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ISBN: 978-85-89727-04-4
DIRETORIA EXECUTIVA 2 Tesoureiro
Marcos Adriano Gomes de Oliveiral
Presidente
Carlos Eduardo Corradi Fonseca 3 Tesoureiro
Roberto Gonalves de Lucena
Vice-Presidente
Valter Mller Diretor de pesquisa
Hans Joachim Barg
Secretrio Geral
Luis Augusto Seabra Rios Diretor de Comunicao
Carlos Alberto Ricetto Sacomani
1 Secretrio
Giovani Thomaz Pioner
CONSELHO FISCAL
2 Secretrio Presidente
Luiz Srgio Santos Paulo Habib Nascif
3 Secretrio Membros:
Jos de Ribamar Rodrigues Calixto Acival Lopes dos Santos
Lcio Flvio Gonzaga
1 Tesoureiro Silva
Laurinei Muniz da Cunha Jos Carlos de Almeida
Sidney Glina
Editor Chefe Pr-edio
Francisco Jos Bretas Ricardo de Morais
Antonio Moraes Jr. - Chefe do Depto de Andrologia Fernando Cotait Maluf - Chefe do Servio de On-
da SBU. Membro da International Society for Sexual cologia Clnica do Centro Oncolgico Antnio Ermrio
Medicine. Urologista do Hospital Jardim Amrica, de Moraes.
Gonia-GO
Fernando Vidigal de Pdua - Mdico Oncologis-
Anuar Ibrahim Mitre - Prof. Associado de Urologia ta Clnico do Centro Oncolgico Antnio Ermrio de
da Faculdade de Medicina da USP Moraes da Beneficncia Portuguesa de So Paulo.
Prof. Titular de Urologia da Faculdade de Medicina
de Jundia Jos Bessa Jnior - Professor Adjunto de Urologia
da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. M-
Carlos Alberto Bezerra - Prof. Livre Docente de dico Urologista em Feira de Santana (BA)
Urologia pela Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. Doutor
em Urologia pela UNIFESP. Diretor dos Departamen- Jos Carlos de Almeida - Fellow - Lahey Clinic Me-
tos de Urologia Feminina e Neuro Urologia da SBU dical Center - USA. Doutor da Universidade de Bra-
slia- UNB. Chefe do Servio de Urologia do Hospital
Cristiano Mendes Gomes - Doutor em Urologia das Foras Armadas - Braslia -DF
pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de
So Paulo (FMUSP). Professor do Programa de Ps- Leonardo Sousa Ramos - Mdico Urologista do
Garduao em Urologia da FMUSP. Mdico do Setor Servio de Urologia do Hospital das Foras Arma-
de Disfunes Miccionais da Diviso de Urologia do das- Braslia-DF
Hospital das Clnicas da FMUSP. Fellow in Urology
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA William Carlos Nahas - Professor Titular da Dis-
ciplina de Urologia da FMUSP. Mauricio Dener Cor-
Eliney Ferreira Faria - Urologista Hospital de Cn- deiro. Doutor e Mdico Assistente da Disciplina de
cer de Barretos. Doutor em Oncologia pela USP SP. Urologia da FMUSP
Post Doc in Uro-oncology by MDAnderson Cancer
Center. Diretor Urologia IRCAD Latin America. Limrio Leal da Fonseca Filho - Diretor do Servico
de Urologia do Hospital do Servidor Publico Estadual
Ernesto Reggio - Doutor em Urologia pela FMUSP. de Sao Paulo. Mestre e Doutor em urologia pela Uni-
Coordenador do Departamento de Endourologia da SBU versidade de Sao Paulo
Fbio Schutz - Oncologista Clnico do Centro On- Mrcio Augusto Averbeck - Mestre em Cincias da
colgico Antnio Ermrio de Moraes da Beneficncia Sade pela UFCSPA. Clinical Fellow da Universidade
Portuguesa de So Paulo (COAEMBPSP). Coorde- de Innsbruck, ustria
nador mdico do Centro de Oncologia da unidade
So Joaquim do COAEMBPSP. Ex-Research Fellow Marcus Vinicius Sadi - Professor Associado e
do departamento de oncologia geniturinria do Da- Livre Docente de Urologia - UNIFESP. Ps Gradu-
na-Farber Cancer Institute - Harvard Medical School ado | Universidades de Harvard Medical School e
em Boston. The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Mestre e
Doutor em Urologia Escola Paulista de Medicina
Fabrcio Leite de Carvalho - Doutor em Urologia UNIFESP
pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de So
Paulo. Professor Assistente de Urologia da Faculdade Maurcio Dener Cordeiro - Doutor e Mdico Assis-
de Cincias Mdicas de Minas Gerais. Coordenador tente da Disciplina de Urologia da FMUSP. Residente
da Residncia Mdica em Urologia do Hospital Uni- da Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Santa Casa
versitrio Cincias Mdicas Belo Horizonte, MG. de So Paulo.
Mario Henrique Bueno Bavaresco - Mdico Rosely Yamamura - Oncologista Clnica assistente
Assistente do Servico de Urologia do Hospital do do Centro Oncolgico Antnio Ermrio de Moraes -
Servidor Publico Estadual de Sao Paulo Beneficncia Portuguesa de So Paulo
Roberto Lodeiro Muller - Urologista pelo HC de
Porto Alegre. Mestre pela UFRS Sylvio Quadros Mercs Jnior - Chefe do Depar-
Research Fellow in uro-oncologyby Duke Univer- tamento de Doenas Sexualmente Transmissveis da
sity. Fellow Uro-oncologia e Laparoscopia pelo Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia. Mdico Urologista
Hospital de Cncer de Barretos em Feira de Santana (BA)
Roberto Soler - Assistente doutor da disciplina de Uro- Ubirajara Ferreira - Prof. Titular de Urologia -
logia da Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP. Dou-
torado em Urologia pela Escola Paulista de Medicina UNICAM
- UNIFESP. Ps-doutorado no Wake Forest Institute for Wiliam Carlos Nahas - Professor Titular da Discipli-
Regenerative Medicine - Wake Forest University, EUA
na de Urologia da FMUSP
Roni de Carvalho Fernandes - Prof. Assistente da
Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Santa Casa de Willy Baccaglini - Residente da Faculdade de Cin-
So Paulo, Membro Titular da SBU. cias Mdicas da Santa Casa de So Paulo.
EDITORIAL
Caro colega,
(...)
Ou isto ou aquilo: ou isto ou aquilo...
e vivo escolhendo o dia inteiro!
(...)
Mas no consegui entender ainda
qual melhor: se isto ou aquilo.
tima leitura!
Os Autores.
SUMRIO
81 Cap 07 Vigilncia ativa deve ser oferecida para pacientes com CAP de baixo
risco com idade inferior a 65 anos?
117 Cap 10 O papel da bipsia percutnea nas massas renais menores que 4cm
127 Cap 11 Lico versus Leco versus Laparoscopia para clculo de ureter superior
135 Cap 12 Opes cirrgicas para Hpb > 100g: como selecionar a melhor tcnica?
Aberta versus Laparoscopia versus Laser versus Rtu
CONTROVRSIAS NA NOCTRIA
E SUA ABORDAGEM
ROBERTO SOLER
CONTROVRSIAS NA NOCTRIA E SUA ABORDAGEM
INTRODUO
Termos Definies
Volume de urina noturna Total do volume de urina eliminada durante a noite, incluindo a
primeira mico da manh.
Taxa de produo Volume de urina produzido noite (mL)/ tempo de sono (min.).
noturna de urina Medida em mL/min.
Poliria noturna Volume de urina noturna > 20-30% do volume total das 24 horas
(depende da idade do paciente).
Volume urinado Volume total de urina eliminado durante 24 horas (a primeira mico
em 24 horas do dia deve ser descartada; conceitualmente, a contagem se inicia
aps a primeira mico da manh).
13
Poliria Quando o volume urinado em 24 horas excede 2.800mL (em uma
pessoa com 70 kg) ou > 40mL/kg/dia.
Primeira mico da manh a primeira mico depois de levantar com a inteno de acordar.
*Modificada de van Kerrebroeck P, Abrams P, Chaikin D, Donovan J, Fonda D, Jackson S, et al.: The standardisation
of terminology in nocturia: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society.
Neurourol Urodyn. 2002; 21: 179-83.
+ Meta-anlise de 43 estudos. Modificada de Bosch JL, Weiss JP: The prevalence and causes of nocturia. J Urol.
2010; 184: 440-6.
CONTROVRSIAS NA NOCTRIA E SUA ABORDAGEM
Polidipsia Problemas
primria psicolgicos/
distrbios
do sono
Poliria Deficincia de
noturna Noctria estrgeno
Diabetes
Aumento da mellitus ou
prstata insipidus
Doena
Hiperatividade cardaca
14 detrusora Capacidade descompensada
vesical
reduzida
AVALIAO CLNICA
Tamsulosina OCAS 8
0,3 mices
BH Solifenacina 10
0,08 mices (PN)
0,18 mices (sem PN)
Noctria
Avaliao Inicial
Orientaes
comportamentais
Investigao
complementar
Modificaes comportamentais
Avaliao complementar
TRATAMENTO
Alfabloqueadores
Diabetes mellitus
Tipo I
Tipo II
Diabetes insipidus
Pituitrio
Renal
Gestacional
Polidipsia primria (psicognica, iatrognica)
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Insnia
Sndrome da apneia obstrutiva
Sndrome das pernas inquietas
Parassomnias
Distrbios do sono relacionados a outras patologias mdicas (exem-
plo: doena pulmonar obstrutiva crnica, doena cardaca etc.)
Distrbios do sono relacionados a doenas neurolgicas (exemplo:
Doena de Alzheimer, Mal de Parkinson, epilepsia noturna etc.)
Antimuscarnicos
Desmopressina
LUTS/ NOCTRIA
Excluir e tratar causas no urolgicas (como apneia
obstrutiva do sono e insuficincia cardaca)
Modificaes do estilo de vida
Sintomas
Sintomas predominantemente Sintomas mistos
predominantemente
diurnos (diurnos e noturnos)
noturnos
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. van Kerrebroeck P, Abrams P, Chaikin D, Donovan J, Fonda D, Jackson S, et al.: The stan-
dardisationofterminologyinnocturia:reportfromtheStandardisationSub-committeeof
the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002; 21: 179-83.
2. Mattsson S: Urinary incontinence and nocturia in healthy schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr.
1994; 83: 950-4.
3. Malmsten UG, Milsom I, Molander U, Norln LJ: Urinary incontinence and lower urinary
tract symptoms: an epidemiological study of men aged 45 to 99 years. J Urol. 1997; 158:
1733-7.
4. Bosch JL, Weiss JP: The prevalence and causes of nocturia. J Urol. 2010; 184: 440-6.
5. Nakagawa H, Niu K, Hozawa A, IkedaY, KaihoY, Ohmori-Matsuda K, et al.: Impact of noc-
turia on bone fracture and mortality in older individuals: a Japanese longitudinal cohort
study. J Urol. 2010; 184: 1413-8.
6. Parsons JK, Mougey J, Lambert L, Wilt TJ, Fink HA, Garzotto M, et al.: Lower urinary tract
symptoms increase the risk of falls in older men. BJU Int. 2009; 104: 63-8.
20 7. Johnson TM 2nd, Jones K, Williford WO, Kutner MH, Issa MM, Lepor H: Changes in noc-
turia from medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: secondary analysis of the
Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Trial. J Urol. 2003; 170: 145-8.
8. Djavan B, Milani S, Davies J, et al.: The impact of tamsulosin oral controlled absorption
system (OCAS) on nocturia and the quality of sleep: preliminary results of a pilot study.
Eur Urol Suppl. 2005; 4: 61-8.
9. Johnson TM 2nd, Burrows PK, Kusek JW, Nyberg LM, Tenover JL, Lepor H, et al.: The
effect of doxazosin, finasteride and combination therapy on nocturia in men with benign
prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2007; 178: 2045-50; discussion 2050-1.
10. Brubaker L, FitzGerald MP: Nocturnal polyuria and nocturia relief in patients treated with
solifenacinforoveractivebladdersymptoms.IntUrogynecolJPelvicFloorDysfunct.2007;
18: 737-41.
11. Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Rovner ES, Carlsson M, BavendamT, Guan Z:Tolterodine and
tamsulosin for treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms and overactive blad-
der: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006; 296: 2319-28. Erratum in: JAMA. 2007:
297: 1195.
12. Urinary incontinence: the management of urinary incontinence in women. NICE Clinical
guidelines, CG171 - Issued: September 2013. Available at in: http://guidance.nice.org.
uk/CG171.
13. Cornu JN, Abrams P, Chapple CR, Dmochowski RR, Lemack GE, Michel MC, et al.: A con-
temporaryassessmentofnocturia:definition,epidemiology,pathophysiology,andmana-
gement--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2012; 62: 877-90.
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
14. Andersson KE, Chapple CR, Cardozo L, Cruz F, Hashim H, Michel MC, et al.: Pharmaco-
logical treatment of overactive bladder: report from the International Consultation on
Incontinence. Curr Opin Urol. 2009; 19: 380-94.
15. Oelke M, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, Emberton M, Gravas S, Michel MC, et al.: EAU
guidelines on the treatment and follow-up of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract
symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol. 2013; 64: 118-40.
21
CAPTULO 2
INTRODUO
CONCLUSO
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, Reilly K, Kopp Z, Herschorn S, et al.: Population-based sur-
veyofurinaryincontinence,overactivebladder,andotherlowerurinarytractsymptomsin 37
five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol. 2006; 50: 1306-14; discussion 1314-5.
2. Coyne KS, Sexton CC,VatsV,Thompson C, Kopp ZS, Milsom I: National community preva-
lence of overactive bladder in the United States stratified by sex and age. Urology. 2011;
77: 1081-7.
3. Brown JS, Vittinghoff E, Wyman JF, Stone KL, Nevitt MC, Ensrud KE, et al.: Urinary in-
continence: does it increase risk for falls and fractures? Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 721-5.
4. Neubauer DN: Sleep problems in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 1999; 59: 2551-8, 2559-
60.
5. Jayarajan J, Radomski SB: Pharmacotherapy of overactive bladder in adults: a review of
efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life. Res Rep Urol. 2013; 6: 1-16.
6. Hood B, Andersson KE: Common theme for drugs effective in overactive bladder treat-
ment: inhibition of afferent signaling from the bladder. Int J Urol. 2013; 20: 21-7.
7. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al.: The standardisation of
terminologyinlowerurinarytractfunction:reportfromthestandardisationsub-commit-
tee of the International Continence Society. Urology. 2003; 61: 37-49.
8. Malone-LeeJ,HenshawDJ,CummingsK:Urodynamicverificationofanoveractivebladder
is not a prerequisite for antimuscarinic treatment response. BJU Int. 2003; 92: 415-7.
9. Staskin DR: Overactive bladder in the elderly: a guide to pharmacological management.
Drugs Aging. 2005; 22: 1013-28.
10. Wagg A: The cognitive burden of anticholinergics in the elderly implications for the
treatment of overactive bladder; Eur Urol Rev 2012; 7: 42-9.
C o m o s e l e c i o n a r u m a n t i m u s c a r n i c o pa r a o t r ata m e n t o d a
b e x i g a h i p e r at i va n o i d o s o? Q u a n d o i n d i c a r a t o x i n a b o t u l n i c a?
11. Abrams P, Andersson KE, Buccafusco JJ, Chapple C, de Groat WC, Fryer AD, et al.: Musca-
rinic receptors: their distribution and function in body systems, and the implications for
treating overactive bladder. Br J Pharmacol. 2006; 148: 565-78.
12. Michael BC, Peter L, Bharathi RR, Andrew JV: Optimum Management of Overactive Blad-
der: medication vs BotoxTM vs InterStimTM vs Urgent TM PC. Urology Practice 2014; 1:
7-12.
13. Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, ChaiTC, Clemens JQ, Culkin DJ, et al.: Diagnosis and
treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol.
2012; 188: 2455-63.
14. Wagg AS, Cardozo L, Chapple C, De Ridder D, Kelleher C, Kirby M, et al.: Overactive blad-
der syndrome in older people. BJU Int. 2007; 99: 502-9.
15. Chapple CR, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, Muston D, Bitoun CE, Weinstein D: The effects of anti-
muscarinic treatments in overactive bladder: an update of a systematic review and meta
-analysis. Eur Urol. 2008; 54: 543-62.
16. Szonyi G, Collas DM, Ding YY, Malone-Lee JG: Oxybutynin with bladder retraining for
detrusor instability in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 1995;
38 24: 287-91.
17. Ouslander JG, ShihYT, Malone-Lee J, Luber K: Overactive bladder: special considerations
in the geriatric population. Am J Manag Care. 2000; 6: S599-606.
18. Goode PS, Burgio KL, Locher JL, Umlauf MG, Lloyd LK, Roth DL: Urodynamic changes as-
sociated with behavioral and drug treatment of urge incontinence in older women. J Am
Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50: 808-16.
19. Zinner NR, Mattiasson A, Stanton SL: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of extended-release
once-dailytolterodinetreatmentforoveractivebladderinolderversusyoungerpatients.J
Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50: 799-807.
20. Diokno AC, Appell RA, Sand PK, Dmochowski RR, Gburek BM, Klimberg IW, et al.: Prospec-
tive,randomized,double-blindstudyoftheefficacyandtolerabilityoftheextended-relea-
seformulationsofoxybutyninandtolterodineforoveractivebladder:resultsoftheOPERA
trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003; 78: 687-95.
21. Foote J, Glavind K, Kralidis G,Wyndaele JJ:Treatment of overactive bladder in the older
patient: pooled analysis of three phase III studies of darifenacin, an M3 selective receptor
antagonist. Eur Urol. 2005; 48: 471-7.
22. Wesnes KA, Edgar C,Tretter RN, Bolodeoku J: Exploratory pilot study assessing the risk of
cognitive impairment or sedation in the elderly following single doses of solifenacin 10
mg. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009; 8: 615-26.
23. Wagg A, Dale M,Tretter R, Stow B, Compion G: Randomised, multicentre, placebo-con-
trolled,double-blindcrossoverstudyinvestigatingtheeffectofsolifenacinandoxybuty-
nin in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: the SENIOR study. Eur Urol. 2013;
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CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
24. Sand PK, Johnson IiTM, Rovner ES, Ellsworth PI, Oefelein MG, Staskin DR:Trospium chlo-
ride once-daily extended release is efficacious and tolerated in elderly subjects (aged
75 years) with overactive bladder syndrome. BJU Int. 2011; 107: 612-20.
25. Wagg A, Khullar V, Marschall-Kehrel D, Michel MC, Oelke M, Darekar A, et al.: Flexible-
dose fesoterodine in elderly adults with overactive bladder: results of the randomized,
double-blind,placebo-controlledstudyoffesoterodineinanagingpopulationtrial.JAm
Geriatr Soc. 2013; 61: 185-93.
26. Wagg A, KhullarV, Michel MC, Oelke M, Darekar A, Bitoun CE: Long-term safety, tolerabi-
lity and efficacy of flexible-dose fesoterodine in elderly patients with overactive bladder:
open-label extension of the SOFIA trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2014; 33: 106-14.
27. Mascarenhas F, Cocuzza M, Gomes CM, Leo N:Trigonal injection of botulinum toxin-A
does not cause vesicoureteral reflux in neurogenic patients. Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;
27: 311-4.
28. Nitti VW, Dmochowski R, Herschorn S, Sand P, Thompson C, Nardo C, et al.: Onabotu-
linumtoxinAforthetreatmentofpatientswithoveractivebladderandurinaryincontinen-
ce: results of a phase 3, randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Urol. 2013; 189: 2186-93. 39
29. Chapple C, Sievert KD, MacDiarmid S, KhullarV, Radziszewski P, Nardo C, et al.: Onabotu-
linumtoxinA100Usignificantlyimprovesallidiopathicoveractivebladdersymptomsand
qualityoflifeinpatientswithoveractivebladderandurinaryincontinence:arandomised,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2013; 64: 249-56.
30. Moore C, Kaufmann A, Joshi M, Nardo C, Zheng Y, Herschorn S: Overactive bladder pa-
tients 65 years of age have a similar efficacy and safety profile with onabotulinumtoxi-
nA as patients <65 years of age. J Urol 2014; 191: S886. Abstract: MP76-12.
31. Kuo HC, Chung SD, L CH: Increased risk of large postvoid residual urine and lower lon-
g-term success rate in frail elderly after intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA injection for
refractory overactive bladder. J Urol 2012;187: S 546. Abstract: 1347.
CAPTULO 3
Parmetros Urodinmicos
das/ absorventes por dia ou severa quando requer mais de cinco fraldas/
absorventes por dia 13,21. Esta forma de avaliao criticada por alguns
especialistas, uma vez que a troca de absorventes/ fraldas no necessa-
riamente proporcional severidade das perdas. Tsui et al. avaliaram o
nmero de absorventes utilizados durante 24h em 51 homens e 65 mulhe-
res incontinentes, e no encontraram correlao entre este e a perda total
urinria medida em gramas (p=0,26)22.
A falta de padronizao nos critrios de cura e melhora tambm tem
sido um fator de confuso na avaliao dos trabalhos realizados para tra-
tamento da IU. Entre as diferentes definies encontradas para determi-
nar cura ou continncia ps-operatria, o ltimo Guideline da Associao
Europeia de Urologia (EAU), publicado em 2012, lista trs definies de
sucesso teraputico habitualmente adotadas: (1) ausncia de perdas e sem
necessidade do uso de fraldas/ absorventes; (2) pequenas perdas, mas sem
45
necessidade de uso de fraldas/ absorventes ou (3) uso de at 1 fralda/ ab-
sorvente por dia5.
nos ltimos trs anos, alguns trabalhos publicados incluram mais de uma
centena de pacientes32,33.
Grande parte dos trabalhos avaliou a eficcia de SS no curto e mdio
prazo. As concluses do Guideline de IU da EAU (2012) so baseadas
nesses dados, estando sujeitas a modificaes quando os dados de lon-
go prazo estiverem disponveis. Conforme j mencionado, as recomen-
daes atuais para o uso dos SS restringem-se a pacientes com IU leve
a moderada. Siegler et al., ao avaliaram 69 pacientes submetidos a SS
transobturatrio em um seguimento mdio de 32,4 meses, demonstra-
ram que as taxas de cura diminuem com a severidade da incontinncia
34
. Pacientes acometidos por IU leve, moderada e severa apresentaram
taxas de cura de, respectivamente, 30,8%, 17,2% e 14,2%. Falha terapu-
tica foi maior em pacientes com incontinncia severa, ocorrendo em
78% desse grupo. Em outro estudo, Rehder et al. apresentaram os resul-
46
tados ps-operatrios de trs anos aps implante de SS em uma coorte
de 156 pacientes33. Neste estudo, os pacientes foram subdividos em ape-
nas dois grupos: (1) portadores de IU leve e moderada e (2) IU severa.
As taxas de cura foram de 58% vs 42,3% e as de melhora foram de 23,2%
vs 25,0%, respectivamente. Anlise univariada mostrou que o nmero
de fraldas/ absorventes no pr-tratamento e a severidade da inconti-
nncia foram os nicos preditores significativos de sucesso (p=0,0355 e
p=0.0420)16.
Apenas um estudo com grande nmero de pacientes no demons-
trou correlao da gravidade da IU com a eficcia dos SS. Leruth et al.
avaliaram 173 pacientes submetidos ao SS sinttico transobturatrio e
no encontraram resultados piores nos pacientes com IU severa32. Neste
estudo, a severidade da IU foi medida pelo nmero de fraldas/ absor-
ventes por dia, que uma medida imprecisa. Outros estudos que no
demonstraram associao entre a severidade da IU pr-operatria e a
eficcia dos SS incluram pequeno nmero de pacientes21,29.
A avaliao de coortes com um nmero cada vez maior de pacien-
tes, atravs de um seguimento de tempo maior, bem como a utilizao
de anlise da severidade da IU em subgrupos e o advento de novos dis-
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Claudon 2011 46 106 12 Perineal ancorado no osso (Invance) Absorvente/ dia 61 14,5 24,5
Bochove-Overgaauwn 2011 23 100 27 Ajustvel (Argus) Absorvente/ dia 40 32 28
Grise 2012 47 122 12 Transobtu-ratrio (I-Stop TOMS) Absorvente/ dia 59,4 27,6 13
Leruth 2012 32 173 24 Transobtu-rador Sinttico Absorvente/ dia 49 35 16
Sewryn 2012 31 38 16,9 Transobtu-ratrio ajustvel (ATOMS) Absorvente/ dia e peso 60,5 23,7 15,8
do absorvente
Rehder 2012 33 156 36 Transobtu-ratrio (AdVance) Absorvente/ dia 52,2 24,6 23,2
Mueller 2012 21 32 9 Transobtu-ratrio (AdVance) Absorvente/ dia 56,2 21,9 21,9
Basiri & Kilani 2013 29 17 11,8 Ajustvel (Argus) Absorvente/ dia 52,3 41,1 6,6
Kowalik 2013 27 30 39 Transobtu-ratrio (AdVance) Absorvente/ dia 60 13 27
Drai 2013 25 21 24 Transobtu-ratrio (I-Stop TOMS) Absorvente/ dia e peso 47,6 42,9 9,5
absorvente
Siegler 2013 34 69 32 Transobtu-ratrio Absorvente/ dia 21,8 29,1 49,3
Hoda 2013 30 99 17,8 Transobtu-ratrio ajustvel (ATOMS) Absorvente/ dia 63 29 8
Yiou 2013 39 40 12 Bulboure-tral (TOMS) Absorvente/ dia 55 32,5 12,5
Ej-Jennane 2014 24 29 24 Transobtu-ratrio (I-Stop TOMS) Absorvente/ dia 17,2 69 13,8
Zuckerman 2014 48 102 36,2 Transobtu-ratrio AdVance Absorvente/ dia 40 22 38
SLING MASCULINO VERSUS ESFINCTER ARTIFICIAL COMO ESCOLHER O MELHOR
T R ATA M E N T O C I R R G I C O N A I N C O N T I N N C I A U R I N R I A M O D E R A D A P S-P R?
CONCLUSES
Grau de severidade da IU
(vrios mtodos so
propostos)
Utilizar preferencialmente o
peso das fraldas/
absorventes em
Teste de 24hs
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
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sling, including a case of exstrophy-epispadias: initial report. Urol J. 2013Winter; 10: 802-6.
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T R ATA M E N T O C I R R G I C O N A I N C O N T I N N C I A U R I N R I A M O D E R A D A P S-P R?
30. Hoda MR, Primus G, Fischereder K, Von Heyden B, Mohammed N, Schmid N, et al.: Early
results of a European multicentre experience with a new self-anchoring adjustable tran-
sobturator system for treatment of stress urinary incontinence in men. BJU Int. 2013;
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33. Rehder P, Haab F, Cornu JN, Gozzi C, Bauer RM: Treatment of postprostatectomy male
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55
CAPTULO 4
ROSELY YAMAMURA
INTRODUO
- RB aps PR - Metasttica
PSA (ng/mL) incluso - RB aps PR: 4 - M1: Qualquer valor 4 - 100 5 20 Qualquer valor
- Outros: qualquer valor - M0 com PSA 60
- T3-4M0 ou RB aps tera-
pia local com PSA 20
Perodo de induo (m) 6 6 3 7 6 6
Nvel de PSA (ng/mL) <4 < 10 ou < 4 ou <4 <4 <4
para suspender DA Queda 50% Queda 80% do
(se PSA inicial < 20) PSA inicial
Nvel de PSA (ng/mL) 10 > 20 > 10 para sinto- 20 ou > PSA > 10 10 para
para reiniciar DA ou mticos ou inicial M0 ou
> PSA inicial > 20 para assin- (se inicial < 20) 20 para M1
tomticos
Tempo fora de DA (m) 3,3 - 8,3 2,5 8,38 50% por no 53% do tempo 1,0 - 48,9 0,6 - 13
(fase off) mnimo 12 (ciclos 1 a 3)
Seguimento mediano (m) 31 65 51 108 44 31
DA = Deprivao andrognica; m = Meses; N = Nmero; pts = Pacientes; PR = Prostatectomia radical; RB = Recidiva bioqumica. Adaptado de Sciarra et al.10
60
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
62
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Disfuno sexual
DAI 15,7% 28% 9%
- - -
DAC 7,9% 10% 10%
Efeitos colaterais Mortes por Mortes por
em longo prazo doena CV: doena CV:
DAI 12,8% 13,1%
- - - -
DAC 15,4% 16,7%
QV Favorece brao Sem diferena Favorece bra- Sem Sem diferena
DAI quanto clinicamente relevante o DAI quanto diferena clinicamente
limitao de global. Favorece brao sade men- clinicamente relevante.
atividades, DAI quanto funo tal, funo relevante.
capacidade sexual. sexual e libido
- fsica e funo (aos trs e
sexual. nove meses,
mas no aos
15 meses
ps-randomi-
zao).
CV = Cardiovascular; DAC = Deprivao andrognica contnua; DAI = Deprivao andrognica intermitente; QV = Qualidade de vida. Adaptado de Sciarra et al10.
64
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
2. Salonen AJ, Taari K, Ala-Opas M, Viitanen J, Lundstedt S, Tammela TL, et al.: The Fin-
nProstateStudyVII:intermittentversuscontinuousandrogendeprivationinpatientswith
advanced prostate cancer. J Urol. 2012; 187: 2074-81.
3. AhmadiH,DaneshmandS:Androgendeprivationtherapy:evidence-basedmanagement
of side effects. BJU Int. 2013; 111: 543-8.
4. Calais da Silva FE, Bono AV, Whelan P, Brausi M, Marques Queimadelos A, Martin JA,
Kirkali Z, et al.: Intermittent androgen deprivation for locally advanced and metastatic
prostate cancer: results from a randomised phase 3 study of the South European Uronco-
logical Group. Eur Urol. 2009; 55: 1269-77.
5. de Leval J, Boca P, Yousef E, Nicolas H, Jeukenne M, Seidel L, et al.: Intermittent versus
continuous total androgen blockade in the treatment of patients with advanced hor-
mone-naive prostate cancer: results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Clin
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Oncol. 2013; 31: 549-56.
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66
hormonal therapy in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer: a randomized trial. BJU
Int. 2012; 110: 1262-9.
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versus continuous androgen deprivation in prostate cancer.N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:
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64: 731-3.
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androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: a critical review focused on phase 3
trials. Eur Urol. 2013; 64: 722-30.
CAPTULO 5
MARCUS V. SADI
CNCER DA PRSTATA CT3N0M0: RADIOTERAPIA E HORMONIOTERAPIA OU
CIRURGIA E RADIOTERAPIA
introduo
Fonte Definio
D'Amico / AUA PSA 20 ou GS 8-10 ou estgio clnico T2c.
EAU PSA 20 ou GS 8-10 ou estgio clnico T3a.
NCCN PSA 20 ou GS 8-10 ou estgio clnico T3 ou Qualquer
um entre os dois seguintes: T2b, GS 7, PSA 10-20.
RTOG PSA 20-100 e qualquer estgio clnico ou GS 8-10
PSA < 100 e GS T2c ou GS 8-10.
Capra Score Escore > 6 (mximo de 10 baseado em idade, PSA,
estgio clnico, GS, % fragmentos positivos na bipsia).
PSA = Antgeno prosttico especfico; GS = Escore de Gleason; AUA = American Urological Association; EAU = Eu-
ropean Association of Urology; RTOG = Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; Capra Score = Pontuao de avaliao
de risco para cncer da prstata.
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Cerca de 50% dos pacientes com tumores de alto risco apresentam ne-
oplasia de melhor prognstico aps a cirurgia, incluindo 30-45% dos casos
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
A definio de falha bioqumica aps a PR (PSA > 0.2ng/ mL) est bem
estabelecida e o PSA mais fcil de ser monitorizado do que aps RTXe,
cujos critrios so diferentes pela presena da prstata (Consenso de Pho-
enix: nadir + 2ng/ mL aps dois anos). Isto importante porque, com a
cirurgia, se permite um tratamento mais precoce das falhas.
Em um estudo do SK Memorial Hospital, a sobrevida livre de recidiva
bioqumica em dez anos aps a cirurgia foi de 50% para pacientes irradia-
dos com PSA < 0.5ng/ mL vs 15% quando se esperou o PSA atingir 1.5ng/
mL, sugerindo que existe um intervalo de tempo crtico aps a falha bio-
71
qumica para a obteno de melhores resultados oncolgicos tardios12.
Tabela 2 - Sries de casos com mais de 100 pacientes submetidos prostatectomia radical para
cncer da prstata cT3. Resultados de 10 anos9, 17-19.
Margens positivas 56 24 34 61
Nodos positivos 27 21 9 17
CONCLUSES
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CNCER DA PRSTATA CT3N0M0: RADIOTERAPIA E HORMONIOTERAPIA OU
CIRURGIA E RADIOTERAPIA
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discussion 128-9.
20. Briganti A, Joniau S, Gontero P, Abdollah F, Passoni NM, Tombal B, et al.: Identifying the
best candidate for radical prostatectomy among patients with high-risk prostate cancer.
76 Eur Urol. 2012; 61: 584-92.
21. Abdollah F, Schmitges J, Sun M, Jeldres C, Tian Z, Briganti A, et al.: Comparison of mor-
talityoutcomesafterradicalprostatectomyversusradiotherapyinpatientswithlocalized
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844-5.
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CAPTULO 6
Embora esta tcnica venha sendo descrita com bons resultados, esto
faltando estudos prospectivos e randomizados, com larga casustica, que
avaliem os resultados perioperatrios e funcionais da abordagem. Em pa-
cientes selecionados e com a tcnica adequada, a nefrectomia parcial com
isquemia zero pode ser segura e vivel.
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7. Papalia R, Simone G, Ferriero M, Guaglianone S, Costantini M, Giannarelli D, et al.: Lapa-
roscopicandroboticpartialnephrectomywithoutrenalischaemiafortumourslargerthan
4 cm: perioperative and functional outcomes. World J Urol. 2012; 30: 671-6.
8. Thompson RH, Lane BR, Lohse CM, Leibovich BC, Fergany A, Frank I, et al.: Every minute
counts when the renal hilum is clamped during partial nephrectomy. Eur Urol. 2010; 58:
340-5.
9. Gill IS, Eisenberg MS, Aron M, Berger A, Ukimura O, Patil MB, et al.:Zero ischemiapar-
tial nephrectomy: novel laparoscopic and robotic technique. Eur Urol. 2011; 59: 128-34.
10. Desai MM, de Castro Abreu AL, Leslie S, Cai J, Huang EY, Lewandowski PM, et al.: Robotic
Partial Nephrectomy with SuperselectiveVersus Main Artery Clamping: A Retrospective
Comparison. Eur Urol. 2014; 25. [Epub ahead of print]
CAPTULO 7
UBIRAJARA FERREIRA
Introduo
Excesso de Diagnstico
Critrios de Incluso
1. Gleason 6;
2. at 2 fragmentos comprometidos;
3. 50% dos fragmentos com comprometimento;
4. PSA 10;
5. T2a.
84
Critrios de Acompanhamento
1. Dosagem de PSA
2. Rebipsia
3. Avaliao clnica
Descontinuidade da VA
Consideraes Finais
o CaP, mas para vrios outros tumores malignos que tambm apresentam
comportamento biolgico diversificado. At l, cabe ao urologista ofere-
cer, como opo vlida, a VA para os pacientes que apresentem CaP com
caractersticas compatveis com um comportamento indolente.
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, Garmo H, Stark JR, Busch C, et al.: Radical pros-
tatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364:
1708-17.
2. Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Jones KM, Barry MJ, Aronson WJ, Fox S, et al.: Radical prostatectomy
versus observation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 203-13. Erra-
tum in: N Engl J Med. 2012; 367: 582.
3. Beauval JB, Ploussard G, Souli M, Pfister C, Van Agt S, Vincendeau S, et al.: Pathologic
findingsinradicalprostatectomyspecimensfrompatientseligibleforactivesurveillance
with highly selective criteria: a multicenter study. Urology. 2012; 80: 656-60. 87
4. Klotz L, Emberton M: Management of low risk prostate cancer-active surveillance and
focal therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014; 11: 324-34.
5. Eggener SE, Scardino PT, Walsh PC, Han M, Partin AW, Trock BJ, et al.: Predicting 15-year
prostate cancer specific mortality after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2011; 185: 869-75.
6. Choo R, Klotz L, Danjoux C, Morton GC, DeBoer G, Szumacher E, et al.: Feasibility study:
watchful waiting for localized low to intermediate grade prostate carcinoma with selec-
tive delayed intervention based on prostate specific antigen, histological and/or clinical
progression. J Urol. 2002; 167: 1664-9.
7. Carlsson S, Vickers AJ, Roobol M, Eastham J, Scardino P, Lilja H, et al.: Prostate cancer
screening: facts, statistics, and interpretation in response to the US Preventive Services
Task Force Review. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30: 2581-4.
8. Thomsen FB, Brasso K, Klotz LH, Rder MA, Berg KD, Iversen P: Active surveillance for
clinically localized prostate cancer--a systematic review. J Surg Oncol. 2014; 109: 830-5.
9. Ross AE, Loeb S, Landis P, Partin AW, Epstein JI, Kettermann A, et al.: Prostate-specific
antigen kinetics during follow-up are an unreliable trigger for intervention in a prostate
cancer surveillance program. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28: 2810-6.
10. Vasarainen H, Lokman U, Ruutu M,Taari K, Rannikko A: Prostate cancer active surveillan-
ce and health-related quality of life: results of the Finnish arm of the prospective trial. BJU
Int. 2012; 109: 1614-9.
CAPTULO 8
INTRODUO
Figure -1 Imagens de TC antes (A) e aps a administrao de contraste endovenoso nas fases
arterial (B) e nefrogrfica (C) demonstrando um ndulo slido hipervascularizado (seta fina em
vermelho). Imagens de TC em decbito ventral no intra-operatrio com leso renal alvo (seta
fina em vermelho) (D) com a agulha de RFA posicionada na leso (seta larga em vermelho) e a
agulha de hidrodisseco (seta fina amarela) (E) demonstrando as bolhas de gs geradas du-
rante o aquecimento tecidual e o afastamento das estruturas vizinhas pelo bolso de liquido
taticamente criado. (F) Aspecto final da leso na TC com contraste realizada imediatamente aps
o trmino do tratamento demonstrando o encolhimento da leso, ausncia de realce e a margem
parenquimatosa desvitalizada (seta fina em preto). Imagens de 12 meses de seguimento (G,H,I)
evidenciando a reduo volumtrica da leso tratada e a ausncia de realce, indicando sucesso
teraputico (seta fina em preto).
92
A B C
D E F
G H I
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Leso rgos adjacentes [35, 49, 5765] 1.1 0.6 1.1 0.86
Figure 2 Imagens de TC antes (A) e aps a administrao de contraste endovenoso nas fases
arterial; (B) e nefrogrfica; (C) demonstrando um ndulo slido hipervascularizado (seta fina em
vermelho). Imagens de TC em decbito ventral no intra-operatrio com leso renal alvo (seta fina
em vermelho); (D) com a agulha de crioablao posicionada na leso (seta larga em vermelho) e
a agulha de hidrodisseco (seta fina amarela); (E) demonstrando o afastamento heptico pelo
bolso de liquido taticamente criado; (F,G) aspecto da bola de gelo (linha tracejada em amarelo)
envolvendo com margem a leso alvo. Imagens TC com contraste realizada 9 meses aps o pro-
cedimento; (H,I) evidenciando a importante reduo volumtrica da leso tratada e a ausncia de
realce, indicando sucesso teraputico (seta fina em preto).
97
A B C
D E F
G H I
T e r a p i a p e r c u t n e a d a s p e q u e n a s m a s s a s r e n a i s:
o s r e s u lta d o s o n c o l g i c o s s o s at i s fat r i o s? Q u a l a m e l h o r t c n i c a?
Crioablao
Percutnea
Crioablao
Laparoscpica
Tanagho Urology 62 NA 76 NA 90
et al 2012; 80:30714
CONCLUSO
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for management of the clinical T1 renal mass. J Urol. 2009; 182: 1271-9.
2. Ljungberg B, Cowan NC, Hanbury DC, Hora M, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, et al.: EAU
guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2010 update. Eur Urol. 2010; 58: 398-406.
3. Huang WC, Elkin EB, Levey AS, Jang TL, Russo P: Partial nephrectomy versus radical
nephrectomy in patients with small renal tumors--is there a difference in mortality and
cardiovascular outcomes? J Urol. 2009; 181: 55-61; discussion 61-2.
4. Whitson JM, Harris CR, Meng MV: Population-based comparative effectiveness of
nephron-sparing surgery vs ablation for small renal masses.BJU Int. 2012; 110: 1438-43;
discussion 1443.
5. Kowalczyk KJ, Choueiri TK, Hevelone ND, Trinh QD, Lipsitz SR, Nguyen PL, et al.: Com-
parative effectiveness, costs and trends in treatment of small renal masses from 2005 to
2007. BJU Int. 2013; 112: E273-80.
6. Castle SM, GorbatiyV, Avallone MA, Eldefrawy A, Caulton DE, Leveillee RJ: Cost compari-
son of nephron-sparing treatments for cT1a renal masses. Urol Oncol. 2013; 31: 1327-32.
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
7. Ljungberg B, Cowan NC, Hanbury DC, Hora M, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, et al.: EAU
guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2010 update. Eur Urol. 2010; 58: 398-406.
8. Psutka SP, Feldman AS, McDougal WS, McGovern FJ, Mueller P, Gervais DA: Long-term
oncologic outcomes after radiofrequency ablation forT1 renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol.
2013; 63: 486-92.
9. Wah TM, Irving HC, Gregory W, Cartledge J, Joyce AD, Selby PJ: Radiofrequency ablation
(RFA) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): experience in 200 tumours. BJU Int. 2014; 113: 416-28.
10. Kunkle DA, Uzzo RG: Cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation of the small renal mass : a
meta-analysis. Cancer. 2008; 113: 2671-80.
11. Tracy CR, Raman JD, Donnally C,Trimmer CK, Cadeddu JA: Durable oncologic outcomes
after radiofrequency ablation: experience from treating 243 small renal masses over 7.5
years. Cancer. 2010; 116: 3135-42.
12. Sisul DM, Liss MA, Palazzi KL, Briles K, Mehrazin R, Gold RE, et al.: RENAL nephrometry
score is associated with complications after renal cryoablation: a multicenter analysis.
Urology. 2013; 81: 775-80.
13. Carrafiello G, Lagan D, Ianniello A, Dionigi G, Novario R, Recaldini C, et al.: Post-radio-
frequencyablationsyndromeafterpercutaneousradiofrequencyofabdominaltumours: 103
one centre experience and review of published works. Australas Radiol. 2007; 51: 550-4.
14. OlwenyEO,ParkSK,TanYK,BestSL,TrimmerC,CadedduJA:Radiofrequencyablationversus
partialnephrectomyinpatientswithsolitaryclinicalT1arenalcellcarcinoma:comparable
oncologic outcomes at a minimum of 5 years of follow-up. Eur Urol. 2012; 61: 1156-61.
15. Buy X, Lang H, Garnon J, Sauleau E, Roy C, Gangi A: Percutaneous renal cryoablation:
prospective experience treating 120 consecutive tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;
201: 1353-61.
16. KlatteT, Mauermann J, Heinz-Peer G,Waldert M,Weibl P, Klingler HC, et al.: Perioperative,
oncologic, and functional outcomes of laparoscopic renal cryoablation and open partial
nephrectomy: a matched pair analysis. J Endourol. 2011; 25: 991-7.
17. KlatteT, Shariat SF, Remzi M: Systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative and
oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic cryoablation versus laparoscopic partial nephrec-
tomy for the treatment of small renal tumors. J Urol. 2014; 191: 1209-17.
18. TanaghoYS, RoytmanTM, Bhayani SB, Kim EH, Benway BM, Gardner MW, et al.: Laparos-
copic cryoablation of renal masses: single-center long-term experience. Urology. 2012;
80: 307-14.
19. Atwell TD, Callstrom MR, Farrell MA, Schmit GD, Woodrum DA, Leibovich BC, et al.:
Percutaneous renal cryoablation: local control at mean 26 months of followup. J Urol.
2010; 184: 1291-5.
20. Tsivian M, ChenVH, Kim CY, Zilberman DE, MouravievV, Nelson RC, et al.: Complications
of laparoscopic and percutaneous renal cryoablation in a single tertiary referral center.
Eur Urol. 2010; 58: 142-7.
T e r a p i a p e r c u t n e a d a s p e q u e n a s m a s s a s r e n a i s:
o s r e s u lta d o s o n c o l g i c o s s o s at i s fat r i o s? Q u a l a m e l h o r t c n i c a?
21. Badwan K, Maxwell K, Venkatesh R, Figenshau RS, Brown D, Chen C, et al.: Comparison
of laparoscopic and percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors: a cost analysis. J Endou-
rol. 2008; 22: 1275-7.
22. Panumatrassamee K, Kaouk JH, Autorino R, Lenis AT, Laydner H, Isac W, et al.: Cryoabla-
tion versus minimally invasive partial nephrectomy for small renal masses in the solitary
kidney: impact of approach on functional outcomes. J Urol. 2013; 189: 818-22.
23. Park BK, Kim CK, Lee HM: Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of Bosniak category III or
IV cystic renal tumors: initial clinical experience. Eur Radiol. 2008; 18: 1519-25.
104
CAPTULO 9
Introduo
108
PSA ou crescimento tumoral
Ponto de saturao
Figura 1 - Grfico do modelo de saturao que ilustra a associao dos nveis sricos de testoste-
rona com o PSA e/ou o crescimento tumoral do cncer de prstata. No extremo inferior dos nveis
sricos de testosterona, a resposta do PSA e/ou do crescimento tumoral do cncer de prstata
ao incremento de testosterona bastante sensvel, mas logo o grfico atinge um ponto de satu-
rao onde consecutivos aumentos de testosterona no tero efeito biolgico significativo sobre
a prstata (faixa de insensibilidade aos andrognios). Dados sugerem que o ponto de saturao
estaria em torno de 8 nmol/L (250 mg/dL), sujeito variao individual4.
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
TRT: terapia de reposio de testosterona; CaP: cncer de prstata; T: testosterona; PSA: antgeno prostti-
co-especfico; ND: no disponvel; PR: prostatectomia radical; VA: vigilncia ativa. Valores de PSA esto em
ng/mL e de testosterona em ng/dL. O tempo est expresso em meses. Traduzido e adaptado de Khera M et al.
(European Urology, 2013).
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Tabela 2 - Critrios a considerar antes de se cogitar a TRT em homens com histria de CaP
tratado.
( ) O paciente deve entender que dados de segurana so limitados e que h um grau desco-
nhecido de risco de progresso ou recorrncia do CaP.
( ) O paciente deve estar desejando receber a TRT e apto a assinar um termo de consentimento
informado.
( ) Deve-se usar a TRT com extrema cautela em homens com alto risco para recorrncia ou
115
progresso do CaP.
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. Barqawi A, Crawford ED:Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of prostate can-
cer. Is there a link? Int J Impot Res. 2006;18: 323-8.
2. Khera M, Crawford D, Morales A, Salonia A, Morgentaler A: A new era of testosterone
and prostate cancer: from physiology to clinical implications. Eur Urol. 2014; 65: 115-23.
3. Isbarn H, Pinthus JH, Marks LS, Montorsi F, Morales A, Morgentaler A, et al.:Testosterone
and prostate cancer: revisiting old paradigms. Eur Urol. 2009; 56: 48-56.
4. Morgentaler A, Traish AM: Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer:
the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth. Eur Urol. 2009; 55:
310-20.
5. GoorenLJ,BehreHM:Diagnosingandtreatingtestosteronedeficiencyindifferentpartsof
the world: changes between 2006 and 2010. Aging Male. 2012; 15: 22-7.
S E G U R A A R E P O S I O D E T E S T O S T E R O N A E M PA C I E N T E S H I P O G O N D I C O S
O P E R A D O S O U I R R A D I A D O S PA R A O C N C E R D A P R S TATA?
6. Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P, Key TJ, Endogenous Hormones and Prostate Cancer
Collaborative Group: Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative
analysis of 18 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008; 100: 170-83.
7. Muller RL, Gerber L, Moreira DM, Andriole G, Castro-Santamaria R, Freedland SJ: Serum
testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and prostate cancer risk in the placebo arm of the
Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events trial. Eur Urol. 2012; 62: 757-64.
8. Morgentaler A, Rhoden EL: Prevalence of prostate cancer among hypogonadal men with
prostate-specific antigen levels of 4.0 ng/mL or less. Urology. 2006; 68: 1263-7.
9. Garca-Cruz E, Piqueras M, Huguet J, Peri L, Izquierdo L, Musquera M, et al.: Low testos-
terone levels are related to poor prognosis factors in men with prostate cancer prior to
treatment. BJU Int. 2012; 110(11 Pt B): E541-6.
10. Calof OM, Singh AB, Lee ML, Kenny AM, Urban RJ, Tenover JL, et al.: Adverse events
associatedwithtestosteronereplacementinmiddle-agedandoldermen:ameta-analysis
of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005; 60: 1451-7.
11. Shabsigh R, Crawford ED, Nehra A, Slawin KM:Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men
and potential prostate cancer risk: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res. 2009; 21: 9-23.
116 12. Morgentaler A, Lipshultz LI, Bennett R, Sweeney M, Avila D Jr, Khera M: Testosterone
therapy in men with untreated prostate cancer. J Urol. 2011; 185: 1256-60.
13. Morales A: Effect of testosterone administration to men with prostate cancer is unpre-
dictable: a word of caution and suggestions for a registry. BJU Int. 2011; 107: 1369-73.
14. Pastuszak AW, Pearlman AM, Lai WS, Godoy G, Sathyamoorthy K, Liu JS, et al.: Testoste-
rone replacement therapy in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J
Urol. 2013; 190: 639-44.
15. Szmulewitz R, Mohile S, Posadas E, Kunnavakkam R, Karrison T, Manchen E, et al.: A
randomized phase 1 study of testosterone replacement for patients with low-risk castra-
tion-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2009; 56: 97-103.
CAPTULO 10
INTRODUO
Nefrectomia parcial
Vigilncia ativa
Puno aspirativa por agulha fina ou bipsia por agulha grossa (core)?
10-20% dos casos. Uma das tentativas de reduzir este percentual baseia-
se no conceito da rebipsia. Ainda no realizada de forma rotineira, per-
mite um aumento do diagnstico em 20% dessas leses indeterminadas.
Dessa forma, nunca devemos considerar uma amostra indeterminada
como negativa para neoplasia, principalmente nas leses pequenas e
com contedo slido menos denso 4,8,11.
Outro grande desafio so as chamadas leses oncocticas (oncoci-
tomas, CCR cromfobos, tumores hbridos, papilferos tipo 2). Muitas
vezes, no conseguimos diferenciar os subtipos histolgicos em uma
quantidade limitada de tecido, mesmo usando microscopia associada s
tcnicas de ferro coloidal e marcadores imuno-histoqumicos (citoque-
ratina 7). Apesar de a maioria desses tumores ser de baixo grau e com
baixo potencial de metastatizao, orienta-se muito cuidado ao se optar
por tratamento minimamente invasivo ou vigilncia ativa3,6,7.
123
Ainda podemos esperar grande evoluo na capacidade diagnstica
das bipsias renais, principalmente quando a associamos aos avanos
no campo dos marcadores genticos e moleculares. Apesar de no usa-
dos rotineiramente, j se sabe que marcadores como a anidrase carb-
nica IX, associados ao gene de VHL, confere a esses tumores um melhor
prognstico, maior risco de metstase e menor resposta interleucina 2.
Tcnicas moleculares como FISH tambm ajudam a identificar altera-
es cromossomais caractersticas de determinados subtipos histolgi-
cos, como a perda de cromossomo 3p nos tumores de clulas claras ou
trissomia 7 ou 17 nos tumores papilferos6,9.
Existe real relevncia clnica nas bipsias renais das pequenas mas-
sas renais?
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. Kim SP,Thompson RH: Approach to the small renal mass: to treat or not to treat. Urol Clin
North Am. 2012; 39: 171-9.
2. YamaguchiY,SimmonsMN,CampbellSC:Smallrenalmasses:riskpredictionandcontem-
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biopsy. J Urol. 2007; 178: 379-86.
4. Yap SA, Stakhovskyi O, Finelli A:The emerging role of percutaneous biopsy in diagnosis
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CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
5. Tsivian M, Rampersaud EN Jr, Del Pilar Laguna Pes M, Joniau S, Leveillee RJ, Shingleton
WB, et al.: Small renal mass biopsy - how, what and when: report from an international
consensus panel. BJU Int. 2014; 113: 854-63.
6. Wang R, Li AY,Wood DP Jr.:The role of percutaneous renal biopsy in the management of
small renal masses. Curr Urol Rep. 2011; 12: 18-23.
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ding the role of percutaneous biopsy in the management of patients with a small renal
mass. Urology. 2012; 79: 372-7.
8. Leveridge MJ, Finelli A, Kachura JR, Evans A, Chung H, Shiff DA, et al.: Outcomes of small
renalmassneedlecorebiopsy,nondiagnosticpercutaneousbiopsy,andtheroleofrepeat
biopsy. Eur Urol. 2011; 60: 578-84.
9. Volpe A, Finelli A, Gill IS, Jewett MA, Martignoni G, Polascik TJ, et al.: Rationale for
percutaneous biopsy and histologic characterisation of renal tumours. Eur Urol. 2012;
62: 491-504.
10. Hobbs DJ, Zhou M, Campbell SC, Aydin H,Weight CJ, Lane BR:The impact of location and
number of cores on the diagnostic accuracy of renal mass biopsy: an ex vivo study.World
J Urol. 2013; 31: 1159-64. 125
11. Salem S, Ponsky LE, Abouassaly R, Cherullo EE, Isariyawongse JP, Maclennan GT, et al.:
Image-guided biopsy of small renal masses in the era of ablative therapies. Int J Urol.
2013; 20: 580-4.
12. PhV,Yates DR, Renard-Penna R, Cussenot O, Rouprt M: Is there a contemporary role for
percutaneous needle biopsy in the era of small renal masses? BJU Int. 2012; 109: 867-72.
CAPTULO 11
ERNESTO REGGIO
L I C O V e r S u s L E C O V e r S u s L A PA R O S C O P I A PA R A C L C U L O D E U R E T E R S U P E R I O R
3 Obstruo persistente.
Ureterolitotripsia Retrgada
Ureterolitotomia Laparoscpica
Clculo ureteral
proximal
-analgesia, hidratao,
antiemtico
- desobstruo em ITU
1 a 2cm com
1 a 2cm com Clculo 133
At 1cm meato ou ureter
meato favorvel volumoso
desfavorvel
SIM NO SIM NO
SIM NO
Ureteroscopia Ureterolitotomia
LECO antergrada percutnea Laparoscpica
L I C O V e r S u s L E C O V e r S u s L A PA R O S C O P I A PA R A C L C U L O D E U R E T E R S U P E R I O R
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
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line for the management of ureteral calculi. Eur Urol. 2007; 52: 1610-31.
2. Matlaga BR, Jansen JP, Meckley LM, Byrne TW, Lingeman JE: Treatment of ureteral and
renal stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J
Urol. 2012; 188: 130-7.
3. Semins MJ,Trock BJ, Matlaga BR:The effect of shock wave rate on the outcome of shock
wave lithotripsy: a meta-analysis. J Urol. 2008; 179: 194-7; discussion 197.
4. Salem HK: A prospective randomized study comparing shock wave lithotripsy and semi-
rigid ureteroscopy for the management of proximal ureteral calculi. Urology. 2009; 74:
1216-21.
5. LeeYH,Tsai JY, Jiaan BP,WuT,Yu CC: Prospective randomized trial comparing shock wave
lithotripsy and ureteroscopic lithotripsy for management of large upper third ureteral
stones. Urology. 2006; 67: 480-4; discussion 484.
6. Micali S, Grande M, Sighinolfi MC, De Stefani S, Bianchi G: Efficacy of expulsive therapy
134 usingnifedipineortamsulosin,bothassociatedwithketoprofene,aftershockwavelitho-
tripsy of ureteral stones. Urol Res. 2007; 35: 133-7.
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coagulanttherapyontheclinicaloutcomeofpatientsundergoingureteroscopy.Urology.
2013; 82: 773-9.
8. Xiao-jian G, Jian Lin L, Yan X: Treatment of large impacted proximal ureteral stones:
randomizedcomparisonofminimallyinvasivepercutaneousantegradeureterolithotripsy
versus retrograde ureterolithotripsy. World J Urol. 2013; 31: 1605-10.
9. Lopes Neto AC, Korkes F, Silva JL 2nd, Amarante RD, Mattos MH, Tobias-Machado M,
et al.: Prospective randomized study of treatment of large proximal ureteral stones: ex-
tracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus ureterolithotripsy versus laparoscopy. J Urol.
2012; 187: 164-8.
10. Ozturk MD, Sener NC, Goktug HN, Gucuk A, Nalbant I, Imamoglu MA:The comparison of
laparoscopy, shock wave lithotripsy and retrograde intrarenal surgery for large proximal
ureteral stones. Can Urol Assoc J. 2013; 7: E673-6.
CAPTULO 12
Introduo
Prostatectomia aberta
Laparoscopia
Laser
Concluso
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
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F, et al.: EAU Guidelines on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Eur Urol. 2001; 40: 256-
63; discussion 264.
3. Helfand B, Mouli S, Dedhia R, McVary KT: Management of lower urinary tract symptoms
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porary series. J Urol. 2006; 176 (6 Pt 1): 2557-61; discussion 2561.
4. Porpiglia F, Fiori C, Cavallone B, Morra I, Bertolo R, Scarpa RM: Extraperitoneoscopic
transcapsularadenomectomy:complicationsandfunctionalresultsafteratleast1yearof
followup. J Urol. 2011; 185: 1668-73.
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
CONTROVRSIAS NA ANTIBIOTICOTERAPIA
PROFILTICA EM PROCEDIMENTOS
UROLGICOS: AUA x EAU
INTRODUO
DEFINIO
147
Antibioticoterapia profiltica a administrao oral ou parenteral
de um agente antimicrobiano antes e/ ou durante um procedimento ci-
rrgico, com o objetivo de reduzir o risco de infeco local ou sistmica.
Essa uma das medidas. Outras incluem: preparo intestinal, remoo
pr-operatria de pelos, banho antissptico, protocolo de lavagem das
mos do cirurgio e preparao estril do campo operatrio.
RESULTADOS
DURAO
Idade avanada;
anomalias anatmicas do trato urinrio;
deficincias nutricionais;
tabagismo;
corticoesteroidoterapia crnica;
imunodeficincia;
glicemia alta e no controlada;
cateteres externalizados;
colonizao de material endgeno ou exgeno;
infeco coexistente a distncia;
hospitalizao prolongada;
hipotermia (NE baixo).
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
CONCLUSES
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. Swenson BR, Hedrick TL, Metzger R, Bonatti H, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG: Effects of preope-
rative skin preparation on postoperative wound infection rates: a prospective study of 3
skin preparation protocols. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009; 30: 964-71.
2. Best Practice Policy Statement on Urologic Surgery Antimicrobial Prophilaxis. American
Urological Association, Education & Research, Inc. Copyright 2007, Updated september
2008,Revised2012.availableatin:https://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/anti-
microbial-prophylaxis.cfm
3. GuidelinesonUrologicalInfectionsEuropeanAssociationofUrology,2014.availableatin
http://uroweb.org/fileadmin/guidelines/Guidelines_2014_5_June_2014.pdf
CAPTULO 14
FABIO A. B. SCHUTZ
Q U A L A S E Q U N C I A I D E A L D A T E R A P I A S I S T M I C A N O C N C E R D E P R S TATA
R E S I S T E N T E C A S T R A O (C P R C)
INTRODUO
Tabela 1 - Drogas mostrando benefcio em sobrevida global sem uso prvio de quimioterapia
com Docetaxel. HR em vermelho atingiram significncia estatstica (p < 0,05).
SLP SG
Estudo Drogas n Med. HR Med. HR
IMPACT Sipuleucel-T ** 288 3,7 0,95 25,8 0,78 *
Placebo ** 150 3,6 21,7
Tabela 2 - Drogas mostrando benefcio em sobrevida global com uso prvio de quimioterapia
com Docetaxel. HR em vermelho atingiram significncia estatstica (p < 0,05).
SLP SG
Estudo Drogas n Med. HR Med. HR
TROPIC Cabazitaxel 378 2,8 0,74 15,1 0,70
Mitoxantrona 377 1,4 12,7
IMPACT Sipuleucel-T ** 53 3,7 0,95 25,8 0,78 *
Placebo ** 21 3,6 21,7
COU Abiraterona 797 5,6 0,67 14,8 0,65
-AA-301
Prednisona 398 3,6 10,9
AFFIRM Enzalutamida 800 8,3 0,40 18,4 0,63
Placebo 399 2,9 13,6
ALSYMPCA Radio-223 ** 352 NA NA 14,4 0,71 **
Placebo ** 174 11,3
* Considerados o HR de toda a populao quando os resultados de subgrupo no estiverem disponveis.
** Considerados apenas os pacientes ps docetaxel
Q U A L A S E Q U N C I A I D E A L D A T E R A P I A S I S T M I C A N O C N C E R D E P R S TATA
R E S I S T E N T E C A S T R A O (C P R C)
mediana de 18,9 meses 3. Tais dados sugerem uma possvel resistncia cru-
zada entre as drogas.
CONCLUSES
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. Baca SC, Prandi D, Lawrence MS, Mosquera JM, Romanel A, Drier Y, et al.: Punctuated
evolution of prostate cancer genomes. Cell. 2013; 153: 666-77.
2. Mezynski J, Pezaro C, Bianchini D, Zivi A, Sandhu S, Thompson E, et al.: Antitumour
activity of docetaxel following treatment with the CYP17A1 inhibitor abiraterone:
clinical evidence for cross-resistance? Ann Oncol. 2012; 23: 2943-7.
3. Berthold DR, Pond GR, Soban F, de Wit R, Eisenberger M, Tannock IF: Docetaxel plus
prednisoneormitoxantroneplusprednisoneforadvancedprostatecancer:updated
164 survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 242-5.
4. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, Chi KN, Jones RJ, et al.: Abiraterone acetate
for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival
analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3
study. Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: 983-92. Erratum in: Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: e464.
5. Kim N. Chi, Howard I. Scher, Arturo Molina, Christopher Logothetis, Robert J. Jones, John
Staffurth, et al.: Exploratory analysis of survival benefit and prior docetaxel (D) treat-
ment in COU-AA-301, a phase III study of abiraterone acetate (AA) plus prednisone (P) in
metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(5 suppl),
Abstract #15.
6. Deborah Mukherji, Carmel Jo Pezaro, Diletta Bianchini, Andrea Zivi, Johann Sebastian
De Bono;The Institute for Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United
Kingdom: Response to abiraterone acetate in the postchemotherapy setting in patients
with castration-resistant prostate cancer whose disease progresses early on docetaxel. J
Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(5 suppl), Abstract #17.
7. de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, Hansen S, Machiels JP, et al.: Prednisone plus
cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer pro-
gressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010 Oct
2; 376: 1147-54.
8. Wissing MD, Coenen JLLM, Van den Berg P, Van Oort IM, De Wit R, et al.: A retrospective
study on cabazitaxel and abiraterone acetate sequential treatment (CAST) in docetaxel
treated metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer, 2013; 49(su-
ppl 2); Abstract 2904.
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Comprovao
Propagao
Imunizao
Confirmao da eficcia
171
Envolvimento materno
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S, Moreira ED Jr, Penny ME, Aranda C: Efficacy of
quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV Infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med. 2011;
364: 401-11. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2011; 364: 1481.
2. Castellsagu X. 14 thWorld Congress of Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy IFCP, 2011.
3. Jansen KU, Shaw AR. Human papillomavirus vaccines and prevention of cervical cancer.
Annu Rev Med. 2004; 55: 319-31.
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nestopreventhumanpapillomavirus. Disponivelemwww.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/
vfc/providers/resolutions.html [acessado em 20 de maio de 2014].
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papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. J Clin Virol. 2012; 53: 239-43.
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172 365: 1576-85.
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papillomavirus vaccine uptake in adolescent boys and maternal utilization of preventive
care and history of sexually transmitted infections. AM J Public Health. 2013; 103: e63-8.
CAPTULO 16
CONTROVRSIAS NO TRATAMENTO DO
CNCER DE BEXIGA NO MSCULO
INVASIVO COM USO DE BACILO
CALMETTE-GURIN
WILLY BACCAGLINI
C O N T R O V R S I A S N O T R ATA M E N T O D O C N C E R D E B E X I G A N O M S C U L O I N VA S I V O
C O M U S O D E B A C I L O C A L M E T T E-G U R I N
RESUMO
INTRODUO
174
No ano de 2008 foram registrados cerca de 386 mil novos casos e 150
mil bitos decorrentes ao cncer de bexiga considerado uma das do-
enas malignas mais comuns no mundo, com seu predomnio no sexo
masculino. Em pases da Europa, Amrica do Norte e norte da frica
representam suas maiores taxas de incidncia. O INCA estimou, para o
ano de 2014, 8.940 novos casos de cncer de bexiga, 6.750 em homens
e 2,190 em mulheres. Em 2011, o SIM registrou 3.278 mortes pelo cn-
cer, 2.279 homens e 999 mulheres. Entre os homens, ao desconsiderar
os tumores da pele no melanoma, o cncer da bexiga o stimo mais
frequente nas regies Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Na regio Sul, ocupa a oi-
tava posio. Nas regies Norte e Nordeste, o 11 mais frequente. Para
as mulheres, essa neoplasia maligna no se mostra igualmente frequen-
te ao ocupar a 13 posio na regio Norte e a 14 posio nas regies
Sudeste, Sul, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste.
O tabagismo o fator de risco mais importante para o desenvolvi-
mento do cncer de bexiga, responsvel por cerca de 66% dos casos no-
vos em homens e 30% em mulheres nas populaes mais desenvolvidas.
Outros fatores de risco so exposio ocupacional a aminas aromticas
e a infeco pelo Schistosoma hematobium.
CONTROVRSIAS EM UROLOGIA II 2014
Por volta de 80% dos tumores vesicais se apresentam aps uma ressec-
o transuretral com um dos seguintes padres histolgicos: carcinoma
no invasivo restrito a mucosa Ta; carcinoma in situ Tis; carcinoma com
caracterstica invasiva subepitelial ou at lmina prpria T1. Esta classifi-
cao foi descrita em 2009 pela Unio Internacional para controle do cn-
cer de bexiga. Devido ao aspecto heterogneo e o comportamento invasivo
do T1, a nomenclatura tumor superficial foi abandonada pela maioria
dos autores, que preferem a denominao especfica de cada subgrupo
Ta, Tis, T1 de modo a agrup-los como tumores no msculos invasivos
(TNMI). Ambas as classificaes so usadas para as diretrizes atuais, visto
que a maioria dos estudos retrospectivos foi baseada na OMS 1973.
Os tumores Ta em sua grande maioria (cerca de 80%) so de baixo grau.
Enquanto os Tis so por definio de alto grau. Os T1 so considerados por
alguns autores como sendo de alto grau, j que tumores de baixo grau no
175
deveriam ter comportamento invasivo. Em 2013, a European Association
of Urologists (EAU) revisou suas diretrizes e props uma estratificao de
risco em baixo risco (0 4%), risco intermedirio (10 15%), e alto risoc (30
40%) baseado no grau do tumor, presena de invaso da lmina prpria,
tamanho do tumor, e se o tumor recorrente ou multifocal 1.
METODOLOGIA
RESULTADOS e DISCUSSO
CONCLUSO
mia radical (Grau 2C). Pacientes com Tis recorrente aps dois ciclos de
BCG intravesical, recomenda-se a cistectomia radical.
A partir desta reviso da literatura, conclui-se que a teraputica ad-
juvante com BCG apresenta benefcio na diminuio das taxas de re-
corrncia e de progresso da doena nos pacientes com cncer de be-
xiga no msculo invasivo. No entanto, a despeito das recomendaes
expostas pelos estudos, evidente a necessidade de mais estudos com
intuito de especificar o modelo da teraputica com BCG, devendo-se
considerar, individualmente, o risco de recorrncia ou progresso da
doena de cada paciente.
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