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Aula 2
10 de outubro de 2022
Sumário
Contexto
• o estudo das políticas públicas
§ integração multidisciplinar
§ (Ver Quiñones, 2015)
A emergência da análise das políticas públicas
§ Harold Lasswell
§ Harold Lasswell
§ Informação
§ Promoção/iniciativa
§ Prescrição
§ Invocação
§ Aplicação
§ Avaliação
§ Cessação
A emergência da análise das políticas públicas
Harold Lasswell
Bibliografia
§ Lasswell, Harold D. (1948), The Analysis of Political Behavior. An
Empirical Approach, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Herbert Simon
§ “The term ‘bounded rationality’ is used to designate choice that takes into
Herbert Simon
Herbert Simon
Maximização da utilidade vs satisfação
“The notion of satiation plays no role in classical economic theory, while it enters
rather prominently into the treatment of motivation in psychology. In most
psychological theories the motive to act stems from drives, and action terminates
when the drive is satisfied. Moreover, the conditions for satisfying a drive are not
necessarily fixed but may be specified by an aspiration level that itself adjusts
upward or downward on the basis of experience. (…) For in the first place, the
psychological evidence on individual behavior shows that aspirations tend to
adjust to the attainable”.
Herbert Simon
Bibliografia:
Charles Lindblom
§ Abordagem incrementalista (method of sucessive limited
comparisons)
§ Mudanças incrementais
Charles Lindblom
Policy-making is a process of successive approximation to some
desired objectives in which what is desired itself continues to
change under reconsideration. Making policy is at best a very
rough process. Neither social scientists, nor politicians, nor
public administrators yet know enough about the social world
to avoid repeated error in predicting the consequences of
policy moves. A wise policy-maker consequently expects that his
policies will achieve only part of what he hopes and at the same
time will produce unanticipated consequences he would have
preferred to avoid. If he proceeds through a succession of
incremental changes, he avoid serious lasting mistakes in
several ways. (Lindblom, 1959: 86)
A emergência da análise das políticas públicas
Charles Lindblom
§ Charles Lindblom
Bibliografia:
David Easton
As políticas públicas como outputs do sistema político
David Easton
§ Demands have their birth in two sectors of experience: either in
the environment of a system or within the system itself. We shall
call these the external and internal demands respectively.
§ “In the environment we have such systems as the ecology,
economy, culture, personality, social structure, and demography.
Each of these constitutes a major set of variables in the setting
that helps to shape the kind of demands entering a political
system. (…) Important types stem from situations occurring
within a political system itself. Typically, in every on-going
system, demands may emerge for alterations in the political
relationships of the members themselves as the result of
dissatisfaction stemming from these relationships”.
A emergência da análise das políticas públicas
David Easton
“What do we mean by support?
§ Supportive behavior may thus be of two kinds:
§ It may consist of actions promoting the goals, interests, and actions
of another person. We may vote for a political candidate, or defend a
decision by the highest court of the land. (…)
§ On the other hand, supportive behavior may involve not external
observable acts, but those internal forms of behavior we call
orientations or states of mind. A supportive state of mind is a deep-
seated set of attitudes or predispositions, or a readiness to act on
behalf of some other person. It exists when we say that a man is loyal to
his party”.
A emergência da análise das políticas públicas
David Easton
David Easton
In a political system where nearly every adult may vote but where knowledge,
wealth, social position, access to officials, and other resources are unequally
“Dahl argued that power in many western industrialized societies is widely distributed
among different groups. No group is without power to influence decision-making, and
equally, no group is dominant. Any group can ensure that its political preferences and
wishes are adopted if it is sufficiently determined. (...) the power is not equally distributed.
Rather, pluralist theory argues that the sources of power are unequally but widely
distributed among individuals and groups within society. No individual or group is
completely powerless, and the pluralist explanation of this is that the sources of power –
like money, information, expertise and so on – are distributed non-cumulatively and no
one source is dominant”. (Peter Hill)
Teoria das Elites
Gaetano Mosca; Vilfredo Pareto; Robert Michels; Wright Mills
sociedade.
Corporativismo
pescadores.
Corporativismo
Segundo Schmitter:
§ Racionalidade limitada
§ Incrementalismo
As políticas públicas como processo (Lasswell)
atores.
repete.
As políticas públicas como processo (Lasswell)
• Informação
• Promoção/iniciativa
• Prescrição
• Invocação
• Aplicação
• Avaliação
• Cessação
Teorias da escolha racional
(Downs, 1957)
§ “But little progress has been made toward a generalized yet realistic behavior
rule for government similar to the rules traditionally used for rational consumers
and producers.” (Downs, 1957)