrow
Caracterstica
Toleranced
tolerada
feature
Letra da caracterstica de
referncia
Datum
letter
0.02
Valor
da tolerncia
Tolerance
value
Toleranced
feature
Smbolo
da tolerncia
Tolerance
symbol
(a)
Letra da caracterstica de
referncia
Datum
letter
Datum letter
A
A
Datum triangle
Tringulo
caracterstica de referncia
Datumda
triangle
Datum feature
(b)
(a)
Caracterstica
Datum
feature de referncia
(b)
Fig. 15.17
!"#"#$#/&&'()*+&).0(123!"#"#$#/&&'()*+&).0(123-
!167
Fig. 15.17
Datum letter
Tolerance value
Tolerance symbol
4.13 Roscas - as tolerncias geomtricas e os elementos

de referncia de rosca se aplicam ao dimetro de flanco.
5 Tolerncias geomtricas
5.1 Smbolos para caracterstica tolerada
4.14 Modificador - quando no estiver indicado o M , a tolerncia de forma e posio se aplica independentemente
da dimenso real do elemento.
Nas tabelas 1 e 2, so apresentados os smbolos com seus

significados correspondentes.
VII. TOLERNCIAS DE Tabela

FORMA
E
POSIO
1 - Smbolos para caracterstica tolerada
Caracterstica tolerada
Para elementos isolados
Forma
Para elementos
isolados ou associados
Tabela 1: smbolos para as

caractersticas toleradas.
Para elementos associados
Orientao
Posio
Batimento
Smbolo
Item
Retitude
5.9.1
Planeza
5.9.2
Circularidade
5.9.3
Cilindricidade
5.9.4
Perfil de linha qualquer
5.9.5
Perfil de superfcie qualquer
5.9.6
Paralelismo
5.9.7
Perpendicularidade
5.9.8
Inclinao
5.9.9
Posio
5.9.10
Concentricidade
5.9.11
Coaxilidade
5.9.12
Simetria
5.9.13
Circular
5.9.14.1
Total
5.9.14.2
!168
VIII.
RUGOSIDADE SUPERFICIAL
No possvel na prtica obter superfcies
geometricamente ideais;
Desenhos de produo: informar as condies
admissveis das superfcies;
Peas de mquinas, quando inspecionados sob ampliao, apresentam
irregularidades;
A condio da superfcie real depender do processo
de fabricao;
As propriedades e o desempenho dos componentes so afetados pelo grau
de
rugosidade das superfcies;

Quanto mais lisa for
a superfcie, maior ser a resistncia fadiga e corroso.
O atrito reduzido devido a um melhor

!169
acabamento superficial.
roughness of the various surfaces. The higher the smoothness of the surface, the better is the
fatigue strength and corrosion resistance. Friction between mating parts is also reduced due
to better surface finish.
-./3 !"#$%&'( #)"*+,'!!

The geometrical characteristics of a surface include,
1. Macro-deviations,
2. Surface waviness, and
3. Micro-irregularities.
The surface roughness is evaluated by the height, Rt and mean roughness index Ra of
the micro-irregularities. Following are the definitions of the terms indicated in Fig. 16.1:
VIII. RUGOSIDADE SUPERFICIAL
Caractersticas geomtricas
Macro-desvios;
Rt
Rf
H
Af
Ondulao;
Micro-irregularidades.
h1 h2
Df
Ra: ndice das micro-irregularidades;
Rt: altura ;
Af: o perfil real da superfcie obtida na
operao de acabamento;
hn
Mf
Fig. 16.1
Rf: o perfil de referncia ao qual as irregularidades da superfcie so referidos; passa atravs do ponto
242
mais alto do perfil real;
Df: o perfil inferior, o qual passa pelo ponto mais baixo (B) do perfil real;
Mf: perfil dentro do comprimento de amostragem escolhido (L), de tal modo que a soma das reas preenchidas
com material acima pelo perfil real igual soma das reas de cavidade sem material abaixo at o
perfil real;
Rt: altura entre o pico e o vale extremos do perfil dentro do comprimento de amostragem escolhido (L)
!170
under magnification, will have some minute irregularities. The actual surface condition will
depend upon the finishing process adopted.
The properties and performance of machine components are affected by the degree of
roughness of the various surfaces. The higher the smoothness of the surface, the better is the
fatigue strength and corrosion resistance. Friction between mating parts is also reduced due
to better surface finish.
VIII. The
RUGOSIDADE
SUPERFICIAL
geometrical characteristics of a surface include,
-./3 !"#$%&'( #)"*+,'!!
1. Macro-deviations,
2. Surface waviness, and
3. Micro-irregularities.
The surface roughness is evaluated by the height, Rt and mean roughness index Ra of
the micro-irregularities. Following are the definitions of the terms indicated in Fig. 16.1:
Caractersticas geomtricas
Rt
Rf
H
Af
h1 h2
hn
Mf
Df
Fig. 16.1
ndice de rugosidade mdia Ra a mdia242

aritmtica dos valores absolutos das alturas
de hi entre os perfis reais e mdios, dado por:
1 x=L
Ra =
hi dx
L x=0
sendo L o comprimento de amostragem.
!171
Rugosidade da Superfcie
h1 + h2 + h3 ++ hn
Ra =
n
Nmero de rugosidade da superfcie: mdia das ordenadas do perfil real em
relao rugosidade mdia ao longo de um comprimento de
amostragem fixado, normalmente 0,8 mm, expresso em mcrons.
As medies so feitas geralmente ao longo de uma linha, em ngulo reto
com a direo geral de marcas de ferramentas na superfcie.
Os valores mdios de rugosidade so geralmente expressos como o valor Ra
em microns,
!172
Nmero de Rugosidade da Superfcie
!173
necessary
necessary
to indicate
to the
indicate
that
the
that
surface
surface
isthe
machined,
is machined,
without
without
indicating
indicating
theindicating
grade
the of
grade
roughness
roughness
necessary
to indicate
that
surface
is
machined,
without
the of
grade
of roughness
necessary
to indicate
that
surface
isthe
machined,
without
indicating
the
grade
of
roughness
or the or
process
process
tothe
be process
used.
to be used.
or
to be used.
or the process
tothe
be used.
If the If
removal
thematerial
removal
of
material
isofnot
is
permitted,
not
permitted,
circle
a is
circle
added
is
added
to
the
to
basic
the symbol,
basic
as symbol,
as
If
thematerial
removal
material
nota is
permitted,
circle
is added
to
the symbol,
basic
as
If the removal
of
isofnot
permitted,
a is
circle
added
to athe
basic
symbol,
as
in
Fig.shown
inThis
16.2b.
Fig.symbol
This
This also
symbol
maybesymbol
also
maybealso
used
inused
a be
drawing,
inused
a drawing,
to a relating
production
to a production
in16.2b.
Fig. symbol
16.2b.
This
also
inrelating
atodrawing,
to a production
shown shown
in Fig.shown
16.2b.
may
used
inmay
a be
drawing,
relating
a relating
production
RUGOSIDADE
SUPERFICIAL
process,
process,
toVIII.
indicate
to indicate
athat
surface
athat
surface
is left
be
is
to
in
left
thebe
in
state,
the in
state,
resulting
resulting
afrom
preceding
afrom
preceding
process,
to indicate
atosurface
is
to
left
the
state,
resulting
a preceding
process,
to indicate
that
a that
surface
is to
be
in left
thebe
state,
resulting
from
afrom
preceding
manufacturing
manufacturing
process,
process,
whether
whether
thiswas
state
this
was
state
achieved
was
achieved
by removal
removal
ofby
material
material
orofotherwise.
or otherwise.
manufacturing
process,
whether
this
state
was
achieved
removal
material
or otherwise.
manufacturing
process,
whether
this
state
achieved
by
removal
ofby
material
orofotherwise.
If the removal
If of
the
removal
material
by
by
is machining
required,
required,
aisbar
is
a bar
added
is
added
to
the
to
basic
the symbol,
basic
as symbol,
as
If of
thematerial
removal
of machining
material
by
required,
a bar
is symbol,
added
to
basic
as
Simbologia
If the removal
material
byofmachining
is machining
required,
aisbar
is
added
to the
basic
asthe symbol,
shown
in
Fig.shown
in
16.2c.
Fig.special
When
16.2c.
When
special
surface
surface
characteristics
characteristics
tohave
be indicated,
tohave
be
indicated,
a line
is
a line
added
is
added
in
Fig. special
16.2c.
When
special
surface
to is
be
indicated,
a line
is added
shown in
Fig. shown
16.2c.
When
surface
characteristics
havecharacteristics
tohave
be indicated,
a line
added
to the arm
longer
to the
arm
oflonger
arm
thesymbol,
basic
ofarm
thesymbol,
basic
symbol,
as shown
as shown
in
Fig.
in
16.2d.
Fig.in
16.2d.
to
the
of
basic
as shown
Fig. 16.2d.
to the longer
of longer
the
basic
asthe
shown
insymbol,
Fig.
16.2d.
(a)
(a)
(a) (b) (a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(d)(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
Se as
Fig. 16.2
Fig. 16.2
Fig. 16.2
O smbolo
Fig. 16.2
caractersticas
Se a remoo
Se necessria
bsico: 2
especiais da
!"#2 )*3)'&4)0*,
!"#2 )*3)'&4)0*,
05, -675&'8,
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!"#2
05, -675&'8,
!"#2 )*3)'&4)0*,
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706+(*8-linhas a 60
)*3)'&4)0*,
superfcie
The
value
The
or
value
values,
or
values,
defining
defining
the
principal
the
principal
criterion
criterion
of
roughness,
of
roughness,
are
added
are
added
to
the
toasthe symbol
as
material
por
no
The
or values,
defining
theofprincipal
criterion
of roughness,
are symbol
added
toasthe symbol
as
The valueem
or values,
defining
principal
criterion
roughness,
are added
to the symbol
relao
valuethe
devem
de
ser
shown
shown
in
Fig.
in
16.3.
Fig.in
16.3.
shown
Fig. permitida,
16.3.
shown in
Fig.
16.3.
linha
da
usinagem, uma
um
indicadas, uma
superfcie
barra
crculo
linha
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
usinada, sem a
a
a
a
adicionado ao
indicar grau de
rugosidade
adicionado ao
smbolo bsico.
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)(a)
smbolo bsico.
(b)
(b)
(c)(b)
(c)
Fig. 16.3
Fig. 16.3
Fig. 16.3
Fig. 16.3
!174
A surface
A surface
texture
texture
specified,
specified,
A surface
texture
specified,
A surface
texture
specified,
as in Fig.
as in
16.3a,
Fig. 16.3a,
may bemay
obtained
be obtained
by anyby
production
any production
method.
method.
(c)
adicionado ao
brao mais longo
do(c)smbolo bsico.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
VIII.(b) RUGOSIDADE
SUPERFICIAL
Fig. 16.2
Fig. 16.2
(d)
Fig. 16.2
Indicao da rugosidade superficial

!"#2 )*3)'&4)0*, 05, -675&'8, 706+(*8--
!"#2 )*3)'&4)0*,
05, -675&'8, 706+(*8-*3)'&4)0*, 05, -675&'8,
706+(*8--
The value orOvalues,

defining
the
principal
ofcritrio
roughness,
are
added
to the symbol as
valor
ou
valores,
definindo
ocriterion
principal
de rugosidade,
so
value
or values,
defining
the principal
criterion
roughness,
ue or values, defining The
the principal
criterion
of roughness,
are added
to theofsymbol
as are added to the sym
adicionados ao smbolo.
shown
shown in Fig. 16.3.
n Fig.
16.3. in Fig. 16.3.
a
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a) (b) (c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
Fig. 16.3
16.3
A Fig.
superfcie
Aspecified,
superfcie
deve ser
A surface
texture specified,
A superfcie
A surface texture
A surface
texture
specified,
obtida by
com
pode
serasobtida
in
Fig.
16.3a,
may
be
obtained
production method.deve ser
g. 16.3a,
may
be
obtained
by
any
production
method.
as in Fig. 16.3a, may be obtained by any productionany
method.
remoo
deremoval of material byobtida
sem
por
qualquer
as in by
Fig.
16.3b, must
be obtained
by
machining.
g. 16.3b, must be
obtained
removal
of material
by machining.
as in Fig. 16.3b, must be obtained by removal
of material
by machining.remoo de
material
por
processo
de
as in without
Fig. 16.3c,
must of
bematerial.
obtained without removal of material.
g. 16.3c, must be obtained
removal
as in Fig. 16.3c, must be obtained without
removal
of material.
material.
um
processo
de
fabricao.
When
only one
valueroughness,
is specified it
torepresents
indicate surface
roughness, it represents the max
When only one value is specified
to indicate
surface
the maximum
When only one value is specified to indicate
surface
roughness, it represents the maximum
usinagem
. to impose
permissible
value. If
it is necessary
maximum
and minimum limits of s
sible value. If it is necessary
to impose
maximum
and minimum
limits
of surface
permissible value.
Ifbeitshown,
is both
necessary
to impose
maximum
and
minimum
limits of surface
roughness,
the values
should be
shown,
with
the
the maximum
minimum limit, a1, above the min
ess, both the values should
with
the maximum
limit,
a1, above
roughness, both limit,
the values
should
be shown, with
the maximum limit, a1, above the minimum
a2 (Fig.
16.4a).
!175
2 (Fig. 16.4a).
limit, a2 (Fig. 16.4a).
Fig. 16.3
46
246
a1
a2
a1
Milled
Milled
a2

Machine Drawing
Machine Drawing
a1
a2
(a)
Indicao da rugosidade(a)superficial
(a)
Milled
Milled
a1
a2
a2
a2
(b)
(b)
Chromium plated
Chromium plated
a1
a1
T
(d)
(e)
(b)necessrio
Se for
(d)
(e)
(b)
Se for
especificar
Fig. 16.4
Se for necessrio
necessrio
Fig. 16.4
requisitos
for necessrio
indicar ocriterion ofSe
especificar
principal
surface
roughness, Ra
especiais, como a The
c
The
principal
criterion
of
surface
roughness, R
c
de as shown
limites mximo e
roughness comprimento
grade number,
in Table
16.2.
controlar
a direo
superfcie ser
roughness
grade
number,
as
shown
in
Table
16.2.
T
produzida por um
amostragem, ele deve
mnimo de
de amostragem
, ela
T
Table 16.2
Equivalent
surface ro
Table
16.2
Equivalent
surface
processo particular ou
rugosidade da
ser seleccionado da
deve ser especificada
Roughness
Roughness
superfcie
com
(c)
um(e)
revestimento
(d)
srie da
na
norma values
ISO
por
um
smbolo
aRoughness
ser
Roughness
values
(c)
m
grade
number
R
(d) mximo
(e)
o limite
aR m
estes devem
ser
colocado ao grade
lado. numbe
/ R 468 e ser
a
indicados em Fig.
uma16.4 indicado ao50
a1, acima do
N12
lado.
Fig. 16.4
50
N12
extenso
do
brao
mnimocriterion
a 2.
Thelimite
principal
of surface roughness, Ra may be indicated
by the corresponding
25
N11
N11
principal
criterion
of surface
roughness,
Ra may be 25
indicated by the corresponding
maior.
ughnessThe
grade
number,
as shown
in Table
16.2.
12.5
N10
roughness grade number, as shown in Table 16.2.
!176
12.5
N10
!
(a)
Table 16.2 Equivalent surface roughness symbols

6.3
Table 16.2 Equivalent surface roughness 6.3
symbols
N9
N9
Indicao da rugosidade superficial
246
Machine Drawing
a1
Milled
a2
Salvo indicao em contrrio, oa valor

numrico de rugosidade, aplica-se a
rugosidade da superfcie aps o
tratamento
ou revestimento.
(a)
(b)
Chromium plated
a2
a1
(d)
Se necessrio para definir a textura da

superfcie, tantoc antes como depois do
tratamento, esta deve ser explicada porT
uma nota apropriada ou como mostrado.
(c)
(e)
Fig. 16.4
The principal criterion of surface roughness, Ra may be indicated by the corresponding

!177
c
T
VIII.
RUGOSIDADE
SUPERFICIAL
(c)
(d)
(e)
Fig. 16.4
Smbolos de rugosidade
superficial equivalentes
The principal criterion of surface roughness, Ra may be indicated by the corresponding

Roughness values
Ra m
Roughness
grade number
50
N12
25
N11
12.5
N10
6.3
N9
3.2
N8
1.6
N7
0.8
N6
0.4
N5
0.2
N4
0.1
N3
0.05
N2
0.025
N1
Roughness
grade symbol
!"#$#!%%&'()*+,)-'%-.%/01*)+2%/34.+*1%5-367'188%97+4+*,14)8,)*8
In certain circumstances, for functional reasons, it may be necessary to specify additional
special requirements, concerning surface roughness.
!178
If it is required that the final surface texture be produced by one particular production
method, this method should be indicated on an extension of the longer arm of the symbol as
Surface Roughness
247
If it is necessary to indicate the sampling length, it should be selected from the series
given in ISO/R 468 and be stated adjacent to the symbol, as shown in Fig. 16.4d. If it is necessary
to control the direction of lay, it is specified by a symbol added to the surface roughness symbol,
as shown in Fig. 16.4e.
NOTE The direction of lay is the direction of the predominant surface pattern, ordinarily determined by the production method employed.
Table 16.3 shows the symbols which specify the common directions of lay.
Smbolos indicadores da direo
Table 16.3 Symbols specifying the directions of lay

Symbol
Interpretation
Parallel to the plane of projection

of the view in which the symbol is
used
Direction of
lay
T
Perpendicular to the plane of

projection of the view in which the
symbol is used
Direction of
lay
X
Crossed in two slant directions

relative to the plane of projection
used
Direction of
lay
M
Multi-directional
!179

used
Direction of
lay
T
Surface Roughness
247
Perpendicular
to the
of length,
VIII.
RUGOSIDADE
SUPERFICIAL
If it is necessary
to indicate
theplane
sampling
it should be selected from the series
projection
the view
in which
the symbol, as shown in Fig. 16.4d. If it is necessary
given in ISO/R 468
and beofstated
adjacent
to the
symbol is
to control the direction
of used
lay, it is specified by a symbol added to theDirection
surfaceofroughness symbol,
lay
as shown in Fig. 16.4e.
NOTE The direction of lay is the direction of the predominant surface pattern, ordinarX
ily determined by the production method employed.
Crossed
slant which
directions
Table 16.3
shows in
thetwo
symbols
specify the common directions of lay.
Symbol
=
M
Smbolos indicadores da direo
relative to the plane of projection

Table
16.3 Symbols
specifying
the directions of lay
of the view
in which
the symbol
is
Direction of
used
lay
Interpretation
Parallel to the plane of projection

Multi-directional
used
Direction of
lay
CT
!
C
Perpendicularcircular,
to the relative
plane to
of
Approximately
projection
in which
the
the
centre of
of the
theview
surface
to which
symbol
is used
the
symbol
is applied
Direction of
lay
R
X
Approximately
to
Crossed in tworadial,
slant relative
directions
the
centre
surface
to which
relative
to of
thethe
plane
of projection
the
symbol
of the
view is
in applied
which the symbol is
Direction of
lay
used
!180
dharm
Multi-directional
hine Drawing
+,-*.(&./248
&0,+1*(*(2&344.5,(+6
Machine Drawing
VIII.
RUGOSIDADE
ecessary to specify
the value
of the machining SUPERFICIAL
allowance, this should be indicated
!"#$#%&&'()*+,-*.(&./ &0,+1*(*(2&344.5,(+6
the symbol,
as shown in Fig.specify
16.5a.the
This
value
is machining
expressedallowance,
normallythis
in millimetres.
When it is necessary toIndicao
value
of
the
should be indicated
de excesso para usinagem
e 16.5b on
shows
various
of surface
roughness,
placed
relative
to
the leftthe
of the
symbol,specifications
as shown in Fig. 16.5a.
This value
is expressed
normally
in millimetres.
Figure 16.5b shows the various specifications of surface roughness, placed relative to
the symbol.
b
Requisitos especiais :
c (f)
a
5
5
(a)
(a)
Rugosidade Ra:
Se for necessrio
do Fig. 16.5
c (f) : indicao do comprimento de
b
amostragem.
d
(b)
(b)
Fig.
16.5necessrio
Se for
indicar
especificar o valor
!"#$#7&&'()*+,-*.(8&./ &9:;/,+6&<.:21(688&9=>?.48&.(&@;,5*(28
as diversas especificaes
excesso de usinagem, deve
+,-*.(8&./
&9:;/,+6&<.:21(688&9=>?.48&.(&@;,5*(28
The symbol and the inscriptions should be so oriented,
that they
de rugosidade
da may be read from the bottom
serright
esquerda
do
the
hand
sidesmbolo
ofbe
theso
drawing
(Fig.that
16.6a).
If itmay
is coloc-las
notbe
practicable
to adopt
this general
and theorinscriptions
should
oriented,
they
read from
the bottom
superfcie,
normalmente
em
rule,ofthe
symbol
may be
drawn
in anyIfposition
(Fig.
16.6b),
doesgeneral
not carry any
hand side
the
drawing
(Fig.
16.6a).
it is not
practicable
to adopt
em
relao
aoprovided
smbolo
. that itthis
indications
of special
surface texture characteristics.
milmetros
[mm].
mbol may be drawn in any position (Fig. 16.6b), provided that it does not carry any
of special surface texture characteristics.
b
c
!181
a
b
c
Indicao de excesso para usinagem

http://www.moldesinjecaoplasticos.com.br/parametrorugosidade.asp
!182
Indicao de excesso para usinagem

1. Qual a importncia da rugosidade superficial?
2. Mencione as caractersticas geomtricas de uma superfcie.
3. Definir os seguintes termos: (A) perfil de referncia, (B) perfil inferior,(C) ndice de
rugosidade mdia; (D) nmero de rugosidade superficial.
4. Quais so os processos que so usados para determinar o valor da rugosidade de
uma superfcie?
5. Como os valores de rugosidade superficial so indicados no desenho?
6. Indique como vrios especificaes de rugosidade superficial so colocadas em
relao ao smbolo.
7. Indique smbolos grau de rugosidade para os nmeros de grau de rugosidade
seguintes:
A. N 12
B. 10 N
C. N 8
D. N 6
E. N 2
!183
Descreva o que so marcas (ou ranhuras) de usinagem.

Como so indicadas no desenho?
Desenhe os smbolos de indicao da direo das marcas de usinagem
no desenho.
Indique os smbolos grau de rugosidade utilizados na prtica de cho de
fbrica, com suas fileiras de valores de rugosidade.
Quais so os valores de rugosidade que podem ser normalmente os
mesmos obtidos pelo (a) de viragem muito bem, (b) fresagem mquina
(c) moagem, (d) moagem de preciso e (e) cromagem.
Mostre como a rugosidade indicada no componente para as seguintes
situaes. (A) superfcie a ser por qualquer mtodo de produo para os
mesmos obtidos, (B) superfcie a ser os mesmos obtidos sem remoo de
material(C) a ser revestida rea de superfcie, e
(D) de superfcie para ser dado um subsdio de usinagem.
Com exemplos, mostrar o mtodo de indicao de rugosidade indicao
de superfcie nos seguintes componentes:
(A) A exigncia de superfcies simtricas da qualidade Sami,
(B) parte cilndrica, e
(C) a mesma qualidade em toda a rea. !184
IX.
SIMBOLOGIA DE SOLDAGEM
Aplicao da soldagem
Soldagem: mtodo para executar unies
de metal
permanentes entre duas ou mais peas
Ferro fundido, ao e suas ligas, lato e cobre so os metais que podem ser
soldados facilmente;
Utilizada na fabricao de juntas
prova de vazamento e que podem suportar
altas presses e temperaturas;

Substitui a fundio e forjamento de peas, sempre que possvel.
Em comparao com rebites a solda mais barat, mais forte e mais simples de
executar no local e com grande liberdade no projeto.
Amplamente utilizada na construo
naval e fabricao estrutural
substituindo os rebites.
!185
,,-, ()*.'$/0*(')
,,-, ()*.'$/0*(')
Welding
is an effective
method
of making
joints
between
Welding is an effective method
of making
permanent
joints
betweenpermanent
two or more
metal
parts. two or more metal parts.
Cast iron,
its alloys,
andthat
copper
the metals
that may be welded easily.
Cast iron, steel and its alloys,
brasssteel
andand
copper
are thebrass
metals
mayare
be welded
easily.
Production
of leak
proof joints
that can withstand
high pressures
and temperatures are made
Production of leak proof joints
that can
withstand
high pressures
and temperatures
are made
possibletechnology.
with advanced
welding
technology.
this
reason, welding
possible with advanced welding
For this
reason,
welding For
is fast
replacing
casting is fast replacing casting
and forging
When
compared
to riveting,
welding
and forging wherever possible.
Whenwherever
comparedpossible.
to riveting,
welding
is cheaper,
stronger
and is cheaper, stronger and
to execute freedom
at site with
considerable
in design.
simpler to execute at site simpler
with considerable
in design.
Hence,freedom
it is widely
used inHence,
ship it is widely used in ship
building and
structural
fabrication in place of riveting.
building and structural fabrication
in place
of riveting.
IX.
Terminologia do cordo de solda
,,-12)$%
!"#$"$%
&'()*+% 2)$% +345'#+
,,-1 !"#$"$% &'()*+%
+345'#+
Basic
terms
of in
a welded
joint
in Fig.
11.1ofand
theare
fiveshown
basic types of joints are shown
Basic terms of a welded joint
are
shown
Fig. 11.1
andare
theshown
five basic
types
joints
in Fig. 11.2.
in Fig. 11.2.
Weld size
Root
Raiz
face
zone
Root
Base
Root
opening
metal
Abertura
Base
Base
metal
(a)
Zona de
fuso
Fusion
zone
Toe
Margem
Root
Raiz
Root opening
(a)
Face
Weld
face
Espessura
Weld
Face
face
Fusion
zone
Zona de
Fusion
fuso
Margem
Toe
Thickness
Toe
Weld face
Weld
face
Fusion zone
Toe
Thickness
Bevel angle
Weld
size, leg
Tamanho
Weld size, leg
Root
face
ngulo de
Bevel angle
chanfro
Tamanho
Weld
size
Groove or included
angle
de
Groovengulo
or included
angle
abertura
Throat
Throat
(b)
(b)
Fig. 11.1
a) Butt weld (b) Fillet weld
11.1 (aem
) Buttambas
weld (b) Fillet
weld (Solda
Solda de topo com Fig.
chanfro
de canto com sobreposio de
Various
ofcharacterized
welded joints by
(welds)
are which,
characterized
by symbols which, in general
Various categories of welded
jointscategories
(welds) are
symbols
in general
peas
uma are
peas
are
similar
to made.
the shape
of symbols
welds to are
be made.
Theseas:
symbols
categorised as:
are similar to the shape of
welds
to be
These
categorised
161
!186
161
162
IX.
Machine Drawing
(i) Elementary symbols (Table 11.1),
(ii) Supplementary symbols (Table 11.2),

(iii) Combination of elementary and supplementary symbols (Table 11.3) and
Juntas soldadas
(iv) Combination of elementary symbols (Table 11.4).

Juntajoint
em aresta
Edge
Junta
em T
Tee joint
Junta
de canto
Corner
joint
Junta
de topo
Butt joint
Junta
sobreposta
Lap joint
Fig. 11.2 Types of joints
!!"#"!$%&'()(&*$&+ $),-$.-/0$1234&/'$&*$),-$5678(*9'
Tipos bsicos de juntas soldadas
The complete method of representation of the welds on the drawing comprises, in addition to
the symbol (3), the following (Fig. 11.3):
4
2a
!187
a5
300
IX.
Smbolos bsicos - Tab. 9.1Welded Joints
163
Table 11.1 Elementary welding symbols

No.
Designation
Illustration
1.
Butt weld between plates with raised

Solda
topo
entreedges
peas being
com arestas
edgesde
(the
raised
melted
dobradas
down completely)
2.
Square
Solda
debutt
topoweld
3.
Solda de topo
Single-V
butt com
weldarestas em V
4.
Single-bevel
Solda
de topobutt
com weld
arestas em meio V
5.
Single-V
butt com
weldarestas
with broad
root raiz
face
Solda
de topo
em V com
6.
Solda
de topobutt
com weld
arestas
embroad
meio Vroot
comface
raiz
Single-bevel
with
7.
Solda
de topo
em or
U com
raiz sides)
Single-U
buttcom
weldarestas
(parallel
sloping
8.
Solda
de topo
Single-U
buttcom
weldarestas em meio U com raiz
9.
Backing
Solda
de run;
fundoback or backing weld
!188
Symbol
6.
Single-bevel butt weld with broad root face
7.
Single-U butt weld (parallel or sloping sides)
8.
Single-U butt weld
IX.
9.
No.
1.
10.
2.
11.
3.
4.
12.
5.
6.
7.
13.
8.
Smbolos bsicos - Tab. 9.1
Table 11.1 Elementary welding symbols

Backing run; back or backing weld
Designation
Illustration
Butt weld between plates with raised
edges (the raised edges being melted
Solda de
filete
Fillet
weld
down completely)
Square butt weld
Soldaweld;
bujo plug or slot weld
Plug
Single-V butt weld
Single-bevel butt weld

Spot
Solda weld
a ponto
Single-V butt weld with broad root face
Single-bevel butt weld with broad root face

Single-U
butt weld (parallel or sloping sides)
Solda de
costura
Seam
weld
Single-U butt weld
!189
9.
Backing run; back or backing weld
Welded Joints
163
Symbol
IX.
164
Machine
Drawing
Smbolos
complementares
e suas combinaes
164
Machine Drawing
Table 11.2 Supplementary welding symbols
Table 11.2 Supplementary welding symbols
Shape
of weld
surface
Forma
da
Superfcie
do Cordo
de Solda
Shape
of weld
surface
Symbol
Smbolos
Complementares
Tab 9.2
Symbol
Smbolo
(a) Flat
(usually
finished
flush)
Plana
(normalmente
usinada)
(a) Flat (usually
finished
flush)
(b) Convex
(b) Convexa
Convex
(c) Concave
Cncava
(c) Concave
Table 11.3 Combination of elementary and supplementary symbols
Table 11.3 Combination of elementary and supplementary symbols
Smbolos
Combinados
Tab 9.3
Designao daDesignation
solda
Designation
Illustration
Figura
Illustration
Flat
buttem
weld
Solda(flush)
de toposingle-V
com arestas
V plana
Flat (flush) single-V butt weld

Convex
weld
Solda dedouble-V
topo com butt
arestas
em duplo V convexa
Convex double-V butt weld

Concave
filletcncavo
weld
Solda de filete
Concave fillet weld
Flat (flush)
butt
with flat
Solda
de toposingle-V
com aresta
emweld
V plana
com
filete
plano norun
fundo
(flush)
backing
Flat (flush) single-V butt weld with flat
!190
Table 11.4 Combination
of elementary symbols (contd.)
(flush) backing run

No.
Designation
Representation
Symbol
Smbolo
Symbolization
Sym
Concave fillet weld
Flat (flush) single-V butt weld with flat
IX.
(flush) backing run
Exemplos
Table 11.4 Combination of elementary symbols (contd.)

No.
Designation
symbol
(For number
refer to
Table 11.1)
1.
Representation
Symbolization
either
Illustration
Square
butt weld
2
welded from
both sides
22
2.
Single-V
butt weld
3
!191
or
IX.
Exemplos
Welded Joints
Table 11.4 Combination of elementary symbols

No.
Designation
symbol
(For number
refer to
Table 11.1)
3.
Representation
either
Illustration
and
backing run
9
39
4.
Double-V
butt weld
3
(X weld)
33
5.
Double
bevel
butt weld
Symbolization
!192
or
165
39
4.
Double-V
IX.
butt weld
3
(X weld)
33
5.
Exemplos
Double
bevel
butt weld
4
6.
(K weld)
44
7.
Double-U
butt weld
7
77
8.
Fillet weld
10
!193
6.
(K weld)
44
IX.
7.
Double-U
butt weld
Exemplos
77
8.
Fillet weld
10
and fillet
weld
9
10
1010
dharm
!194
IX.
Dimenses do Cordo de Solda
Designation
of welds
Inscription
Definition
Machine Drawing
No.
Butt weld
a : height of the largest isosceles triangle that can be

inscribed in the section
Continuous
fillet weld
z
2.
1.
s : minimum distance from the

surface of the part to the
bottom of the penetration
which cannot be greater
than the thickness of the
thinner part
z : side of the largest isosceles

triangle that can be
170
Table 11.5 Dimensioning of welds
a
z
!195
Designation
of welds
Inscription
Definition
Machine Drawing
No.
IX.
bottom of the penetration

which cannot be greater
than the thickness of the
thinner part
Butt weld
1.
s : minimum distance from the
surface of the part to the
Continuous
fillet weld
z
2.
a : height of the largest isosceles triangle that can be

Spot weld
(e)
z : side of the largest isosceles

triangle that can be
l : length of weld (without end
craters)
e : distance between adjacent
weld elements
n : number of weld elements
a, z : (see No. 2)
4.
Intermittent
fillet weld
3.
n : (see No. 3)
(e) :spacing
d : diameter of spot
n l(e)
n l(e)
n (e)
(e)
!196
IX.
Solda por eletroescria: um processo por fuso atravs de uma escria

lquida a qual funde o metal de adio e as superfcies a serem soldadas. usado
onde se necessita grandes quantidades de material de solda depositado, como por
exemplo para soldar sees transversais muitos espessas, sendo vivel
economicamente em juntas de topo a partir de 19 mm de espessura, praticamente
no havendo limitaes de espessuras mximas
!197
IX.
!198
IX.
Exerccios
1. Explique o que soldagem e que tipo de unio feita com ela.

2. Quais so as vantagens da unio com solda em relao unio com rebites
rebites?
3. Quais so os materiais que podem ser soldados?
4. Como especificada a localizao da solda em uma pea?
5. Classifique os smbolos de solda.
6. Como a solda mostrado no desenho?
7. Explique o significado de lado da setae lado contrrio, na simbologia das
juntas soldadas.
8. Porque em alguns tipos de unies soldadas, as bordas das peas so preparadas
para serem soldadas?
9. Quais so as principais regras enquanto a serem observadas na aplicao dos
smbolos de solda?
!199
IX.
Exerccios
10. D as abreviaturas para os seguintes processos de soldagem:
a. Solda por exploso;
b. Solda por eletroescria;
c. Solda por forjamento;
d. Solda oxi-acetileno.
11. Explique os seguintes smbolos de processo de soldagem:
a. CAW
b. GTAW
c. EBW
d. GMAW
e. OAW
f. RW
12. Mostre atravs de esboos, os vrios tipos de juntas soldadas.
!200
IX.
174
Machine Drawing
(c) Single U-butt weld,

(d) Single J-butt weld,
(e) Fillet weld, and
(f) Convex double V-butt weld.
11.4 Explain the meaning of each weld shown in Figs. 11.14 to 11.17 an
Exerccios
13. Desenhe os seguintes smbolos de soldagem junto com as respectivas ilustraes:

a. Solda de topo com arestas em V;
b. Solda de topo com arestas em meio V;
ine Drawing
c. Solda de topo com arestas em U com raiz;
d. Solda de topo com arestas em J (1/2 U) com raiz;
le U-butt weld,
gle J-butt weld,
e. Cordo de solda (ou solda de filete);
t weld, and
f. Solda de topo com arestas em duplo V.
vex double V-butt weld.
14.of each
Especifique
cadaandsolda
nas figuras e desenhe
Fig. 11.14 um esboo.
the meaning
weld shown o
in smbolo
Figs. 11.14 de
to 11.17
sketchmostrado
the part drawings.
Fig
R 10
90
2 HOLES,
DIA 10
30
75
R10
20
R 22
R 10
65
20
Fig. 11.14
Fig. 11.15
R 10
Fig. 11.16
!201
11.5 Suggest suitable welding joints to fabricate the swing bracket sho
123
/,)*(-4')/(,
Keys, cotters and pin joints discussed in this chapter are some examples of removable
(temporary) fasteners. Assembly and removal of these joints are easy as they are simple in
shape. The standard proportions of these joints are given in the figures.
125
!"#$
VI. CHAVETAS,
RANHURAS,
PINOS E JUNES
Keys are machine elements
used to
prevent relative rotational movement

Hub
between a shaft and the parts mounted
SLOPE,
Ligao
(
junta)
cubo-eixo
com
chaveta
cnica
W
1:100
on it, such as pulleys, gears, wheels,
couplings, etc. Figure 6.1 shows the parts
L
of a keyed joint and its assembly.
For making the joint, grooves or
keyways are cut on the surface of the
(,
shaft and in the hub of the part to be
joints discussed in this mounted.
chapter areAfter
somepositioning
examples ofthe
removable
part on
Assembly and removal of the
these
joints
arethat,
easy both
as they
simple are
in
shaft
such
theare
keyways
roportions of these joints are
given inaligned,
the figures.
properly
the key is driven from
Keyway
the end, resulting in a firm joint.
D
For mounting a part at any
ements used to
intermediate location on the shaft, first
tional movement
inclinao
the key cubo
is
firmly placed in the keyway of
Hub
he parts mounted
SLOPE,
1:100
W and then the part to be mounted
1:100
the shaft
s, gears, wheels,
.1 shows the parts
is slid from one end of the shaft, till it is
L
assembly.
fully engaged with the key.
L
joint, grooves or
Keys are classified into three
he surface of the
types, viz., saddle keys, sunk keys and
of the part to be
round keys.
ning the part on
"#$%&'())"*$
,-&./,&0(/,)$
Chavetas: so elementos de mquinas utilizados impedir o
0.5 T
D
Fig. 6.1 Keyed joint
Vistas ortogrficas em corte
0.5 T
0.5 T
12523 $67789&!9:;
Keyway
chaveta
These are taper keys,
with uniform width
but tapering in thickness on the upper
D
side. The magnitude of the taper provided
is 1:100. These are made in W
two forms:
1:100
hollow
and flat. isomtrica
Perspectiva
0.5 T
h the keyways are

ey is driven from
firm joint.
a part at any
on the shaft, first
d in the keyway of
art to be mounted
the shaft, till it is
key.
ified into three
s, sunk keys and
movimento relativo nas ligaes cubo-eixo;
!202
103
104
Ligao
Machine Drawing
( junta) cubo-eixo com chaveta sela
SLOPE, 1:100
!"#"$"$%&'((')%*+,,(-%.-/
A hollow
Chaveta sela:
tem saddle
uma key has a concave
para se adaptar
shaped bottom to suit the curved surface
Quando a of
chaveta
montada
presso
na posio, a
the shaft,
on which it sob
is used.
A
keyway is made in the hub of the
impedida
devido
mounting,
with ao
a tapered bottom
surface. When a hollow saddle key is
fitted in position, the relative rotation
between the shaft and the mounting is
prevented due to the friction between
inclinao
1:100key (Fig. 6.2).
the
shaft1:100
and
SLOPE,
base inferior cncava
superfcie curva do eixo.

rotao relativa entre o cubo e o
atrito entre o eixo e a base inferior cncava da chaveta.
eixo
1:100
-%.-/
has a concave
he curved surface
ch it is used. A
the hub of the
apered bottom
w saddle key is
relative rotation
the mounting is
friction between
. 6.2).
!"#"$"#%0(+1%*+,,(-%.-/
It is similar to the hollow saddle key,
chaveta cubo
except that the bottom surface of it is
flat. Apart from the tapered keyway in
the hub of the mounting, a flat surface
provided on the shaft is used to fit this
key in position (Fig. 6.3).
The two types of saddle keys
discussed above are suitable for light
duty only. However,
the flat oneW is
1:100
slightly superior compared to the hollow
-/
Perspectiva
isomtrica
type.
Saddle
keys are liable to slip
llow saddle key,
da chaveta
do eixo
arounde the
shaft when used under
m surface of it is
heavy loads.
pered keyway in
L
ng, a flat surface
!203
!"#"# $%&'()*+,
s used to fit this
These are the standard forms of keys
3).
used in practice, and may be either
ng
VI. CHAVETAS, RANHURAS, PINOS E JUNES
Fig. 6.2 Hollow saddle key

SLOPE, 1:100
the hub of the

tapered bottom
ow saddle key is
relative rotation
d the mounting is
friction between
g. 6.2).
except that the bottom surface of it is

flat. Apart from the tapered keyway in
L
the hub of the mounting, a flat surface
provided on the shaft is used to fit this
key in position (Fig. 6.3).
The two types of saddle keys
discussed above are suitable for light
W
1:100
duty only. However,
the flat one is
slightly superior compared to the hollow
type. Saddle keys are liable to slip
Ligao ( junta) cubo-eixoSLOPE,
com1:100
chaveta paralela
around the shaft when used under
heavy
L loads.
y be classified as:
arallel or feather
ff keys.
.-/8
re or rectangular
orm in width but
ss. The bottom
the fit between the key and the shaft is

chaveta cubo
positive.
Sunk keys may be classified as:
(i) taper keys, (ii) parallel or feather
keys and (iii) woodruff keys.
cubo e uma superfcie
!"#"#"$%2+3-4%*567%.-/8
These keys are square or rectangular
in cross-section, uniform in width but
tapered in thickness. The bottom
surface of the key is straight and the
W
Fig. 6.3 Flat saddle key
top surface is tapered, the magnitude
of the taper being 1:100. Hence, the
keyway in the shaft is parallel to the axis and the hub keyway is tapered (Fig. 6.1).
T
ard forms of keys

d may be either
r in cross-section.
ared or rounded.
ickness of the key
keyway and the
he hub keyway.
or heavy duty, as
y and the shaft is
-/
ollow saddle key,
m surface of it is
apered keyway in
ing, a flat surface
!"#"# $%&'()*+,
paralela:
encaixada em uma ranhura inclinada no
is used to fit Chaveta
this
These are the standard forms of keys
6.3).
plana no eixo
sendo
adequada
para servios leves.
used in
practice,
and may be apenas
either
s of saddle keys
square or rectangular in cross-section.
D
suitable for light
The end may be squared or rounded.
, the flat one is
Generally, half the thickness of the key
fits into the shaft keyway and the
ared to the hollow
remaining half in the hub keyway.
re liable to slip
These
keys
are used for heavy duty, as
inclinao
1:100
SLOPE,
1:100
hen used under
Perspectiva isomtrica
L
da chaveta e do eixo
dharm
d:\N-Design\Des6-1.pm5 Sixth Print
!204
D

Keys, Cotters and Pin Joints
105
A tapered sunk key may be removed by driving it out from the exposed small end. If this
end is not accessible, the bigger end of the key is provided with a head called gib. Figure 6.4
shows the application of a key with a gib head. Following are the proportions for a gib head:
If D is the diameter of the shaft, then,
Width of key, W
= 0.25 D + 2 mm
Thickness of key, T
= 0.67 W (at the thicker end)
Standard taper
= 1:100
Height of head, H
= 1.75 T
Width of head, B
= 1.5 T
Ligao ( junta) cubo-eixo com chaveta cnica com cabea
Chaveta cnica com cabea (ISO2492): de seo quadrada ou retangular com largura
uniforme mas espessura cnica.
inclinao
1:100
SLOPE, 1:100
Chaveta cnica com cabea (ISO2492):

D: dimetro do eixo;
w: largura da chaveta = 0.25*D+2mm;
T: espessura da chaveta = 0.67*w
(na extremidade mais espessa);

w: largura da chaveta = 0.25*D+2mm;
conicidade: = 1% (1:100);
L
H
H: altura da cabea = 1.75*T;

B: largura da cabea = 1.5*T;
Fig. 6.4 Key with gib head
Table 6.1 gives the dimensions of taper sunk keys, for various shaft sizes.
Table 6.1 Proportions of taper sunk keys for various shaft sizes (contd.)
!205
Shaft diameter (mm)

Over
Upto and
including
Width, W
(mm)
Thickness, T
(average value)

Ligao ( junta) cubo-eixo com Chaveta paralela fixa
Chaveta paralela fixa:
Seo quadrada ou retangular
!"#$%&'(&)*&*'+&),-&.'/&0
Com largura
e espessuras ,
!"#$%&'(&)*&*'+&),-&.'/&0

107
107
107
Inathis,
provided
with
head attoone
head
is screwed to the hub of the part
!"#$%&'(&)*&*'+&),-&.'/&0
In this, the key is provided with
headthe
at key
one is
end.
The head
is ascrewed
theend.
hubThe
of the
part
the shaft
Fixas
cubo. on
Depois
da(Fig. 6.6Inb).this,,the
o key is se
como
uma
unidade.
provided with a head at one end. The
head is
screwed
to the hub of the part
mounted on the shaft
(Fig.no
6.6 mounted
b).
mounted on the shaft (Fig. 6.6 b).
montagem cubo
(a)
(c)
(a)
Fig. 6.6 Feather keys

Chaveta paralela com cavilha: uma
Chaveta paralela com cabea: uma
0.5 T
0.5 T
(c)
(b)
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
(b)
T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T
L
L
0.5 T
(b)
(a)
movimenta axialmente
(c)
Chaveta paralela com cabea dupla: as
1234%&'(&)*&*'+&),-&.'/&0
1234%&'(&)*&*'+&),-&.'/&0
1234%&'(&)*&*'+&),-&.'/&0
cavilha
inserida no meio da face e
numa
das
extremidades
prevent the axial movement
impedem o
Inheads
this, the
key is
provided
heads
on both
ends. movement
These heads
In this, the key is provided with
on both
ends.
Thesewith
heads
prevent
the
In this,
the key
is axial
provided with heads on both ends. These heads prevent the axial movement
se ofencaixa
encaixa
num
orifcio
no
the placed
key in the
hub. Here
once
placed
in position,
and the mounting move as one
the key in the hub. Here too,ofonce
in position,
thetoo,
key
andkey
theinmounting
movethe
as key
one
of the
the hub.
Here
too,
once placed in position, theda
key and the mounting
move
aparafusada
ao
na
ranhura.
no
. as one
unit
(Fig.
6.6
c).
centro
da
ranhura
do
cubo.
unit (Fig. 6.6 c).
unit (Fig. 6.6 c).
!"#"#"$%&'()*+,
!"#"#"$%&'()*+,
!"#"#"$%&'()*+,
Splines
are
keys
made
integral
with the
shaft,
by
cutting
equi-spaced
grooves
of uniform
cross- grooves of uniform crossSplines are keys made integral with the shaft, by cutting equi-spaced
grooves
of uniform
crossSplines
are
keys made
integral
with the shaft,
by cutting
equi-spaced
The
shaft with
splines
is called
splined
shaft.
The
the shaft,
intosplines
the on the shaft, fit into the
section. The shaft with splinessection.
is called
a splined
shaft.
Thesection.
splines
onathe
shaft,
fit
into
the
The
shaft
with
splines
issplines
called aon
splined
shaft.fitThe
corresponding
recesses
in
the
hub
of
the
mounting,
with
a
sliding
fit,
providing
a
positive
drive
!2recesses
06 a positive
corresponding recesses in the hub of the mounting, with a sliding
fit, providing
corresponding
in thedrive
hub of the mounting, with a sliding fit, providing a positive drive
and
at
the
same
time
permitting
the
latter
to
move
axially
along
the shaft
(Fig.axially
6.7). along the shaft (Fig. 6.7).
and atthe
theshaft
same(Fig.
time6.7).
permitting
the latter
to move
and at the same time permitting the latter to move axially along
cabea
cabeas
cubo
movimento axial
chaveta cubo
16
20
6
6
13
16
3.5
4
22
25
28
6
6
6
18
21
23
5
5
6
32
26
38
32
VI. CHAVETAS, RANHURAS,

E JUNES
34
6 PINOS 28
6
Ligao ( junta) cubo-eixo
cnica com8 Chaveta Woodruff
42
36
48
54
8
8
42
46
60
52
7
8
9
10
10
12
Chaveta Woodruff:
65
8
56
Embutida na forma de segmento de72disco circular de
espessura
uniforme;
8
62
Com superfcie inferior circular a ranhura
no eixo deve
82
10 ser circular com72mesmo raio da
12
12
chaveta;
92
10
82
102
92
Usada principalmente em eixos cnicos
de mquinas10operatrizes e automveis.
14
Montada no eixo, a face externa se alinha com a ranhura do eixo com fundo cnico.
!"#"#"$%&''()*++%,-.
It is a sunk key, in the form of a segment of a circular disc of uniform thickness (Fig. 6.8 a).
As the bottom surface of the key is circular, the keyway in the shaft is in the form of a circular
chaveta
W
Propores:
D: dimetro do eixo;
w: espessura da chaveta = 0.25*D;
d: dimetro da chaveta = 3*W;
T: altura da chaveta = 1.35*W;
T1: prof. da ranhura do cubo = 0.5*W+0.1mm;
T2: prof. da ranhura do eixo = 0.85*W;
chaveta
cubo
eixo
r
cubo
(a)
Chaveta Woodruff: numa montagem
cnica a face reta se acomoda

ranhura na face cnica do cubo.
Fig. 6.8 Woodruff key
!207
(b)
usual manner. Woodruff key is mainly used on tapered shafts of machine tools and automobiles.
Once
placed
in position,
tilts
aligns
itself
tapered
shaft
(Fig.
The
Once
placed
in position,
thethe
keykey
tilts
andand
aligns
itself
on on
thethe
tapered
shaft
(Fig.
6.86.8
b).b).
The
following
proportions
of woodruff
keys:
following
areare
thethe
proportions
of woodruff
keys:
is the
diameter
of the
shaft,
If DIfisDthe
diameter
of the
shaft,
Thickness
of key,
= 0.25
Thickness
of key,
WW
= 0.25
D D
Keys,
Cotters
and
Pin
Joints
109
Diameter
of key,
3W
Diameter
of key,
d d
= 3=W
Height
of key,
T
= 1.35 W
of key,
T mounting,
recess to the same curvature as the key. A keyway is made inHeight
the hub
of the
in the = 1.35 W
Depth
of the
keyway
in the
hub,
= 0.5
+ 0.1
mm
Depth
of the
keyway
the
hub,
T1 T=1 0.5
WW
+ 0.1
mm
usual manner. Woodruff key is mainly used on tapered shafts of
machine
tools
and in
automobiles.
Depth
of keyway
in shaft,
T2
= 0.85
Depth
of keyway
shaft,
WW
Once placed in position, the key tilts and aligns itself on the
tapered
shaft in
(Fig.
6.8Tb).
The = 0.85
2
!"#"#"$%&'()*%+,-.
ollowing are the proportions of woodruff keys:
!"#"#"$%&'()*%+,-.
Round
keys
of circular
cross-section,
usually
tapered
(1:50)
along
length.
A round
key
If D is the diameter of the shaft,
Round
keys
areare
of circular
cross-section,
usually
tapered
(1:50)
along
thethe
length.
A round
key
fits
in
the
hole
drilled
partly
in
the
shaft
and
partly
in
the
hub
(Fig.
6.9).
The
mean
diameter
fits in the hole drilled partly in the shaft and partly in the hub (Fig. 6.9). The mean diameter of of
Thickness of key, W
= 0.25 D
may
be taken
as 0.25
where
D shaft
is shaft
diameter.
Round
keys
generally
used
thethe
pinpin
may
be taken
as 0.25
D, D,
where
D is
diameter.
Round
keys
areare
generally
used
forfor
Diameter of key, d
=3W
light
duty,
where
loads
considerable.
light
duty,
where
thethe
loads
areare
notnot
considerable.

Ligao cubo-eixo por chavetas redondas
Height of key, T
= 1.35 W
Depth of the keywayChavetas
in the hub, T1 redondas:
= 0.5 W + 0.1 mm
Depth of keyway in shaft,
T2 circular
= 0.85normalmente
W
Seo
com conicidade
1:50
1:50
1:50;d
!"#"#"$%&'()*%+,-.
Round keys are of circular cross-section, usually tapered (1:50) along the length. A round key
L
dimetro
aproximadamente
0.25*D;
its in the hole drilled partly inO
the
shaft and mdio
partly indo
thepino
hub (Fig.
6.9). The mean diameter
of L
the pin may be taken as 0.25 D, where D is shaft diameter. Round keys are generally used for
As chavetas redondas so utilizadas para servio leve ode as
ight duty, where the loads are not considerable.
Encaixa no furo que metade no cubo e metade no eixo;
1:50
cargas no so elevadas;
(a)
(a)
d
D
L
(a)
(b)
(b)
Round
Fig.Fig.
6.96.9
Round
keykey
Montagem cubo-eixo com

chaveta
redonda
: resulta uma unio fixa de
$%&&'()
*%+,&!"#!"#$%&&'()
*%+,&-
servio leve
pequena capacidade
A cotter
autilizada
flat
wedge
shaped
piece,
made
of steel.
It uniform
is uniform
thickness
tapering
em
. of steel.
A cotter
is aisflat
wedge
shaped
piece,
made
It is
in in
thickness
butbut
tapering
in in
D
width,
generally
side;
usual
taper
being
1:30.
The
lateral
(bearing)
edges
width,
generally
on on
oneone
side;
thethe
usual
taper
being
1:30.
The
lateral
(bearing)
edges
of of
thethe
cotter
and
the
bearing
slots
are
generally
made
semi-circular
instead
of
straight
(Fig.
6.10).
cotter and the bearing slots are generally made semi-circular instead of straight (Fig. 6.10).
!208
0.5
0.
0.5
0.5 T
0.5 T
0.5 T

(a)
(b)
(c)
Ligao cubo-eixo
porFeather
ranhuras
(ou estrias)
Fig. 6.6
keys
1234%&'(&)*&*'+&),-&.'/&0
Ranhuras:
In this, the key is provided with heads on both ends. These heads prevent the axial movement
of the
key in equidistantes
the hub. Here too,
once eplaced
in position, the key and the mounting move as one
So
cortadas
no eixo
no cubo;
unitespessura
(Fig. 6.6 c).uniforme;
Com
O !"#"#"$%&'()*+,
eixo com ranhuras chamado eixo estriado;
Splines are keys made integral with the shaft, by cutting equi-spaced grooves of uniform crosssection. The shaft with splines is called a splined shaft. The splines on the shaft, fit into the
corresponding
recesses
in the
hubunio
of thede
mounting,
with a sliding
fit, providing
a positive drive
Ajuste
deslizante
permite
uma
grande capacidade
, permitindo
o movimento
axial
at the same time permitting the latter to move axially along the shaft (Fig. 6.7).
doand
cubo;
As estrias do eixo se encaixam nas cavidades correspondentes do cubo;
D1
D2
D1
D2
Fig. 6.7 Splined shaft and hub
Montagem
cubo-eixo
com ranhuras
resulta shafts
uma unio
mvelsizes.
de grande
Table 6.2 gives
the proportions
for:splined
of various
capacidade
utilizada em mquinas de grande porte, veculos e mquinas operatrizes.
dharm
!209

108
Machine Drawing
Tabela: Propores para eixos ranhurados de diversas dimenses.

Table 6.2 Proportions for splined shafts of various sizes
Nominal (major)
diameter, D1 (mm)
Number of
splines
Minor (root)
diameter, D2 (mm)
Width of spline,
W (mm)
14
16
20
6
6
6
11
13
16
3
3.5
4
22
25
28
6
6
6
18
21
23
5
5
6
32
34
38
6
6
8
26
28
32
6
6
7
42
48
54
8
8
8
36
42
46
7
8
9
60
65
72
8
8
8
52
56
62
10
10
12
82
92
10
10
72
82
12
12
102
10
92
14
!210
!"#"#"$%&''()*++%,-.
It is a sunk key, in the form of a segment of a circular disc of uniform thickness (Fig. 6.8 a).
110
Machine Drawing

PINOS E JUNES
This increases the bearing area and permits drilling while making the slots. The cotter is
locked in position by means of a screw as shown in Fig. 6.11.
Cotter joints are used to connect two rods, subjected to tensile or compressive forces
along their axes. These joints are not suitable where the members are under rotation. The
following are some of the commonly used cotter joints:
Ligao por linguetas e Contra-Pinos
Lingueta:
Pea de ao
cunha plana;
110em forma
Machinede
Drawing
Com espessura uniforme e largura cnica;
This increases the bearing area and permits drilling while making
A conicidade
1:30
lockedusualmente
in position byutilizada
means of a de
screw
as ;shown in Fig. 6.11.
Lingueta e encaixe
the slots. The cotter is
Cotter joints
are
used to onde
connect
As arestas da lingueta
e dos
encaixes
two rods, subjected to tensile or compressive forces
along their axes. These joints are not suitable where the members are under rotation. The
following are some ;of the commonly used cotter joints:Fig. 6.10 Cotter and the bearing slot
montado so
Fig. 6.11 Locking arrangement of cotter
arredondadas
Arestas arredondadas aumentam a rea
de
contato ;
Arestas arredondadas permitem usinar os
encaixes
por furao;
Utilizadas para conectar 2 hastes sujeitas
trao ou compresso;
No so adequadas para ligao de partes
girantes.
(a)
0.1 D
0.1 D
0.1 D
0.1 D
0.4 D
0.1 D
!211
1.3 D
1.3 D
4D
0.4 D
2.5 D
1.3 D
Fig. 6.10 Cotter and the bearing slot
Fixao da lingueta
(b) por parafuso
0.1 D
8D
Machine Drawing
ncreases the bearing area and permits drilling while making the slots. The cotter is
in position by means of a screw as shown in Fig. 6.11.
Cotter joints are used to connect two rods, subjected to tensile or compressive forces
their axes. These joints are not suitable where the members are under rotation. The
ing are some of the commonly used cotter joints:

PINOS
E Fig.
JUNES
Fig. 6.10 Cotter and
the bearing slot
6.11 Locking arrangement of cotter
Conexo de hastes cilndricas com linguetas e luva
Lingueta e luva:
Ligao simples para unir 2 hastes cilndricas;
Na unio aumenta-se o dimetro das hastes para abertura
Lingueta Luva Lingueta
das cavidades de encaixe das linguetas;

A luva montada com as hastes juntas e as linguetas
encaixadas;
(a)
0.4 D
(b)
1.3 D
0.1 D
0.1 D
1.3 D
0.4 D
2.5 D
1.3 D
0.1 D
0.1 D
Fig. 6.10 CotterLingueta

and the bearing slot
4D
Luva
0.1 D
0.1 D
8D
1.3 D
(a)
0.4 D
1.3 D
0.1 D
Hastes
unidas
(b)
pela luve e
1.3 D
0.1 D linguetas
(c)
0.4 D
da montagem dos elementos da unio.
utilizao de uma0.1luva
e 2 linguetas para
D 0.1 D
dharm
conectar as 2 hastes tracionadas oud:\N-Design\Des6-1.pm5
comprimidas
!212
D
4D
2.5 D
1.3 D
Fig. 6.12 Cotter joint with sleeve
Lingueta e luva: detalhes das dimenses e
Linguetas, hastes e luva: detalhe da
0.1 D
0.1 D
8D
0.1 D
0.3 D
1.3 D
Sixth Print
relative positions of the slots are such, that when a cotter is driven into its position, it permits
wedging action and pulls the rod into the sleeve.
!"#"3*%&''()*+&,-'*.,'/*0&45('*6-7*08,9&'*:-7;
This joint is also used to fasten two circular rods. In this, the rod ends are modified instead of
using a sleeve. One end of the rod is formed into a socket and the other into a spigot (Fig. 6.13)
and slots are
111cut. After aligning the socket and spigot ends, a cotter is driven-in through the
slots, forming the joint.
!"#"$ %&''()*+&,-'*.,'/*01((2(
This is the simplest of all cotter joints, used for fastening two circular rods. To make the joint,
the rods are enlarged at their ends and slots are cut. After keeping the rods butt against each
other, a sleeve with slots is placed over them. After aligning the slots properly, two cotters are
driven-in through the slots, resulting in the joint (Fig. 6.12). The rod ends are enlarged to take
care of the weakening effect caused by the slots.
The slots in the rods and sleeve are made slightly wider than the width of cotter. The
relative positions of the slots are such, that when a cotter is driven into its position, it permits
wedging action and pulls the rod into the sleeve.
Socket end

Conexo de hastes cilndricas com linguetas e luva
Spigot end
!"#"3*%&''()*+&,-'*.,'/*0&45('*6-7*08,9&'*:-7;
This joint is also used to fasten two circular rods. In this, the rod ends are modified instead of
using a sleeve. One end of the rod is formed into a socket and the other into a spigot (Fig. 6.13)
and slots are cut. After aligning the socket and spigot ends, a cotter is driven-in through the
slots, forming the joint.
(a)
3.25 D
3
Colar
da
Socket end
luva
0.5 D
3
2.5 D
1.8 D
1.25 D
1.3 D
1.25 D
1.8 D
D
4D
Luva
Haste
Spigot end
(a)
3.25 D
SLOPE,
1:30
0.5 D
0.3 D
(b)
0.8 D
1.1 D
1.2 D
4.25 D
Lingueta, luva e haste: detalhe da unio de
2.5 D
1 linguetas para conectar as 2 hastes
!"#"#*%&''()*+&,-'*.,'/*6*<,=
Lingueta, luva e haste: detalhes das
This joint is generally used to connect two rods of square or rectangular cross-section. To make
dimenses e da montagem dos elementos
the joint, one end of the rod is formed into a U-fork, into which, the end of the other rod fits in.
1.8 D
1.25 D
1.3 D
luva e outro haste

1.25 D
4D
1.8 D
D
2 hastes sendo um lado
Fig. 6.13 Cotter joint with socket and spigot ends
da unio.
tracionadas ou comprimidas
SLOPE,
1:30
0.3 D
(b)
0.8 D
1.1 D
1.2 D
dharm
4.25 D
Fig. 6.13 Cotter joint with socket and spigot ends
!"#"#*%&''()*+&,-'*.,'/*6*<,=
!213
This joint is generally used to connect two rods of square or rectangular cross-section. To make
the joint, one end of the rod is formed into a U-fork, into which, the end of the other rod fits in.
Figure 6.14 shows a cotter joint with a gib. For making the joint, first the gib is placed in
position and then the cotter is driven-in.
Machine Drawing
n a cotter is driven-in, the friction between the cotter and straps of the U-fork, causes the
s to open. This is prevented by the use of a gib.
A gib is also a wedge shaped piece of retangular cross-section with two rectangular
ctions called lugs. One side of the gib is tapered and the other straight. The tapered side
e gib bears against the tapered side of the cotter such that, the outer edges of the cotter
gib as a unit are parallel. This facilitates making of slots with parallel edges, unlike the
red edges in case of ordinary cotter joint. Further, the lugs bearing against the outer
ces of the fork, prevents the opening tendency of the straps.
Figure 6.14 shows a cotter joint with a gib. For making the joint, first the gib is placed in
ion and then the cotter is driven-in.

Conexo de hastes de seo quadradas ou retangular com linguetas e luva
Cotter
Gib
(a)
SLOPE,1:30
1:30
Inclinao
0.1 D
Lingueta com uma

face inclinada
Apoio em U com
Gib
o fundo inclinado
(a)
(b)
!"#
0.5D
D
Haste com encaixe:
detalhe da unio de 2
4D
1.5 D
0.3 D
1.1 D
0.5 D
Fig. 6.14 Cotter joint with a gib
0.1 D
2D
0.4D
3.8 D
0.1D
4D
Cotter
SLOPE, 1:30
3D
0.5D
2D
3D
0.1D
hastes de seo quadrada ou retangular.
$%&' ()%&*+
luva
haste:
detalhes
das
dimenses
e da
montagem
In a Lingueta,
pin joint, a pin
is eused
to fasten
two rods
that
are under the
action
of a tensile force;
although the rods may support a compressive force if the joint is guided. Some pin joints such
dos elementos da unio. Utilizando um encosto em U com o
as universal joints, use two pins and are used to transmit power from one rotating shaft to
anotherfundo
(the universal
is discussed
under Chapter 7).com
A pinface
joint permits
a small amount
planojoint
inclinado
e uma
inclinada,
lingueta
obtm-se um efeito de cunha ao inserir a lingueta.

(b)
0.4D
1.5 D
3.8 D
0.3 D
1.1 D
0.5 D
Fig. 6.14 Cotter joint with a gib
$%&' ()%&*+
dharm
!214
and held in position by means of a collar and a taper pin (Fig. 6.15). Once the joint is made, the
rods are free to swivel about the cylindrical pin.
Knuckle
joints are used in suspension links, air brake arrangement of locomotives, etc.
113
exibility or one rod may be positioned at an angle (in the plane containing the rods) with
ect to the other rod, after providing suitable guides.
Unlike in cotter joints, the pin in a pin joint is not driven-in with a force fit, but is
rted in the holes with a clearance fit. The pin is held in position, by means of a taper pin or
lit pin provided at its end.
Eye
$ %&'()*+,-./&0
nuckle joint is a pin joint used to fasten two circular rods. In this joint, one end of the rod is
med into an eye and the other into a fork (double eye). For making the joint, the eye end of
rod is aligned into the fork end of the other and then the pin is inserted through the holes
held in position by means of a collar and a taper pin (Fig. 6.15). Once the joint is made, the
are free to swivel about the cylindrical pin.
Knuckle joints are used in suspension links, air brake arrangement of locomotives, etc.
Taper pin
Juntas com pinos
Knuckle pin
Collar
Fork end
(a)
1.2 D
Eye
Olhal
0.25 D
1.2 D
4D
4D
Contra-pino
Taper
pin
4D
D
1.35 D
(a)
1.5 D
(b)
1.2 D
1.2 D
0.25 D
Junta articulada ou Cotovelo: detalhe da
unio de4 D2 hastes com uma

articulao
4D
um pino.
0.5 D
1.5 D
utilizando
0.75 D
1.2 D
4D
D
Fig. 6.15 Knuckle joint
Lingueta, luva e haste: detalhes das dimenses e da montagem

THEORY
dos elementos
daQUESTIONS
unio articulada.
6.1 What is a key and what for is it used?

6.2 What is the amount of taper usually provided on the face of a key?
6.3 What is the difference between a saddle key and a sunk key?
1.5 D
0.5 D
1.35 D
0.5 D
Fork end
Gancho
Pino
da pin
articulao
Knuckle
Collar
Colar
0.5 D
1.5 D
0.75 D
1.2 D
dharm
(b)
Fig. 6.15 Knuckle joint
THEORY QUESTIONS
!215

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MCA08677 - DESENHO TCNICO MECNICO I

FUNDAMENTOS DO DESENHO MECNICO

Prof.:Antnio Bento Filho

Em geral, utilizada entre as pessoas como poderoso meio

linguagem falada e escrita;

Independe das barreiras de linguagem.

Importncia da linguagem grfica: expressa idias as

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS TCNICOS

c. Desenhos de montagem: desenho que mostra as partes da

Desenho de montagem na fase de projeto:

quando uma mquina

Desenho de montagem detalhado:

usualmente feito para mquinas

Vistas separadas de partes em escala aumentada mostrando

Classificao dos desenhos tcnicos

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

de sub-montagem: um desenho de montagem de um

de instalao e montagem: a localizao e dimenso de

de montagem para catlogos: so preparados para catlogo

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

de montagem para catlogos

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

Desenho de montagem para

utilizados para montagem e

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

Desenhos para patentes: utlizados para

ilustrar e explicar o invento, so desenhos

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

CLASSIFICAO DOS DESENHOS

1. Classifique os vrios tipos de desenhos usados na engenharia mecnica.

III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS

Um objeto tem 3 dimenses: comprimento, largura e altura;

Projeo a representao de um objeto 3D em

III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS

Projeo ortogrfica: observador localizado no

infinito e linhas de projeo paralelas;

Sistemas de projeo mais comuns: 10 diedro e

III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS

Sistema de projees no 1o Diedro

view from above

surface. Figure 3.2 shows the method of obtaining

III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS

Representao das Vistas no 1o Diedro

View from the front

View from the left

View from above

III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS

Representao das Vistas no 1 e 3o Diedros

4. View in the direction d = view from the right

Fig. 3.5 Designation of the views

III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS

Consideraes para escolha da posio

tamanho real se for paralela ao plano de projeo;

superfcie aparecer em formato real se for paralela ao plano de

objeto deve ser posicionado em relao aos planos de projeo de

III. PROJEES ORTOGRFICAS

objeto so representadas por linhas

jection of an object on to any

Fig. 3.8 Application

lines in the projection of an object.

tangential to other curved surfaces. The