Avaliação Quantitativa Ultrassônica de

Estruturas de Concreto

Professor Lev Khazanovich

Dr. Kyle Hoegh
 Outline

• Introduction
• Active elastic wave-based methods
• Conventional data interpretation methods
• Linear array ultrasound systems
• Linear array signal reconstruction and
interpretation
• Applications
• Concrete thickness
• Reinforcement location
• Damage assessment
• Conclusions
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Wave Propagation/Reflection

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Active Elastic Wave-Based Methods
Chain and Rod Sounding Conventional Impact Echo

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/repair04.cfm

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Olson NDE360 and James NDT V-Meter

Proceqs Pundit Freedom DataPC Courtesy of Olson Engineering, Inc.

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Ultrasonic Linear Array

Mira 55
45pairs per
pairs per
(A) measurement
measurement (B)

• Ponto Seco de Contato (DPC) – Transdutores de Baixa Frequência

– Fabicado por Acoustic Control Systems, Ltd, Moscow, Russia
– Não requer preparo da superfície
– Aparelhos de toque e medida com alto grau de precisão
– Os transdutores agem na supefície do objeto de teste com elementos de
ocilação piezoelétricos para produção de ondas e captação de sinais
• out of phase for s-wave production
• in phase for p-wave production

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2014
Methods

• Representação Convencional
 A-scans
 B-scans
• Reconstrução de Métodos
 Abertura instantânea técnica de
abertura focal sintética (SAFT)

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A-Scan

Schickert et al., 2003

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B-Scan

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B-SCAN

Schickert et al., 2003

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Reconstrução Abertura Sintética
. .
𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 , 𝑡𝑡 = � � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑡𝑡, 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑧

Onde 𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 , 𝑡𝑡 é o estímulo recebido na posição do transdutor,

𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 , devido ao pulso emitido 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑡𝑡, 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 ; 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 é a
função de reflexão de ROI; 𝑥𝑥 e 𝑧𝑧 são as coordenadas
horizontal e vertical em ROI, respectivamente
𝑡𝑡 ∗ é definido pela seguinte relação:

2 Reflection Coefficient, 𝑅𝑅
𝑡𝑡 ∗ = 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 2
𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌1 − 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 𝜌𝜌2 𝑍𝑍1 − 𝑍𝑍2
Ψ𝑅𝑅 = 1 Ψ𝐼𝐼 = Ψ = 𝑅𝑅1,2 Ψ𝐼𝐼
Bamler 1992 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 1 𝜌𝜌1 + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 𝜌𝜌2 𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2 𝐼𝐼

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Kirchhoff Migration

Flaw focused to 1 point

by introducing spatially diverse
measurements

Region of Interest (ROI)

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B-Scan vs Kirchhoff Migration
B-SCAN Kirchhoff Migration or
Synthetic Aperture Focusing
Technique (SAFT)

Schickert et al., 2003

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 Ultrasound Array Data

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Histórico de Impulso de Onda de Cisalhamento

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Histórico de Impulso de Onda de
Cisalhamento

A-Scan
60
Direct Arrival Pulses

40

Reflected Pulse
20

Intensity, dB
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Direct arrival -20

-40
Reflection
-60
Time, us
Time
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Histórico de Impulso de Onda de
Cisalhamento
4
x 10
2.5

e=1, r=6
2

1.5

0.5

-0.5

Impulse Response
-1

-1.5

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

4
x 10
2.5

1.5

1
e=2, r=5
0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

4
x 10
4

e=3, r=4
3

-1

-2

-3

Time, us
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

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Time to Space Domain
tn 40 mm Spacing
300

200

100

Intensity, dB
0
0 50 100

-100

velocity -200

-300
Time, us

160 mm Spacing
250
tN
200

150

100

50

Intensity, dB
0
0 50 100
-50

-100

-150
dtn,N
-200

-250
Time, us

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 Matriz Linear
Reconstrução de Sinal e
Interpretação

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 Synthetic Aperture Reconstruction (SAR)
. .
x 𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑡𝑡 = � � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 ∗ 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑡𝑡, 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑧
z

𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑡𝑡 - Impluso recebido

𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑡𝑡, 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 - Impulso
emitido
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 -Função da reflexão
ROI – Região de interesse
Region of Interest (ROI) com coordenadas horizontal e
vertical, x e z
𝑡𝑡 ∗ é definido pela seguinte
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 1 𝜌𝜌1 − 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 𝜌𝜌2 𝑍𝑍1 − 𝑍𝑍2
relação: Ψ𝑅𝑅 = Ψ = Ψ = 𝑅𝑅1,2 Ψ𝐼𝐼
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 1 𝜌𝜌1 + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 2 𝜌𝜌2 𝐼𝐼 𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2 𝐼𝐼
1
𝑡𝑡 ∗ = 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 2
𝑐𝑐

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 SAFT Discrete Spatially Diverse Pairs
′
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ′
𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
1
� 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 = �
𝒐𝒐 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ � Α 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 ∗ 𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′
′
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ′
𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐
Adaptado de Stepinski, 2007
Α 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧 é o fator de apodização; Α 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 = 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 ∗ 𝛼𝛼𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘

𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘
𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 =
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ 2 + 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 2
𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘
𝛼𝛼𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒′ , 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 =
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟′ 2 + 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 2

𝑇𝑇−1 𝑇𝑇

�𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 = � � Α 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 , 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 , 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 Ψ𝑒𝑒,𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘

𝒐𝒐
𝑒𝑒=1 𝑟𝑟=𝑒𝑒+1
2
Ψ𝑒𝑒,𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 , 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 , 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2 + 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 2
𝑐𝑐
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 SAFT Discrete Spatially Diverse Pairs

0.2
1000
0.8

0.15

100 100
100
0.6

500
0.1 0.4
Depth, mm

150 0.05
mm
Depth, mm
150
150 0.2

0
Depth,
0
0

200 200
200 -0.2

-0.05
-500
-0.4

250 -0.1
250
250 -0.6

-1000
-0.15
-0.8

300 300
300
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50
50 100
100 150
150 200
200 250
250 300
300 350
350 400
400
Width, mm Width,
Width, mm
mm

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Reconstrução: Envelope (Amplitude
Instantânea)

Transformação de Hilbert Cálculo do registro

Complex Signal
∞ histórico do envelope
1 𝜒𝜒 𝑠𝑠 𝑍𝑍 𝑧𝑧 = 𝜒𝜒 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑗𝑗 Υ 𝑧𝑧
Υ 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑃𝑃 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Oppenheim et al., 1989
𝜋𝜋 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑠𝑠
−∞ 𝑍𝑍 𝑧𝑧 = 𝜒𝜒 𝑧𝑧 2 + Υ 𝑧𝑧 2

P é o valor principal da integral simples

∞ 2 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 −0.01 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.8𝑥𝑥

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 2 1 Ψ𝑒𝑒,𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠
Ψ𝑒𝑒,𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 = Ψ𝑒𝑒,𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑠𝑠
−∞
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
Onde Ψ𝑒𝑒,𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 define a amplitude
instantânea do envelope do registro
histórico do par, Ψ𝑒𝑒,𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡

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 Reconstrução do Envelope

1000
60

160
100 100 140
50
500

120

Depth, mm.
mm
40
150 150
0
100
800
30

200 200
-500 600
20

250 250 400

10

-1000 200
300 300
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Width, mm Scan Width,
Width, mmmm

Hoegh and Khazanovich 2013

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Limited Aperture Effect

L L M M

Scan 1 Scan 4 Scan 7

L L M M R

Scan 2 Scan 5 Scan 8

L L M M R

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2014 Scan 3 Scan 6 Scan 9
Expanded virtual array: SAFT Panoramic

….

…. ….
= …. …. ….
….

� 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚

𝑶𝑶 𝑘𝑘,𝑖𝑖 = 𝑶𝑶𝑘𝑘,𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑚𝑚
L L M M

Scan 1

L L
Scan 4 Scan 7

R
L M R
M M

Scan 2 Scan 5 Scan 8

L L M M R

Scan 3 Scan 6 Scan 9

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 Effect of Uncertain Step Size

p p
0

4.6
Depth, inches

9.2

10.5 21 31.5
Transverse Width, inches

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Theory SAFT-Panoramic Enhanced

Para cada 𝜄𝜄 na faixa 𝜄𝜄1 , 𝜄𝜄2

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 SAFT-Panoramic Enhanced
𝑊𝑊−𝑊𝑊1 −𝜄𝜄 𝐷𝐷2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚
∑𝑖𝑖=𝑊𝑊
1 +1 ∑𝑘𝑘=𝐷𝐷1 𝒐𝒐
� 𝑊𝑊 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 −𝑊𝑊+𝜄𝜄+𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘
− �
𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �𝑚𝑚+1
𝒐𝒐 �𝑚𝑚+1
𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 − 𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐻𝐻 𝜄𝜄 = 2
𝑊𝑊−𝑊𝑊1 −𝜄𝜄 𝐷𝐷2 𝑊𝑊−𝑊𝑊1 −𝜄𝜄 𝐷𝐷2 2
∑𝑖𝑖=𝑊𝑊 ∑𝑘𝑘=𝐷𝐷 �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚
𝒐𝒐 𝑊𝑊 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 −𝑊𝑊+𝜄𝜄+𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘
− �𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚
𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∑𝑖𝑖=𝑊𝑊 �𝑚𝑚+1
∑𝑘𝑘=𝐷𝐷 𝒐𝒐 𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 − �𝑚𝑚+1
𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1 +1 1 1 +1 1

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝐷2
∑𝑊𝑊
𝑖𝑖=𝑊𝑊
−𝑊𝑊1
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 ∑ �
𝒐𝒐 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚
−𝑊𝑊+𝜄𝜄+𝑊𝑊 +1 𝑘𝑘=𝐷𝐷1 𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘
�𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚
𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1
𝑊𝑊 − 2𝑊𝑊1 − 𝜄𝜄 𝐷𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷1 + 1

𝜄𝜄 na faixa 𝜄𝜄1 , 𝜄𝜄2

𝑊𝑊−𝑊𝑊1 −𝜄𝜄 𝐷𝐷2 𝑚𝑚+1
∑𝑖𝑖=𝑊𝑊 +1 ∑𝑘𝑘=𝐷𝐷1 𝒐𝒐
� 𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘
�𝑚𝑚+1
𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
1
𝑊𝑊 − 2𝑊𝑊1 − 𝜄𝜄 𝐷𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷1 + 1

� 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚+1
𝑶𝑶 � 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚
= 𝑶𝑶 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖 < 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 − 𝑊𝑊 + 𝜄𝜄∗ + 𝑊𝑊1
𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘

� 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚+1
𝑶𝑶 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �
𝑶𝑶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 � 𝑚𝑚+1
, 𝑶𝑶𝑖𝑖−𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 +𝑊𝑊−𝜄𝜄∗ ,𝑘𝑘 for 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚 < 𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚+1
𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘

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 SAFT-Panoramic Enhanced

𝐻𝐻 𝜄𝜄
0
(a)
4.6
Depth, inches

9.2

0
(b)
Depth, inches

4.6

9.2

10.5 21 31.5
Transverse Width, inches

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 Aplicacoes

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Data Collection Modification

Queremos o extensor de
Minnesota para o MIRA!
Anne Beeldens, Belgian Road Research Centre

(A)

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Applications

• Espessuras de Pavimentos de Concreto

• Posicao de armaduras, barras de
transferencia de carga e barras de ligacao
• Posicao de delaminacoes
• Degradacao subsuperficial
• Adensamento inadequado do concreto,
“bicheiras”, torroes de argila, etc.
• Degradacao das juntas de pavimentos
• Aderencia do aco ao concreto

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 Concrete Thickness
30.00

25.00 y = 0.988x
R² = 0.9968

PCC thickness
Core measured thickness, in.

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
MIRA measured thickness, in.
Hoegh and Khazanovich, TRB 2014

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 Concrete Thickness Measurements

11.0
Concrete Thickness (in)

10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Site 1: B-scan location (ft)

MIRA Thickness Core Thickness Design Thickness

Mais de 400 medidas em menos de uma hora

 Interpretação automatizada
 Sem necessidade de calibração adicional
 Boa concordância com amostras extraidas
 Variacoes em espessuras
Vancura et al, TRR 2013

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Reinforcement Location

0.01

0.74
0.75
0.86 0.80 0.85 0.85

0.84

Hoegh and Khazanovich, TRR 2011

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MIRA vs Core Concrete Cover

8.00

7.50
y = 0.9854x
Pulse Echo Concrete Cover (macro), in.

7.00 R² = 0.9969

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00
3 4 5 6 7 8
Core Concrete Cover, in. Hoegh and Khazanovich, TRR 2011

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 Field Application – Atlanta Georgia
Continuously Reinforced Pavement
Measurements of pavement thickness and longitudinal rebar concrete cover
for project (about 5 km of testing in 15 m intervals).

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Field Application – Atlanta Georgia CRCP

6.0

5.5

5.0
Concrete Cover, in.

4.5
Top Limit
4.0 Left
Middle
3.5 Right
Bottom Limit
3.0

2.5

2.0
14000 19000 24000 29000 34000
Station #

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 Delamination Mapping

Antwerpen, Belgium. Continuously Reinforced Concrete

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 Delamination Mapping

Not Delaminated Delaminated

Beeldens et al, 2014

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 Automated Damage Assessment

Análise de Tomográfica Ultrassônica de Dados (UTSA)

usando Correlação de Pearson

0.9
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑚𝑚
�
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑶𝑶 �
, 𝑶𝑶 0.8 location: 3S-E
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐶 = 0.7
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑚𝑚
� �

Pearson's Correlation
location: 2N-N
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑶𝑶 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑶𝑶 0.6

0.5

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
∑𝑊𝑊
𝑖𝑖=1 ∑𝐷𝐷
𝑘𝑘=1 �
𝒐𝒐 𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 − �
𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑚𝑚
𝒐𝒐 �𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 − 𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.4

= 0.3
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 2 2
∑𝑊𝑊 ∑𝐷𝐷 �
𝒐𝒐
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑘𝑘=1 𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 − �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∑𝑊𝑊
𝒐𝒐 𝐷𝐷
𝑖𝑖=1 ∑𝑘𝑘=1 �𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝒐𝒐 �𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘 − 𝒐𝒐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 0.2

0.1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Scan location (X-axis # is associate with row # in the express mode table)

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑚𝑚
�
𝑶𝑶 �
and 𝑶𝑶 são as matrizes para a referência e m-ésima SAFT-IA B-scan

Hoegh and Khazanovich, ASTM JTE 2012

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Correllelogram of Concrete without Damage

1
0.9
0.8
Pearson's Correlation

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

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Correllelogram of Concrete with Defects

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Zoomed –in View, Leftmost Fabricated Defect

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Conclusions

• Diagnostico nao-destrutivo de estruturas de concreto

e um problema importante e cheio de desafios
• Melhorias feitas no equipamento MIRA tornou
possivel a avaliacao quantitativa de condicoes
subsuperficiais
• Generalized Kirchoff migration-based synthetic
aperture focusing technique (SAFT) para reconstrucao
e demais tecnicas associadas sao ferramentas
promissoras para a solucao de problemas praticos

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