Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

<
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

Rlrldå`s  pgr thr mlmg hssh plssg ejpgrtl`th `l sul prhplrlîág, jhu ljeng(l). ]hjgs
Rlrldå`s pgr
]G]LK ahrthzl mh
ahrthzl mh quh hsth jlthrelk vle th ilzhr nl`flr juetls quhstøhs h nlrl`ter l sul
lprgvlîág.
Ygaï hstì th`mg lahssg lngrl â Tgmlml
Tgmlml   24
24.. Ls gutrls 2= rgmlmls shrág
mespg`edekezlmls `l sul ìrhl mh jhjdrgs ag`igrjh
jhjdrgs ag`igrjh g arg`gnrljl ldlexg?

Jlthrelk Mltl
Tgmlml 2< Mespg`êvhk Ejhmeltljh`th
Tgmlml 24 Mespg`êvhk Ejhmeltljh`th
Tgmlml 21 25/26
Tgmlml 2= <4/26
Tgmlml 28 <9/26
Tgmlml 29 <5/26

Ag`våj jh`aeg`lr quh tgmgs quh lmquererhj g jlthrelk agjpkhtg erág rhahdhr ]GMLQ LQ
mespg`êvhes, e`mhph`mh`th ml mltl mh agjprl.
TGMLMLQ oì mespg`êvhes, agjprl.  

@hssh jlthrelk igaljgs tljdåj `gs thjls jles sejpkhs h agj jles MHAGTHDL, pges,
juetls vhzhs, gs mhexljgs mh klmg h essg pgmh, e`ihkezjh`th, austlr e`ÿjhrls pgseîøhs `g
rhsuktlmg ie`lk.

Khjdrh-sh? ujl dgl rhveság å g shnrhmg ml LRTGYLÎÁG.

LRTGYLÎÁG.

Rgrtl`tg, utekezh g `gssg jlthrelk agj tgmg g shu hsigrîg, hstuml`m

hstuml`mg
g h lprgiu`ml`mg alml
ujl mls meals.

Qh fguvhr qulkquhr mÿveml, vgaï pgmh h`trlr hj ag`tltg ag`gsag h`vel`mg suls mÿvemls
plrl? lth`mejh`tgBph`slrag`aursgs.agj
lth`mejh`tgBph`slrag`aursgs.agj  

4
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

Ê@MEAH

KÊ@NXL RGT]XNXHQL ..................................................................................................... =
E@IGTJÌ]EAL ..............................................................
....................................................................................................................
...................................................... <1

YH@MLQ H @HNGAELÎÁG ...............................................................................................
.............................................................................................. 44

AG@FHAEJH@]GQ DL@AÌTEGQ .................................................................................
................................................................................ 14

L]XLKEMLMHQ MG QEQ]HJL IE@L@AHETG .........................................................

........................................................ 15

E@NKÏQ ....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... =2
=2

JL]HJÌ]EAL .......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... =8
=8

JL]HJÌ]EAL IE@L@AHETL .........................................................................................
........................................................................................ =>
=>

1
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

KÊ@NXL RGT]XNXHQL
MEAL 2<
AGJRTHH@QÁG MH ]HV]GQ
Aghrï`ael?  Thklîág mh emhels, kñneal thxtulk, lusï`ael mh ag`trlmeîág.
Aghrï`ael?
Qh`temg mg thxtg/Qhjä
thxtg/Qhjä`teal?
`teal? Qen`eiealmg
 Qen`eiealmg mls plklvrls.

Jgrigkgnel?
Jgrigkgnel? 
sudstl`tevgs,   Hstruturl,
lrtengs, Igrjlvhrdgs,
lmohtevgs, h aklsseiealîág
prg`gjhs,mls plklvrls.prhpgseîág,
lmvårdegs, Aklsseiealmls agjg
`ujhrlk,
ag`ou`îág, e`throheîág.
Qe`tlxh? 
Qe`tlxh?  Iu`îág mls plklvrls, g quh l plklvrl ilz mh`trg mh alml irlsh, grlîág,
phrêgmg. Quohetg, Rrhmealmg, lmou`tg lmvhrdelk, agjpkhjh`tg mg vhrdg, agjpkhjh`tg
`gje`lk.
MEAL 24
MEAEG@ÌTEG MLQ RLKLYTLQ-AFLYH @G H@X@AELMG (AGJL@MG) MLQ
\XHQ]ØHQ MH KÊ@NXL RGT]XNXHQL 
RGT]XNXHQL 

LQQGAELT  (rhklaeg`lr)
(rhklaeg`lr)   Hstldhkhahr ujl agrrhspg`mï`ael (kenlîág h`trh gs
hkhjh`tgs).  X`er emhels quh lprhsh`thj trlîgs agju`s.
hkhjh`tgs).

ALTLA]HTE_LT  Meste`nuer lsphatgs,

 lsphatgs, lsse`lklr
 lsse`lklr trlîgs,
trlîgs, pýr
 pýr hj hvemï`ael gs
hkhjh`tgs mh mhstlquh.

AGJH@]LT (mesauter)
(mesauter)   Hxprhsslr gpe`eøhs,
gpe`eøhs, pgseaeg`lr-sh
 pgseaeg`lr-sh agj lrnujh`tlî
lrnujh`tlîág,
ág,
mhsh`vgkvhr uj lssu`tg agj mhsh`vgkturl. 
mhsh`vgkturl. 

AG@]TLRGT (ag`irg`tlr)
(ag`irg`tlr)   Hxprhsslr ls meihrh`îls, jgstrlr
meihrh`îls, jgstrlr trlîgs meihrh`aelmgs,
meihrh`aelmgs,  
pg`tgs lmvhrsgs.

MH]HTJE@LT  Lierjlr agj aklrhzl, meste`nuer agj hxltemág gs hkhjh`tgs.

HQ]LDHKHAHT RLTLKHKG  Grnl`ezlr hkhjh`tgs (emhels) agj dlsh hj 

hj 
meihrh`îls gu shjhkfl`îls, ag`igrjh l `lturhzl
l `lturhzl mg lssu`tg ldgrmlmg.

HVHJRKEIEALT  Aetlr, jh`aeg`lr agj hxhjpkgs, 

hxhjpkgs, e`thrprhtlr agj plklvrls mh
quhj hsarhvh, dlshlr-sh
hsarhvh, dlshlr-sh `g thxtg.

HVRKEALT  Hxpgr agj aklrhzl ls e`th`îøhs,

e`th`îøhs, jgtevgs, rlzøhs (pgrquïs),
(pgrquïs),  
gdohtevgs h ltå alusls
ltå alusls lahral mh uj lssu`tg.

=
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 21
HTTGQ AGJX@Q @LQ LQQHT]EYLQ ‑ AGJG HKEJE@Ì-KLQ7
Hxtrlpgklj g thxtg, LATÅQAEJG
LATÅQAEJG  mh e`igrjlîøhs lkfhels lg thxtg.
thxtg,  ALTÏ@AEL
Kejetlj g thxtg, ALTÏ@AEL  mh e`igrjlîøhs hssh`aeles.
@ÁG LDGTMLJ g
LDGTMLJ g thxtg!

AG@]TLME_HJ  g thxtg.
AG@]TLME_HJ g
Hjethj OXÊ_G MH YLKGT MEYHTQG mg
MEYHTQG mg lutgr  plraelkemlmh!
MEAL 2=
Qág ag`semhrlmls lierjlîøhs 
lierjlîøhs ilksls
ilksls qul`mg?
 qul`mg?
Nh`hrlkezl3
Hxtrlpgkl3
]gj mhsprhzêvhk ou`tg lg rlaegaê`eg mg lutgr mg thxtg hj thkl.
Qág ag`semhrlmls lierjlîøhs 
lierjlîøhs vhrmlmherls
vhrmlmherls qul`mg?
 qul`mg?
Hsphaeieal g ph`sljh`t
ph`sljh`tg,
g, usl`mg prg`gjhs mhjg`strltevgs3

Kethrlkemlmh, usl`mg se`ý`ejgs3

Nhrlkjh`th l lierjlîág ag`mez agj l ag`akuság mg thxtg, gu shol, g ÿktejg plrìnrlig.
MEAL 28
E@]HTRTH]LÎÁG MH ]HV]G
Agjhah shjprh phkg agjl`mg ml quhstág. 
quhstág. 
@X@AL KHEL G ]HV]G QHJ L@]HQ YHT G \XH L \XHQ]ÁG RHMH
RHMH..
@l kheturl lth`th-sh `g quh ige phmemg h
phmemg h th`th hxtrler g jìxejg ml plrth mg thxtg quh
ige phmemg `l quhstág.
MEAL 29
]HV]G  
E@]HTRTH]LÎÁG MH ]HV]G
Ygkth lg thxtg shjprh quh `hahssìreg, `u`al mhmuzl shj thr l e`igrjlîág `g thxtg
thxtg,,
hveth gpe`eøhs phssgles, sh lth`th lph`ls `ls e`igrjlîøhs quh g thxtg plssl
plssl.. Rgråj
shjprh agj ujl kheturl mereneml.
mereneml.
]h`th vhr `ls rhspgstls mh gutrls quhstøhs 
quhstøhs  quh mezhj l jhsjl agesl (agj plklvrls
meihrh`ths). Yhol sh dlth agj g quh vgaï lafl agjg agrrhtg.
agrrhtg .
MEAL 2>
E@]HTRTH]LÎÁG MH ]HV]G
Emh`teiealr ag`igrjh l kheturl?
kheturl? ujl rhklîág mh hsaklrhaejh`t
hsaklrhaejh`tg,
g, sh hxesth ujl emhel mh
rhsujg, hxpkealîág, hxhjpkeiealîág, mhsareîág, h`ujhrlîág, gpgseîág gu
ag`akuság..
ag`akuság

Qhe`trgmuîág
l l quhstág phmer
h/gug ag`akuság,
thjl gu
thjl gu  emhel
ag`akuság , pgesah`trlk
`hsshs (pre`aeplk)?
quh ag`tlrìmhvh-sh hxlje`lr agj lth`îág
l e`igrjlîág.

8
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 26
MEIHTH@AELÎÁG H@]TH
Agjprhh`ság? Qen`eiealmg
Agjprhh`ság? Qen`eiealmg mh Lkng. Jgmg ag`arhtg. Hstì `g thxtg mh jgmg hxpkêaetg.
hxpkêaetg.  
 Lkng sudh`th`memg mh jgmg kñneag. Mh igrjl ejpkêaetl. 
E`thrprhtlîág? Lkng
E`thrprhtlîág? ejpkêaetl. 
MEAL 25

Rlrl g hstumg mh thxtg ság EJRGT]L@]HQ

EJRGT]L@]HQ  trïs ag`ahetgs?
trïs ag`ahetgs?
]HV]G  
]HV]G

Ag`ou`tg mh plklvrls h irlshs h`almhlmls (gu hkhjh`tgs ejlnåteags) vesl`mg l

jh`slnhj..
trl`sjesság mh ujl jh`slnhj

AG@]HV]G  
AG@]HV]G

shjä`teal  (mh sen`eiealîág h sh`temgs) mgs mevhrsgs hkhjh`tgs quh igrjlj uj

Thklîág shjä`teal
thxtg, ag`semhrl`mg l setulîág mh agju`ealîág.
agju`ealîág.

MEAL?
MEAL?  Qh ujl irlsh å l`lkeslml esgklmljh`th
esgklmljh`th,, igrl mh shu ag`thxtg grene`lk,
grene`lk,
hssl pgmhrì lssujer uj sen`eiealmg meihrh`th,
meihrh`th, pgr essg g ag`thxtg å tág ejpgrtl`th.

AGJRTHH@QÁG MH ]HV]G 
]HV]G 

Ag`sesth hj l`lkeslr g quh rhlkjh`th hstì hsaretg,

hsaretg, gu shol, agkhtlr mlmgs mg thxtg.

E@]HTRTH]LÎÁG MH ]HV]G 
]HV]G 

Ag`sesth hj sldhr g quh sh e`ihrh (ag`akue)

e`ihrh (ag`akue) mg quh hstì hsaretg.

MEAL <2
Gs ag`ahetgs mh agjprhh`ság 
agjprhh`ság  h e`thrprhtlîág 
e`thrprhtlîág  ság ejpgrtl`ths plrl quh g al`memltg
h`th`ml g quh emh`teiealr `g thxtg mh lagrmg agj g h`u`aelmg ml quhstág.
\uhstøhs mh agjprhh`ság 
agjprhh`ság  hxenhj quh g al`memltg lsse`lkh l rhspgstl l plrter mls
e`igrjlîøhs hxprhssls `g thxtg,
thxtg, plrl rhspg`mhr `ág å prhaesg dusalr e`igrjlîøhs igrl
mg thxtg.

YLJGQ YHT AGJG LQ RTGYLQ AGDTLJ HQQL FLDEKEMLMH7!

]hxtg E
 ‛L jlegr lkhnrel mg drlsekherg å fgsphmlr lknuåj, jhsjg uj mhsag`fhaemg quh kfh
phîl pgusg, `ujl `geth mh afuvl.‚  
(Alssel`g Tealrmg, e` G Fgjhj Agrmelk)
<) Qhnu`mg ls emhels ag`temls `g thxtg, pgmh-sh lierjlr quh g drlsekherg?
l) pøh l fgspetlkemlmh laejl ml prumï`ael.
d) fgsphml qulkquhr uj, jls sgjh`th hj `geths afuvgsls.
a) mì prhihrï`ael l fgsphmlr phssgls mhsag`fhaemls.

9
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

m) `ág thj gutrl lkhnrel sh`ág l mh fgsphmlr phssgls, ag`fhae

ag`fhaemls
mls gu `ág.
h) `ág å prumh`th, pgr lahetlr fñsphmhs `g phrêgmg ml `geth.
- G NLDLTE]G Å L KH]TL L L,, pges `g mhshog mh shr fgspetlkherg, g drlsekherg
fgsphml, `ág jl`th`mg prumï`ael, ldrenl`mg phssgls mhsag`fhaemls.

MEAL <<
IE\XH L]H@]G! @ls prgvls, l agjprhh`ság mg thxtg 
thxtg  agstujl shr agdrlml agj
h`u`aelmgs quh utekezlj ls shnue`ths hxprhssøhs?
Mh lagrmg agj g thxtg...
Qhnu`mg g thxtg...
G thxtg e`igrjl quh...
G `g thxtg...
]h`mg hj vestl g thxtg...
GDQ.?  L  rhspgstl mhvhrì
GDQ.?  mhvhrì   khvlr hj ag`tl g quh 
quh  hstì hsaretg kethrlkjh`th `g
thxtg l shr lvlkelmg. 
lvlkelmg. 
MEAL <4
Ls quhstøhs mh e`thrprhtlîág 
e`thrprhtlîág  hxenhj quh g al`memltg mhmuzl
mhmuzl,, gu shol, khvl`th
fepñthshs lahral mls e`igrjlîøhs prhsh`ths `g thxtg, plrl rhspg`mhr å `hahssìreg quh g
al`memltg ag`sukth (jh`tlkjh`th) shus ag`fhaejh`tgs pråvegspråvegs   (ag`fhaejh`tgs mh
ju`mg), prgahssg afljlmg e`ihrï`ael
e`ihrï`ael..

YLJGQ YHT AGJG LQ RTGYLQ AGDTLJ HQQL FLDEKEMLMH7!

]hxtg EE
 ‛Qlkustel`g hrl uj dgj nlrig. Jls g ol`tlr quh kfh flvelj gihrhaemg `lml thvh mh
ldu`ml`th.
- \ul`mg vgktlrì l ol`tlr ag`gsag7 - phrnu`tgu-kfh l mg`l ml alsl.
- Lngrl jhsjg, sh queshr.‚  
(Dlrág mh Etlrlrå, e` Jìxejls h Jê`ejls mg Dlrág mh Etlrlrå)
<) L plrter mg thxtg, å pgssêvhk mhmuzer quh g phrsg`lnhj Qlkustel`g?
l) agjh pguag.
d) å ujl phssgl hmualml.
a) ieagu e`sltesihetg agj g ol`tlr.
m) å uj nrl`mh ljeng ml mg`l ml alsl.
h) mhaemeu `ág jles agjhr `lquhkl alsl.
- G NLDLTE]G Å L KH]TL A, A, pges hkh hrl dgj mh nlrig (agjel dlstl`th) h l agjeml
hrl pgual, jgtevg quh g khvgu l quhrhr rhphte-kl, lssej, lahetl`mg g ag`veth.
ag`veth.  

>
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL <1
IE\XH L]H@]G! Nhrlkjh`th
L]H@]G! Nhrlkjh`th `gs h`u`aelmgs mh quhstøhs sgdrh e`thrprhtlîág mh thxtg
ság uslmls hxprhssøhs agjg? 
agjg? 
Rgmhjgs mhmuzer...
Lg ilklr sgdrh V...
G lutgr ques mezhr quh...
Agj g lpgeg mg thxtg...
E`ihrh-sh quh...
Mel`th mg quh ige hxpgstg...
Rgmh-sh ag`akuer quh...
G thxtg `gs phrjeth h`th`mhr quh...
G thxtg h`alje`fl g khetgr plrl...
MEAL <=
GT]GNTLIEL GIEAELK
GT]GNTLIEL
Ag`ou`tg mh rhnrls l iej mh greh`tlr l hsaretl hj `grjl auktl (agrrhtl,
auktl (agrrhtl, mh lagrmg
agj gs prhahetgs ml Nrljìteal @grjltevl). Rgmh shr mevememl hj 
hj trïs
trïs  plrths?
plrths?  
Grtgnrliel E? Luxekel
Luxekel   `l nrliel mh juetls plklvrls 
plklvrls  quh pgssuhj ig`hjls quh
pgmhj shr rhprhsh`tlmgs pgr jles mh ujl khtrl.
(rhveslr
rhveslr  rhnrls mh usgs mg Q, _, QQ, Î3 N gu O, x gu AF h H gu E).
EE?   Greh`tl g hjprhng agrrhtg mh plklvrls gu hxprhssøhs 
Grtgnrliel EE? hxprhssøhs  hj
mhthrje`lmgs ag`thxtgs.
(rhveslr
rhveslr usg
 usg mh jles/jls, g`mh/lg`mh, jlu/jlk, l/â/fì, shîág/shsság/ahîág h usg
mgs pgrquïs).
Grtgnrliel EEE? Agrrhspg`mh âs rhnrls mh lah`tulîág nrìieal (quh shrì ldgrmlml
hj ujl shîág e`mevemulk `hsth jlthrelk).

6
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL <8
GT]GNTLIEL E
Gs usgs jles
usgs jles agdrlmgs hj prgvls? 
prgvls? 

HJRTHNG MG QQ HJRTHNG MG Q (sgj mh z) 

z)  HJRTHNG MG _

@gs sudstl`tevgs Nh`têkeags, têtukgs mh @gs suiexgs hz

hz h
 h hzl
hzl hj
 hj
mhrevlmgs mh vhrdgs quh `gdrhzl h
`gdrhzl h plklvrls mhrevlmls sudstl`tevgs ldstrltgs
lprhsh`tlj -jer , -mhr, - mh sudstl`tevgs
sudstl`tevgs,, agj Q. mhrevlmgs mh lmohtevgs,
mer h -ter? agj __..
Hx.? dlrg`hsl, pre`ahsl,
Hx.? hxprejer
hxprejer  ‑  e`nkhsl. Hx.? pgdrh- pgdrhzl,
hxprhsság, ahmhr
ahmhr  ‑  dhkg- dhkhzl.
ahsság, lnrhmer
lnrhmer  ‑ 
lnrhsság, phrjeter
phrjeter  ‑  Mhpges mh metg`ng, AGJ Q.
phrjesság. Hx.? alusl, agesl,
pleslnhj.  
pleslnhj.

GDQ?  Xjl dgl hsaretl h ag`fhaejh`tg mh grtgnrliel agrrhtl mls plklvrls pgmhj shr
GDQ? 
lmqueremgs `lturlkjh`th pgr jheg mg fìdetg fìdetg  ml
ml   KHE]XTL
KHE]XTL,, mhssh jgmg, g aårhdrg
e`thr`lkezl lutgjltealjh`th
lutgjltealjh`th l hsaretl agrrhtl. Rgr essg å ejpgrtl`th khr ag`stl`thjh`th.
ag`stl`thjh`th.
MEAL <9
GT]GNTLIEL EE
Thnre`fls quh ság JLEQ AGDTLMLQ?
G hjprhng mgs RGT\XÏQ?

RGT \XH RGT \XÏ RGT\XH RGT\XÏ

merhtlsRhrnu`tls
gu e`merhtls ie`lk mh
ie`lk mh irlshs
e`thrrgnltevls. Hquevlkh
agjg
agjg gu l
 gu pges. Rrhahmemg mh
Rrhahmemg
lrteng
lrteng   mh
 gu mh gutrl
(jgtevg gu plklvrl
rlzág).
rlzág ). mhthrje`l`th.  
mhthrje`l`th.
Hx.? Ygaï `ág Hx.? ]ergu dgl
vheg pgr quï
quï77 pgrquh  
`gtl pgrquh
Hx.? Rgr quh 
quh  hstumgu (Meal? sudstetuer
Meal? sudstetuer
(rlzág) vgaï `ág dlstl`th. phkls plklvrls
vheg7 jgtevg gu
jgtevg  gu rlzág
rlzág))

Hx.? \uhrg
sldhr g pgrquï
pgrquï   mh
tl`tl mesañrmel.

5
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

L]H@ÎÁG!

Hquevlkh ]LJDÅJ
]LJDÅJ l  l phkg qulk 
qulk h ikhxøhs?
Hx.? Hsth å g alje`fg pgr quh plssl tgmgs gs mels. 
mels. 

G hjprhng mh JLQ/JLEQ
JLQ/JLEQ?? 

Jls 
Jls - ag`ou`îág lmvhrsltevl (emhel mh gpgseîág)3 h
Jles - lmvårdeg mh e`th`semlmh, tljdåj pgmh mlr emhel mh lmeîág3 å g gpgstg mh
Jles 
jh`gs.. 
jh`gs

G hjprhng mh JLK/JLX
mh JLK/JLX?? 

Jlk -
Jlk - lmvårdeg mh jgmg (l`tý`ejg
( l`tý`ejg mh DHJ
DHJ)3)3 h
Jlu  ‑ uj lmohtevg (l`tý`ejg
Jlu (l`tý`ejg mh DGJ).
DGJ). MEAL?
MEAL? @l
 @l mÿveml, dlstl sudstetuer pgr dhj
gu jlk.

MEAL <>

FGJG@ÊJEL
Ag`sesth hj plklvrls quh pgssuhj g jhsjg sgj h/gu jhsjl nrliel. 
nrliel. 
Mevemh-sh hj?
Fgjñig`ls? plklvrls quh pgssuhj l jhsjl prg`ÿ`ael.
Fgjñnrlils? plklvrls quh pgssuhj l jhsjl nrliel.

FGJÑNTLILQ FH]HTGIÝ@EALQ
FH]HTGIÝ@EALQ
meihrh`th) 
(Jhsjl nrliel h prg`ÿ`ael meihrh`th) 

Hx.? MHQ]H
MHQ]H (
 (prg`gjh
prg`gjh)) V MHQ]H (vhrdg
vhrdg).
).  

FGJÑIG@LQ FH]HTGNTÌIEALQ
FH]HTGNTÌIEALQ
(@l kê`nul grlk, `hahssetlj hstlr ag`thxtulkezlmls)
ag`thxtulkezlmls)  
Hx.? FÌ (
FÌ (vhrdg
vhrdg)) x L (
 (prhpgseîág/lrteng
prhpgseîág/lrteng).).  

FGJÝ@EJGQ RHTIHE]GQ?
Rlklvrls emï`teals
emï`teals `l
 `l nrliel h `g sgj, pgråj agj
agj sen`eiealmgs
 sen`eiealmgs meihrh`ths. 
meihrh`ths. 

Hx.? JL@NL!
Hu ljg jl`nl (irutl
(irutl)) 
(plrth ml rgupl
L jl`nl ml dkusl hstì jgkflml (plrth rgupl))
Hx.4? alje`fg  sudstl`tevg / alje`fg  vhrdg
↔ ↔

Hx.1? ahmg ↔
 vhrdg / ahmg  Lmvårdeg
↔

<2
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

\XHQ]ÁG RLTL EKXQ]TLT!

... Nrljltealkjh`th, ság ag`semhrlmls fgjñnrlils
fgjñnrlils   plklvrls quh tïj l jhsjl
nrliel, jls sh`temgs meihrh`ths. Qág hxhjpkgs messg ls plklvrls ‛shsság‚ (ℑ.4) h
ahsság.
H LÊ7 HQ]Ì... HTTLMG! QÁG FGJÑIG@LQ : RLKLYTLQ AGJ L JHQJL
RTG@ß@AEL!

JXE]L L]H@ÎÁG HJ QXL RTGYL! 

RTGYL! 
MEAL <6
RLTG@ÊJEL
Ag`sesth hj plklvrls plrhaemls
plrhaemls   `g sgj h `l nrliel, h`trhtl`tg agj sen`eiealmgs
meihrh`ths!
Hje`h`th (ejpgrtl`th)
Hx.? Hje`h`th (ejpgrtl`th) ≢ Eje`h`th (prñxejg)
Eje`h`th (prñxejg)

\XHQ]ÁG?
 ‛G thjpgrlk hstlvl hje`h`th,
hje`h`th, `ág mhjg
mhjgrlrel
rlrel jles...‚
Thspgstl? HTTLMG! 
HTTLMG! G agrrhtg
agrrhtg shrel
 shrel EJE@H@]H!
EJE@H@]H!  

MEAL <5
FGJÝ@EJGQ H RLTÝ@EJGQ
Lknu`s hxhjpkgs?

Hxphatlmgr Hsphatlmgr
(lquhkh quh thj hsphrl`îl, quh hsphrl, (lquhkh quh lssesth)
quh thj hxphatltevl)

]laflr ]lxlr
(ah`surlr, `gtlr mhihetg hj) (hstldhkhahr g prhîg gu g ejpgstg)
Ag`ahrtg Ag`shrtg
(shsság jusealk) (rhplrg)
E`aepeh`th E`sepeh`th
(pre`aepel`th) (en`grl`th)

Ahrrlr Qhrrlr
(ihaflr) (agrtlr)

Afhquh Vhquh
(grmhj mh plnljh`tg) (e`aemh`th `g ogng mh xlmrhz, ag`trlthjpg)

Hspelr Hxpelr
(hsprhetlr) (sgirhr ph`l gu alsteng)

<<
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 42
ME]G@NG 
ME]G@NG 
(Hsaklrhaejh`tg `hahssìreg lg tñpeag mh lah`tulîág nrìieal. Emhel mh gtejezlr g thjpg mg
al`memltg)

Ag`ahetg?  H`ag`trg mh ujl vgnlk h ujl

Ag`ahetg?
shjevgnlk (gu veah-vhrsl) `ujl jhsjl
sêkldl. H`ag`trg mh muls vgnles ‛ou`tls‚ `l
jhsjl sêkldl.

Metg`ng arhsah`th? 
arhsah`th? Fepñthsh `l qulk l
ME]G@NG 
ME]G@NG  shjevgnlk (‛e‚ h ‛u‚) vhj l`ths ml vgnlk.  
Hx.? Fes-tñ-rel, så-reh, qul-sh. 
qul-sh. 

mharhsah`th?  \ul`mg l vgnlk
Metg`ng mharhsah`th?
vhj l`ths ml shjevgnlk.
Hx.? ale-xl, ple, phr-mhu.

<4
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

E@IGTJÌ]EAL
MEAL 4<
YEQÁG NHTLK QGDTH QEQ]HJLQ MH QXRGT]H Â MHAEQÁG H E@]HKENÏ@AEL MH
@HNÑAEG. IX@MLJH@]GQ
IX@MLJH@]GQ QGDTH L@ÌKEQH MH MLMGQ.
MLMG, E@IGTJLÎÁG, AG@FHAEJH@]G H E@]HKENÏ@AEL
L peräjemh fehrìrqueal mevememl hj mlmgs, e`igrjlîág, ag`fhaejh`tg h e`thkenï`ael, louml
l rhlkezlr l l`ìkesh mh mlmgs.
Mlmg - Å l igrjl jles drutl, pgmh shr uj `ÿjhrg
`ÿjhrg,, uj `gjh
`gjh,, quh pgr se sñ `ág thj
vlkgr..
vlkgr
E`igrjlîág - Å g mlmg utekezlmg hj uj mhthrje`lmg ag`thxtg. Å g aruzljh`tg mh
mlmgs  arel`mg ujl e`igrjlîág.
mlmgs
Ag`fhaejh`tg - Å l lpkealîág ml e`igrjlîág. Qág e`ihrï`aels
e`ihrï`aels   rhterlmls mh uj
ag`ou`tg mh e`igrjlîág
e`igrjlîág..
E`thkenï`ael - Å g usg mg ag`fhaejh`tg plrl l sgkuîág
sgkuîág  mh lknuj prgdkhjl
prgdkhjl.. 

\XHQ]ÁG?
(L`g? 42<8 Dl`al? IAA Ñrnág? A@JR Alrng? L`lkestl - Nhstág Rÿdkeal)
Gs Qesthjls mh E`igrjlîág (QE) ság ag`struêmgs agj Mlmgs, E`igrjlîág,
Ag`fhaejh`tg h E`thkenï`ael. Qgdrh g thjl, ag`semhrh?

E. E`igrjlîág å agkhtlml `gs ljdeh`ths e`thr`g h hxthr`g h rhprhsh`tl, pgr hxhjpkg?

iltgs, thxtgs, nrìieags.
EE. L e`thkenï`ael å rhlkezlml pgr jheg mh sê`thsh, dlshlml hj hxphreï`ael h e`tueîág,
sh`mg ujl fldekemlmh fujl`l.
EEE. Ag`fhaejh`tg mhjl`ml l`ìkesh h lvlkelîág sgdrh l ag`ieldekemlmh, rhkhvä`ael h
ejpgrtä`ael mh mlmgs h e`igrjlîøhs plrl l ag`struîág mh uj qulmrg mh setulîág.

Hstì agrrhtg g quh ag`stl LRH@LQ hj?

l) E h EEE. d) EE. a)
EE. a)  EE h EEE. m) E. h) EEE.
Thspgstl? A 

MEAL 44
MLMGQ HQ]TX]XTLMGQ, MLMGQ QHJE-HQ]TX]XTLMGQ H MLMGQ @ÁG
HQ]TX]XTLMGQ  
HQ]TX]XTLMGQ
Mlmgs Hstruturlmgs 
Hstruturlmgs  - ]gmg g mlmg
mlmg   quh thj e`igrjlîøhs
e`igrjlîøhs hstruturlmls,
hstruturlmls,
grnl`ezlmls h mh igrjl rêneml
rêneml..
Hx.? Dl`ag mh mlmgs ság mlmgs hstruturlmgs.
Mlmgs Qhje-hstrutu
Qhje-hstruturlmgs
rlmgs  - Mlmgs quh thj e`igrjlîøhs hstruturlmls, pgråj `ág ság
rênemgs. Qág jles ikhxêvhes?
Hx.? Lrquevgs hj OQG@, VJK.

<1
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

Mlmgs @ág hstruturlmgs 

hstruturlmgs  - Thprhsh`tlj l jlegr plrahkl mgs mlmgs, ság mlmgs shj
`h`fuj tepg mh hstruturl agjg ejlnh`s, vêmhgs, mgaujh`tgs mh thxtg.
MEAL 41
DXQE@HQQ E@]HKKENH@AH
Å g thrjg quh agjprhh`mh g usg mh e`igrjlîøhs 
e`igrjlîøhs  plrl luxekelr
luxekelr   `l tgjlml mh
mhaesøhs   pgr hxhautevgs h usuìregs ie`les. Lssej, g Duse`hss E`thkkenh`ah h`nkgdl
mhaesøhs
ihrrljh`tlsmh
Ihrrljh`tls h jhtgmgkgnels 
lpgeg â mhaeság  plrl
jhtgmgkgnels luxekelr
e`akuhj usg mh`l Mltl
l`ìkesh mh mlmgs
mlmgs 
^lrhfgush,   agjGKLR,
H]K, igag Mltl
`g `hnñaeg
`hnñaeg.
Je`e`n,.
Mltl Jlrt hta.

OÌ ALEX @L DL@AL AHQNTL@TEG!

(L`g? 42<6 Dl`al? AHQNTL@TEG Ñrnág? ]rl`sphtrg Alrng? Lmje`estrlmgr)
Mls tha`gkgnels agjputlaeg`les l shnuer kestlmls, qules ls merhtljh`th rhklaeg`lmls
lg pre`aeplk prgpñsetg mh sesthjls mh lpgeg â mhaeság7
l) Lkngretjgs Nh`åteags, Rrgtgagkg ]AR/ER
d) Hsalkg`ljh`tg rgu`m rgde`, Mltl wlrhfgushs
a) Jgmhklnhj Hstruturlml Jgmhr`l, Thmhs `hurles lrteieaeles
m) Qhrvemgrhs
m)  Qhrvemgrhs GKLR, Mltl Jlrts
h) Qhrvemgrhs GK]R, Je`hrlîág mh Mlmgs
Thspgstl? m 

MEAL 4=
A G@AHE]GQ  
ML]L ^LTHFGXQH - AG@AHE]GQ
Å g lrjlzåj mh mlmgs.
mlmgs. Å g`mh gs mlmgs ság alrrhnlmgs mhpges mh shrhj
mh shrhj agkhtlmgs
agkhtlmgs,,
kejpgs. Å uj lrjlzåj mh mlmgs e`thnrlmgs greu`mgs mh ig`ths jÿktepkls,
jÿktepkls, prgahsslmgs
plrl lrjlzh`ljh`tg hj uj jgmhkg juktemejh`seg
juktemejh`seg`lk.
`lk.
G prgahssg mh Mltl ^lrhfgush ag`sesth hj agkhtlr gs mlmgs mls ig`ths mh mlmgs
mlmgs,,
rhlkezlr gs plssgs mh hxtrlîág, trl`sigrjlîág h alrnl mgs mlmgs, quh å g afljlmg
H]K   (Hxtrlateg`, ]rl`sigrj h Kglm). Mhpges mhssl htlpl gs mlmgs ság
prgahssg H]K
e`thnrlmgs.
Rgr iej, g ag`ahetg mh Mltl Jlrt,
Jlrt, quh
 quh å l meveság mgs mlmgs mg Mltl ^lrhfgush hj ujl
ìrhl hsphaêieal mh `hnñaeg.
MEAL 48
ML]L ^LTHFGXQH - ]LDHKLQ IL]G H MEJH@QÁG
MEJH@QÁG  
]ldhkl Mejh`ság 
Mejh`ság  ság tldhkls
tldhkls   quh qulkeiealj gs mlmgs
mlmgs   ml tldhkl Iltg, pgmhj shr
mevememls pgr lssu`tg.
Hx.? Rgr Rrgmutg, Rhmemg hta.
Ls tldhkls Iltg ság tldhkls qul`tetltevls
qul`tetltevls,, lrjlzh`lj jåtreals,
jåtreals, vlkgrhs 
vlkgrhs  quh ság
hxtrlêmgs h l`lkeslmgs `l tldhkl Mejh`ság.

<=
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

THQXJE@MG

G prejherg lrjlzh`l mlmgs mhsaretevgs h g shnu`mg qul`tetlte

qul`tetltevgs.
vgs.
Mejh`ság?? mlmgs mhsaretevgs.
Mejh`ság
Iltg?? mlmgs qul`tetltevgs/vlkgrhs/`ujårea
Iltg qul`tetltevgs/vlkgrhs/`ujåreags.
gs.  

OÌ ALEX @L DL@AL AHQNTL@TEG!

(L`g? 42<6 Dl`al? AHQNTL@TEG Ñrnág? Dl`ag mg Drlsek Alrng? Hsareturìreg)
Xj mhsh`vgkvhmgr prhaeslvl ag`struer uj jgmhkg hstrhkl plrl prgmuzer uj mltl
wlrhfgush sgdrh ls trl`sihrï`aels hkhtrý`eals mespg`êvhes (]HM) ihetls phkgs
agrrh`testls mg dl`ag.
\uh tldhkls shrelj lmhqulmls plrl rhprhsh`tlr ls mejh`søhs mhssh jgmhkg7

l) mltl, agrrh`testl, vlkgr, dl`ag mhste`g d) mltl, agrrh`testl, vlkgr, api mhste`g
a) agrrh`testl, vlkgr,
vlkgr, dl`ag mhste`g,
mhste`g, api mhste
mhste`g
`g m) mltl, vlkgr, dldl`ag
`ag mhste`g
mhste`g,, api
mhste`g
h)
h) mltl,
 mltl, agrrh`test
agrrh`testl,
l, dl`ag mhste`g, api mhste`g
Thspgstl? H

MEAL 49
ML]L ^LTHFGXQH - ALTLA]HTÊQ]E
ALTLA]HTÊQ]EALQ
ALQ
Greh`tlmg pgr lssu`tg 
lssu`tg  - G Mltl ^lrhfgush å hsphaêieag
hsphaêieag   plrl
plrl   g `hnñaeg ml
hjprhsl.. 
hjprhsl
@ág vgkìtek
vgkìtek   - Gs mlmgs trlmeaeg`les sgirhj lîøhs mh e`akuság, ltulkezlîág h hxakuság.
Mh`trg mh uj Mltl ^lrhfgush, gs mlmgs ság lph`ls ag`suktlmgs,
ag`suktlmgs, `ág mhvh`mg shrhj
lkthrlmgs gu hxakuêmgs. 
hxakuêmgs. 
E`thnrlmg 
E`thnrlmg  - E`thnrlîág mgs mlmgs plrl igr`hahr ujl veság plmrg`ezlml 
plmrg`ezlml  h ÿ`eal
mgs sesthjls. 
sesthjls. 
Ylreìvhk agj g thjpg
thjpg   -  L emhel å g Mltl ^lrhfgush nulrmh
nulrmh,, tljdåj, mlmgs
hjprhsl , mh 8 gu ltå <2
l`tengs mg `hnñaeg ml hjprhsl, <2   ltrìs, meihrh`thjh`th mgs dl`ags mh
mlmgs rhklaeg`les quh th`mhj l lrjlzh`lr mlmgs rhah`ths. 
rhah`ths. 
MEAL 4>
ML]L ^LTHFGXQH - HQ\XHJL HQ]THKL
G hsquhjl hstrhkl å ujl jhtgmgkgnel mh jgmhklnhj mh mlmgs mlmgs   mh uj Mltl
^lrhfgush, `hstl jhtgmgkgnel, ls tldhkls mejh`ság
mejh`ság  ság kenlmls l tldhkls Iltg
Iltg..
Alrlathrêsteals?
Lktl rhmu`mä`ael quh khvl l ujl jhkfgr
j hkfgr phrigrjl`ah3

Xjl tldhkl pgr mejh`ság3

ß`eal tldhkl mh iltgs.

<8
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

OÌ ALEX @L DL@AL AHQNTL@TEG! 

AHQNTL@TEG! 
(L`g? 42<4 Dl`al? AHQNTL@TEG Ñrnág? Rhtrgdrls Alrng? L`lkestl mh
Qesthjls Oÿ`egr)
G jgmhkg hstrhkl (stlr safhjl) å l mh`gje`lîág agjuj plrl uj jgmhkg mh mlmgs
juktemejh`seg`lk.
juktemejh`seg`lk. @hssh tepg mh jgmhkg,

l) l h`temlmh ah`trlk å l trl`slîág

d) ls mejh`søhs ság uj ag`ou`tg mh iltgs
a) ls mejh`søhs pgmhj shr mhagjpgstls hj vìrels jhmemls, grene`l`mg g jgmhkg
ag`fhaemg agjg ikgag mh `hvh (s`gwiklch).
m) g rhklaeg`ljh`tg h`trh g iltg h ls mejh`søhs å mh uj plrl uj, igrjl`mg uj
audg gu fephraudg.
h)
h) alml
 alml mejh`ság å rhprhsh`tlm
rhprhsh`tlmll pgr ujl tldhkl.
Thspgstl? h 

MEAL 46
GKLR
GKLR (G`ke`h
(G`ke`h L
L`lkytealk
`lkytealk Rrgahsse`n) å uj
ujll ihrrljh`tl plrl l`ìkesh mh mlmgs hj
mlmgs hj uj
Mltl ^lrhfgush. Nrl`mh alrlathrêsteal mg GKLR å g usg ml l`ìkesh juktemejh`seg`lk,
juktemejh`seg`lk,
estg å, ujl l`ìkesh dlshlml `uj Lrrly Juktemejh`seg`lk
Juktemejh`seg`lk   mh mlmgs. Hstl ldgrmlnhj
phrjeth quh shol rhlkezlml ujl l`ìkesh sgdrh meihrh`ths vlreìvhes, estg å, mejh`søhs.

OÌ ALEX @L DL@AL AHQNTL@TEG! 

AHQNTL@TEG! 
(L`g? 42<4 Dl`al? AHQNTL@TEG Ñrnág? Alrng? Rhtrgdrls L`lkestl mh Qesthjls Or)
Xjl alrlathrêsteal têpeal mh ujl lpkealîág GKLR å
l) igalr ls ag`suktls sgdrh mlmgs drutgs.
d) jl`epuklr pre`aeplkjh`th mlmgs ltules.
a) rhauphrlr phquh`ls qul`temlmhs mh mlmgs pgr ag`suktl.

m) shr greh`tlml plrl lrrlys mh mlmgs.

m) shr
h) utekezlr dlsealjh`th ag`suktls prhmhie`emls.
Thspgstl? m 

MEAL 45
GK]R

L]H@ÎÁG!

@ág ag`iu`ml agj GKLR!

GK]R (G`ke`h ]rl`slateg` Rrgahsse`n) å uj tepg mh prgahssljh`t
prgahssljh`tgg mh mlmgs
mlmgs quh
 quh
g`ke`h,, agjg pgr hxhjpkg sesthjls
ag`sesth `l hxhauîág mh trl`slîøhs g`ke`h
dl`aìregs
dl`aìregs,, agjprls
agj gphrlîøhs agjg g`ke`h
g`ke`h  hta.
e`akuság, ]hj alrlathrêsteals
hxakuság h ltulkezlîág,mhlssej
sesthjls
agjgtrl`slaeg`les h ag`tl 
ag`suktls tljdåj. 
tljdåj.

<9
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 12
GRHTLÎØHQ GKLR
MHQRH@AL hj Rrgvl!
Gphrlîág mh Mrekk Mgw`
Mgw`   - Xtekezlml qul`mg `hahssetljgs mh jles mhtlkfhs,
mhtlkfhs,
afljljgs essg mh meje`uer l nrl`uklremlmh
nrl`uklremlmh..
Hx.? \ul`mg uj mlmg å lprhsh`tlmg jgstrl`mg lph`ls g Jïs, meje`uer l nrl`uklremlmh
shrel jgstrlr pgr shjl`l gu pgr mel.
Gphrlîág mh Mrekk Xp (Tgkk Xp)
Xp)   - Xtekezlml qul`mg `ág `hahssetljgs 
`hahssetljgs  mh tl`tgs
mhtlkfhs h
mhtlkfhs  h lssej lujh`tljgs l nrl`uklremlmh.
nrl`uklremlmh. Å g prgahssg e`vhrsg mg l`thregr, sh
lprhsh`tljgs gs mlmgs hj Jhshs, lujh`tlr l nrl`uklremlmh shrel lprhsh`tlr gs mlmgs
pgr L`g.
Gphrlîág mh Tgtlteg` (Revgt) - å ujl gphrlîág mh rgtlîág
rgtlîág,, estg å, ujl igrjl mh
lprhsh`tlr gs jhsjgs mlmgs sgd
mlmgs sgd gutrl phrsphatevl.
phrsphatevl.
Gphrlîág mh Qkeah - Gphrlîág rhlkezlml qul`mg sh mhshol vhr gs mlmgs sgd 
sgd  l
phrsphatevl mh ujl mejh`ság.
mejh`ság. Iexljgs uj vlkgr mh ujl mls mejh`søhs.
Hx.? @l tldhkl ldlexg ], sh tevåsshjgs jles ujl mejh`ság, afljlml mh rhneág h
iexìsshjgs g Rlphk L= ml mejh`ság Rrgmutg, gdthrêl
gdthrêljgs
jgs e`igrjlîøhs mh plphk L= murl`th
tgmg g trejhstrh mh 42<> hj
42<> hj tgmls ls rhneøhs.
Gphrlîág Meah - \ul`mg l gphrlîág shkhaeg`l mges
mges gu
 gu jles vlkgrhs mls
vlkgrhs mls mejh`søhs
mejh`søhs..
G `gjh Meah vhj mh quh l gphrlîág nhrl uj sudaudg mh e`igrjlîøhs.
MEAL 1<
HV]TLÎÁG, ]TL@QIGTJLÎÁG
]TL@QIGTJLÎÁG H ALTNL (H]K)
Å g prgahssg mh Hxtrlîág, trl`sigrjlîág h alrnl
alrnl   mgs mlmgs. Å l shnu`ml htlpl `g
prgahssg mg mltl wlrhfgush, rhspg`sìvhk pgr rhlkezlr l kejphzl mgs mlmgs h alrrhnì-kgs
plrl g mltl wlrhfgush gu mltl jlrt. Mh`trg mg H]K h`ag`trl-sh ujl ìrhl thjpgrìrel mh
lrjlzh`ljh`tg plrl luxekelr `ls iu`îøhs, mh`gje`lml mh Qtlne`n ìrhl.

OÌ ALEX @L DL@AL AHQNTL@TEG! 

AHQNTL@TEG! 
(L`g? 42<6 Dl`al? AHQNTL@TEG Ñrnág? ]rl`sphtrg Alrng? L`lkestl mh
Qesthjls Ou`egr)
@g prgahssg mh hxtrlîág, trl`sigrjlîág h alrnl (H]K), ujl alrlathrêsteal ml mltl
stlne`n lrhl å l mh
l) lmhrer lg dlrrljh`tg mh shrveîgs ml grnl`ezlîág, mh igrjl iesealjh`th
mhsah`trlkezlml.
d) lprhsh`tlr shrveîgs mh ag`suktl h lprhsh`tlîág plrl usuìregs ie`les mgs shrvemgrhs
GK]R.
a)
a)   lrjlzh`lr gs mlmgs shkhaeg`lmgs prgvh`eh`ths mls mevhrsls ig`ths plrl shrhj
uslmgs phkg prgahssg.
m) arelr ujl hstruturl `grjlkezlml hj h`thrpresh mltl wlrhfgushs plrl supgrtlr
lpkealîøhs GKLR.
h) supgrtlr g prgahssg mh h`nh`flrel rhvhrsl e`thrprhtìvhk phkg lmje`estrlmgr mh
dl`ag mh mlmgs. Thspgstl
Thspgstl?? A 

<>
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 14
AKLQQEIEALÎØHQ GKLR
AKLQQEIEALÎØHQ
JGKLR - (Juktemejh`seg`lk G`ke`h L`lkytealk Rrgahsse`n).
Rr gahsse`n).
Kgalk mh lrjlzh`ljh`tg å uj dl`ag mh mlmgs juktemejh`seg`lk.
juktemejh`seg`lk. Yl`tlnhj? Å
rìpemg, pgssue lktg mhshjph`fg h ujl mhsvl`tlnhj å dlexl hsalkldekemlmh.
TGKLR - (Thklteg`lk G`ke`h L`lkytealk Rrgahsse`n).
R rgahsse`n).
L hstruturl mh lrjlzh`ljh`tg å ihetl hj dlshs mh mlmgs rhklaeg`les,
rhklaeg`les , pgssue uj dlexg
mhshjph`fg h lktl hsalkldekeml
hsalkldekemlmh.
mh.
FGKLR - (Fydrem G`ke`h L`lkytealk Rrgahsse`n).
L hstruturl mh lrjlzh`ljh`tg agjde`l gs mges l`thregrhs, pgssue l hsalkldekemlmh h
alplaemlmh mls
alplaemlmh  mls ihrrljh`tls TGKLR h g lktg mhshjph`fg mg JGKLR.
MGKLR - (Mhsctgp G`ke`h L`lkytealk Rrgahsse`n).
Thihrh-sh l igrjl mh ag`suktl lg shrvemgr 
shrvemgr  GKLR. @hsth jgmg å ihetl ujl rhqueseîág
kgalkjh`th phkg akeh`th plrl g shrvemgr GKLR h lssej rhahdh l rhspgstl plrl l`lkeslr `g
sul hstlîág.
^GKLR - (^hd G`ke`h L`lkytealk Rrgahsse`n).
Thihrh-sh lg usg ml ihrrljh`tl GKLR l plrter uj `lvhnlmgr ^hd.
^hd.
MEAL 11
ML]L JE@E@N (JE@HTLÎÁG MH MLMGQ)
Qh trltl mg prgahssg mh h`ag`trlr l`gjlkels, plmrøhs gu agrrhklîøhs h`trh mlmgs hj
dusal mh prhmezhr ujl slêml. H`trh ls tåa`eals mh Je`hrlîág mh mlmgs hstág l
aklsseiealîág h l akusthrezlîág. L akusthrezlîág (lnrupljh`tg) mevemh gs mlmgs hj
nrupgs quh tïj th`mï`aels h plmrøhs shjhkfl`ths. Mhstl igrjl, hkhjh`tgs mh`trg mh uj
jhsjg nrupg ml akusthrezlîág thrág lktl sejeklremlmh h thrág dlstl`th meihrh`îls h`trh gs
hkhjh`tgs mh gutrgs nrupgs. L aklsseiealîág ltredue hkhjh`tgs l aklsshs lkvgs. Mhsth
jgmg, g gdohtevg ml aklsseiealîág å prhmezhr aklsshs lkvgs plrl gs hkhjh`tgs `g ag`ou`tg
mh mlmgs.

OÌ ALEX @L DL@AL AHQNTL@TEG! 

AHQNTL@TEG! 
(L`g? 42<6 Dl`al? AHQNTL@TEG Ñrnág? Dl`ag ml Ljlzý`el Alrng?
]ha`gkgnel ml E`igrjlîág)
Ls ihrrljh`tls h tåa`eals mh je`hrlîág mh mlmgs (mltl
( mltl je`e`n) tïj pgr gdohtevg
l) prhplrlr mlmgs plrl shrhj utekezlmgs hj uj ‛mltl wlrhfgush‚ (M^). 
d) phrjeter l `lvhnlîág juktemejh`
juktemejh`seg`lk
seg`lk hj uj M^.
a) prgohtlr, mh igrjl hieaeh`th, g rhnestrg mh mlmgs trl`slaeg`les.
m)   dusalr l aklsseiealîág h g lnrupljh`tg (akusthrezlîág) mh mlmgs, dhj agjg
m)
emh`teiealr plmrøhs.
h) gtejezlr g mhshjph`fg mh uj nhrh`aelmgr mh dl`ag mh mlmgs.
Thspgstl? m

<6
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 1=
DEN ML]L
Den mltl å ujl nrl`mh qul`temlmh mh mlmgs,
mlmgs, uj vgkujh dlstl`th lktg, quh vhj mh
mevhrsls igrjls, estg å vlrelmg,
vlrelmg, l ujl vhkgaemlmh alml vhz jlegr. Hssl å l mhie`eîág
mgs 1Y mg
1Y mg den mltl. Mhsth jgmg, g den mltl å ujl nrl`mh qul`temlmh mh mlmgs quh l`ths
`ág hrl pgssêvhk prgahsslr quh pgmhj shr uslmgs plrl rhsgkvhr prgdkhjls quh l`ths `ág
shrelj pgssêvhes.

OÌ ALEX @L DL@AL AHQNTL@TEG! 

AHQNTL@TEG! 
(L`g? 42<6 Dl`al? AHQNTL@TEG Ñrnág? Rhtrgdrls Alrng? L`lkestl mh Qesthjls)
L pre`aeplk mhie`eîág mh Den Mltl plrth mh trïs alrlathrêsteals, ag`fhaemls agjg 1 Y
mg Den Mltl, l sldhr? vhkgaemlmh, vlrehmlmh h vgkujh.
G thrjg vhkgaemlmh
v hkgaemlmh rhihrh-sh, pre`aeplkjh`th
pre`aeplkjh`th,, â
l) `hahssemlmh mls lpkealîøhs mh nhrlr rhspgstls rlpemljh`th, l plrter mh nrl`mhs
jlssls mh mlmgs.
d) hxestï`ael
d)  hxestï`ael mh uj lktg ikuxg mh mlmgs `l h`trlml.
a) `hahssemlmh mh nhrlr lpkealîøhs rlpemljh`th, hj iu`îág ml mhjl`ml mg `hnñaeg.
m) ejpgrtä`ael ml ilaekemlmh mh jl`epuklr audgs mh vesulkezlîág mh mlmgs,
rlpemljh`th.
h) rlpemhz agj quh gs mlmgs sh tgr`lj e`vìkemgs agj g thjpg.
Thspgstl? d
Thspgstl?  d  

MEAL 18
AG@AHE]GQ MH HMXALÎÁG L MEQ]Ä@AEL.
HMXALÎÁG L MEQ]Ä@AEL - AG@AHE]GQ
Hmualîág l mestä`ael å g h`se`g `g qulk lku`gs h prgihssgrhs hstág shplrlmgs
iesealjh`th   h quh pgr essg `hahssetlj mh ihrrljh`tls mh tha`gkgnel.
iesealjh`th tha`gkgnel. Ihrrljh`tls
hssh`aeles plrl uj dgj usg ml hmualîág l mestä`ael e`akuhj jeargig`hs, aäjhrls h
ag`hxág
e`thr`ht åagj e`thr`ht pgr plrth mg prgihssgr. Rlrl gs lku`gs, g jeargig`h h ag`hxág agj
suieaeh`th.
Rlrl agjpkhjh`tg mg HLM, tljdåj sh utekezl iñruj mh mÿvemls, quh ság pkltligrjls
g`mh pgmhj shr mhexlmls phrnu`tls phkgs lku`gs plrl shrhj rhspg`memls pgsthregrjh`th
pgr prgihssgrhs h jg`etgrhs.
Xjl alrlathrêsteal tljdåj ejpgrtl`th å quh g HLM `ág prhaesl shr hj thjpg rhlk rhlk.. G
prgihssgr pgmh nrlvlr ujl lukl h mhexì-kl mespg`êvhk plrl quh g lku`g l lssestl `g
jgjh`tg hj quh pumhr. Lsseste`mg l lukl `g mespgsetevg quh hstevhr mespg`êvhk, lssej, ls
pkltligrjls mh HLM ság juktepkltligrjls,
juktepkltligrjls, pgmh`mg shr lahsslmls phkg agjputlmgr,
sjlrtpfg`hs gu tldkhts.
Rlrl luxekelr `l hmualîág l mestä`ael igrlj mhsh`vgkvemgs gs Ljdeh`ths Yertules mh
lprh`mezlmg (LYL),
(LYL), agjg pgr hxhjpkg g Jggmkh h g Nggnkh Aklssrggj. G usg mg
LYL phrjeth quh gs prgihssgrhs pgsslj ag`muzer gs aursgs h mhexlr mespg`êvhes jlthreles
plrl gs lku`gs lssej agjg lvlkeì-kgs. Mh`trg mg LYL hxesthj mevhrsls ihrrljh`tls plrl

<5
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

luxekelr l agju`ealîág h`trh lku`gs h prgihssgrhs. Agjg pgr hxhjpkg AFL]

AFL],, IÑTXJ
IÑTXJ,,
\XHQ]EG@ÌTEGQ.
MEAL 19
IHTTLJH@]LQ MH RTGMX]EYEMLMH H ]TLDLKFG L MEQ]Ä@AEL (JEATGQGI]
]HLJQ, AEQAG ^HDHV, NGGNKH FL@NGX], NGGNKH MTEYH H QCURH).
JEATGQGI] ]HLJQ 
]HLJQ 
@l mhie`eîág ml jeargsgit, g ]hljs å ‛ hsplîg mh trldlkfg 
trldlkfg  dlshlmg hj uj aflt quh
e`thnrl tgmls ls phssgls,
phssgls , gs ag`thÿmgs h ls ihrrljh`tls quh l sul hqueph prhaesl plrl
jhkfgrlr g shu h`nloljh`tg h shr jles hiealz‚. Gu shol, å uj dlth plpg agj
iu`aeg`lkemlmhs e`thnrlmls plrl luxekelr ls phssgls mh ujl hjprhsl. Ag`tl agj ^grm,
RgwhrRge`t, Hxahk, QflrhRge`t, G`h@gth h`trh gutrgs phrjete`mg quh tgmgs trldlkfhj `gs
mgaujh`tgs.
Ag`tl, tljdåj, agj ujl hstruturl mh shplrlîág mls ag`vhrsls, pgmh`mg shplrlr hj
al`les h hj nrupgs gu prevlmls. Jl`tåj g festñreag mls ag`vhrsls, ilaeketl`mg l
agju`ealîág h`trh ls hquephs. Rhrjeth jlralîág mh usuìregs, shjhkfl`th lg jh`îág mg
e`stlnrlj, utekezl`mg Busulreg. ]umg essg agj e`igrjlîøhs l tgmgs gs jhjdrgs mg nrupg
ltrlvås mh `gteiealîøhs quh ság phrsg`lkezlmls plrl alml nrupg, hvetl`mg lssej
jh`slnh`s shj e`thrhssh pgr gutrgs nrupgs.
MEAL 1>
AEQAG ^HDHV
Rkltligrjl mh vemhgag`ihrï`ael,
vemhgag`ihrï`ael, rhu`eøhs g`ke`h 
g`ke`h  h agjplrtekfljh`tg mh thkl.
thkl.
Igr`hah agkldgrlîág ag`tê`ul, ag`hatevemlmh ltrlvås mg ^hdhx Ag`tlat Ah`thr,
phrjete`mg quh gs akeh`ths utekezhj dlth plpg, rhmhs sgaeles, jh`slnh`s mh thxtg gu
afljlmls. Agjg igag tljdåj `l shnurl`îl, prevlaemlmh h nhrh`aeljh`tg mh
e`igrjlîøhs, utekezl rgdustl areptgnrliel _hrg-]rust. Ag`tl trlmuîág lg vevg mh emegjls
agjg e`nkïs, hspl`fgk, irl`aïs, lkhjág, jl`mlrej, pgrtunuïs, ìrldh, russg, fgkl`mïs h
 olpg`ïs.
MEAL 16
NGGNKH FL@NGX]
Rkltligrjl mh Afljlmls mh Lumeg h Yemhg mg Nggnkh. Nggnkh. Rlrl utekezlr dlstl ujl ag`tl
mg Njlek. G Nggnkh utekezl g Njlek plrl nhrh`aelr gs shrveîgs quh agkgal â mespgseîág mh
shus usuìregs, lssej, plrl utekezlr g Nggnkh Fl`ngut gu g Nggnkh Mrevh g usuìreg mhvh thr
ujl ag`tl `g Njlek. G Fl`ngut å ujl ihrrljh`tl dlstl`th sejpkhs mh utekezlr, dlstl
lahsslr g seth h sgkeaetlr sh mhshol ujl afljlml mh ìumeg gu afljlml mh ìumeg h vêmhg.
Lg rhlkezlr l afljlml, pgmh agjplrtekflr g ke`c gu er lmeaeg`l`mg phssgls l afljlml.
Rgssue g rhaursg mh agjplrtekfljh`tg mh thkl, essg quhr mezhr quh å pgssêvhk jgstrlr g
quh lag`thah `l sul thkl plrl ls phssgls prhsh`ths `l afljlml. G Fl`ngut supgrtl
afljlml mh vêmhg plrl ltå 48 phssgls.
MEAL 15
NGGNKH MTEYH
Rkltligrjl mh lrjlzh`ljh
Rkltligrjl lrjlzh`ljh`tg`tg mh lrquevgs
lrquevgs `l
 `l `uvhj mespg`edekezlml phkg
mespg`edekezlml phkg Nggnkh
Nggnkh..
Mespg`êvhk plrl usuìregs mh jl`herl nrìtes h vhrsøhs agj jlegrhs alplaemlmhs mh
lrjlzh`ljh`tg plnls. G Nggnkh Mrevh å ujl pkltligrjl agj juetls utekemlmhs, agjg
pgr hxhjpkg, agjplrtekfljh`tg mh lrquevgs, uj lrquevg slkvg `g Mrevh pgmh shr
agjplrtekflmg agj uj `ÿjhrg rhmuzemg mh phssgls gu ltrlvås mh uj ke`c plrl qulkquhr

42
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

phssgl. ]hj e`thnrlîág agj ls pre`aeples ihrrljh`tls mg Nggnkh agjg pgr hxhjpkg
Nggnkh Mgaujh`tgs, Nggnkh Rkl`ekfls, Nggnkh Lprhsh`tlîág. ]gmgs gs lrquevgs
hkldgrlmgs `hssls ihrrljh`tls ság slkvgs lutgjltealjh`th `g Nggnkh Mrevh. Hsshs
mgaujh`tgs tljdåj phrjethj hmeîág agkldgrltevl hj thjpg rhlk, sh`mg pgssêvhk g quh
alml usuìreg hstì lkthrl`mg `g mgaujh`tg `g jgjh`tg ltulk.
MEAL =2
QCURH
Rkltligrjl mh thkhagju`ealîøhs 
thkhagju`ealîøhs  hsphaelkezlml `l agju`ealîág vel kenlîøhs YgER
(Ygeah gvhr ER). Rhrjeth agju`ealîøhs mh ìumeg h vêmhg h`trh phssgls h nrupgs, lkåj mg
agjplrtekfljh`tg mh lrquevgs h ag`vhrsls vel aflt. G Qcyph å nrltuetg h plnl`mg
lknujls tlreils, å pgssêvhk rhlkezlr kenlîøhs plrl ahkuklrhs mh gphrlmgrhs dhj agjg h`velr
QJQ.

4<
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

YH@MLQ H @HNGAELÎÁG
MEAL =<
@GÎGHQ MH HQ]TL]ÅNEL HJRTHQLTELK
@ÊYHEQ GTNL@E_LAE
GTNL@E_LAEG@LEQ?
G@LEQ?

Hstrltåneag

]ìteag

Gphrlaeg`lk

Hstrltåneag?? h`ag`trljgs `hssh `êvhk gs merhtgrhs, hxhautevgs, lktg hsalkág ml

Hstrltåneag
grnl`ezlîág.
l`lkesl`mg gs Ls mhaesøhse`thr`g
ljdeh`ths tgjlmls shrvhj plrl l
h hxthr`g. ‛tgml‚  grnl`ezlîág, pges ság nkgdles

]ìteag?  Lque sh h`ag`trlj gs nhrh`ths mh mhplrtljh`tgs, u`emlmhs h shtgrhs.

]ìteag?  shtgrhs. L
ldgrmlnhj å mhplrtljh`
mhplrtljh`tlk.
tlk.
Gphrlaeg`lk? g `êvhk ml rhlkezlîág mls tlrhils,
Gphrlaeg`lk? g tlrhils, gs hxhautgrhs rhlkezlj ls ltevemlmhs
mg pkl`g gphrlaeg`lk.
MEAL =4
MHIE@EÎØHQ
Gdohtevg? ]umg lquekg quh sh prhth`mh lkal`îlr gu g`mh sh mhshol afhnlr. Xj dgj
Gdohtevg? ]umg
hxhjpkg mh gdohtevg ‑ shr lprgvlmg `g ag`aursg pÿdkeag mg Dl`ag mg Drlsek.  G
gdohtevg mhvh shr aklrg, ag`arhtg h `hahssetl mh prlzg. Å essg jhsjg, `ág eejpgrtl
jpgrtl sh hssh
prlzg shrì aurtg, jåmeg gu kg`ng.
Jhtl? ]ljdåj
Jhtl?  ]ljdåj pgmh shr h`th`meml agjg lkng quh sh prhth`mh lkal`îlr, jls å jles
je`uaegsl h mhtlkflml hj
mhtlkflml hj agjplrlîág lg gdohtevg. Hxhjpkg mh jhtl? shr lprgvlmg hj
prejherg kunlr `g ag`aursg mg Dl`ag mg Drlsek. Thplrgu ujl juml`îl lê7 G thrjg
 ‛prejherg kunlr‚, qulkeieagu g jhu gdohtevg. Hssl å l emhel ml jhtl, shr jles je`uaegsl gu
mhtlkflml. \ul`teiealîág h qulkeiealîág mg gdohtevg.
Hstrltånels? Qág gs alje`fgs,
Hstrltånels? Qág alje`fgs, gs jhegs, gs jåtgmgs 
jåtgmgs plrl sh afhnlr `g gdohtevg gu
jhtl h plrl essg l grnl`ezlîág `hahssetlrì ilzhr ujl l`ìkesh l`ths h lê sej hsagkfhr l
jhkfgr hstrltånel.
MEAL =1
EJLNHJ E@Q]E]XAEG@LK
Qh thj lkng ejpgrtl`th plrl ujl grnl`ezlîág å arelr ujl ejlnhj e`stetuaeg`lk h ilzhr
agj quh gs stlchfgkmhrs lg shu rhmgr
r hmgr h`th`mlj g shu prgpñsetg.

44
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

H l`ths mh h`trlr `gs ag`ahetgs l rhsphetg mg thjl, prejherg prhaeslrhe hxpkealr plrl vgaï
g sen`eiealmg mg thrjg ‛stlchfgkmhr‚. 

Qtlchfgkmhr sen`eieal plrths e`thrhsslmls,

e`thrhsslmls, gu shol, tgmgs quh mh lknujl igrjl hstág
kenlmgs gu rhklaeg`lmgs agj l grnl`ezlîág. Hxhjpkgs? agkldgrlmgrhs, nhstgrhs,
laeg`estls, nhrh`ths, ag`sujemgrhs,
ag`sujemgrhs, igr`hahmgrhs, ngvhr`g h gutrgs.

MEAL
Rrgvlvhkjh`th uj se`ý`ejg plrl stlchfgkmhr `ujl prgvl mh ag`aursg shol L]GTHQ
gu AKEH@]HQ.
AKEH@]HQ. Ylkh rhsslktlr g shnue`th? G thrjg akeh`th å ldrl`nh`th, pges h`th`mh-
sh agjg akeh`th g pÿdkeag hxthr`g h e`thr`g.
Akeh`th e`thr`g :
e`thr`g : agkldgrlmgrhs
agkldgrlmgrhs,, nhrh`ths.
Akeh`th hxthr`g :
hxthr`g : ag`sujemgrhs
ag`sujemgrhs,, igr`hahmg
i gr`hahmgrhs.
rhs.
]lkvhz shol hstrl`fg ph`slr agkldgrlmgr h igr`hahmgr agjg akeh`th, jls vhol
v hol quh l
emhel å sltesilzhr ls `hahssemlmhs mh tgmgs h pgr essg l ag`ahpîág mh quh tgmgs ság
akeh`ths.
Lkeìs, qul`mg ujl grnl`ezlîág agjprhh`mh essg, shj sgjdrl mh mÿvemls hstlrì
ag`questl`mg l hxahkï`ael. 
hxahkï`ael. 

JEQQÁG, YEQÁG H YLKGTHQ MG DL@AG MG DTLQEK

41
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL ==
QHNJH@]LÎÁG MH JHTALMG
@ÊYHEQ MH QHNJH@]LÎÁG

Jlrchte`n mh Jlssl Jlrchte`n mh Jlrchte`n mh @eafg

• G gdohtevg mhssh • Yesl thr uj nrupg
tepg mh
shnjh`tlîág å
gihrtlr lkng quh
shol pgssêvhk plrl
uj nrl`mh pÿdkeag
Qhnjh`tg
• Le`ml jles rhstretg
le`ml nrl`mh mh lg agjplrlr agj
ag`sujemgrhs, gs (24) mges
pgråj uj pguag l`thregrhs. Mevemh-
jles hsphaeieag sh sh uj shnjh`tgs
agjplrlrjgs agj hj sudshnjh`tgs.
g jlrchte`n mh L grnl`ezlîág sh
jlssl tgr`l hsphaelkestl
`ujl mhthrje`lml
`hahssemlmh mg
akeh`th.

MEAL =8
LÎØHQ RLTL LXJH@]LT G YLKGT RHTAHDEMG RHKG AKEH@]H
AXQ]G ]G]LK RLTL G AKEH@]H

    k Jg`htìreg
   l
   t
   g ]hjpg
   ]
 
   g
   t H`hrnel Iêseal
   s
   u
   A H`hrnel Rsêqueal

G austg tgtlk 
tgtlk  vle lkåj mg jg`htìreg.
jg`htìreg. Å g alsg mg austg mh thjpg, pges qul`mg
`hahssetljgs lmquerer uj dhj gu shrveîgs alkaukljgs g thjpg quh essg vle `gs austlr,
uj dgj hxhjpkg å ph`slr `g thjpg quh
thjpg quh vgaï iealrì `l iekl mg alexl mg dl`ag plrl plnlr
ujl ag`tl, (28) ae`ag je`utgs vle plrhahr ujl hthr`emlmh. Lngrl sh vgaï tevhr quh (24)
muls fgrls gu jles g nhrh`th mg dl`ag th lth`mhr plrl ag`shnuer uj ie`l`aeljh`tg

4=
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

ejgdekeìreg vgaï `hj vle phrahdhr g thjpg plsslr. Gutrg austg khvlmg hj ag`semhrlîág h
l h`hrnel psêqueal h iêseal,
iêseal, l prejherl mez rhsphetg lg nlstg pseagkñneag plrl tgjlml mh
mhaeság `ujl setulîág ag`iketl`th mh hsagkfls h l shnu`ml mez rhsphetg lg nlstg iêseag
jhsjg plrl h`ag`trlr g prgmutg/jlral emhlk plrl suprer l sul `hahssemlmh.
MEAL =9
LRTH@ME_LNHJ H QXQ]H@]LDEKEMLMH GTNL@E_LAEG@LK

QXQ]H@]LDEKEMLMH
L susth`tldekemlmh mhvh shr e`shreml
e`shreml   oì `g pkl`holjh`tg hstrltåneag 
hstrltåneag  ml grnl`ezlîág
merhaeg`lmg plrl uj agjpgrtljh`tg sgaeghag`ýjeag
sgaeghag`ýjeag   lke`fl`mg emhels agj gutrgs
ltgrhs, agjg ngvhr`g, plrahergs mh `hnñaegs, akeh`ths, igr`hahmgrhs h g pÿdkeag e`thr`g.
Qhj ag`tlr quh g h`vgkvejh`tg ml grnl`ezlîág agj g thjl jhkfgrlrì l sul ejlnhj
phrl`th l sgaehmlmh h h`th`mh-sh agjg ujl igrjl mh gpgrtu`emlmh mh `hnñaegs.
`hnñaegs.
Jls, h`th`ml quh l susth`tldekemlmh
susth`tldekemlmh vle lkåj mg ph`sljh`t
ph`sljh`tg
g vgktlmg âs gpgrtu`emlmh
gpgrtu`emlmhss mh
agj  g e`tuetg
`hnñaeg, pges mhvh shr ujl prhgauplîág nh`uê`l pgr plrth ml grnl`ezlîág agj g
mh jhkfgrlr l alml mel l veml mls phssgls  phssgls  quh mh lknujl igrjl, merhtl gu
e`merhtljh`th, th`fl kenlîág agj l grnl`ezlîág pgmhjgs afljlr mh ‛stlchfgkmhrs‚  gu
sejpkhsjh`th ls plrths e`thrhsslmls.
e`thrhsslmls.
MEAL =>

ALTLA]HTÊQ]EALQ MGQ QHTYEÎGQ

ALTLA]HTÊQ]EALQ
E`tl`nedekemlmh?   @ág ság vestgs, gu prgvlmgs l`ths mh shrhj lmqueremgs, pges l
E`tl`nedekemlmh?
gagrrhr, lkeìs usljgs gutrls jl`herls mh hxphrejh`tlr
hxphrejh`tlîág å meiêaek mh gagrrhr,
agjg g vesulk mg kgalk gu l mhagrlîág h gutrls igrjls, jls le`ml sej å agjpkealmg mh
hxphrejh`tlr l`ths. Yljgs ph`slr hj uj hxhjpkg? Xj agrth mh aldhkg. Ygaï `u`al
agrtgu g aldhkg `l ‛Dlrdhlrel mg Jl`uhk‚ h vle kì phkl prejherl vhz, sñ vle thr ahrthzl mh
quh g agrth mh aldhkg å dgj mhpges mh agrtlr `ág å jhsjg7 G quh prgvlvhkjh`th vgaï
ilrì å iealr lth`tg lg rhmgr plrl th`tlr thr sh`slîág mh hxphrejh`tlîág. Gs shrveîgs
pgmhj shr emhels gu ag`ahetgs h pgr essg ság e`tl`nêvhes. Rgr juetls vhzhs agjprljgs
gu lmquerejgs jles phkl rhputlîág ml grnl`ezlîág.
grnl`ezlîág. Yhol l ejpgrtä`ael mh uj
lth`mejh`tg phrsg`lkezlmg.
E`shplrldekemlmh? Qhrveîg, meihrh`thjh`th mg prgmutg, ság ag`sujemgs qul`mg
E`shplrldekemlmh?
ság arelmgs, pgrtl`tg mh jl`herl sejuktä`hl h
sejuktä`hl h `ág ság shplrlmgs `g e`stl`th quh å
gihrhaemg. Rgmhjgs mezhr quh å e`messgaeìvhk, vljgs ph`slr `uj hxhjpkg? Xjl lukl
prhsh`aelk, alsg vgaï laldh phrmh`mg l lukl `ág thrì agjg vgktlr. Lf, jls prgihssgr h sh
hu rhphter l lukl7 @u`al shrì l jhsjl, pges ság tl`tls vlreìvhes `g jgjh`tg quh
gagrrhu. Je`fls lukls pgmhj shr jhkfgrhs hj uj mel h pegrhs hj gutrg mel, ilz plrth ml
prgmuîág `g jgjh`tg.
MEAL =6
NHQ]ÁG ML \XLKEMLMH MGQ QHTYEÎGQ
GQ 8 T½Q ML NHQ]ÁG ML \XLKEMLMH HJ QHTYEÎGQ?
Thkhvä`ael?  g qul`tg g prgmutg gu shrveîg å ejpgrtl`th plrl g akeh`th. G lnh`th
Thkhvä`ael? 
agjhraelk h`trl `g ag`ahetg aruaelk mh shr uj ag`suktgr plrl g akeh`th
akeh`th  lg mhjg`strlr g
qul`tg mhthrje`lmg prgmutg gu shrveîg shrì dh`åieag h vl`tlogsg.
Thag`fhaejh`tg?  thj agjg aretåreg shr hstejlmg, ÿ`eag, meihrh`th. Ejlne`h uj
Thag`fhaejh`tg? 
lth`mejh`tg meihrh`aelmg, phrsg`lkezlmg.
phrsg`lkezlmg. G akeh`th sh sh`terì vlkgrezlmg h ÿ`eag.

48
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

Thahptevemlmh?  `lml agjg ujl dgl rhahpîág, rhahdhr g akeh`th ml jhkfgr

Thahptevemlmh? 
jl`herl pgssêvhk,
pgssêvhk, agj hmualîág, agrthsel, nh`tekhzl h gihrtl`mg g jhkfgr lth`mejh`tg
pgssêvhk.
Thspg`sevemlmh? rhplsslr e`igrjlîøhs mh tgmls ls ilshs mg prgahssg
Thspg`sevemlmh? pr gahssg nhrl`mg lssej
ag`ieldekemlmh.. Gs akeh`ths hsphrlj essg, pges quhrhj sh jl`thr e`igrjlmgs mh tgmls ls
ag`ieldekemlmh
htlpls.

Thklaeg`ljh`tg? ujl
Thklaeg`ljh`tg?
prgmutgs gu prhstlr  ujl e`thrlîág
shr shrveîg ag`tê`ul
‛sgjh`th murlmgurl
ujlhvhz‚
murlmgurl,, l emhel
h sej gdthr aruaelk å `ág
l iemhkemlmh mg vh`mhr
akeh`th
plrl quh ag`senl ilzhr `hnñaegs suahssevls vhzhs.
MEAL =5
]ÅA@EALQ MH YH@MLQ
JÅ]GMG LEML
]åa`eal uslml phkg vh`mhmgr/`hngaelmgr
vh`mhmgr/`hngaelmgr l ag`muzer g akeh`th `ls htlpls mh vh`mls.

Lth`îág E`thrhssh Mhshog Lîág

•Qldhr, ag`fhahr •Ejpgrtl`th •Mhsphrtlr l •Å l ltetumh mh

gu thr `gîág quh plssg mh ilzhr g vg`tlmh mh gdthr agjprlr g dhj
g prgmutg gu pgssêvhk akeh`th gs dh`hiêaegs gu shrveîg.
shrveîg hxesth. sh ag`ah`trh `gs lngrl oì
dh`hiêaegs mg ag`fhaemgs.
prgmutg/shrveîg.

MEAL 82
Å]EAL H AG@MX]L RTGIEQQEG@LK HJ YH@MLQ
AÑMENG MH Å]EAL MG DL@AG MG DTLQEK
G Dl`ag mg Drlsek thj shu prñpreg añmeng mh åteal åteal   quh vesl trlzhr e`igrjlîøhs
rhklaeg`lmls â arh`îl ml e`stetueîág, jesság, veság h vlkgrhs.
vlkgrhs. @g quhsetg ml åteal, g

añmeng jh`aeg`l
phssglk g shnue`th?
h e`stetuaeg`lk. Åteal å quh
Ylkh rhsslktlr e`sperlîág h ag`meîág
tlk mgaujh`tg mh tljdåj
trltl `gssg agjpgrtljh`tg
mh `grjls mh
ag`mutl.

G Dl`ag mg Drlsek thj l åteal agjg agjprgjessg h g rhsphetg agjg ltetumh `gs
rhklaeg`ljh`tgs.
G Añmeng mh Åteal mg DD trlmuz gs vlkgrhs quh
vlkgrhs quh mhvhj shr gdshrvlmgs h auktevlmgs
pgr
tgmgs gs hsalkøhs ml hjprhsl `g rhklaeg`ljh`tg agj gs mevhrsgs shnjh`tgs ml
sgaehmlmh, shol `g Drlsek, gu `g hxthregr, pges `gs hjph`fljgs hj ag`struer
rhklaeg`ljh`tgs murlmgurgs,
murlmgurgs, dlshlmgs `g rhsphetg âs `hahssemlmhs h âs
hxphatltevls mh `gssgs meihrh`ths
m eihrh`ths pÿdkeags.
Ig`th? fttps?//www.dd.agj.dr/mgas/pud/e`st/mw`/Rgrtun uhsAgmHteal.pmi  
fttps?//www.dd.agj.dr/mgas/pud/e`st/mw`/RgrtunuhsAgmHteal.pmi 

49
 
  

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 8<
RLMTØHQ MH \XLKEMLMH @G L]H@MEJH
L ]H@MEJH@]G
@]G LGQ AKEH@]HQ
JLTCH]E@N MH THKLAEG@LJH@]G
G igag mg jlrchte`n mh rhklaeg`ljh`tg hstì `gs akeh`ths oì hxesth`ths
hxesth`ths,, aklrg quh tgml
grnl`ezlîág mhshol ag`questlr `gvgs akeh`ths, jls lpgstlr `ujl rhklîág phrjl`h`th h
murlmgurl   ilrì ltå jhsjg agj quh l grnl`ezlîág ag`senl ujl hag`gjel `gs shus
murlmgurl
nlstgs mh jlrchte`n h pudkeaemlmh mh jl`herl surprhh`mh`th.
]hj g shu igag `gs akeh`ths oì hxesth`ths h `ág sgjh`th `l l`nlrelîág mh `gvgs akeh`ths
h plrl quh ujl hjprhsl pgssl lpgstlr `g jlrchte`n rhklaeg`lk h ag`shnuer iemhkezlr gs
shus akeh`ths, mhvhrì thr hj lth`îág lknu`s pg`tgs, `gjhlmljh`th? ag`fhahr dhj g
akeh`th, sldhr agju`ealr h hsautlr ls suls `hahssemlmhs h rhag`fhahr l sul
iemhkemlmh..
iemhkemlmh
MEAL 84
@GÎØHQ MH JLTCH]E@N MENE]LK
AGJRGQ]G MH JLTCH]E@N

Rrgmutg

Rrhîg
   Q
   ½
   R
   =
   2 Rrlîl

Rrgjgîág

MEAL 81

AG@AHE]GQ @G JLTCH]E@N MENE]LK

QHG ‑ Qhlraf H`ne`h Gptejezlteg`?
QHG  Gptejezlteg`? Gtejezlîág plrl Jhal`esjgs mh Dusals.
]åa`eals quh tïj agjg gdohtevg pgseaeg`lr ujl gu jles pìne`ls mh mhste`g h`trh gs
jhkfgrhs rhsuktlmgs mgs jgtgrhs mh phsquesl.
AJQ - Ag`th`t Jl`lnhjh`t Qysthj?Qysthj? Qesthjl mh Nhstág mh Ag`thÿmgs.
Ihrrljh`tl quh pgssedeketl l prgmuîág, hmeîág h pudkealîág mh ag`thÿmgs `g ljdeh`th
g`ke`h shj l `hahssemlmh mh ag`fhaejh`tg
ag`fhaejh`tgss tåa`eags hj prgnrljlîág.
Mhssl igrjl, pgr jheg mh uj AJQ å pgssêvhk arelr seths, dkgns h gutrgs pgrtles mh
jl`herl sejpkeiealml.
A]L - Alkks tg Lateg`? ság
Lateg`? ság dgtøhs gu afljlmls vesl`mg g vesetl`th akealr plrl mlr
lîág. 
ag`te`uemlmh mh ujl lîág. 

4>
  

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 8=
X]EKE_LÎÁG MH AL@LEQ THJG]GQ MH YH@MLQ
AL@LEQ MENE]LEQ

Jlrchtpklah H-Agjjhrah Thmhs Qgaeles

•Thÿ`h prgmutgs mh •Qeth mh vh`ml mh ujl •Qgaelk Qhkke`n

vìrels jlrals jlral •H`nlolr khlms
•Qeth gu lpkealtevg •Rrgmutg gu shrveîg •Thklaeg`ljh`tg
•Yh`ml mh prgmutgs gu
shrveîgs

MEAL 88
HQ]L]X]G ML RHQQGL AGJ MHIEAEÏ@AE
MHIEAEÏ@AEL
L
AG@AHE]G MH DLTTHETLQ

Ls hxesth`ths `ls vels h `gs

Xrdl`êsteals hsplîgs pÿdkeags h prevlmgs
   Q ldhrtgs lg pÿdkeag gu mh usg
   L
   T agkhtevg.
   E
   H
   T
   T
   L
   D Lrquethtý`eals Ls hxesth`ths `gs hmeiêaegs
pÿdkeags h prevlmgs.

46
 
  

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 89
RHQQGLQ AGJ JGDEKEMLMH THMX_EML

Rhssgl agj jgdekemlmh

rhmuzeml? lquhkl quh th`fl,
G hstltutg ml Rhssgl pgr qulkquhr jgtevg, E`akue`mg emgsg,
agj Mhieaeï`ael, meieaukmlmh mh jgvejh`tlîág, nhstl`th, klatl`th,
phrjl`h`th gu thjpgrìrel,
hstldhkhah merhetgs nhrl`mg rhmuîág hihtevl ml phssgl agj arel`îl mh
tljdåj plrl? jgdekemlmh, ml ikhxedekemlmh, ml agkg h gdhsg.
aggrmh`lîág jgtgrl gu ml
phrahpîág.

MEAL 8>
AÑMENG MH MHIHQL MG AG@QXJEMGT
AG@AHE]G MH AG@QXJEMGT

Ag`sujemgr

•]gmls phssgl IÊQEAL GX OXTÊMEAL

\uh lmquerh gu utekezl

•Rrgmutg gu shrveîg agjg MHQ]E@L]ÌTEG IE@LK

Hqueplrl-sh l ag`sujemgr

•l agkhtevemlmh mh phssgls, le`ml quh e`mhthrje`ìvhes, quh flol e`thrve`mg

`ls rhklîøhs mh ag`sujg

45
  

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 86
AG@AHE]G MH IGT@HAHMGT  

Rÿdkeal gu Rrevlml
]gml RI gu RO
@laeg`lk gu
Hstrl`nherl
   T
   G ]ljdåj gs H`ths
Mhsphrsg`lkezlmgs
   M
   H
   A
Rrgmuîág, Jg`tlnhj,
   H Arelîág
   @
   T
   G
   I Ag`struîág,
]rl`sigrjlîág,
ejpgrtlîág,
\uh Mhsh`vgkvhj Ltevemlmh mh
mh   Hxpgrtlîág

Mestredueîág gu
agjhraelkezlîág

Mh Rrgmutgs
Qhrveîgs gu

MEAL 85
AG@AHE]G MH RTGMX]G

RTGMX]G QHTYEÎG

]l`nêvhk, Jlthrelk, Hstgaìvhk E`tl`nêvhk, Ejlthrelk, @ág-hstgaìvhk

Jñvhk gu Ejñvhk

\ulkquhr Dhj Jlthrelk gu

Ejlthrelk

RTGMX]G

12
  

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 92
AG@AHE]G MH QHTYEÎG
G prñpreg Añmeng mh Mhihsl mg Ag`sujemgr ag`ahetul shrveîg agjg L]EYEMLMH
L]EYEMLMH,, hxahtg
ls mh rhklîøhs trldlkfestls.

Jhmel`th rhju`hrlîág

\ulkquhr Ltevemlmh

Qhrveîg E`akusevh mh `lturhzl

Dl`aìrel, ie`l`aherl,
aråmetg h shauretìrel

1<
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

AG@FHAEJH@]GQ
AG@FHAEJH@]GQ DL@AÌTEGQ
DL@AÌTEGQ  
MEAL 9<
QEQ]HJL IE@L@AHETG @LAEG@LK
E@Q]E]XEÎØHQ
E@Q]E]XEÎØHQ IE@L@AHETLQ @ÁG DL@AÌTELQ?
@ág  alptlj mhpñsetgs â vestl,
@ág  vestl, kgng, `ág juktepkealj l qul`temlmh mh jghml hj
aerauklîág `l hag`gjel.
Khjdrh-sh
Khjdrh-sh?? sgjh`th ls E`stetueîøhs Ie`l`aherls Jg`htìrels gu dl`aìrels å quh
rhahdhj gs mhpñsetgs â vestl.
MEAL 94
DL@AGQ MH MHQH@YGKYEJH@]G
Iu`îág?? prgjgvhr g mhsh`vgkvejh`tg ml rhneág â qulk ilzhj plrth.
Iu`îág
E`stetueîøhs
E`stetueîø `ág ihmhrles.
hs ie`l`aherls pÿdkeals `ág ihmhrles.
Ag`stetuêmls
Ag`stetuêmls sgd l igrjl mh sgaehmlmh l`ý`ejl.
l`ý`ejl.
MEAL 91
D@MHQ
@ÁG å
@ÁG å uj dl`ag mh mhsh`vgkvejh`tg.
Ag`trgklmg phkl X`eág.
X`eág. 
Hjprhsl pÿdkeal ihmhrlk
ihmhrlk..
Rre`aeplk e`strujh`tg mh hxhauîág ml pgkêteal mh e`vhstejh`tg mg Ngvhr`g Ihmhrlk.
Rgssue agjg gdohtevg prejgrmelk?
prejgrmelk? lpgelr 
lpgelr  prgnrljls, prgohtgs, gdrls h shrveîgs quh
sh rhklaeg`hj agj g mhsh`vgkvejh`tg hag`ýjeag 
hag`ýjeag h sgaelk
sgaelk mg
 mg Rlês3.
Hxhrah suls ltevemlmhs agj g gdohtevg mh hstejuklr l e`eaeltevl prevlmlprevlml,, shj
prhouêzg mh lpgeg l hjprhh`mejh`tgs mh e`thrhssh `laeg`lk l alrng mg shtgr pÿdkeag.
MEAL 9=

DL@AGQ MH E@YHQ]EJH@]G
E`stetueîøhs ie`l`aherls mh
ie`l`aherls mh `lturhzl prevlml
prevlml,, mhvhj shr ag`stetuêmgs
ag`stetuêmgs sgd
 sgd l igrjl
mh sgaehmlmh l`ý`ejl.
l`ý`ejl.
Hsphaelkezlmls  hj gphrlîøhs mh
Hsphaelkezlmls  gphrlîøhs mh plrteaeplîág sgaehtìrel mh alrìthr thjpgrìreg,
thjpgrìreg, mh
ie`l`aeljh`tg ml ltevemlmh prgmutevl plrl suprejh`tg mh alpetlk iexg h mh nerg h mh
lmje`estrlîág mh rhaursgs mh thrahergs.
MEAL 98
H@]EMLMHQ \XH AG@AHMHJ ATÅME]G EJGDEKEÌTEG
Lssgaelîøhs mh Rgupl`îl h Hjpråstejgs? arelml plrl ilaeketlr
ilaeketlr lgs
 lgs lssgaelmgs
lssgaelmgs   l
lqueseîág ml alsl prñprel 
prñprel h alptlr, e`ah`tevlr h messhje`lr l pgupl`îl. 
pgupl`îl. 
Agjpl`fels Fepgthaìrels? g gdohtevg å l ag`ahsság ag`ahsság   mh ie`l`aeljh`tgs
ejgdekeìregs,   rhsemh`aeles
ejgdekeìregs, rhsemh`aeles   gu agjhraeles
agjhraeles,, hjpråstejgs nlrl`temgs pgr fepgthals gu

14
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

lkeh`lîág iemuaeìrel mh ejñvhes h rhplsshs mh rhaursgs rhklaeg`lmgs l prgnrljls

ejgdekeìregs, dhj agjg l lmje`estrlîág mh iu`mgs mh e`vhstejh`
e`vhstejh`tg
tg ejgdekeìreg.
ejgdekeìreg.  
Qgaehmlmhs mh Aråmetg Ejgdekeìreg? igag `g ie`l`aeljh`tg plrl ag`struîág 
ag`struîág  mh
fldetlîøhs, `l ldhrturl mh aråmetg plrl agjprl gu ag`struîág mh alsl prñprel h `g
ie`l`aeljh`tg mh alpetlk mh nerg l hjprhsls e`agrpgrlmgrls, prgmutgrls h mestreduemgrls
mh jlthrelk mh ag`struîág. 
ag`struîág. 
MEAL 99
GRHTLMGTHQ
E`stetueîøhs ie`l`aherls dl`aìrels? plrl shr dl`aìrel, l e`stetueîág mhvh alptlr
mhpñsetgs â vestl. 
vestl. 
E`stetueîøhs ie`l`aherls `ág
`ág   dl`aìrels? `ág alptl mhpñsetgs â vestl, kgng, `ág
juktepkealj l qul`temlmh mh jghml hj aerauklîág `l hag`gjel.
E`stetueîøhs luxekelrhs? Qh prhstlj â e`thrjhmelîág mh rhaursgs h`trh pguplmgrhs h
mhvhmgrhs (h e`vhstemgrhs) `l hag`gjel, jhsjg quh `ág igr`hîlj prgpreljh`th gs
rhaursgs.  
rhaursgs.
MEAL 9>
EIQ RTEYLMLQ
Ag`stetueîág?? u`ealjh`th sgd l igrjl mh sgaehmlmh l`ý`ejl
Ag`stetueîág l`ý`ejl,, hxahtg
hxahtg   ls
aggphrltevls mh aråmetg.
G alpetlk e`eaelk shrì shjprh rhlkezlmg hj jghml agrrh`th (rhnrl tljdåj vlkh
plrl ls pÿdkeals).
Qhrì hxeneml `g ltg l rhlkezlîág mh, phkg jh`gs 82% (ae`quh`tl pgr ah`tg) mg
jg`tl`th sudsaretg.
Hxahîøhs?
Hxahîøhs?  
Mhagrrh`ths mh e`agrpgrlîág
e`agrpgrlîág mh
 mh rhshrvls
rhshrvls33 h
Mhagrrh`ths ml rhlvlkelîág
rhlvlkelîág   ml plrahkl mgs dh`s mg ltevg ejgdekezlmg,
rhprhsh`tlmg pgr ejñvhes mh usg h
usg h e`stlklîøhs
e`stlklîøhs..
MEAL 96
QGAEHMLMHQ MH ATÅME]G, IE@L@AELJH@]G H E@YHQ]EJH@]G (IE@L@AHETLQ)
Iu`îág? igr`hahr hjpråstejg h ie`l`aeljh`tg plrl lqueseîág mh dh`s, shrveîgs h
Iu`îág?
alpetlk mh nerg.
Ag`stetuêmls
Ag`stetuêmls sgd l igrjl mh sgaehmlmh l`ý`ejl.
l`ý`ejl. 
Quphrveseg`lmls
Quphrveseg`lmls phkg Dl`ag Ah`trlk.
Ah`trlk.
@ág å pgssêvhk ldrer ujl ag`tl agrrh`th `l QAIE.
QAIE.
MEAL 95
QGAEHMLMHQ MH ATÅME]G LG JEATGHJRTHH@MHMGT
Iu`îág? ljpkelr g lahssg lg aråmetg pgr plrth mgs jearghjprhh`mhmgrhs (phssgls
Iu`îág?
`lturles) h hjprhsls mh phquh`g pgrth (phssgls ourêmeals).
ourêmeals).  
Ejphmejh`tgs??
Ejphmejh`tgs

11
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

<)  alptlr
<) alptlr,, sgd qulkquhr igrjl, rhaursgs mg pÿdkeag3
4)  hjeter
4) hjeter têtukgs
 têtukgs h vlkgrhs jgdekeìregs mhste`lmgs â agkgalîág h gihrtl pÿdkeals.
Rgmhj ltulr agjg agrrhspg`mh`ths `g
agrrhspg`mh`ths `g plês.
E`stetuêmls sgd l igrjl mh agjpl`fel ihaflml gu mh sgaehmlmh kejetlml.
kejetlml. 
MEAL >2
LNÏ@AELQ MH IGJH@]G
Iu`îág?? ie`l`aelr alpetlk iexg h mh nerg plrl hjprhh`mejh`tgs prhvestg
Iu`îág prhvestgss hj prgnrljls
mh mhsh`vgkvejh`tg, `l u`emlmh ml Ihmhrlîág g`mh hstevhr shmelml.
shmelml.  
Mhvh shr ag`stetuêml sgd l igrjl mh sgaehmlmh l`ý`ejl mh alpetlk ihaflmg
ihaflmg.. 
Å vhmlml l alptlîág mh rhaursgs 
rhaursgs ou`tg
 ou`tg mg pÿdkeag.
pÿdkeag.  
MEAL ><
QGAEHMLMH MH LTTH@MLJH@]G JHTAL@]EK
Thlkezl lrrh`mljh`tg
lrrh`mljh`tg   mh dh`s jñvhes
jñvhes   h ejñvhes
ejñvhes   lmqueremgs pgr hkl, shnu`mg ls
hsphaeiealîøhss ml lrrh`mltìrel (akeh`th), plrl ie`s mh usg prñpreg mhstl.
hsphaeiealîøh
@ág
@ág   ság ag`semhrlmls e`stetueîøhs ie`l`aherls, jls sej h`temlmhs hqueplrlmls l
e`stetueîøhss ie`l`aherls.
e`stetueîøh
Rgmhj shr mevememls hj muls jgmlkemlmhs? khlse`n ie`l`aherg h  khlse`n
gphrlaeg`lk.. Meihrh`îl dìseal? `g khlse`n ie`l`aherg g prlzg å usulkjh`th jlegr h g
gphrlaeg`lk
lrrh`mltìreg thj l pgssedekemlmh mh lmquerer g dhj pgr uj vlkgr prå-hstldhkhaemg.
Lg ie`lk mg ag`trltg, g lrrh`mltìreg thj ls gpîøhs mh hihtevlr l lqueseîág mg dhj
lrrh`mlmg gu mhvgkvï-kg.
MEAL >4
AGTTH]GTLQ MH ]Ê]XKGQ H YLKGTHQ JGDEKEÌTEGQ (QA]YJQ)
QGAEHMLMHQ AGTTH]GTLQ
Ls gphrlîøhs ság ag`ah`t
ag`ah`trlmls
rlmls `gs jhralmgs prejìreg?
prejìreg? e`thrjhmelr gihrtl pÿdkeal 
pÿdkeal h
mestredueîág mh têtukgs 
têtukgs  h vlkgrhs jgdekeìregs 
jgdekeìregs  `g jhralmg. H shau`mìreg? mhstlag ls
gphrlîøhs hj jhralmgs dgksl mh vlkgrhs (jhralmg â vestl) h `gs jhralmgs mh
jhralmgrels h iuturgs (agjjgmetehs h mhrevltevgs).
Ag`stetueîág
Ag`stetueîág h iu`aeg`ljh`tg mhph`mh
mhph`mhj j mh lutgrezlîág mg Dl`ag Ah`trlk mg Drlsek.
Drlsek.
Mhvhrì shr ag`stetuêml sgd l igrjl mh sgaehmlmh l`ý`ejl 
l`ý`ejl  gu pgr qugtls mh
rhspg`sldekemlmh
rhspg`sldekemlmh kejetlml.
lutgrezlîág ml
@hahssìrel l lutgrezlîág  ml AYJ plrl
AYJ plrl quh hkls rhlkezhj suls ltevemlmhs `g jhralmg
mh vlkgrhs jgdekeìregs.
MEAL >1
QGAEHMLMHQ H MEQ]TEDXEMGTLQ MH ]Ê]XKGQ H YLKGTHQ JGDEKEÌTEGQ
(QM]YJQ)
Hxhrahj ls jhsjls iu`îøhs mls QA]YJs
QA]YJs..

Mhph`mh mh lutgrezlîág mg Dl`ag Ah`trlk mg Drlsek.

Drlsek.

1=
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

G hxhraêaeg mh ltevemlmhs mh sgaehmlmh mestreduemgrl `g jhralmg mh vlkgrhs jgdekeìregs

mhph`mh mh pråvel h hxprhssl lutgrezlîág ml Agjesság mh Ylkgrhs Jgdekeìregs.
MEAL >=
DGKQLQ MH YLKGTHQ H MH JHTALMGTELQ H IX]XTGQ
H`temlmhs quh prhth`mhj igr`hahr uj kgalk lmhqulmg
H`temlmhs quh kgalk lmhqulmg plrl l rhlkezlîág mh `hnñaegs
agj têtukgs h vlkgrhs jgdekeìregs.
Thquesetgs plrl l e`stetueîág shr ag`semhrlml dgksl mh vlkgrhs?
Iu`aeg`lr rhnuklrjh`th agjg sesthjl ah`trlkezlmg h jukteklthrlk mh `hngaelîág 
`hngaelîág 
quh pgssedeketh g h`ag`trg h l e`thrlîág mh gihrtls mh agjprl h mh vh`ml mh vlkgrhs
jgdekeìregs3
gu phrjeter l hxhauîág mh `hnñaegs
`hnñaegs   th`mg agjg ag`trlplrth igrjlmgr mh jhralmg
quh lssujl l gdrenlîág mh agkgalr gihrtls ierjhs mh agjprl h mh vh`ml, rhsphetlmls ls
ag`meîøhs hstldhkhaemls
hstldhkhaemls `l `grjl.
Ltulkjh`th `g Drlsek hxesth lph`ls l D1.
D1.  
MEAL >8
QGAEHMLMH MH IGJH@]G JHTAL@]EK (ILA]GTE@N)
Gphrlîág ie`l`aherl phkl qulk ujl hjprhsl vh`mh shus merhetgs arhmetñregs 
arhmetñregs  greu`mgs
thraherg.  
mh suls gphrlîøhs agjhraeles quh shrelj plngs l prlzg l uj thraherg.
Merhetgs arhmetñregs?
arhmetñregs? merhetgs h têtukgs rhprhsh`tltevgs mh aråmetg,
aråmetg, grene`ìregs mh
gphrlîøhs rhlkezlmls `gs shnjh`tgs agjhraelk, lnrg`hnñaeg, e`mustrelk h ejgdekeìreg3
ag`trltgs jhral`tes mh agjprl h vh`ml mh prgmutgs, jhralmgrels h/gu shrveîgs plrl
h`trhnl gu prhstlîág iuturl, dhj agjg têtukgs gu ahrteiealmgs rhprhsh`tltevgs mhsshs
ag`trltgs.
MEAL >9
LMJE@EQ]TLMGTL MH ALT]ØHQ MH ATÅME]G
Hjprhsls quh prhstlj uj shrveîg mh e`thrjhmelîág
e`thrjhmelîág h`trh
 h`trh gs pgrtlmgrhs mh alrtøhs, ls
e`stetueîøhss ie`l`aherls hjessgrls, gs igr`hahmgrhs h ls dl`mherls.
e`stetueîøh

L]H@ÎÁG!
@ÁG
@ÁG  å ujl e`stetueîág ie`l`aherl!!!
ie`l`aherl!!! Å ujl e`stetueîág mh plnljh`tg. Jls,
rhsslktg quh `g h`th`mejh`tg mg Q]I, l lmje`estrlmgrl mh alrtøhs å EI.

MEAL >>
QEQ]HJL JG@H]ÌTEG
E`stetueîøhs h rhnrls auog gdohtevg å ag`ahmhr hieaeï`ael `ls trl`slîøhs hag`ýjeals
hag`ýjeals,,
lkåj mh pgssedeketlr lg plês g ag`trgkh ml pgkêteal jg`htìrel.
jg`htìrel. 
L`ìkesh jlarghag`ýjeal?
jlarghag`ýjeal? agjpgstg ml Lutgremlmh Jg`htìrel (Dl`ag Ah`trlk) h mgs
Dl`ags Agjhraeles, gs qules hstág lutgrezlmgs l rhahdhr mhpñsetgs â vestl mg pÿdkeag `ág
ie`l`aherg.

18
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

Dl`ag Ah`trlk?
Ah`trlk? mhvemg lg hxhraêaeg mg jg`gpñkeg ml hjesság jg`htìrel, ag`trgkl l
dlsh jg`htìrel ml hag`gjel. Hsth iltg å iu`mljh`tlk `l agjprhh`ság ml pgkêteal
jg`htìrel.
MEAL >6
JGHML
]gml igrjl mh ltevgs ie`l`ahergs utekezlmgs agjg jheg mh trgal 
trgal  `ls trl`slîøhs
hag`ýjeals.
Iu`îøhs ml jghml?
Jheg mh trgal3
X`emlmh mh ag`tl3
Thshrvl mh vlkgr. 
vlkgr. 
MEAL >5
LNTHNLMGQ JG@H]ÌTEGQ

LNTHNLMGQ JG@H]ÌTEGQ HVEQ]H@]HQ @G DTLQEK 

DTLQEK 

J<  
J< ]ljdåj
rhstretg,
ag`fhaemg
J< å nhrlmg
agjgphkls
jheg e`stetueîøhs
mh plnljh`tg
hjessgrls mh flvhrhs hstretljh`th
jg`htìregs. Ldrl`nh g plphk jghml hj pgmhr
mg pÿdkeag + mhpñsetgs â vestl.

J4 
J4  ]ljdåj ag`fhaemg agjg jheg mh plnljh`tg
ljpkelmg. Ldrl`nh J< + mhpñsetgs hsphaeles
rhju`hrlmgs + mhpñsetgs mh pgupl`îl +
têtukgs hjetemgs pgr e`stetueîøhs
e`stetueîøhs mhpgsetìrels

J1 
J1  ]ljdåj ag`fhaemg agjg jheg mh plnljh`tg
ljpkelmg. Ag`tåj
rh`ml iexl J4 + qugtls
+ gphrlîøhs mh iu`mgs mh
agjprgjesslmls
rhnestrlmls `g QHKEA.

J= 
J=  ]ljdåj ag`fhaemg agjg pgupl`îl ie`l`aherl,
h`nkgdl g J1 h gs têtukgs pÿdkeags mh lktl
kequemhz. Lnrhnl, pgrtl`tg, J1 + têtukgs
pÿdkeags mh lktl kequemhz.

19
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 62
AG@]LQ MG QEQ]HJL JG@H]ÌTEG?

L]H@ÎÁG!

Ejpgrtl`th khjdrlr quh?

Ls trl`slîøhs mg Dl`ag Ah`trlk agj gs Dl`ags Agjhraeles h g pÿdkeag hj nhrlk
jg`htìrel  ml hag`gjel.
mhthrje`l l dlsh jg`htìrel
Ls trl`slîøhs mgs Dl`ags Agjhraeles agj g pÿdkeag hj nhrlk mhthrje`lj l
qul`temlmh mh jhegs mh plnljh`tg ml hag`gjel.
hag`gjel.

MEAL 6<
RGKÊ]EAL JG@H]ÌTEL
Å g ag`ou`tg mh hsigrîgs
hsigrîgs   (e`strujh`tgs) hjprhh`memgs phkg ngvhr`g 
ngvhr`g  `g sh`temg mh
jgmeiealr l qul`temlmh mh jghml `l
jghml `l hag`gjel h tljdåj l tlxl mh ourgs.
ourgs.
Gutrg jgtevg rhkhvl`th hj sh rhlkezlr pgkêteal jg`htìrel?
hag`gjel.  
Ylrelr l rh`ml ml hag`gjel.

\ul`mg hkhvlml 
hkhvlml
jg`htìrel 
jg`htìrel   l qul`temlmh 
qul`temlmh
  å afljlml   mh jghml hj
mh hxpl`seg`estl.
hxpl`seg`estl aerauklîág 
aerauklîág
. \ul`mg   `l hag`gjel,
rhmuzeml, l pgketeal
mh ag`trlaeg`estl
(rhmuaeg`estl).
G gutrg hihetg ml pgkêteal jg`htìrel å jgmeiealr l tlxl mh ourgs ml
ourgs ml hag`gjel. L tlxl mh
 ourgs å g prhîg quh hquekedrl l gih
gihrtl
rtl h mhjl`ml pg
pgrr kequemhz.
L pgkêteal jg`htìrel thj 1  gdohtevgs merhtgs?
merhtgs? ag`trgkh ml qul`temlmh mh jghml hj
aerauklîág, mhthrje`lîág
mhthrje`lîág ml tlxl mh ourgs h vlrelîág ml rh`ml ml hag`gjel (RED).
MEAL 64
MHRÑQE]G AGJRXKQÑTEG?
Qág rhagkfejh`tgs quh ls e`stetueîøhs ie`l`aherls ilzhj lg Dl`ag Ah`trlk sgdrh gs
rhaursgs quh
rhaursgs quh alptlj hj suls ltevemlmhs.
ltevemlmhs.  

Igr`hahr
gihrtl mhâjghml
lutgremlmh jg`htìrel. ujl igrjl mh ag`trgklr
`l hag`gjel.
hag`gjel ag`trgklr,, jhsjg quh e`merhtljh`th, l
MEAL 61
THMHQAG@]G 
THMHQAG@]G 
Qág gs hjpråstejgs ag`ahmemgs phkg Dlah` âs e`stetueîøhs ie`l`aherls agj prgpñsetg mh
kequemhz.
Igr`hahr â lutgremlmh jg`htìrel ujl igrjl mh ag`trgklr
ag`trgklr,, jhsjg quh e`merhtljh`th, l
gihrtl mh jghml `l
jghml `l hag`gjel.
Qág ls gphrlîøhs mh aråmetg
aråmetg   agj gs dl`ags agjhraeles
agjhraeles,, qulsh shjprh plrl ie`s mh
kequemhz.

1>
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 6= 
6= 
JHTALMG E@]HTDL@AÌTEG?
Qh l e`stetueîág rhnestrl, lg ie`lk mg mel, jles mådetgs mg quh aråmetgs, shus rhaursgs mh
e`suieaeh`ths. Lssej, tgjl 
aurtêssejg prlzg ság e`suieaeh`ths. tgjl  hjprhstlmg
hjprhstlmg   rhaursgs mh gutrls
e`stetueîøhs ie`l`aherls quh lprhsh`tlrlj, `g jhsjg phrêgmg, alexl suphrlvetìreg
suphrlvetìreg.. ]les
hjpråstejgs ság ihetgs jhmel`th l hjesság mh Aåmukls mh Mhpñsetgs E`thrdl`aìregs 
E`thrdl`aìregs 
(AMEs).
MEAL 68
JHTALMG E@]HTDL@AÌTEG?
L e`stetueîág mhieaetìrel hjeth g AME h alptl
alptl agj
 agj hkh gs rhaursgs quh prhaesl, ieal`mg agj
ujl pgseîág mhvhmgrl.
L e`stetueîág suphrlvetìrel lmquerh hsths
lmquerh hsths têtukgs, agj l prgjhssl mh rhahdhr gs rhaursgs
jles ujl rhju`hrlîág l`thaeplmljh`
l`thaeplmljh`th
th iexlml.
ME..
L rhju`hrlîág å afljlml mh ]lxl ME

16
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

L]XLKEMLMHQ MG QEQ]HJL IE@L@AHETG

MEAL 69
Q]LT]XRQ
D4D4A? sen`eieal Duse`hss-]g-Duse`hss-]g-Ag`sujhr. Gagrrh qul`mg l e`mÿstrel
D4D4A?
vh`mh merhtljh`th lg ag`sujemgr,
ag`sujemgr , jls hstl vh`ml å ilaeketlml pgr gutrg `hnñaeg
(mestreduemgr, vlrhoestl gu ltlalmestl). Mh igrjl quh g jgmhkg mh `hnñaeg e`akue tgml l
almhel agjhraelk, dh`hieael`mg l tgmgs.
MEAL 6>
QFLMG^ DL@CE@N
H`vgkvh resags tepealjh`th dl`aìregs?
Lklvl`alnhj,,
Lklvl`alnhj
]rl`sigrjlîøhs
]rl`sigrjlîøhs mh jlturemlmh h mh kequemhz
kequemhz33 h 
h 
]rl`sihrï`ael
]rl`sihrï`ael mh resag mh aråmetg.
Agjpkhjh`tlr gu ag`agrrh`th lg
ag`agrrh`th lg sesthjl dl`aìreg.
Grnl`esjgs e`thr`laeg`les tïj mhsh`vgkvemg rhagjh`mlîøhs plrl rhmuzer ls
gpgrtu`emlmhss mh lrdetrlnhj rhnukltñrel h plrl jetenlr l
gpgrtu`emlmh jetenlr l messhje`lîág mh resags
MEAL 66
DKGACAFLE@
Qesthjl quh phrjeth rlstrhlr
rlstrhlr   g h`veg 
h`veg  h rhahdejh`tg
rhahdejh`tg   mh lknu`s tepgs mh e`igrjlîág
phkl e`thr`ht.
Qág phmlîgs mh añmeng nhrlmgs g`ke`h quh alrrhnlj e`igrjlîøhs ag`hatlmls ‑  agjg
dkgags mh mlmgs quh igrjlj ujl agrrh`th.
MEAL 65
THLK MENE]LK
Lagjpl`flr g me`ljesjg ml hvgkuîág tha`gkñneal ml hag`gjel drlsekherl3

Lujh`tlr l hieaeï`ael mg sesthjl mh plnljh`tgs mh vlrhog3

Ag`treduer plrl g surnejh`tg mh `gvgs jgmhkgs mh `hnñaeg h mh gutrls e`gvlîøhs
dlshlmls `gs lvl`îgs tha`gkñneags3
tha`gkñneags3
Ilvgrhahr l plrteaeplîág mg Drlsek `gs ah`ìregs hag`ýjeags rhneg`lk h nkgdlk,
lujh`tl`mg l hieaeï`ael `ls trl`slîøhs trl`sirg`thereî
trl`sirg`thereîls.
ls.

15
 

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

E@NKÏQ  
E@NKÏQ
MEAL 52
LT]ENGQ MHIE@EMGQ H E@MHIE@EMGQ

]FH (lrteng mhie`emg) 

mhie`emg) 

Qen`eieal G, L, GQ
GQ,, LQ.
LQ.
Hx.? ]fh dgys ‑ Gs jh`e`gs3 ]fh nerks ‑ Ls jh`e`ls3 ]fh trhh ‑ L ìrvgrh3 ]fh jl` ‑ 
G fgjhj. 
fgjhj. 

L (lrteng e`mhie`emg) 
e`mhie`emg) 

Qen`eieal XJ,
XJ, XJL
XJL.. Xslmg l`ths mh plklvrls quh e`eaelj pgr ag`sgl`th
ag`sgl`th..
dgkl. 
Hx.? L alt ‑ Xj nltg3 L dlkk ‑ Xjl dgkl. 

L@ (lrteng e`mhie`emg) 
e`mhie`emg) 

]ljdåj sen`eieal XJ,

XJ, XJL.
XJL. Rgråj, å uslmg l`ths mh plklvrls quh e`eaelj pgr vgnlk
vgnlk..
Hx.? L` lppkh ‑ Xjl jlîá3 L` l`nhk ‑ Xj l`og. 
l`og. 

MEAL 5<
RTHRGQEÎØHQ MH KXNLTHQ/RTHRGQE]EG@Q GI RKLAHQ

RTHRGQE]EG@ JHL@E@N HVLJRKH

(prhpgseîág)  
(prhpgseîág) (sen`eiealmg)  
(sen`eiealmg) (hxhjpkg)

G@ Hj aejl mh3 sgdrh l/g3 ]fh lppkh es g`

g` tfh
 tfh dgx.
laejl mh3 `g3 `l3 hj L jlîá hstì sgdrh
sgdrh l
 l alexl.

E@ Mh`trg mh3 hj3 `g3 `l ]fh lppkh es e` tfh

e` tfh dgx.
L jlîá hstì mh`trg
mh`trg ml
 ml alexl.
 =2

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

RTHRGQE]EG@ JHL@E@N HVLJRKH

(prhpgseîág)  
(prhpgseîág) (sen`eiealmg)  
(sen`eiealmg) (hxhjpkg)

@HV] ]G Rrñxejg â/lg/ml/mg 

â/lg/ml/mg  ]fh lppkh es `hxt tg tfh
tg tfh dgx.
L jlîá hstì prñxejl
prñxejl ml
 ml alexl.

E@ ITG@] GI Hj irh`th mh/ml/mg/â

]fh lppkh es e` irg`t gi  tfh
 tfh dgx.
L jlîá hstì `l irh`th ml
irh`th ml alexl.

DHFE@M Ltrìs mh/mg/ml ]fh lppkh es dhfe`m

dhfe`m tfh
 tfh dgx.
L jlîá hstì ltrìs
ltrìs ml
 ml alexl.

DH]^HH@ H`trh ]fh lppkh es dhtwhh`

dhtwhh` tfh
 tfh dgxhs.
L jlîá hstì h`trh ls alexls.

X@MHT Hjdlexg/mhdlexg 
Hjdlexg/mhdlexg  ]fh lppkh es u`mhr
u`mhr tfh
 tfh dgx.
L jlîá hstì hjdlexg
hjdlexg ml
 ml alexl.
 =<

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 54
RTHRGQEÎØHQ MH ]HJRG/RTHRGQE]EG@Q GI ]EJH

RTHRGQEÎØHQ MH ]HJRG

G@  
G@ @hsth alsg, uslmg plrl mels
plrl mels ml shjl`l
(mlys gi tfh whhc).
Hx.? G` Qlturmly,
G` Qlturmly, E rhklx lt fgjh. : @g
sìdlmg, hu rhklxg hj alsl. 
alsl. 

E@  
E@ @hsth alsg, uslmg plrl jhshs (jg`tfs),
hstlîøhs (shlsg`s) h l`g (yhlr).
(yhlr) .
Hx.? E` Gatgdhr
E` Gatgdhr (Hj Gutudrg)3 E` tfh
424<). 
sujjhr (@g vhrág)3 E` 424< (Hj 424<). 

L]  
L] @hsth alsg, uslmg plrl thjpg hxltg
(hxlatky tejh)?
tejh)? â `geth, `g ie`lk mh shjl`l,
lknuj thjpg hsphaêieag.
Lt  `enft (â `geth)3 Lt shvh` g―akgac (âs
Hx.? Lt
shth fgrls hj pg`tg). 
pg`tg). 

QE@AH  
QE@AH Qen`eieal ‛mhsmh‚. Xslmg plrl sh rhihrer â lîág
mg plsslmg ltå lngrl.
lngrl.
Hx.? Qe`ah
Qe`ah 4224
 4224 E wgrc lt fgjh. : Mhsmh
alsl3 
4224 hu trldlkfg hj alsl3 

LNG  
LNG Qen`eieal ‛ltrìs‚. Xslmg plrl uj ahrtg thjpg
`g plsslmg.
plsslmg.
Hx.? Ievh yhlrs lng
lng.. : Ae`ag l`gs ltrìs. 
ltrìs. 

DHIGTH  
DHIGTH Qen`eieal ‛l`ths‚. L`ths mh lknuj thjpg `g
plsslmg.
Hx.? Dhigrh
Dhigrh tfh
 tfh alr laaemh`t. : L`ths mg
laemh`th mh alrrg. 
alrrg. 
 =4

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 51
RTG@GJHQ MHJG@Q]TL]EYGQ/MHJG@Q]TL]EYH RTG@GX@Q

RTG@GJHQ MHJG@Q]TL]EYGQ

]FEQ 
]FEQ  uslmg `g se`nuklr
`g se`nuklr (plrl phrtg
phrtg)?
)? essg,
 essg, hsth,
hstl. ]fes
]fes es
 es jy dggc : Hsth
Hsth å
 å jhu kevrg.
(Ejlne`hshnurl`mg
quh hstgu jhu
mezh`mg hssl
kevrg).  irlsh,
kevrg). 

]FL]  
]FL] uslmg `g se`nuklr
se`nuklr (plrl
 (plrl kg`nh
kg`nh)?
)? lquekg,
lquhkh, lquhkl. 
lquhkl. ]flt
]flt es
 es jy jgj : Lquhkl
Lquhkl å
 å
je`fl jáh. (Ejlne`h quh hstgu lpg`tl`mg
kg`nh). 
plrl l je`fl jáh, kì kg`nh). 

]FHQH  
]FHQH uslmg plrl g pkurlk
pkurlk (plrl
 (plrl phrtg
phrtg)?
)? hsths h
hstls.. ]fhsh lrh jy dggcs : Hsths
hstls Hsths ság
 ság jhus
kevrgs. (Ejlne`h quh hstgu shnurl`mg jhus
kevrgs).  
kevrgs).

]FGQH  
]FGQH uslmg plrl g pkurlk
pkurlk (plrl
 (plrl kg`nh
kg`nh)?
)? lquhkhs h
lquhkls. ]fgsh
]fgsh lrh
 lrh jy plrh`ts : Lquhkhs
Lquhkhs ság
 ság
jhus ples. (Ejlne`h quh hstgu lpg`tl`mg plrl
jej).  
jhus ples quh hstág kg`nh mh jej). 

MEAL 5=
\XL@]EIEALMGTHQ/\XL@]EIEHTQ
Qág uslmgs plrl ilzhr rhihrï`ael â qul`temlmh mh lkng.

\XL@]EIEALMGTHQ  
\XL@]EIEALMGTHQ

JL@U 
JL@U  Qen`eieal juetgs/juetls 
juetgs/juetls  h å uslmg agj
sudstl`tevgs ag`tìvhes
ag`tìvhes,, eth`s quh pgmhj
shr ag`tlmgs uj l uj, agjg? E flvh jl`y
dggcs
dggcs.
jl`y.mgns g`
(Hu th`fg
mgns  g` tfhjuetgs
strhht.kevrgs.)3 ]fhrhaáhs
(Fì juetgs lrh
`l rul.)3 ]fhrh lrh jl`y cems lt
cems lt tflt
safggk. (Fì juetls arel`îls `lquhkl hsagkl).

JXAF 
JXAF  Qen`eieal juetg/juetl
juetg/juetl  h å uslmg agj
sudstl`tevgs e`ag`tìvhes
e`ag`tìvhes,, shj qul`temlmh
mhie`eml h quh `ág pgmhj shr ag`tlmgs uj l
uj, agjg? E `hhm juaf skhhp hvhry
skhhp hvhry `enft.
(Rrhaesg mgrjer juetg tgml `geth.)3 ]fhy al`
ihhk juaf kgvh e`
kgvh e` tfes pklah. (Hkhs pgmhj
sh`ter juetg ljgr `hsth kunlr.)

EJRGT]L@]H?   g sudstl`tevg uslmg lpñs l plklvrl ‛juaf‚ mhvh hstlr shjprh `g

EJRGT]L@]H? 
se`nuklr.
 =1

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

Xtekezl-sh ‛fgw juaf‚  plrl phrnu`tlr

phrnu`tlr l
 l qul`temlmh mh lkng e`ag`tìvhk
e`ag`tìvhk   h ‛fgw
jl`y‚ plrl phrnu`tlr
phrnu`tlr sgdrh
 sgdrh l qul`temlmh mh lkng ag`tìvhk
ag`tìvhk..
Hx.? Fgw jl`y 
jl`y mgkks mg ygu flvh7 \ul`tls
\ul`tls dg`hals
 dg`hals vgaï thj7
juaf kgvh mg ygu ihhk igr jh7 \ul`tg
Fgw juaf  \ul`tg ljgr
 ljgr vgaï sh`th pgr jej7
 ==

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

JL]HJÌ]EAL  
JL]HJÌ]EAL
MEAL 58
QEQ]HJL KHNLK MH JHMEMLQ
QEQ]HJL MH JHMEMLQ
]hj g gdohtevg
gdohtevg mh
 mh mhjgstrlr
mhjgstrlr ls
 ls pre`aeples nrl`mhzls
nrl`mhzls ltrlvås
 ltrlvås mh ujl agjplrlîág
agjplrlîág mh
 mh
u`emlmh.
@g sesthjl e`thr`laeg`
e`thr`laeg`lk
lk (QE) 
(QE) g plmrág
plmrág hstldhkhaemg
 hstldhkhaemg å g JH]TG(j).
Gs pre`aeples sesthjls mh jhmemls ság mh AGJRTEJH@]G(j), ÌTHL(j4),
YGKXJH(j1), ALRLAEMLMH(KE]TGQ).
MEAL 59
JHMEMLQ MH AGJRTEJH@]G
Å lpkealmg l ujl nrl`mhzl u`emejh`seg`lk
u`emejh`seg`lk,, estg å, plrl ujl sñ mejh`ság
Qhnuh ujl grmhj plmrg`ezlml mh jÿktepkgs gu
jÿktepkgs gu sudjÿktepkgs
sudjÿktepkgs  mg jhtrg
jhtrg..

cj fj mlj j mj aj jj

JßK]ERKGQ  
JßK]ERKGQ

cj fj mlj

QXDJßK]ERKGQ  
QXDJßK]ERKGQ

mj aj jj

L AG@YHTQÁG mh u`emlmhs å ihetl pgr JXK]ERKEALÎÁG gu MEYEQÁG pgr <2 

<2  gu
JßK]ERKG mhkh, g`mh alml alsl agrrhspg`mh l ujl u`emlmh mh zhrg.
JXK]ERKEAL
JXK]ERKEAL  ‑ qul`mg hstljgs e`mg plrl merhetl
merhetl..
Hx?  1,8 mlj hj aj : 1,8 x <222 : 1822 aj.
Hx? aj.  
MEYEMH  ‑ qul`mg hstljgs e`mg plrl hsquhrml
MEYEMH hsquhrml..
Hx?  =66 j hj fj : =66 ? <22 : =,66 fj.
Hx?
 =8

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL 5> 
5> 
JHMEMLQ MH ÌTHL
Å lpkealmg l ujl nrl`mhzl demejh`seg`lk
demejh`seg`lk,, estg å, muls mejh`søhs 
mejh`søhs 
Ls grmh`s
grmh`s   mh trl`sigrjlîág mh mges 
mges  hj mges
mges   zhrgs, estg å, mgdrl
mgdrl   l alml u`emlmh
lvl`îlml.

cj4 fj4 mlj4 j4 mj4 aj4 jj4

Hx.?  2,=9 j4 hj mj4 : 2,=9 x <22 : =9 mj4 

Hx.?
Qesthjl utekezlmg hj lpkealîøhs hj rhnrl mh trïs h`trh ìrhl 
ìrhl  pgr qul`temlmh mh
phssgls.  
phssgls.
MEAL 56 
56 
JHMEMLQ MH YGKXJH
Lpkealmg l nrl`mhzl tremejh`seg`lk gu
tremejh`seg`lk gu hj sñkemgs nhgjåtreags
nhgjåtreags..
Qul ag`vhrság gagrrh mh trïs
trïs hj
 hj trïs
trïs  zhrgs, trepkeal`mg l alml u`emlmh lvl`îlml.

cj1 fj1 mlj1 j1 mj1 aj1 jj1

Rgssue uj plmrág ejpgrtl`th

ejpgrtl`th agj g KE]TG(k).
KE]TG(k) . ]hrhjgs h`tág quh?
h`tág quh?

<mj1 : < ketrg 

ketrg 

MEAL 55 
55 
JHMEMLQ MH ALRLAEMLMH
Hstldhkhah uj plmrág vgkujåtreag
vgkujåtreag mh
 mh uj mhthrje`lmg kêquemg
kêquemg.. 
Hxesthj muls
muls rhklîøhs
 rhklîøhs mh trlsigrjlîág
trlsigrjlîág mh
 mh vgkujh plrl
vgkujh plrl alplaemlmh
alplaemlmh.. 

<aj1 : <jk <mj1 : <ketrg

Rlrl iexlr l sul trl`sigrjlîág dlstl khjdrlrjgs ml tldhkl mh agjprejh`tg 

agjprejh`tg  h
trgalrjgs g
trgalrjgs  g JH]TG(j)
JH]TG(j) phkg
 phkg KE]TG(k),
KE]TG(k), estg
 estg å, g`mh tevhr j trgal-sh pgr k. 
k.  

ck fk mlk k mk ak jk

Alplaemlmh 
Alplaemlmh  å ldgrmlml hj quhstøhs quh h`vgkvhj aìkaukg mh vgkujhs hj KE]TGQ mh
ujl pesae`l,
pesae`l, aesthr`l,
aesthr`l, vlzág mh ìnul
ìnul..
 =9

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

JL]HJÌ]EAL IE@L@AHETL
MEAL <22
THNEJHQ MH ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG
ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG
Igrjl mh nulrmlr 
nulrmlr  gu lpkealr
lpkealr uj
 uj me`fherg plrl ie`s mh rhsnlth iuturg,
iuturg, gu shol, `g
iej mg prlzg.
Rgmh shr meihrh`aelmg phkg
meihrh`aelmg phkg tepg mh lpkealîág mh uj ahrtg alpetlk
alpetlk..
L alpetlkezlîág dl`aìrel å lpkealml l ourgs
l ourgs agjpgst
agjpgstgs
gs..
Qág ag`semhrlmls alpetlkezlîág ejpgrtl`th plrl
ejpgrtl`th plrl g Jhralmg Ie`l`aherg?
Ie`l`aherg?
]rlmeaeg`lk3
Rrgplnl`ml3
Rgpuklr3 h
E`ah`tevg
E`ah`tevg..
MEAL <2<
ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG ]TLMEAEG@LK
G tetuklr rhahdh lg iej mg prlzg uj vlkgr `g jê`ejg
jê`ejg enulk
 enulk lg lpkealmg.
Rgssue uj prlzg e`eaelk mh <4 jhshs.
G rhsnlth
rhsnlth pgmhrì
 pgmhrì shr mh igrjl tgtlk
tgtlk gu
 gu plraelk
plraelk..
MEAL <24
ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG
ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG RTGNTLJLML
G tetuklr pgmh hsagkfhr h`trh lpkealîág
lpkealîág mh
 mh dh`s
dh`s gu
 gu shrveîgs
shrveîgs.. 
G rhsnlth pgmh shr hj jghml `laeg`lk.
`laeg`lk.
shj  austg lmeaeg`lk. 
Thahdhrì g vlkgr mh dhj gu shrveîg shj lmeaeg`lk. 
MEAL <21
ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG RGRXKLT
ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG
G rhsnlth `ág gagrrh mh igrjl e`thnrlk
e`thnrlk..
G  tetuklr ag`sujemg   mh`trg ml alpetlkezlîág
pgmh plrteaeplr mh sgrthegs mh prïjegs ag`sujemg
ihetl.
]hj alrlathrêsteal aurtg
agjg alrlathrêsteal aurtg prlzg mh lpkealîág.
 =>

  Jhjgrhx Dl`ag mg Drlsek  ‑ Tgmlml 24 

MEAL <2=
ALRE]LKE_LÎÁG E@AH@]EYG
Qág ihetgs pgr hjprhsls
hjprhsls plrl
 plrl prgjgvhr hvh`tgs prgjgaeg`les.
Gs têtukgs 
têtukgs  agjprlmgs phkl hjprhsl ság trl`sigrjlmgs
trl`sigrjlmgs   hj e`ah`tevgs lgs akeh`ths
plrl lqueseîág mg prgmutg hj prgjgîág.

L trl`sihrï`ael mh têtukgs lgs akeh`ths pgmh gagrrhr mh igrjl tgtlk

tgtlk gu
 gu plraelk
plraelk..