PersonalShorthand 10294190

Per s o n al S h o rt h a n d
By
G o d f r e y D e w ey , A B , E d M
Yo n k e r s -
on- Hu ds o n N ew Yo r k
,
.
W o rld Book C o m pa n y
1 922
WO RL D B OO K C O M PA N Y
TH E H O U S E O F A P P LI E D K N O W LE D GE
E s ta b li s h t 1 9 05 by C a s pa r W Ho d g s o n
YO N K E R S -
O N - H U D SO N , N E W YO R K
2 126 P RA I R I E A V E N U E , C H I C A GO
M o re t ha n a t housa nd d i ff e e t s y s t em s rn
r n v
o f s h o t h a d h a e b ee n p u b l i s h t f o r E ng
n
li s h a l o e ; y et n o t o n e h a s m et t h e im
r n n v r r n
p o t a t a n d d i s t i c t i e e q u i em e t s o f
g nr
e e a l n o r
n -
n r n
p o f es s i o a l u s e S h o t h a d
v r n v
.
s y s t em s h a e hi t h e t o b ee d e i s ed f o r
r n n n
t h e p o f es s i o a l a m a u e s i s n St ud e t ,
r r r r v
.
l a wy e , p ea c h e a n d ed uc a t o h a e c o n
n r r n
,
t i ned l a b o i o u s ly t o m a k e t h ei ma y
n n n n
o t es i l o gha d x e ce p t f o r t h e o cc a
rr n v
s i on a l r
a e i d i i d ua l w h o h a s l a b o i o u s ly
x r n
ma s t er d a c o m p l e p o f es s i o a l s y s t em f o r
r n
s im p l e p e s o a l us e r
A l way s t h e e h a s
n n r n
.
b ee t h e eed f o r a s y s t em o f p e s o a l
r n rv
s ho t ha d s e n
i c ea b l e t o t h e m a y ; t h a t
n
wo u l d e a b l e t h e b u s y n r r
o t e ta k e , a f t e
no u nr n n
ea s o a b l e a m o u t o f s p ec i a l s t u d y ,
r r r
t o w i t e a p i d ly , a c c u a t e l y a n d s i m p ly
r n r r r
.
,
A f t e m a y y ea s o f es ea c h a nd ex p er i
n n
e ce s u c h a s y s t em h a s a t l a s t b ee wo r k t
o u t b y M r D e w ey Hi s m et h o d i s s i m p l e
r r n n
.
a n d c l ea ly p e s e t ed y et s c i e t i fi c a n d
n n vn
, ,
i t s p ub li c a t i o i s a n e d uc a t i o a l e e t o f
r n r n
f a r ea c hi g i m p o t a c e
-
v r
I t g i es W o l d
n n
.
B o o k C o m p a y n o li t t l e s a t i s f a c t i o to
o fi er x
Mr D e w ey s t e t o n P er s on a l
’
S hor tha n d t o g et h er w i t h t h e E xerci s es

n
,
a nd t h e R ea d er whi c h s u pp l em e t i t ;
n vr n
f o r i a e y s p ec i a l s e s e t h e s e a r e B o o k s
r n
t h a t a pp ly t h e w o l d s k o w l ed ge t o t h e
'
r n
w o l d s eed s
’ ”
D P S- I
r r
C o p y i g h t 1 9 2 2 b y Wo l d B o o k C o m p a ny
r n r
C o p y i g h t i G ea t B i t a i r n
H
A ll mghts r es ervd t i
l c
I n t r o d uc t i o n
F ew pe r s o n s wh o se i n te r est o r o c c u p a ti o n r e
q u i r es them t o m a ke f r eq u e n t u s e o f wr itte n spee c h
h a v e f a i l d t o be imp r est a n d n o t i n fr eq u e n tly i r r i
t a t e d by the sl o w a n d c u mbe r s o me me a n s o f e x
p r essi o n o u r o r di n a r y w r iti n g a f f o r ds I t is n o t
.
st r a n g e the r ef o r e th a t m a n y systems o f sh o r th a n d
, ,
a r e a v a il a ble f o r p ro fessi o n a l o r c o mme r c i a l u s e ,
b u t it is st r a n g e th a t p er s o n a l sh o r th a n d f o r g e n
e r a l u s e a c q u i r ed i n y o u th a s a t o o l h a s n o t o b t a in d
, ,
the r e c o g n iti o n its e n o r m o u s a d v a n t a g es f o r a l l

b r a i n w o r ke r s n a t u r a lly s u gg est — a d v a n t a g es
whi c h i n c l u de i n a dditi o n t o the di r e c t a n d o b

,
v i o u s s a v i n g o f time a n d e f f o r t a n d the a bility t o
t a ke imp o r t a n t n o tes imp o ssible with l o n g h a n d ,
a n e f fe c ti v e t r a i n i n g i n m o r e co r r ec t p ro nun c i a
ti o n a n d the p r ese r v a ti o n o f imp o r t a n t ide a s
,
whe n they c o me t o o f a st f o r the sl u g g ish l o n g h a n d

p en .
I wel co me M r D ewey s b o o k a s a de c idedl y

’
s u c c essf u l a ttempt t o p r o v ide the n e c ess a r y m a te

r i a ls f o r co u r ses o f i n st r u c ti o n i n sh o r th a n d f o r
pe r s o n a l n o n p r o fessi o n a l u s e Hi s system m a y be
-
.
ex pe c ted t o m a ke r a pid p r o g r ess i n this field i n

.
whi c h o the r s h a v e f a i l d be c a u se the m a n y e x isti n g

,
systems o f sh o r th a n d h a v e f a i l d t o r e c o g n i z e the
esse n ti a l di f fe r e n c e betwee n the r eq u i r eme n ts o f
111
4 4 8 58 0
iv I n tr od u cti on
sh o r th a n d f o r pe r s o n a l a n d f o r p r o fessi o n a l u s e .
They h a v e eithe r bee n t o o c o mplex a n d t o o di f fi c ult

o f m a ste r y t o m a ke them w o r th while f o r n o n
p r o fessi o n a l u s e o r they h a v e bee n t o o a mbi g u o u s

,
o r i n a c c u r a te i n thei r r ep r ese n t a ti o n o f the l a n g u a g e .
P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d a s p r ese n ted i n this b o o k

, ,
th u s p r o mises t o r e a li z e the l o n g d e f er d h o pe o f
-
l a ymen a n d sh o r th a n d w r ite r s a l ike f o r a system

o f sh o r th a n d th a t c a n be a c q u i r ed with r e a s o n a ble
i n d u st r y i n a r el a ti v ely sh o r t time a n d whe n a c ,
q u i r ed c a n meet a deq u a tely the j u st e x pe c t a ti o n s

o f a ll w h o u s e it . I t p r o mises t o r e a l i z e this h o pe
be c a u se it is b a sed o n a s c ie n tifi c a pp r o a c h t o the
p r o blems i n v o l v d a n d a n i n telli g e n t u n de r st a n di n g
o f the m a te r i a l t o be h a n d l d a q u a n tit a ti v e a s well
—
a s a q u a lit a ti v e a n a lysis o f the st r u c t u r e o f E n g lish ;
a n d be c a u se it st r ikes a r e a s o n a ble b a l a n c e betwee n
simpli c ity o f a c q u i r eme n t a n d e f fe c ti v e n ess o f r e

s ul t s
. P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d is a c c o r di n g ly c o m
, ,
me n ded t o s c h o o ls a n d c o lleg es a s a n imp o r t a n t

eleme n t o f m o de r n ed u c a ti o n n o t p r im a r ily o r ,
n o t a t a ll , f o r its v o c a ti o n a l v a l u e b u t f o r its
,
g e n e r a l c u lt u r a l v a l u e a,
n d a s a n imp o r t a n t t o o l
f o r pe r s o n a l u s e .
I c a n n o t c l o se this b r ief i n t r o d u c ti o n with o u t

e x p r essi n g my a pp r e c i a ti o n o f the o pp o r t un ity t o
sh a r e i n b r i n g i n g M r D ewey s w o r k t o the a tte n
’
ti o n o f te a c he r s a n d the ed u c a ted p u bli c O n c e .
its s c ie n tifi c c h a r a c te r a n d r e a dy a v a il a bility f o r

p r a c ti c a l u s e a r e u n de r st o o d it seems t o me th a t
,
g e n e r a l r e c o g n iti o n o f the imp o r t a n c e o f Pe rso na l

I n tr o d u cti on v
S h o r th a n d f o r a ll ed u c a ted pe r s o n s is i n e v it a ble ,
a n d th a t widesp r e a d i n t r o d u c ti o n o f it i n t o o u r
m o de r n c u r r i c u l a will f o ll o w a s a m a tte r o f c o u r se
.
PA U L H HA N U S
HARV ARD U N I VE RSI TY
A f ew mplifi ed s pel l i n gs a r e u s ed thr u ou t a l l P er s on a l
si
S hor th a n d pu bl i ca ti o n s
. I t wo u l d be i n co n s i s ten t i n the ex
tr eme f or a f o n eti c s ho r tha n d s y s tem whi ch w r i tes co n s i s ten tl y
,
by s ou n d to i gn or e the tr emen d o u s l y i mpor ta n t mov emen t

,
f or r ef o r m of E n gli s h s pel l i ng whi ch co mma n d s the u n i ted

s u ppor t of the l ea di n g l a n gu a ge s chol a r s of both E n gl a n d a n d
A mer i ca .
S i mpl ifi ed S pell i n g B oa r d 4 E mer s o n H a ll H a r v a r d Uni

, ,
v er s i ty
, Ca mbr i d ge M a s s wi l l s en d f u l l i nf or ma ti on co n cer n
, ,
i n g thi s i mpo r ta n t mov emen t on r eq u es t .

A ut h o r f
’
s
p r e ac e
P e r so na l S h o r th a n d
is spe c ifi c a lly d es ig n d f o r
g e n e r a l pe r s o n a l n o n p r o fessi o n a l u s e Fo r p e r
-
.
s o n a l c o r r esp o n de n c e o r i g i n a l c o mp o siti o n o f a n y
,
ki n d le c t u r e c o n fe r e n c e o r teleph o n e n o tes a b
, , , ,
s tr a c ts mem o r a n d a o r a n y l o n g h a n d p u r p o se
, , ,
P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d ( P S f o r sh o r t ) will s a v e or
o f y o u r time a n d g o f y o u r e f f o r t P S n o tes .
n eed n e v e r be t r a n s c r ibed f o r they a r e pe r m a n e n tly

,
a nd ex pli c itly le g ibl e t o d a y o r t o m o r r o w n ex t

, ,
m o n th o r n ex t ye a r by y o u o r by a n y o the r P S
,
w r ite r .
P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d will n o t m a ke y o u a v e r b a
tim r ep o r te r i n 5 h o u r s o r 7 d a ys o f e a sy w o k r .
G e n u i n e v e r b a tim sh o r th a n d w r iti n g is a p r o f es
s i o n a l a cc o mplishme n t o f hi g h o r de r whi c h r eq u i r es ,
with a n y sh o r th a n d system sev e r a l ye a r s o f th o r o ,
t r a i n i n g a n d h a r d w o r k M e r ely t o t r a i n a n a v e r
.
a g e ste n o g r a phe r r eq u i r es a mi n im u m o f 3 0 0 h o u r s ,
a n a v er a ge o f 60 0 h o u r s P S wi l l te a c h y o u t o
.
w r ite a bs o l u tely le g ible sh o r th a n d a t 2 t o 3 times

y o u r best l o n g h a n d speed i n t o g the time r e ,
q u i r ed by the best o f o the r sh o r th a n d systems .
These u n iq u e r es u lts a r e p o ssible f o r 2 m a i n

‘
r ea son s I . P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d is b a sed o n o r i g i
n al da ta se c u r ed by e x h a u sti v e r ese a r c h i n t o the
,
r el a ti v e f r eq u e n c y o f the simple s o u n ds a n d co m
Vl l
v iii A u tho r s p r efa ce
’
m o n e r s o un d c o mbi n a ti o n s o f E n gl ish a n d the

r el a ti v e f a c ility o f the p o ssibl e si g n s a n d typi c a l
si g n co mbi n a ti o n s o f sh o r th a n d a n d i n te r p r eted ,
by s c ie n tifi c a n a lysis a n d st u dy o f the p r i n c iples o f

sh o r th a n d c o n st r u c ti o n 2 I t is n ot a p r o f es .
s i o n a l style o f sh o r th a n d N o style o f sh o r th a n d .
well a d a pted t o the p r o fessi o n a l wr ite r c a n p o ssibly

be a t the s a me time well a d a pted f o r g e n e r a l
pe r s o n a l n o n p r o fessi o n a l u s e O n e d o es n o t c a r r y
-
.
a b a r be r s r a z o r f o r p o c ket k n ife p u r p o ses n o r d o es

’
-
,
the b a r be r sh a v e his c u st o me r s with a p o c ket kn ife -

.
Th i n t r t d i n th m r t h n i l p t f h r th nd
os e e es e e o e ec ca as ec s o s o a
th ry w ill fi d d i
eo i n f v r l f th m t f n d m n t l
n s c us s o s o se e a o e os u a e a
p r b l m i n th P r
o e s ding f th N w Y rk S t t S h r t h n d
e ocee s o e e o a e o a
R p rt r A i ti n 9 8 9 0— — — d th Pr d ing
’
e o e s s s oc a o ,
1 1 f 1 2 2 1 , an e o cee s o
th N t
e i n l
a S h rot h n daR p r t r Ao i t i
a n 9 9
— 0
A e o e s
’
ssoc a o ,
1 1 2 .
m r p p l r
o e o m m ry f t h m i n
u a su n ti l will b f n d i n
a o e a es s e a s e ou 2
a r ti l Sh rth d d S h th d S i
c es , o an f i n th l t t d i ti n
an or an , c ence o ,
e a es e o s
( 9 1 l t r) f t h E n y l p d i Am r i n
20 o r a e o e c c o e a e ca a .
P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d is pe c u li a r ly a d a pted t o the
n eeds o f the se c o n d a r y s c h o o l f o r a si n g le ye a r o f ,
st u dy will p r o v ide f o r the c o lle g e p r ep a r a t o r y s t u

de n t o r g e n e r a l st u de n t a t o o l o f immedi a te a n d
pe r m a n e n t v a l u e a n d will h a v e f o r the c o mme r c i a l
,
st u de n t a hi g h p r e v o c a ti o n a l v a l u e .
D isti n c ti v e fe a t u r es o f the P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d
system a r e :
1 C o mplete j o i n i n g o f exp l i ci t si g n s i n the
n a t u r a l o r de r o f the s o u n ds ( The v o wel s o u n ds .
o f m o st systems a r e eithe r d i s j o i n d o r a mbi g u o u s ) .
2 A b a si c a l f a b e t d e s ig n d t o g i v e t o the
A u tho r
’
s p r efa ce
co mm o n e r w o r ds a n d syll a bles o f E n gl ish f a c ile
a n d le g ible o u tli n es whi c h f o ll o w c l o sely the li n e
o f w r iti n g .
3 Adeq ua te r e c o g n iti o n o f the m o r e imp o r

t a n t c o n so n a n t c o mp o u n ds o f E n g lish by dis
t i n c t i v e si g n s .
These a n d o the r eleme n ts o f a c c u r a c y r e g u l a r ity , ,
a n d c o n f o r mity with the esse n ti a l f o n e t i c f a c ts o f
E n g lish a r e c o mbi n ed t o f o r m a sh o r th a n d system

o f g r e a t simpli c ity a n d e f fe c ti v e n ess a n d s u pe r l a ti v e
le g ibility .
D isti n c t i v e fe a t u r es o f the P S te x t a r e :
1 Emph a sis o n the i n es c a p a ble f o n e t i c f a c ts
o f E n g lish whi c h a r e m a de c le a r a n d helpf u l by
,
u s e o f a simple e x pli c it f o n et i c key ( M o st sys

.
tems seek t o ev a de o r sli g ht these f a c ts whi c h ,
a r e c o n c ea l d by o u r i n t r i c a te a n d d i s o r d e r d c o n
v en t i o n a l spelli n g with co n seq u e n t dis a ste r )

,
.
2 T h o r o n es s i n t r e a ti n g the b a si c a l f a b et o n
whi c h a l l else depe n ds .
3 G r a d u a l de v el o pme n t o f p o we r t o s u st a i n
“
i n te r est i n ste a d o f the del u si v e ev e r ythi n g
,
fi r st pl a n s o c o mm o n t o d a y
”
.
4 M e a s u r ed pe r f o r m a n c e tests o n d r ills a n d
ex e r c ises whi c h a d d the i n c e n ti v e o f defi n ite

,
a c h i ev m en t t o th o se n e c ess a r y b u t o fte n tedi o u s
st a g es o f the wo r k a n d i n c l a ss i n st r u c ti o n g r e a tly
,
fa c ilit a te de a li n g with i n di v id u a l di f fe r e n c es n o w ,
r e c o g n i z ed a s o n e o f the m o st imp o r t a n t ed u ca
t i o n a l p r o blems .
A u tho r
’
x s p r efa ce
5 P a r ti c u l a r ly th o r o t r e a tme n t o f the c o m
m o n est wo r ds a n d a f fi x es o f E n g lish whi c h m a ke ,
u p s o l a r g e a p a r t o f a ll o u r w r iti n g The 42 .
w o r d s i g n s f o r e x a mple ex p r ess o n ly 44 di f fe r e n t
, ,
wo r ds yet m a ke u p o v e r 3 3 o f a l l y o u r w r iti n g
,
and the 500 mm o n est w o r ds whi c h m a ke u p

co ,
ov er 66 % of a ll y o u r w r iti n g a r e a l l i n c l u ded i n
,
the te x t ex e r c ises a n d ex a mples .
Ex pe r ie n c ed sh o r th a n d te a c he r s will dis c o v e r
o the r n o v el fe a t u r es o f i n te r est a n d v a l u e s uc h a s
a r r a n g eme n t o f wo r d ex e r c ises i n f o n et i c o r de r ,
g i v i n g a ki n d o f c o n te x t a n d b r i n g i n g t o g ethe r the
m o st u sefu l c o n t r a sts a n d co mp a r is o n s .
P S E x e r c ises whi c h sh o u l d a lw a ys be u sed i n

,
co n n e c ti o n with this te x t is c a r ef u lly d es i g n d t o

,
g i v e the m a x im u m e f fe c ti v e n ess t o the mi n im u m

a m o u n t o f d r ill .
Te a c he r s w h o p r efe r a tex t di v ided i n t o defi n ite

lesso n s will fi n d th a t the r un n i n g he a ds o n r i g ht
h a n d p a g es disti n g u ish 2 4 less o n di v isi o n s o f s u c h
si z e a n d s co pe th a t they m a y be c o v er d e f fe c ti v el y
by sec o n d a r y s c h o o l st u de n ts a t the r a te o f a b o u t
o n e a week . M a t u r e st u de n ts will c o v e r a s m uc h
a s 2 less o n s o r di v isi o n s a week while the ex c e p ,
t i o n a l i n di v id u a l st u de n t m a y be a ble t o c o v e r 3
di v isi o n s a week A sh o r t c o u r se whi c h d o es n o t
.
a ttempt t o meet the pe r f o r m a n c e st a n d a r ds f o r

the e x e r c ises will be a ble t o c o v e r the e n ti r e tex t ,
with the a c c o mp a n yi n g P S E x e r c ises withi n 6 ,
weeks .
’
A u thor s p r efa ce xi
F i n a lity is sse r ted f o r ev e r y det a il o f this

no t a
p r esen t a ti o n o r i n deed o f the system p r ese n ted

, .
D a t a will be c o mpiled by u s e o f st a n d a r d tests a n d

me a s u r eme n ts o n a m u c h l a r g e r s c a le th a n h a s bee n
p o ssible befo r e this p u bli c a ti o n a n d a n y c h a n g es
,
u n mist a k a bly i n di c a ted by s u c h d a t a will be m a de
befo r e a ttempti n g t o est a blish pe r m a n e n t st a n d a r ds .
C r iti c isms will be w el c o m d a t a ll times This te x t

.
,
h o wev e r r ests o n 2 4 ye a r s o f pe r s o n a l sh o r th a n d
,
ex pe r ie n c e the l a st 4 de v o ted t o i n te n si v e st u dy
, ,
by s c ie n tifi c meth o ds o f sh o r th a n d p r o blems a n d

, ,
m a y be a c c epted with c o n fide n c e a s a f u n d a me n t a l

c o n t r ib u ti o nt o the a r t o f sh o r th a n d f o r g e n e r a l u s e .
ACKN OWL E D GM ENTS
S ev e r a l p u blishe r s h a v e ki n dly pe r mitted the u s e

o f co py r i g hted m a te r i a l i n the r e a di n g a n d w r iti n g
ex e r c ises The q u o t a ti o n s f r o m R a lph Wa ld o

.
Eme r s o n a n d J a mes R u ssell L o well a r e u sed with

the pe r missi o n o f Ho u g ht o n Mi ffl i n C o thei r ,
a u th o r i z ed p u blishe r s E x t r a c ts f r o m G e o r g e Ho r
.
a c e L o r ime r s L etter s of a s elf ma d e mer cha n t a r e

’
-
u sed by pe r missi o n o f S m a ll M a y n a r d ,
C o Elbe r t .
Hu bb a r d s f a m o u s A mes s a ge to Ga r ci a is u sed ( s o me
’
wh a t a b r i d g d ) by pe r missi o n o f The R o y c r o f t e r s .
I a m i n debted t o m a n y i n di v id u a ls f o r i n te r est
a n d e n co u r a g eme n t whi c h they h a v e v o l u n t e er d a s ,
well a s f o r a d v i c e a n d a ssist a n c e whi c h I h a v e

s o ug ht I t r u st th a t the m a n y will p a r d o n my m o r e
.
’
xi i A u thor s p r efa ce
spe c ifi c me n ti o n o f b u t a few I a m p a r ti c ul a r ly .
i n debted
T o P r o fess o r C h a r les H G r a n d g e n t o f H a r v a r d
a n d P r o fess o r R a ym o n d Weeks o f C o l u mbi a f or ,
a u th o r it a ti v e a d v i c e o n the f o n e t i c b a sis o f the
system a n d c o n st r u c ti v e c r iti c ism o f imp o r t a n t de

t a ils o f the f o n et i c p r i n t a lf a b e t .
To v a r i o u s fell o w membe r s o f the N ew Y o r k

S t a te S h o r th a n d R ep o r te r s Ass o c i a ti o n o r N a ti o n a l
’
S h o r th a n d R ep o r te r s Ass o c i a ti o n p a r ti c u l a r ly t o
’
D a v id H O K eef e w h o a t a l l times h a s pl a c ed h is
’
i n tim a te k n o wled g e o f sh o r th a n d bibli o g r a phy a n d

o f c u r r e n t s o u r c es o f sh o r th a n d i n f or m a ti o n as ,
well a s his o w n n o t a ble co lle c ti o n o f sh o r th a n d

wo r ks fr eely a t my disp o s a l
,
.
T o the f a c u lty o f the H a r v a r d G r a d u a te S c h o o l

o f Ed u c a ti o n p a r ti c u l a r ly t o P r o fess o r Alex a n de r
,
I n g l is f o r helpf u l c r iti c isms o f the pl a n o f p r ese n

t a t i o n o f the system a n d t o P r o fess o r P a u l H Ha n u s
,
f o r his I n t r o d u c ti o n .
I t is q u ite imp o ssible t o a c kn o wled g e a deq u a tely

o r a t le n g th my i n debted n ess i n spite o f m u c h
,
o r i g i n a l r ese a r c h a n d eq u a lly o r i g i n a l sy n thesis o f
the r es u lts t o the sh o r th a n d lite r a t u r e o f the p a st

, .
With o u t spe c ifi c me n ti o n o f 2 o u tst a n di n g n a mes ,
h o we v e r this p r ef a c e w o u ld be i n c o mplete
, I sa a c
P itm a n ( 1 8 1 3 1 89 7 ) a n d D a v id P hilip L i n dsley
—
—1 8
( 1 83 4 9 7)
G ODF RE Y D E WE Y
C AMB R I DGE , MASS
J une ,
1 922
C o n te n ts
I n trod u ct ion
’
Au t h o r s p r ef a c e
Ac k n wl
o ed g me nt s
Ho w to s tu dy
Wr i ti n g ma t e ri l
a s
Wh y s h o rth a n d is sh o rt
Pa r t 1 Wr i t i n g by soun d
Wr i t i n g by s o u n d ( I )
B a s i c a l f a bet
Fo ne t ic n a mes
Pa r t 2 B a s ic s hor th a n d a lf a bet
Co n s o n a n t s Gr o u p 1 ( 2 )
R i g h t h a b i t f o ma t i or n
r n
S h o t h a d p e ma s hip n n
Ho o k v o wels ( 3)
W r i t i n g wo rd s .
Vo we l d i s t i n c t i o n
How t o s tu d y wo rd xri
e e c s es
Co n s o n a n ts Gr o u p 2 ( 4)
Hook v o we l j i n i ng
o s
Ci rl
c e 5 2 fin l a .
Con ten ts
T i c k v o w e l s ( 5)
J oi n ing o s
Med i a l c i r c l e
Wo r d s i g n s ( 6 )
P u n c t ua t i o n
D i c ta t i o n p r a c t i s e
Co n s o n a n t s G ro u p 3 (7 )
Ho o k fi nal
11
Vo w el o mi s s i o n
Su p p l em en t a r y s ign s ( 8)
Co n n n t d if th
so a o n gs
Fr a s i n g
Di f t h o n g s ( 9)
J o i n i ng
v
D o u b l e o we l s
rn v v
A l t e a t i e o we l s
B as ic a lf a b e t r e vi ew ( 10 )
A l f a b et e r vi w h rt e c a
Wo r d s i g n r vi w h r t
e e c a
Us e y our s hor th a nd
Pa r t 3 Co m p o u n d s an d co m b i n a t io n s
Co n s o n a n t d if t h o n g s Circle 8 z s er i e s ( 1 1)
s ub et c . .
Ci rl
c e a nd h oo k p en ma n s hip
Do u b l e c i r c l es Co n t r a ct io n s ( 1 2)
Affix es
nr
C o t a c tio n s
Co n ten ts xv
Ha lf l e n g t h s te ms Do u b l e l e n g t h s
—t —d d i f th on gs
’ ’
-
cd t cki .
Co n s o n a n t d if th o n g s
’
r
’
1 s er es i ( 1 4)
nr
C o t a s ted o u tl i n es
D ef o r md h o o k s .
Tr i p l e con son an ts Co n s o n a n t co m b i n a t i o n s ( 1 5)
Co s o n n nt a co mb i n ti n a o s
Ap o s t r ph o e wo d s r
Ho o k n —m e n t —t i v
( 1 6)
—men t —men ts ,
Ho o k f v
-
Sa n l o o p s ( 1 7)
Loo p s an d c i rcl e
Co s o n n a n t o mi s s i o n
P a r t 3 Re v i ew ( 1 8)
r vi w h rt
Wo r d s ig n e e c a
C n t r ti n r v i w h r t
o ac o e e c a
Wri t h rth d
e s o an
Pa r t 4 Ex t e n s i o n an d a p p l ic a t io n s
P r e fixe s In fl ec t i o n a l en d in gs ( 1 9)
Two s yll a b l e p e fi es r x
Infl ec t i o a l e d i gs n n n
S u f fi xe s ( 20 )
Othe r co m mo n suf fi x es
Co mpou d n s u ffix e
'
Ou tl in e f o r m a tio n (2 1 )
m rl
Vo wel i mp i ca t i o l n .
R eto uc hi g o tes n n
C on ten ts
Nu m b e r s Da t e s Ti t l e s Pr o p er n a m es ( 22)
I) a tes . .
Ti t l es .
P ro p e r n a mes
No n c e f o r m s Ne w ou t l i n es (2 3)
B rv e e dot
In t r i n
e s ec t o
New o u tl i n es
Co n c l u s i o n ( 2 4)
Fi n l r v i w
a e e
Sp d p r ti
ee ac se
L r n by t
ea ea chi ng
WR I T IN G MAT ER I ALS
Pe n A g o ld fo u n t a i n p en is m u c h the m o st
s a tisfa c t o r y w r iti n g impleme n t b u t a s u it a ble steel ,
dip p en will d o eq u a lly go o d w o r k Eithe r sh o u ld .
h av e a fi n e flex ible p o i n t fr ee fr o m s c r a t c h
, , .
L E Wa ter ma n
C o d ea l e s h a r v e or ca n g et s p ec i a ll y l
s e ec ted
r
P e s o na l S hor th a nd ( P S ) p e s n .
Nev er u s e a s t u b p o i t h o we n , vr e moo t h o r fl e i bl e o r a s t i ff
s x ,
p o i n t h o we v e r fi n e F o r w r i t e r s
,
. w i t h a med i u m or h ea y to uc h v
t he F a l co n s tee l pe n i s ex c e ll e n t ; f or a li gh t t o uc h t he Spen
ce rl na Nr 1 .
N ever us e a p ra c ti s e w r i t i n g I f y o u l ea rn to
pen cil f o r .
w r i te s h o r t h a n d w i t h a pen y o u w il l fi n d no d i f fi c u l t y i n w r i t i n g
,
wi t h a p e n c il i n a n e me r ge n c y I f y o u l ea rn w i t h a p e n c il y o u
.
ma y n ev er b e a b l e to u s e a pen p ro p e r ly If co mpel d to u s e .
p en c il s i n a n emergen cy keep them s ha rp , .
In k Use a fr ee fl o w i n g i n k whi c h wr ites a s

-
d a r k a s p o ssible B l u e bl a c k w r iti n g fl u id g i v es
.
-
the l e a st t r o u ble i n fo un t a i n pe n s Fo r dip pe n s .
j et bl a c k is p r efe r a ble .
Pa p e r Use a g o o d q u a lit y o f p a pe r o r n o te
b o o ks with a sm o o th c a l en d er d s u r fa c e i n te n ded
,
f o r i n k w r iti n g R u led p a pe r is desi r a ble b u t n o t

.
,
esse n ti a l f o r the s a me r e a s o n s th a t it is desi r a ble

,
i n le a r n i n g o r w r iti n g l o n g h a n d .
A w r iti n g li n e le n g th o f 8 t o I O c e n timete r s o r ,
3 t o 4 i n c hes is best E,n d o pe n i n g

. n o teb o o ks less -
th a n 5 i n c hes wide a r e s a tisfa c t o r y I f u si n g n o te .
b o o ks o r p a pe r 6 t o 8 i n c hes wide d r a w a di v idi n g ,
li n e d o w n the middle o f e a c h p a g e a n d w r ite i n 2

co l um n s .
Wh y s h o r th a n d is s hort
Yo u will st u dy sh o r th a n d with m o r e i n te r est a n d

m o r e e f fe c tiv ely if y o u k n o w befo r e y o u be g i n the
, ,
g e n e r a l pl a n a n d st r u c t u r e o f the system This .
se c ti o n will sh o w y o u why sh o r th a n d is sh o r t .
I n a w o r d sh o r th a n d is sh o r te r th a n l o n g h a n d
,
be c a u se it w r ites simple r lette r s a n d fewe r o f them .
4 p r i n c ip a l f a c t o r s c o n t r ib u te t o this r es u lt :
1 F o n et i c spelli n g w r iti n g by s o u n d o r mor e
, ,
a ccu ra te l etters .
2 The sh o r th a n d a l f a b et of simpl e si gn s , or
s hor ter l etter s .
3 D isti n c ti v e sh o r th a n d de v i c es f o r e x p r essi n g
sev e r a l s o un ds b y a si n g le si g n o r mor e exp r es s i v e
,
l etters .
4 Abb r ev i a ti o n m o r e system a ti c th a n i n l o n g
,
h a n d o f a f fi x es , w o r ds a n d fr a ses o r fewer l etters

, , , .
Ac c u r a t e l e t t e r s Ab o u t 41 s o u n ds whi c h ,
y o u will st u dy i n P a r t 1 a r e c o mm o n ly disti n
,
g u i s h t i n the E n g lish l a n g u a g e O u r o r di n a r y
.
a b c a l f a b et p r o v ides o n ly 2 6 lette r s B ecause o f .
this sh o r t a g e o f lette r s a n d o the r i n c ide n t a l r e a s o n s

, ,
o u r c o n v e n ti o n a l E n g lish spelli n g is a l m o st i n c o n
c ei v a b l y i r r e g u l a r a n d c o n f u si n g E v e r y s o un d is
.
speld i n sev e r a l di f fe r e n t w a ys , ev e r y lette r is p r o

4 P er s on a l S ho r tha nd
n o u n ce d sev e r a l diffe r e n t w a ys O n e e x a mple

in .
m u st s u f fi c e he r e O the r s will be g i v e n i n P a r t 1
. .
C o n side r the n o n se n se c o u plet :
Th o ug h the r o ug h c o ug h a n d hi c co u g h pl o ug h
me th r o ug h ,
I o ug h t t o r u b y o u r h o r se s h o u g h f o r y o u’
.
The v o wel s o un d speld o u g h i n thr ou gh is speld o

i n to a n d ou i n y o u The lette r co mbi n a ti o n ough
.
is p r o n o un c ed i n 8 di f fe r e n t w a ys C o n side r i n g .
o n ly the 8 o u gh w o r ds the se n te n c e m a y be p r o
,
n o u n c ed ,
by its o wn a n a l o g ies i n 8 o r ,
8
di f fe r e n t w a ys a n d o n ly 1 o f them is r i g ht !
S pel d a s a b o v e the se n te n c e c o n t a i n s 7 7 lette r s .
S peld a s bel o w i n the f o n e t i c p r i n t a l f a b e t t o whi c h

,
the b a si c sh o r th a n d a l f a b e t st r i c tly c o r r esp o n ds it ,
r eq u i r es o n ly 5 0 lette r s a n d c a n be p r o n o u n c ed i n
,
o n ly 1 w a y the r i g ht o n e .
d o In r u f k of a n d hik u p p l cu m i a, m
a a t t fi r u b y ur h or s ez h o k f or y fi
’
.
F o n et i c spelli n g the simplest w r itte n r e co r d o f

,
the sp o ke n w o r d is the fi r st a n d m o st f un d a me n t a l
,
r e a s o n f o r the sh o r t n ess a n d e x pli c it le g ibility

, of ,
P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d .
Sh o r t l et t er s The lette r s o f l o n g h a n d r eq u i r e ,
f o r the sh o r test lette r A 2 st r o kes f o r the l o n g est ,
l ette r m 6 st r o kes o n the a v e r a g e j u st a b o u t 4

, ,
st r o kes p er lette r .
The f o n et i c si g n s o f sh o r th a n d r eq u i r e i n g en e r a l
1 st r o ke p er s o u n d o fte n less seld o m m o r e
, ,Th u s .
Why s ho r tha n d is s ho r t
5
the wo r d ma n whi c h i n v o l v es i n l o n g h a n d f rn cz/n
, /
1 4 st r o kes i n v o l v es i n sh o r th a n d Q 3 eleme n ts
, ,
wr itte n with 2 m o ti o n s .
C o mp a r e these sh o r th a n d si g n s with the l o n g

h a n d lette r s o f the s a me n a me :
l lfi x d ) A m m
f
'
v
These 8 lette r s r eq u i r e i n sh o r th a n d 8 st r o kes i n ,
l o n gh a n d 2 7 .
N o te a s a n imp o r t a n t f a c t o r o f the sh o r t n ess a n d

simpli c ity o f the P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d a lf a b e t the
l o g i c a l p a i r i n g o f li g ht a n d he a v y si g n s s u c h a s ,
l 81 I f o r simil a r ly r el a ted s o un ds .
Ex p r e s s i v e l e t t e r s L o n g h a n d o fte n t a kes 2
o r 3 lette r s t o e x p r ess 1 s o u n d P er son a l S h o r t .
h a n d o fte n ex p r esses 2 o r 3 s o un ds by 1 si gn This .
is d o n e by system a ti c a n d un ifo r m m o difi c a ti o n s o f

the b a si c a l f a b e t si g n s whi c h p r o v ide simple a n d
,
e a sily r e m em b er d c o mp o u n d si g n s f o r m a n y o f the
m o st imp o r t a n t co mp o un d s o un ds o f E n g lish .
Th u s fr o m l p l b , f et c o n e simpl e
, ,
m o difi c a ti o n fo r ms l p r i b r
f
tr d r 7 f r et c
, , c , F
’
, ,
f o r the imp o r t a n t c o n s o n a n t c o mp o u n ds he a r d i n
p r a y br i ng tr a i n d r i v e fr ee et c
, , ,
A simil a r mo d ifi
, , .
c a ti o n f o r ms f pl I bl et c f o r the c o mp o u n ds he a r d
, ,
i n p l a y bl ow et c
, Fr o m
, . n a simple c h a n g e
v ,
fo r ms n t f o r u s e i n s u c h w o r ds a s p r i n t
V , pla nt , ,
et c . A n i n dispe n s a ble a lte r n a ti v e si g n f o r 5 f o r ms

6 P er s o n a l S hor tha n d
m a n y d o uble co mp o u n ds and s uc h imp o r t a n t t r iple

c o mp o u n ds as s tr 0 , as in s tr i ke, s tr on g, et c ,
or u n ts , a s i n p r i n ts p l a n ts
, et c .
These sh o r th a n d dev i c es r i g htly u sed a r e a n , ,
imp o r t a n t fa c t o r n o t o n ly i n e a se a n d speed o f
wr iti n g b ut a ls o i n e a se a n d c e r t a i n ty o f r e a di n g
P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d .
Fe w l e t t e r s S h o r th a n d a bb r e v i a tes by o mis
si o n a s i n l o n g h a n d b u t system a ti c g e n e r a l r u les
, ,
a n d the a c c u r a te a n d e x p r essi v e n a t u r e o f the sh o r t
h a n d si g n s m a ke s u c h a bb r ev i a ti o n v a stly m o r e
e f fe c ti v e E x a mples o f P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d a b
.
b r ev i a t i o n a r e
1 O missi o n esse n ti a l medi a l
of un v o wels , ac
co r di n g to simple g en e r a l r u les .
nv r n ever L j st j us t
2 A few c o n t r a c ti o n s whi c h a r e u s u a lly f a ,
mili a r l o n g h a n d a bb r ev i a ti o n s me r el y wr itte n i n
sh o r th a n d Th u s . m f r ma n ufa ctu r e fl imp ,
i mp or ta n t .
3 L ess th a n 5 0 w o r d s i gn s m o stly o b v i o u s f o r , ,
s o me o f the c o mm o n est w o r ds o f E n g lish whi c h

m a ke u p o v e r 3 3 % o f a l l y o u r w r iti n g Th u s l b .
t to ( I do , I f or et c , , .
The se n te n c e fo ll o wi n g i n l o n g h a n d a n d i n sh o r t
,
h a n d will se r v e t o ill u st r a te the p r i n c ip a l r e a s o n s

,
why sh o r th a n d is sh o r t :
P ar t 1
Wr iti ng by s oun d (1 )
1 Wr i t i n g b y s o u nd P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d
w r ites by s o un d the simplest w r itte n r e co r d o f
the sp o ke n wo r d dis r eg a r di n g c o mm o n spelli n g .
E a ch s i gn st a n ds f o r o n e defi n ite s o u n d n o t f o r a n y,
p a r ti c u l a r a b c lette r Yo u a r e a l r e a dy f a mili a r
.
with a ll the sep a r a te s o un ds o f E n g lish i n y o ur

d a ily spee c h Y o u r t a sk is c hiefly t o ide n tify o r
.
a ss o c i a te e a c h si n g le defi n ite s o u n d with a si n g le
defi n ite f o n et i c si gn .
2 D e f e c t s o f En g l i s h s p e l l i n g The s o u n ds
o f E n g lish a r e few simple a n d defi n ite
, ,
Yo u n eed .
disti n g u ish o n ly 40 o r 41 Pr ese n t c o n v e n ti o n a l

.
spelli n g s o f these s o u n ds a r e m a n y co mpli c a ted , ,
a n d i n defi n ite . A n a b r id g d di c ti o n a r y will sh o w

n e a r ly 5 0 0 di f fe r e n t spelli n g s o f these 4 1 s o u n ds i n
fa mili a r w o r ds The p r i n c ip a l defe c ts o f E n g lish

.
spelli n g whi c h m a ke f o n et i c spelli n g esse n ti a l f o r

,
sh o r th a n d a n d desi r a ble f o r a n y p u r p o se a r e s u m ,
m a r i e d i n the n e x t 5 se c ti o n s with typi c a l ill us

z ,
t r a tio n s .
3 Sa m e l et ter s p r o n o u n c ed d i ff e r e n t l y
E v e r y si n g le lette r a n d a lm o st e v e r y di g r a ph is
, ,
p r o n o u n c ed i n se v e r a l di f fe r e n t w a ys Fo r e x a m ple
.
8
f a i r f a re
, k n ow ,
no r ea d , r ed r ea d , r eed
to , too , two roa d , r od e, r owed
ri ght r i t,
r e, w i ght, wr i te
F v r l r n th pp d d v
or s e e a ea s o s e su os e a a nt g a e o f s uc h va ri n t
a
sp lli n g ( i n d i t i n g i hi n g d i ff r n t m
e s s u s e e ea ning s of a wo d ) i s r
m h l
uc i mp r t n t t h n t h b v i
es s o dia a e o o us sa dv nta a ges . Co s e n id r
w lle , d i ght
s ou n t ,
t r Wh n w , n o e, e c . e e h r ea or s ee the o w rd
t
no e u s ed w h v d bt wh th r w
e a e no ou e e e s h o u l d pl a y i t o r pa y
it r d
, ea w ri t i t
or b rv ; d th r
e , or o se e an e e is no n
d e ma d f o r d i s
ti g i hi g th
n u s v ri m n i n g by
n es e a o us ea s s uc h v r i n t p lli n g
a a s e s as
k note pu ote,
, o r n oa t!
8 Fo n e t i c These ex a mples sh o w
s p ell i n g
the a bs o l u te n e c essity f o r sh o r th a n d t o spell f o n et i
c a lly if it is t o be eithe r sh o r t o r a c c u r a te
, They .
sh o w a ls o the n eed f o r a simple ex pli c it f o n et i c key

n o t a ti o n by whi c h the c o r r e c t s o u n d o f a n y w o r d ,
syll a ble o r sh o r th a n d si g n m a y be b r iefly yet u n

,
mist a k a bly ex p r e s t d u r i n g yo u r st u dy o f sh o r th a n d .
S t r i c tly f o n et i c spelli n g r eq u i r es a f o n et i c a l f a b et
whi c h sh a ll h a v e o n e a n d o n ly o n e s o u n d f o r e a c h
si gn a n d o n e a n d o n ly o n e si gn f o r e a c h s o un d
, .
The f o n et i c p r i n t a l f a b et u sed f o r key p u r p o ses

th r uo u t a l l P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d p u bli c a ti o n s meets
this defi n iti o n f u lly a n d a t the s a me time c o r r e ,
s p o n d s st r i c tl y t o the b a si c sh o r th a n d a l f a b e t .
Thi s k ey a lf a b et i s th e f o ne ti c k ey a d o p ted by t he S i m plifi ed

S p e lli n g B o a r d f o r i n d i c a t i n g p ro n u n c i a t i o n i n i ts va r i o us p u b
lic a t i o n s I t c o rr es p o n d s c l o s e ly t o Key 1 o f t h e S ta n d a r d
.
D i c t i o n a r y s e r i es p u b l i s h t b y F u n k VVa g na l l s N Y w h o s e , ,
D es k S ta n d a r d D i c t i o n a r y i s b y f a r t h e b es t d i c t i o n a r v f o r u s e
i n co nn ec t i o n w i t h Pe rs o n a l S h o r t h a n d .
Wr i ti n g by s ou nd 11
By m a ste r i n g this f o n et i c a l f a b et befo r e beg i n

n i n g t o w r ite sh o r th a n d s o th a t y o u c a n ide n tify
,
e a c h simple s o u n d a n d a ss o c i a te it with a si n g l e
defi n ite si g n y o u will lesse n the l a b o r o f le a r n i n g
,
P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d by a b o u t f o r this a l f a b e t is
the f o n et i c fo u n d a ti o n o f a ll y o u r sh o r th a n d w r iti n g .
9 Fo n e t i c p r i n t a l f a b e t The t a ble i n 1 0
fo ll o wi n g g i v es f o r e a c h o f the 40 s o u n ds esse n ti a l
,
f o r w r iti n g sh o r th a n d the f o n e t i c p r i n t lette r the

, ,
sh o rth a n d si g n the f o n et i c n a me ( ex p l a i n d i n 1 I )
, ,
a n d key w o r ds sh o wi n g by he a v y lette r s the s o u n d
r ep r ese n ted The s o u n ds a r e a r r a n g ed i n a f o n e t i c

.
o r de r l o g i c a l a n d co n v e n ie n t f o r sh o r th a n d .The
sh o r th a n d si g n s whi ch n eed n ot be l ea r n ed a t thi s
,
ti me c a ll a tte n ti o n by thei r simil a r ities t o imp o r t a n t

,
simil a r f o n et i c r el a ti o n s betwee n the c o r r esp o n di n g

so u n ds .
3 s u ppleme n t a r y si g n s a r e sh o w n : a ! II whi c h
will be f ur the r ex p l a i n d a s o c c a si o n a r ises i n I 1 3
8 1 84 r espe c ti v ely
, , .
10 B a s ic a l f a b et
I2 P ers o n a l S hor tha n d
24 C O N S ON ANTS 12 VO WE L S
Sound Sig n Na me As i n Sou nd Sig n N ame As in
a m pa t ( pa i )
, ,
r
a l ms p a t ma , r ,
e d ge , let
a ge , l a te ,
ma y
is , s i t, a r my
e a s e, s e a t , me
o d d , no t
a w ed , n aug ht
u p, to n , ( t u rn )
o p en t o n e s h o w
, ,
th g i h , ba t h f u ll co u l d
,
thy, ba t h e f oo l shoe ,
r
s ea l , ace
4 D I F TH O N GS
l ri
z ea , a se So u nd Sig n N a me As in
r r h
a s s u e, us
a v d l p i n t by
a i s e, ,
r r g
a z u e, ou e d V é oil p i nt b y
, o ,
o
ch k ri h
o e, c ii A it p r f w
u e, e
t p w r w
j k ri d g
dl 4 at ou ,
o e ,
no
o e, e
or ab t outt r ,
u e ,
na
ti n hi n
o ,
c a
T he n eu t a rlv o we l ,
se l do m u s ed
i n s h o r th a n d
II I a th e
A w o r d s i gn or l o go typ e f o r th e
d efi n i t r ti l
e a c e the
V ca ps i gn
A s i gn w i t te r n b ef o e r a f o n et ic
l n gh n
o a d wo d , r b el o w a s ho rt
h n d w rd
a o , to ca pi ta li ze i t
Wr i ti n g by s ou n d 13
11 The s ound o f p o r b is
Fo n e t i c na m es
the v e r y sli g ht s o un d he a r d if y o u st a r t t o s a y pi n
o r bi n a n d st o p bef o r e s a yi n g i n The n a me o f p o r .
b is pi o r bi i n this c a se the s a me a s in the f a mili a r

,
a b c .
D o n o t co n f u se the s o u n d o f a f o n et i c p r i n t lette r
o r sh o r th a n d si g n a n d its n a me .
C n n nt n m
o so d f
a nv n i n t r f r n
a d l r
es a r e u s e o r co e e e e e ce a n c ea
d i t i n ti n b
s c o th n n n t nd l n
e ca u s e h rd t p e co so a s ou s a o e a re a o ro
n n d i ti n tly E h n m i i m ply t h n n n t n d
ou ce s c . ac a e s s e co so a sou
wi t h m p n yi n g
an a cco w l n d Av i d p r ti l r ly th
a vo e sou . o a cu a e
mi l d i n g
s ea d f ti b n m f g w y h Al w y y
an u n o ne c a c a es o . a s sa
gi ( not j )
i , we ( no t d ub l y fi ) , y e
( no t
-
( no t w d) , h e
Th e n a mes o f t h e 1 0 co n s o n a n t s o f Gro u p 2 ( n o t me rel y t he
c o n s o n a n t s o u n d s ) a r e h ea r d i n t h e 1 0 w o r d s d eaf n ev er d ea th
l eather gues s p res e n t f res h pl ea s u r e f etch l edger
S h o r t v o we l s o u n d s a r e mo r e ea s ily p r o n o u n c ed a n d mo r e
rea d ily d is ti ngui s h t i f n a med w i t h a f o l l o w i n g t a s a ba ck gro u n d -
.
Th e n eu t r a l v o wel w hi c h o cc u r s w i t h s t r es s o n ly b e f o r e r i s
, ,
n a med ar .
Th e n l n g v w l d if th g i i t
a me o f a ny nd l n
o o e or on s s s ou a o e .
Av i d p r t i l r ly m i
o a lli n g t h l n g v w l e i ii w hi h
cu a s ca e o o e s , c are
s ou n d d l w y i n th y wh (
e a a i n m my m w) Th
s as e s ee o n ev er a s e e . e
m r n i n t hi f
ac o ti p r i n t l f b t i s d li g h t ly t r mi n d
o ne c a a e s c ur v s o e
y n t n t ly t t gi t h l t t r t h mi l d i n g W b t r
o u co s a no o ve es e e e s e s ea
“
e s e
n t ti n n m
o a o nd v l
”
a Th p i ri n g f th f
e- s o u ti p r i n t
a u es . e a o e o ne c
l t t r e i 1 ii ( d 0) rr p n d t r i tly t i n t rn t i n l
e e s e , , 11 , an o co es o s s c o e a o a
us a g d t th t r
e an f ti r l t i n b t w
o e n th ue nd o ne c e a o s e ee e s ou s .
wil l be u sed f o r f o n et ic
I ta l i c ty p e na mes th r u o u t
the l a r g e type p o r ti o n s o f the tex t
-
.
12 Ho w to s tudy the f o n etic a lf a bet

S t u dy the s o u n ds of the f o n e t i c a l f a b e t si n g ly a n d
i n g r o u ps ( — —
6 10 8 co n s n
o a n ts 6 —6 , v o wels , 4 dif
th o n g s 3 s u ppleme n t a r y si g n s a s i n di c a ted by the

, ,
sp a c i n g o f the t a ble ) P r o n o un c e t h e k ey w o r ds
'
f o r e a c h s o u n d a l o u d sl o wly a n d disti n c tly till y o u

, ,
ide n tify c le a r ly the s o u n d r ep r ese n ted The n p r o .
n o u n c e a l o u d disti n c tly se v e r a l times the f o n et i c

, ,
n a me o f the s o u n d M a ste r e a c h g r o u p befo r e p r o

.
c e e d i n g t o the n e x t the n r ev iew the wh o le t a ble

, .
B ef o r e g o i n g fa r the r y o u sh o u l d be a ble t o r e a d the

40 s o u n ds i n o r de r by n a me f r o m the r e v iew test
fo ll o wi n g with o u t e r r o r o r hesit a ti o n i n n o t m o r e
th a n 40 se c o n ds After comp l eti n g the r ema i ni ng
.
ex er ci s es o f P a rt I y ou s ho u ld d o thi s r ea d i l y in 20
s eco n d s .
p b t d k g f v h d s z Sg g j n ij m r l w y h
a u e e i i ci o ii
'
fi
’
o o u o u cu
r
I t i s p o fi ta b l e , t h o n o t es s e t i a l t o m emo n , ri ze th e f o ne t i c
r r n
o d e o f t h e s o u d s , s o t h a t y o u c a n e c i t e t h e 40 r s ou n d i n rd r
s o e
n
by a me , w i t h t h e b o o k c l o s e d l i k e t h e f a mili a
, r a b c .
13 Wo r d e x e r c i s e This e x e r c ise c o n t a i n s the

1 0 0 c o mm o n est w o r ds o f E n g lish ( less th e) whi c h t o ,
g ethe r m a ke u p m o r e th a n h a lf o f a ll y o u r w r iti n g .
They a r e a r r a n g ed i n f o n e t i c o r de r the pl a c e o f
a i n the f o n e t i c o r de r is j u st bef o r e U with co n
v e n t i o n a l spelli n g o f e a c h a t left o f f o n e t i c spelli n g .
T o se c u r e the m o st e f fe c ti v e r es u lts st u dy this

ex e r c ise a s di r e c ted bel o w .
I R ea d l ef t co l u m n s a l o ud s l ow ly a n d d i s t i n c t ly i d e n ti
, ,
f y i n g i n r i g h t c o l um n s t h e f o n e t i c p r i n t l e t t e r co rr es p o n d i n g to
ea c h s o u n d t h a t y o u p r o n o u n c e .
Wr i ti ng by s o u nd 1 5
2 R ea dr i g h t l mn l d l wly gl n i n g t l f t l mn
co u s a ou s o ,
a c a e co u s
as n r y t r i f y y r tt r n
eces s a o ve ou u e a ce .
3 C v r l ft
o e l m n i n t rn w i t h r l r d r d l d
e co u s u a u e an ea a ou
r i g h t l mn
co u s .
C n ti n
o 2ue d 3 l t rn t ly t ill y
an a r d l d t h w rd
e a e o u ca n ea a ou e o s
o f ri gh t l mn n ly w i t h t rr r
co u s o h i t ti n i n t m r
, ou e o or es a o ,
no o e
th n 0
a 2 nd p
s eco l mns er co u .
Afte r this ex e r c ise is m a s t er d st u dy E x e r c ises ,
1 3—r a n d I 3—w i n P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d E x e r c ises .
Si mil a rrf rne e e c es h e rea f te r w ill be a bb e r vi a ted to P S Ex

1 3—r w, e tc .
In wr iti n g by s o un d ( a s Ex 1 3 ) in P S —w
st u den ts i n so me l o c a lities sh o u l d l o o k o u t f o r o n e
g r o u p o f p r o n u n c i a ti o n s th o se i n whi c h the
— ‘
s o u n d o f r is s o metimes s u p p r es t p a r ti c ul a r l y ,
whe n fi n a l o r p r e c eded b y (1 I n P S w r ite .
kar n ot ka
par t as pa r t n ot p ut
he r e hi r n ot hi s
m an n er m a n ar t mane no
f a r the r fa r d e r ( mp r f a d ar )
co a e n ot f a de
See l
a so § 1 36 , l as t p r g r ph p g 7 3
a a a ,
a e .
P er s o n a l S ho r tha n d
pe o ple pi pl she 51
befo r e b i f o r sh o u ld Su d
bee n b in not not
be bi no no
b ut b ut now mu
by b ci man man
to ta m en m en
two ta may me
time t ci m m a de m ed
do dfi me mi
ca n k an m u st m u st
co me k um more mor
c o u ld k ud my m ci
g r e a t g et
r little l i tl
fr o m fr o m like l ak
'
for for well wel

fi r st f U r s t with wi ll
v er y v er i will wil
th a t d a t we wi
th a n f l a n was wo z
the r e d a r wa r wor
the n d en w o u ld w ud
them d e m one w un
they f i e we r e w ur
thei r ti er y ou yfi
this d is yo u r y ur
these whe n hwe n
s a id sed whi c h hw i g
s ay se wh a t h w o t
s uc h s ug had h ad
s o me su m h av e h av
so SO has h az
P ar t 2
B al t i c r hor tha nd a
lf a bet
C O NS O NANT S G R O UP 1 ( 2)
21 Co n s o n a n ts — Gro u p l The 24 co n
s o n a n t si gn s k n o w n a s stems a r e a r r a n g ed b y
, ,
f o n e t i c a n d sh o r th a n d simil a r ities i n 3 g r o u ps o f ,
6 10 — 8 c o n s o n a n ts r e spe c ti v ely G ro u p I .
co n sists o f
So u n d p b t d k g
S ign l
N a me pi bi ti di ki gi
Th es e s i g n s a r e to be s tu d i ed a nd pra c t i s t as di r ec ted in
low i n g s ec t i o n s .
22 Siz e The n o r m a l len g th o f

an d form
a l l c o n s o n a n t stems is a b o u t 4 millimete r s o r
in c h the si z e sh o wn th r u o u t the tex t .
Thi i i b t f m t w r i t r S t r i v t
s s ze s es or os n f rm t i t e s . e o co o o .
M n y t d n t t n d t w r i t t l r g t fi r t In y
a s u e s e o e oo th a e a s . an ca s e e
n r m l l n gt h f t m i n y r w w r i ti n g m t b f m
o a e o s e s ou o n us e uni or .
The stems o f G r o u p 1 a r e a ll st r a i g ht li n es li g ht ,
a n d he a v y p a i r d a
, s ex p l a i n d bel o w p i bi a r e .
st r i c tly v e r ti c a l ; ti d i st r i c tly h o r i z o n t a l ; k i 81
1 8
Co ns o n a n ts Gr o u p 1 19
gi o f ifo r m sl o pe a b o u t 45 de gr ees a b o v e h o r i
un ,
zo n t a l a s sh o w n,
.
All co n s o n a n t stems a r e i n v a r i a bly w r itte n eithe r

fro m t o p t o b o tt o m o r fr o m left t o r i g ht .
23 Co n s o n a n t n a m e s Alw a ys r efe r t o the

sh o r th a n d sig n s o r to the so u n ds whi c h they r e p r e
,
se n t by thei r r eg u l a r f o n e t i c n a mes D o n o t c o n
,
.
fuse the s o u n d o f a co n s o n a n t a n d its n a me S e e .
§ 1 1 .
N o te p a r t i c ul a r ly t he f o n et i c n a me gt, as in gea r ( n ot as in
j eer ) .
24 Pa i r i n g The li g ht a n d he a v y
of s ign s
stems o f Gr o u p
I a n d o f Gr o u p 2 a r e p a ir d in
, ,
st r i c t a c co r d with the f o n et i c r el a ti o n s o f the

so u n ds r ep r ese n ted .
Pr n n t h rr p n d i n g k y w rd f § 0 f
o ou ce e co esh p ir o e o s o 1 o r ea c a
pi n b i ; , p b; t
n d
cu ; t
, d n t th t y
cu r en , en e c an o e a ou
t ng
o lip
ue , d t th m th
s , an m p i ti n f
ee b t h w rd
ass u e e sa e os o or o o s .
Th l i g h t i g n
e rr p n d t rd v i l
s s co n n n t th
es o o su or o c e es s c o so a s, e
h v y i gn t
ea s n n t v i d n n nt
s o so a or o ce co so a s .
Thi p i r i n g f i g n f
s a gn to n d by h d i n g m r
s s or co a e sou s s a , o e
l gi bl d m r l gi l t h n p i r i n g by l n g t h i
e e an o e o i mp r t n t
ca a a e , s an o a
f t r i n th
ac o i m pli i ty r g l r i ty
e s d p i ti l gi b ili ty f
c , e u a , an os ve e o
P r n l Sh r t h n d
e so a o a .
25 Me m o r y d ev i c es The mem o r y de v i c es
fo ll o wi n g will be o f help t o m a n y st u de n ts ; par
t i c u l a r l y t o th o se w h o m a y be c o n f u sed by p r ev i o u s
stu dy o f so me o the r sh o r th a n d system .
26 f o r m a t io n
Ri g h t h ab it L ea rn ing to
w r ite sh o r th a n d r a pidly a n d a c c u r a tely is l a r g ely
a m a tte r o f h a bit f o r m a ti o n Yo u c a n f o r m r i g ht
.
h a bits f r o m the fi r st a s r e a dily a s w r o n g o n es b u t ,
t o o v e r co me a w r o n g h a bit a fte r it is f o r m d is a
l o n g h a r d p r o c ess S t a r t r i g ht I n a l l y o u r p r a c
, . .
tise r e c u r st a n tly t o the n ex t 5 se c ti o n s whi c h

con ,
a r e o f c o n st a n t a n d f u n d a me n t a l imp o r t a n c e .
27 Wr i t i n g m a t e r i a l s B e s u r e th a t y o u r
p e n , i n k a n d p a pe r a r e s u it a ble
, a s des c r ibed o n ,
p a g e 2 T r y t o h a v e b o th desk a n d c h a i r o f s u it
.
a ble hei g ht Ha v e the lig ht n a t u r a l o r a r tifi c i a l

.
, ,
co me f r o m y o u r left side if p o ssible .
28 Po s t u r e S i t e r e c t sq u a r ely f a c i n g y o u r
,
desk R est n o wei g ht o n the r i g ht elb o w a n d o n ly

.
,
e n o u g h wei g ht o n the left elb o w t o ste a dy the b o dy

sli g htly .
29 Pa p e r p o s i t i o n P l a c e y o u r n o teb o o k
o r p a pe r di r e c tly i n f r o n t o f y o u with the fi r st li n e ,
a b o u t whe r e y o u r p e n n a t u r a lly r ests The p a pe r .
m a y be i n c li n ed s l i ghtl y t o the left n e v e r m o r e ,
th a n 3 0 de g r ees I 5 deg r ees is bette r .
Th e h r t r t h li n f w r i ti n g t h l
s o e e e o th p p r n d be es s e a e ee e
i nc h ned .
The left h a n d m u st p u ll the p a pe r u p th e width

o f a li n e a s e a c h li n e is fi n i s h t a n d t u r n o r r em o v e
,
the p a g e a s the l a st li n e is c o mpleted C a r efu l a t .
te n ti o n a t fi r st will s o o n m a ke this imp o r t a n t det a il

a u t o m a ti c .
30 Pen p o s i t i o n C o r r e c t p e n p o siti o n is o f
Co n s o n a n ts Gr o u p 1 21
the u tm o st imp o r t a n c e f o r e a se a n d a c c u r a c y o f
w r iti n g .
Th p e p i t i n h r g i v n i i nv r i b ly b t f wr i ti n g
en os o e e e s a a es or
P r n l Sh r th n d
e so a o d f m ny a m t w r i t r will b f n d
,
an or a or os e s e ou
b t l
es f t r b r i f p r ti
a so, a e f wr i t i n g l n g h n d
e ac s e, or o a .
Ho ld y o u r p en li g h tly b u t s u r ely between the

fi rs t a nd s eco nd fi nger s with b o th n ibs t o u c hi n g ,
the p a pe r ev e n ly a n d ,
the tip o f the h o lde r

p o i n ti n g well t o the
r i g ht . The fo r e a r m
sh o u ld r est e a sily o n
the l a r g e m u s c le j ust
bel o w the elb o w while ,
the h a n d g lides o n the

n a il o f the thi r d r a the r ,
th a n the f o u r th fi n ,
g er . The w r ist m u st
n o t s ag so th a t a n y
p o i n t b e t w e e n the .
elb o w r est a n d the fi n g er —n a il s u pp o r t t o u c hes the

desk o r p a pe r S tud y the i ll us tr a ti on ca r efull y
. .
If ing f nt i n p
us a plou th a p in y r p k t th
en , a ce e ca ou oc e , on e
d k
es , n yw h r x p t d d i n g n d l w i gh t t h d f
or a e e e ce a ee es s e on e en o
th p n h l d r
e e o e .
31 Sh o r t h a n d p en m a n s h i p Draw care
f u lly the fi r st li n e o r less o f e a c h d r ill t o a c c u st o m ,
y o u r h a n d t o the si z e a n d fo r m o f the n ew si g n s .
The r e a fte r wr i te e a c h st r o ke with a si n g le fr ee u n

hesit a ti n g m o ti o n a n d p r a c tise till y o u c a n co n t r o l
it P r a c ti c a l sh or th a n d m ust be w r itte n n o t d r aw n
.
, .
22 P ers ona l S hor tha n d
T a ke gr e a t p a i n s t o w r ite a ll simil a r st r o kes o f

u n ifo r m le n g th sl o pe a n d thi c k n ess
, , D isti n g u ish .
li g ht f r o m he av y st r o kes c le a r ly Wr ite the li g ht .
st r o kes li g hte r r a ther th a n the he a v y st r o kes

he a v ie r b u t sh a de the he av y st r o kes with a fi r m
, ,
u n hesit a ti ng p r ess ur e .
A v o id w a ste m o ti o n s K eep yo u r p en m ov i n g
.
q u i c kly a nd c l o se t o the p a pe r betwee n st r o kes .
32 Ho w t o s t u d y Al w a ys i n p r a c tisi n g the
,
s i g n s o f the b a si c a l f a b e t spe a k the n a me o f the

,
so u n d e a c h time a s y o u wr i t e the si gn w a t c h yo u r ,
self w r ite a n d he a r y o urself spe a k B y th u s t r a i n

,
.
i n g h a n d t o n g u e ey e a n d ea r t o g ethe r y o u will
, , ,
le a rn m o r e q u i c kl y a n d m o r e s ur el y b y y o u r a s
so c i a ti o n o f the 4 im pr essi o n s .
At this po i n t p r a c tise the 6 stems o f G r o u p I

si ng ly i n p a i r s a n d i n g r o u ps keepi ng c o n st a n tl y
, , ,
i n mi n d the i n st r u c ti o n s o f the l a st 5 se c ti o n s .
C o n ti n u e till y o u c a n meet f u lly the st a n d a r ds o f

the r e a di n g a n d w r iti n g tests bel o w .
Use f o r this p u r p o se P S E x 3 2 d — .
33 Re a d i n g t e s t Yo u sh o u ld be a ble t o
r e a d a l o u d the 3 0 st r o kes o f this test with o u t hesi ,
t a t i o n o r e r r o r i n n o t m o r e th a n 3 0 se co n ds
, If .
y o u d o n o t r e a c h this st a n d a r d a t the fi r st o r se c o n d
a ttempt r epe a t the p r e c edi n g p r a c tise bef o r e t r y
,
ing aga in G i v e spe c i a l d r ill t o a n y si gn th a t

.
c a u ses hesit a ti o n .
I\ \ H\
H o ok vo wel s 23
34 Wr i t i n g t e s t Yo u sh o u ld be a ble to
w r ite this test li n e a t le a st 5 times ( 6 0 st r o kes i n
a ll ),
m a ki n g n e a t le g ible o u tli n es a n d spe a ki n g
,
a lo ud the n a me o f e a c h a s y o u w r ite with o u t ,
hesit a ti o n o r e r r o r i n 3 0 se c o n ds I f y o u d o n o t
, .
r e a c h t h is st a n d a r d a t the fi r st o r se c o n d a ttempt ,
r epe a t the p r e c edi n g p r a c tise bef o r e t r yi n g a g a i n .
G i v e spe c i a l d r ill t o a n y si g n th a t is p o o r ly w r itte n

o r c a u ses hesit a ti o n .
p b t d k g p b t d k g
Use for this p u r p o se P S Ex 3 4 t -

.
HOO K VO W ELS ( 3)
35 Ho o k v o w el s The
simple v o wel si g n s
12
a r e a r r a n g ed by f o n et i c a n d sh o r th a n d simil a r ities
i n 2 g r o u ps : 6 li n g u a l v o wels r ep r ese n ted by h o o ks

, ,
a n d 6 l a bi a l v o wels w r itte n by ti c ks
, The 6 h o o k .
v o wels a r e
So u n d : a (1
S i gn :
N a me : a t it
“
a et e i
36 Siz e a n d f o r m The n o r m a l fo r m o f a
v o wel h o o k is a d e e p e n d semi c i r c le a bou t 1 ,
mill imete r ( fl i n c h ) i n di a mete r a n d a b ou t I

millimete r deep S e e e n l a r g ed ill u st r a ti o n
. .
Th r l t i v
e e a i f h k
e s ze o d t m i i mp r t n t
oo s an s e D s s t o a . o no
wr i t h k t
e oo sl rgoo a e .
24 P ers on a l S ho r tha nd
37 Le f t a n d r i g h t m o t i o n Vo wel h o o ks
are d i s t i n g u i s h t f r o m e a c h o the r c hiefly by the m o
ti o n with whi c h they a r e w r itte n r a the r th a n by ,
the di r e c ti o n i n whi c h they fa c e o r o pe n .
L eft moti o n is c o un te r c l o c kwise ; a n d a -
c u rv e o r h o o k w r itte n with left m o ti o n is
k n o w n a s a left c u rv e o r h o o k .
R i ght moti o n is c l o c kwise ; a n d a c u rv e o r

h o o k wr itte n with r i g ht m o ti o n is k n o w n a s a
r i g ht c u r v e o r h o o k .
This disti n c ti o n is f un d a me n t a l t o a ll yo u r sh o r t
h a n d w r iti n g M a ste r i t t h o r o l y
. .
If y h v t r b l t fi r t i n r m m b r i n g w hi h m ti n i
ou a e ou e a s e e e c o o s
whi hc , t h mn m n i
us e n t n Th l k i i ght t r mi n d
e e o c se e ce e c oc s r o e
you t h t i ght m t i n i
a r l kw i o o s c oc se .
38 At this p o i n t p r a c
Ho o k w r i t i n g d r i l l
ti c e P S E x 3 8 d i n whi c h gr o u ps o f 4 h o o ks a r e
—
,
w r itte n beside si n g le stems th u s :

W }
El l ; ,
This d r ill will t r a i n y o u r h a n d t o fo r m these sm a ll

si g n s a c c u r a tely a n d e a sily a n d a t the s a me time ,
emph a si z e the disti n c ti o n betwee n left a n d r i g ht

m o ti o n .
39 Vo w e l s o u n d s B e s u r e th a t y o u a ss o
c i a te the r i g ht s o u n d with e a c h v o wel si g n f r o m the
be g i n n i n g I f y o u h a v e the sl i ghtest d o u bt o r hesi

.
t a tio n tur n b a c k to
, 1 0 a n d r est u dy the r est o f
Par t I .
D o t ll w t h n m
no a n d v l w hi h t h n ti q t d
o e a e- s ou a ue s c e a ua e
W b t r n t ti n i g n t
e s e eo a d o t t mi l
ass dy s o an o s ea ou .
26 P er s o n a l S hor tha nd
Th u s bit i n L__ pad

!
l u l
a
2 or m o r e sh o r th a n d si g n s j o i n d t o g ethe r i n thi s
m a n n e r a r e o fte n k n ow n a s a n o u tli n e .
N o w o r d e v e r r eq u i r es a d i s j o i n d m a r k f o r its
co mplete a n d a c c u r a te f o n e t i c e x p r essi o n a dis
t i n c t i v e fe a t u r e o f P S .
43 Ho o k v o w e l j o i n i n g s A b o o k j oi nd
wi tho u t a ngl e t o a simple stem is s a id t o be hoo kt
t o th a t stem .
Th th v w l h k f p d b v i h kt t p Th v w l
us , e o e oo o a a o e s oo o . e o e
h oo k h oo k t t o b
'
of bi t i s j oi nd b u t n ot .
No wel is e v e r
v o h o o k t t o a fol l o wi n g simple
st r a i g ht stem Thi s . r u l e ha s n o ex cep ti o n s . Th u s
l n ev er bat n ever ( f i.
An y wel is h o o k t t o a p r eced i n g stem whe n

v o
ev e r p o ssible a s sh o w n i n the se c ti o n s fo ll o wi n g
, .
44 J o in in g a (1 To f a c ilit a te h o o k t j o i n
i ng s a t o r a w r itte n a lw a ys with left mo Q
, ,
o
9
ti o n m a y be t u r n d t o f a c e i n a n y o f the
,
a:
di r e c ti o n s sh o w n i n the di a g r a m .
O n ly the 3 di r e c ti o n s m a r kt will o ccur at this

time .
ba g bag d ad d ad
cat k at pa pa L
H oo k v owel s 27
at or a ma y be d e f o r md to sl i g htly less th a n a
h a lf c i r c le
tack tak ga p gap
I n iti a lly ( see o r whe r e c o mpleti n g the o u t
li n e wo u ld c l o se the h o o k a t o r a c a n n o t be h o o k t
, .
_ “
l Tff
i
ad d ad w tap ta p n ot .
P r a cti s e ea ch s ho rth a nd f orm i n thi s s ecti on a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
45 J o in in g fa c ilit a te g o o d j o i n
e 6 To
i n g s et o r e w r itte n a lw a ys with left m o ti o n
, , ,
m a y be tipt sli g htly a s sh o w n i n the di a g r a m

Medi a lly et is u s u a lly o mitted
,
: .
. c
B e c a u se the di r e c ti o n
of in whi c h they f a c e , et
or e can seld o m be h o o k t t o a n y stem .
ebb eb I de c k dek
bed bed L .
gay ge
To f a c ilit a te sh a r p a n g le j o i n i n g s et o r e m a y be
d ef o r md t o sli g htly m o r e th a n a h a lf c i r c le the ,
l a tte r h a l f of the h o o k bei n g sli g htly ex te n ded

egg eg b a it b et
b a ke b ek c a ke k ek
P r a cti s e ea ch s ho rth
a nd f o r m i n thi s s ecti on a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
46 J o in in g i f a c ilit a te h o o k t j o i n
i To
i n g s i t o r i w r itte n a lw a ys with r i g ht
,
m o ti o n m a y be t u r n d t o f a c e i n a n y
, c 3 ,
di r e c ti o n a s sh o wn i n the di a g r a m
, 3 .
0
U ,
O n ly the 4 di r e c ti o n s m a r kt will o c c ur a t this

time .
dip dip ti c k tik

deed d td key kt
i t o r i m a y be d ef o r m d t o sli g htly less th a n a
h a lf c i r c le
i
p g i
p g kit kit L
I n iti a lly o r whe r e c o mpleti n g the o u tli n e wo u ld
,
c l o se the h o o k i t o r i c a n n o t be h o o k t
,
.
tt be a t b i t n ot L
P r a cti s e ea ch s ho r tha n d f or m i n thi s s ecti on a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
47 Vo w e l d i s t i n c t i o n N o te th a t r eg a r d ,
less o f the di r e c ti o n i n whi c h they m a y f a c e i t i ,
a r e u n mist a k a bly d i s t i n u i s h t f r o m a t a et c
g , ,
by the f un d a me n t a l di f fe r e n c e betwee n r i g ht m o ti o n
a n d left m o ti o n ( see
deed d td c o mp a r e d ad dad
g ig i
g g ga g gag
kit kit cat k at

P r a cti s e ea ch s hor tha n d f o rm i n th i s s ecti on a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
48 Ste m j o in in gs 2 stems whi c h j o i n with

H oo k v o w el s 29
o u t a n gl e a r e st r uc k with a si n g le u n hesit a ti n g m o
’
ti o n Whe r e a li g ht a n d a he a v y stem j o i n with o u t

.
a n g le the he a v y stem t a pe r s t o o r f r o m the p o i n t

,
o f j o in ing
de a d ded p a dded p a d ed l ,
— ‘
L
v
debt det a d a pted a d a pted .
P r ti ac h h th d f r m i th i
s e ea c s ti
or tl
an t 5 ti m o n s s ec on a ea s es .
49 Li n e o f w r i t i n g All sh o r th a n d fo r ms
r est o n o n e n a t u r a l li n e o f w r iti n g a ct ua l o r a s ,
s u med a c co r di n g t o o n e simple r u le :
,
The fi r st stem w r itte n d o w n o r u p r ests o n the

li n e o f w r iti n g ; if the r e is n o n e the wh o le fo r m ,
r ests o n the li n e o f w r iti n g .
be a d cab t a pe ac he k eg edited
Pr a cti s e ea ch s hor tha n d f or m i n thi s s ecti o n a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
In fo ll o wi n g se c ti o n s ( ex c ept e x e r c ises f o r
a ll ,
whi c h me a s u r ed pe r fo r m a n c e st a n d a r ds a r e g i v e n )
p r a c tise e a c h sh o r th a n d f o r m at l e a st 5 times with
o u t f u r the r r emi n de r .
50 Ho w t o s t u d y w o r d e x e r c i s e s S t u dy
a l l w o r d e x e r c ises th r u o u t the te x t a c co r di n g t o
this system a ti c pl a n .
1 R d th r xri
ea m pl t ; mm n p l li n g f
u e e c s e co ti e e co o s e , o ne c
sp lli n g d h r t h n d 2 C v r p r i n t d l mn w i t h tr ip
e ,
an s o a . o e e co u s s
of card b r d d r d h r t h n d l m n 3 C v r h r th n d
oa an ea s o a co u . o e s o a
co ul m n d w r i t th h r t h n d f r m f p r i n t w rd 4 L y
an e e s o a o s or o s . a
x i d d r d y r w h r th n d f r m E n i r l y
te t as e an ea ou o n s o a o s . c c e an
f rm t h t
o a h i t ti n
ca u s es n r t i n ty i n r d i n g 5 C m
es a o or u ce a ea . o
p r y r h r t h n d f rm w i t h t x t
a e ou s o a d rr t d p r ti
o s e , an co ec an ac se
an y th t a w r n gly
a re p rl y w r i tt n
o or oo e .
R p t th
e ea 5 t p i n rd r 4 t i m
es e s e m r
s t ill y o e , es o r o e, o u ca n
r d w r i t th w h l x r i wi t h t rr r h i t t i n
ea or e e o e e e c s e, ou e o or es a o ,
wi t hi n t h t i m ep ifi d f e s h ec e o r ea c .
M n y t d n t w il l fi d i t p r fi t b l t r p t t p
a s u e s n d 3 o a e o e ea s e s 2 an
ten ti m vnm r f
es o r e h x r i
e o e o r ea c e e c se .
After r e a c hi n g the st a n d a r d set f o r e a c h ex er

c ise p r a c tise the c o r r es po n di n g e x e r c ises o f P S E x
, .
51 Wo r d e x e r c i s e 2 0 w o r ds t o be p r a c t is t ,
a s di r e c ted by 5 0 till y o u c a n ,
R e a d the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely ( step 2 ) i n I mi n u te

Wr ite the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely ( step 3 ) i n 2 mi n u tes
Afte r r e a c hi n g this st a n d a r d p r a c tise P S E x ,
51 r
— w .
a tt a c k
t ea ti
d ay de
d a te d et
Con s o n a n ts Gr o up 31
CO NS O NANT S G RO U P 2 ( 4)
52 Co n s o n a n t s Gr o u p 2 Gr o u p 2 co n
sists of
So u n d : f V h d s z 3 3 g j
S ign : f L k W N
N a me : ef cv eh eo
f
es ez ef eg eg j
e
v
I f y o u h a e t h e s li g h t es t d o u b t a s t o t h e e x act sou nd or n a me
ex p r est by t h es e f o n e t i c p i t l e t te s , ef e rn r r r at o n ce to § 10 ,
11 .
53 Siz e an d form m a l le n g th o f a The nor
c u rv d stem a ls o k n o wn a s a c u rv e is the s a me a s
, ,
a st r a i g ht stem a b o u t 4 millimete r s o r in ch .
A li g ht c u rv e is w r itte n li g ht th r u o u t A he a v y .
c u r v e is sh a ded n o r m a lly n e a r the middle o n ly ,
t a pe r i n g t o eithe r e n d .
The n o r m a l c u r v a t u r e o f a c u rv d stem is a b o u t
9 0 de g r ees o r the c u
, r v e o f a q u a r te r c i r c le .
C mp r th
o tr i gh t
a e d
e s d t m
a f Gr pan dc u rv s e s o ou s 1 an 2 , as
gro u p t b l w by l p
e o d h d ing s o e an s a .
8 Z
( I) ( l ) A A
k \\
h pf d
d bv Sk g t S g l
54 Na m e s Use a lw a ys the r eg u l a r f o n et i c
n a mes i n p r a c tisi n g o r r efe r r i n g t o these c o n s o n a n ts .
S ee 1 1 .
Th e n i f rm f
u o o net ic n a mes ev ez e j a re p r e f e r a bl e ,
f or s h rth nd p rp
o a u o s es , to the a b c n a mes v i zt j e; but
t he l a tte r a re n o t m i s l ea d i g n ,
a s ea c h co nt in
a s t he ri gh t n co so
na n t s o u n d .
55 The 1 0 c o n s o n a n t si g n s o f G r o u p
Pa i r i n g
2 are p a i r d l ike
the 6 si g n s o f G r o u p 1 i n st r i c t
, ,
a c c o r d with the t r u e f o n e t i c r el a ti o n s betwee n the
s o u n ds S ee 2 4
. .
56 Pr a c t i s e At this p o i n t p r a c tise these 1 0

stems si ng ly i n p a i r s a n d i n g r o u ps a s p r e v i o u sly
, ,
di r e c ted i n § 2 7 3 2 Use f o r t h e p u r p o se P S E x
— .
56 d
— C o n ti n u e p r a c tise till y o u c a n meet f u lly the
.
st a n d a r ds o f the r e a di n g a n d w r iti n g tests fo ll o wi n g .
57 Re a d i n g t e s t 3 0 si g n s t o be r e a d a l o u d , ,
with o u t hesit a ti o n o r e r r o r i n n o t m o r e th a n 3 0 ,
se c o n ds S ee 3 3 f o r f ur the r i n st r u c ti o n s
. .
k\ ) L (Nk ) )
u fi fi h u Mb
58 Wr i t i n g t e s t This test li n e is t o be
w r itte n a c c u r a tely a s di r e c ted i n § 3 4 a t le a st 6
, ,
times i n 3 0 se co n ds Use f o r the p u r p o se P S E x .
8—t
5 .
f v h d s z 33 g j
59 Li k e an d un si g n s
l ik e m o t io n 2 curv d
( eithe r stems o r h o o ks ) a r e s a id t o be w r itte n with
l i k e m o ti o n if b o th a r e w r itte n with left m o ti o n o r
b o th with r i g ht m o ti o n .
2 c u r v d si g n s a r e s a id t o be w r itte n with u n li ke
34 P er s o na l S ho r tha n d
Vo wel no t hook t ( c o mp a r e 44, 46 )
fit l _ _ sh a bby
Vo wel o mitted ( medi a l et see 45 )
fet c h f eg shed
Remember to p r a cti s e a l l s hor tha n d f or ms at l ea s t 5 ti mes .
61 De fi n i t i o n s The te r ms i ni ti a l med i a l , ,
fina l , an d s emi fi n a l and the c o r r esp o n di n g a d

-
,
v e r bs will be f o u n d e x c eedi n g ly co n v e n ie n t th r u o u t
,
y o u r st u dy o f sh o r th a n d .
The fi r st s o u n d o f a wo r d o r sig n o f a n o u tli n e , ,
is k n o wn a s the i ni ti a l so u n d o r si gn .
The l a st s o u n d o f a wo r d o r sig n o f a n o u tli n e , ,
i s k n o w n a s the fi n a l s o u n d o r si g n .
A l l s o u n d s o r si g n s betwee n the fi r st a n d l a st a r e
k n o w n a s medi a l .
A s o u n d o r si g n whi c h is fi n a l ex c ept f o r a c o m
m o n i n fl ec t i o n a l e n di n g ( s u c h a s — s ed —i ng -
er
— est et c ) is k n o w n a s s emi fi n a l -
.
S mi fi l
e -
na nd s oui gn th t r i tly p
s or s s arek i ng p i l us , s c s ea , a s ec a
l
c ass o f m di l e nd a souign s or s s .
62 Cir c le 3 z fin a l I n fl ec t io n a l e n di n g s
in -s -z or -e z a re a lwa ys wr itte n by a sm a ll
fi n a l c i r c le .
Th p r i n ip l i fl ti
e c a l nding
n ecr pr nt d
o na e pl r l s so e es e e a re u a s,
p iv
o s s es s d t h t hi r d p r n i n g l r p r
es , a n e n t f v rb
e so s u a es e o e s .
The fi n a l c i r c le is w r itte n with left m o ti o n fo ll o w

C o n s o n a n ts Gr o u p 2 35
i ng st r a i g ht si g n s a n d with like m o ti o n ( th a t is
, ,
i n side ) f o ll o wi n g c u r v d si g n s I t is the sm a llest

.
si g n o f P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d sm a ll e n o ug h t o be
,
w r itte n whe n n e c ess a r y i n side a v o wel h o o k .
As the ex a mples fo ll o wi n g will sh o w the e x a c t ,
s o un d o f this fi n a l c i r c le is u n mist a k a bly d et er m i n d

a fte r a n y c o n s o n a n t o f G r o u p I o r 2 o r a n y v o wel
, .
Afte r the fi r st 5 li g ht c o n s o n a n ts pi ti ki ef eh , ,
the s u f fi x s o u n d is a lw a ys the li g ht s o u n d s -
c a ps k a ps c h a f fs ga f s
p a ts p a ts b a ths b a hs
t k
l
t
ac
ax
s
t a ks
1
N t t hi
o e f m l
s us e o s i r l i n wr i ti n g x
a
'
c c e k ) S 07 s . ee 1 .
Afte r the fi r st 5 he a v y c o n so n a n ts bi d i gi ev ,
ed ,
the s u f fix s o u n d is a lw a ys the he a v y s o u n d z -
c a bs k a bz c a l v es k av z
p a ds pad z L L . b a thes b ed z
t a gs t a gz
Afte r the l a st 6 ( sibil a n t ) c o n s o n a n ts es ez ,
eg ej the s uf fi x s o u n d is a lw a ys e z
,
-
g a ses fi z z es fi z ez
g a s ez
L5
a shes aS ez K 0 g a r a g es )
dit c hes d i gez 3 ed g es ej e z 3

‘
Afte r a n y v o wel s o un d the s u f fi x s o u n d is a lw a ys

,
-z
p a ys e
p z b a ys b ez
63 Wo r d e x e r c i s e 3 0 w o r ds t o be p r a c t is t
,
a s di r e c ted by 5 0 till y o u c a n
,
R e a d the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 1 m i n 1 5 s ec

Wr ite the ex e r c ise a c c ur a tely i n 2 m i n 1 5 s ec
Afte r r e a c hi n g this st a n d a r d p r a c tise P S E x
,
—
63 r w
.
2 —
7
sav e
f
t
set set e a sy i zi
5
s a id sed ea ch 1g 7
TICK VO W ELS ( 5)
64 Ti c k vo wels The 6 ti c k v o wels are
S o un d : 0 a U o u
S i gn :
N a me : Q
)
at at o ut it
v
I f y o u h a e t h e s li g h te s t d o ub t a s to t h e e x ac t s o u nd or n a me
ex p res t b y t h es e f o ne t i c p i t l e tt e s , ef e rn r r r at o n ce to 10 , 1 1 .
r
N o te p a t i c u l a ly t h e s o u d o f r G as n in poor ( not as in
pu e) r . Wi t h r ega rd to p i ring
a , a n d us e o f f o ne ti c n a mes , s ee
a sol 39 .
65 Siz e Vo wel ti c ks a r e sh o r t
an d f orm
st r a i g ht li n es li g ht a n d
he a v y n o t m o r e th a n i
, ,
the le n g th o f a c o n s o n a n t stem th a t is a b o u t 1 ,
millimete r o r 7 1 i n c h 1
.
V w l t i k m y b w r i tt n h r t r t h n
o e c s a mill i m t r i f d
e e s o e a 1 e e e
si r d b t m t t b wr i tt n l n g r
e , u us no e e o e .
66 Al t e r n a t i v e f o r m s A n y ti c k m u st a l
w a ys m a ke a n a n g l e with a n y c o n s o n a n t stem ,
p r e c edi n g o r fo ll o wi n g I n the few c a ses whe r e .
this is n o t p o ssibl e a n a lte r n a ti v e fo r m m u st be

w r itte n .
The a lte r n a ti v e fo r m o f a n y ti c k v o wel is a sm a ll

d o u ble h o o k wr i tten a l wa y s wi th l eft moti on o n the
, ,
sl o pe o f the co r r esp o n di n g ti c k .
l E 9 w 1
Th es e f o r ms a r e k n o w n a s t h e e p s il o n f o msr of the t ck i
vo wel s f ro m t h ei r r es emb l a n ce to the Greek
, l e t te r 6 .
4 4 8 5 80
38 P er s on a l S hor tha n d
Whi l e a n e p s il o n f o r m ma y b e s h a d ed to d i s t i n gui s h a h ea v y
v o w el t hi s i s r a r e ly i f ev e r n ec es s a r y i n t h ei r i n f r eq ue n t u s e
,
.
E a c h h a l f o f a n e p s il o n f o r m i s s li g h t ly s ma ll e r t h a n a h o o k
v o we l o r a b o u t t h e d i a mete r o f t h e s ma ll c i r c l e
,
.
67 Pr a c t i s e At this p o i n t p r a c tise the 6 ti c k

v o wels , a n d the a lte r n a ti v e epsil o n f o r ms si n g ly , ,
i n p a i r s a n d i n g r o u ps a s p r e v i o u sly di r e c ted i n
, ,
—
2 7 32 Use f o r this p u r p o se P S E x 6 7 d C o n
.
— .
t i n u e p r a c tise till y o u c a n mee t f u lly the st a n d a r d

o f the w r iti n g test bel o w .
w r itte n a c cu r a tely a s di r e c ted i n § 3 4 a t le a st 5
, ,
times i n 3 0 se c o n ds Use f o r this p u r p o se P S E x

.
—
68 t .
0 0 n o n u 0 0 n o u fi
69 J o The ti c ks f o r 0 81 0 ma y
in in g 0 0
be w r itte n either u p o r d o wn .
Wr ite the di r e c ti o n whi c h g i v es the m o r e a c u te

a n g les .
box b o ks d og d 0g
odd 0d pop P9 P
c h a lk 9 k
0 sh o t So t
L
Wr ite the di r e c ti o n whi c h f a lls o u tside r a the r
th a n i n side the c u rv e o f a cu rv d stem .
s o c ks s e ks j ot j ot M
Whe r e n eithe r o f the p r e c edi n g sug g esti o n s a p
plies o r they c o n fli c t w r ite the o t ti c k d o w n r a the r
, ,
th a n u p the 0 ti c k u p r a the r th a n d o w n
, .
Ti ck v o wel s
39
cog keg s od
po t po t L
s o u g ht s 0t
B e c a u se the 0 0 t i c ks m a y be w r itte n eithe r
u p o r d o w n the epsil o n f o r m is a lm o st n e v e r r e
,
q u i r ed .
fa u c et f 0s et fo gg y fo g i
Loo k on t h e a b ov e s ta t e me nt s as il l us tra t i o n s of con mmo

se n ppli d
se a e to r n
f o m i g f a c il e a nd l eg i b l e j o i n i n gs
,
r th r th n
a e a
as r l t b
u es o e r
memo i z ed .
70 J o in in g u o Ti c k j o i n i ng s
sh ov e SU V v o te
cud k ud d o se dos
E p sil o n fo r m j o i n i n gs
bud b ud L p o se po z
gu sh g uS j o ke jok
U n li k e the s i n gl e h oo k s of th e h o o k v o wel s ( co mp a re § 43 ,
an e p s il o n r
f o m ma y b e h o o k t t o a n y f o ll o w i n g s tem a s i n , bud ,
b eca us e n v
o f i ts d i s t i c t i e s h a p e .
v is m o r e o fte n o mitted th a n a n y o the r ti c k

t
v o wel — a b o u t a s o fte n a s the h o o k v o wel et ( c o m
p a r e § 45 )
j u dge j U j cup k up
40 P er s on a l S ho r tha n d
71 J o in in g u fi Ti c k j o i n i n g s
b ush b uS go o se gfi s
Epsil o n f o r m j o in in g s
sh o o k Su k c h ew d gfi d
72 Fi n a l c ir cle a n d tick The fi n a l

v o w els
c i r c le f o r pl u r a ls e t c is w r itte n a fte r v o wel ti c ks
j u st a s a fte r st r a i g ht stems : with left m o ti o n ( c o m

pare
t o es toz c hews g fi z X
Afte r epsil on fo r ms the fi n a l c i r c le is w r itte n b y
c l o si n g se co n d h a lf o f epsil o n si g n t o f o r m c i r c le .
b o ws boz sh o es Sfi z k ,
73 In it i a l c i r c l e an d t ick I n iti a l
v o wels
s ( b u t n o t z m a y be w r itte n befo r e 0 ( r a r ely b e

fo r e o the r v o wel ti c ks ) by the sm a ll c i r c le ; w r itte n
a lw a ys with left m o ti o n .
sewed sod so a k s ok
74 Me d i a l circle M ed i a l l y the sm a ll i le
c rc
m ay be w r itte n f o r es o r ez with o u t r est r i c ti o n

when ev e r the c i r c le will g i v e a bette r o u tli n e th a n
stem es o r stem ez .
The medi a l c i r c le is a lw a ys w r itte n

76 Vo w e l o m is s io n s o me sh o r t a n d
In
c o mm o n w o r ds a c c e n ted medi a l v o wels o the r th a n
et or at m a y be o mitted G i v e spe c i a l a tte n

.
ti o n t o s u c h w o r ds whi c h a r e m a r kt with a i n
,
a l l f o ll o wi n g e x e r c ises o f P a r t 2 .
77 Wo r d e xe r c i s e 40 wo r ds , to be p r a c tis t
as di r e c ted b y 50 , till y ou ca n
R ea d
the ex e r c i se a c c u r a tely i n 1 mi n 2 0 s ec .
Wr ite the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 2 m i n 40 s ec .

,
—r 81 w
77
p a st p a st to o k
put p ut
best best
be ca u se b i k 0z
b u sy bi z i c ut
b o ug ht b 0t co u ld
b o th b o h
boo k b uk
t a ug ht t0t
t a lk t 0k
t o u c h t ug
Wor d s i gn s 43
S8 W
WO RDS I G NS ( 6)
78 Co m m o n e s t w o r d s 1 0 w o r ds the of
a nd to a in tha t i t i s I m a ke u p o v e r
25 o f a ll the w o r ds th a t y o u r e a d o r w r ite 1 00 .
wo r ds i n c l u di n g these 1 0 m a ke u p o v e r 5 0
, ,
The
c o mm o n est w o r ds a r e th u s o f the g r e a test imp o r
t a n c e f o r sh o r th a n d w r iti n g a n d dese rv e a n d r e
,
c ei v e p a r ti c u l a r a tte n ti o n
, .
79 Wo r d s i g n s M a n y o f the c o mm o n est
wo r ds o f E n g l ish a r e w r itte n i n P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d
by a si n g le si g n Whe n this i n v o l v es i r r e g u l a r a b
.
b r ev i a t i o n s u c h a s o mitti n g a n i n iti a l v o wel a fi n a l

, ,
v o wel ,o r a c o n so n a n t
,
the o u tli n e is k n o w n a s a
wo r d s i g n .
The wo r d r ep r ese n ted m a y be k n o w n a s a S i g n

wo r d .
The wo rd s ig n s o f P S a r e few simple a n d d e h , ,
n ite . O n ly 42 w o r d s ig n s r ep r ese n ti n g o n ly 44
,
w o r ds m a ke u p o v e r 5 o f a l l the w o r ds y o u will
,
w r ite M a ste r them t h o r o l y a s f a st a s they a r e

.
,
g i v e n a n d a lw a ys u s e them i n a l l y o u r w r iti n g
,
.
80 Ho w to s tud y Wr ite a t
wo r d s ign s
le a st 2 li n es o f e a c h w o r d s ig n spe a ki n g the wo r d
.
,
a l o u d disti n c tly e a c h time y o u w r ite the si g n The n .
p r a c tise wr iti n g a n d r e a di n g the si gn s i n a lte r n a te

c o l u m n s o f sh o r th a n d a n d l o n g h a n d a s di r e c ted i n ,
P S E x e r c ises p a g e 3 3
,
.
The f o n et i c key whi c h fo ll o ws e a c h s ig n w o r d

sh o ws by he a v y type l ette r s the s o u n ds a c t u a lly
-
r ep r ese n ted by the w o r d s i g n .
81 10 w o r d s i g n s
can
*
go and
*
Th es e 2 s i gn s k n o w n a s ti ck the a nd ti ck a nd a re the o n ly
,
- -
,
a r b i t ra r y w o r d s i g n s o f P e r s o n a l S h o r t h a n d Th ey a r e w r i tte n
.
f o r t h es e 2 w o r d s w hi c h ma k e u p o ve r 1 0
,
o f a l l y o u r w r i ti n g ,
j us t a s d I i s w r i tte n f o r the i n f o n e t ic p r i n t o r , f o r a nd i n
c o mmo n p r i n t .
Wor d s i gns 45
In i s z e a nd r n
f o m t h es e t i c k s a r e i d e t i c a l w i t h t h e o we l t i c k s v
forwt a n d u t , w hi c h d o n o t o c c u r n
a l o e , a nd w h e j o i nd w ill n
n rb
ev e n
e c o f us e d w i t h t h e w o r d s i g n s .
r
N o te t h a t ti ck —the i s v e t i ca l li k e s te m ed , a n d ti ck a nd h o i -
r
z o n ta l li k e s t e m d t .
P r a c tise these w o r d s i g n s t h o r o l y a s , di r e c ted in

80 . Use o this p u r p o se P S E x 8I s
f r — .
82 J o i n i n g t i c k -t h e be j o in d
Ti c k the m a y-
t o a p r e c edi n g o r f o ll o wi n g w o r d p r o v ided th a t ,
the j o i n i n g fo r ms a n a c u te a n g le a r i g ht a n g le o r , ,
a n o bt u se a n g le o n the b a c k o f a c u r v e O the r wise .
it is w r itte n by itself .
Ti ck the sh o u ld be j o i n d
-
P r efe r a bly t o a p r e c edi n g p a r ti c le
a n d the t o the f o r the
a t t he if the
O the r wise t o a f o ll o wi n g n o u n o r o the r w o r d with
whi c h it g r a mm a ti c a lly bel o n g s
the c it y — —
b a fl
O r t o a p r e c edi n g v e r b
d o the -i
g i v e the
Remember to p r a cti s e a l l s hor tha nd f or ms at l ea s t 5 ti mes .
83 Pu n c t u a t io n All p u n c t u a ti o n m a r ks ex
cept ma y be w r itte n a s i n l o n g h a n d .
This i n c l udes l
L e a v e d o u ble the u s u a l sp a c e betwee n w o r ds a fte r
a n d t r iple the u s u a l sp a c e a fte r
46 P er s on a l S hor tha nd
Wr ite the hyphe n d o u ble a n d sl a n ti n g u pw a r d z/
p a r e n theses d o u ble the n o r m a l le n g th o f a stem a n d

p r o j e c ti ng bel o w the li n e o f w r iti ng the d a sh
by 2 d o ts like a c o l o n t ur n d o n its side
,
I n de n t p a r a g r a p hs a s i n l o n g h a n d ; o r if p r ef er d
m a r k the e n d o f a p a r a gr a ph by wr iti ng a sm a ll
c r o ss i n ste a d o f the u s ua l p er i o d
x .
C mm o lly mi t t d i n h r t h n d I f w r i t t n t h y
a s a re us ua o e s o a . e e
sh l d b pl d b l w th li n f w r i t i n g j t i n l n g h n d
ou e a ce e o e e o us as o a .
84 Ca p i ta l s C a pit a l lette r s m a y be d es ig
n a t ed by the c a p s ig n y pl a c ed u n de r the si g n o r
o u tli n e t o be pit a li z ed I t i s n ever n eces s a ry to
ca .
ma r k o bv i o us ca p i ta l s s u c h a s the be g i n n i n g o f ,
sen ten c es o r p r o pe r n a mes o cc u rr i n g i n a n a dd r ess

,
o r s a l u t a ti o n The c a p s i gn is u sed c hiefly t o m a r k

.
p r o pe r n a mes o cc u r r i ng i n the b o d y o f a se n te n c e .
Jac k j ak B o o th bfih
rn
Fo ne t ic p i t u s es f o r c a pi ta l s h ea vy l r
e tte s o t h e r wi s e s i mil a r
to r
t he s ma l l l e tte s , a s s h o w a b o e n v .
85 Ho w to s tudy r ea ding ex e r c i s es S t ud y
a ll r e a di n g ex e r c ises th r uo u t the te x t a c co r di n g t o
this system a ti c pl a n Fo r m o st e f fe c ti v e r es u lts .
1 R d x r i ea l d l w ly m k i n g r t h t y
e e c se a o u nd r
s o , a su e a ou u e
t nd
s a h tli n
ea c ou 2 C py x r i e i n h r t h n d wi t h r
. o e e c se s o a , ca e
f l p n m n hip b t w r i t i n g
u e a s r pi d ly y
u f rm r t
as a as o u ca n o a ccu a e
ou t li n es 3. R d y w t l d 4 Wr i t x r i
ea ou r o n n o es , a o u . e e e c se
i n h r th n d f r m p ri n t k y i n P S E
s o a o 5 V rif y de rr t x . e an co ec
y r h r t h n d f r m by t x t x r i
ou s o a o P r ti sr p t d ly t h
e e e c se . ac se e ea e e
Wor d s i gn s 47
corr t f rm
ec o s f or li n es w r i t te n i n c o rr ec t ly B e s ure to
a ny o ut .
un d r t n d r
e s a ea s o n f o r co rr e c t i o n .
R ep ea t s t e p s 4 5 3 i n o r d e r t ill y o u ca n r ea d o r w r i te
t h e w h o l e ex e r c i s e w i t h o u t err o r o r h es i ta t i o n .
86 Re a d i n g ex e r c i s e
2 D ’ s
\ \
>x c
3
b -
p — o H
K A
K
7
7
87 Ho w to s tudy w r it in g ex e r c i s e s Fo r
m o st e f fe c ti v e r es u lts st u dy a ll w r iti n g e x e r c ises
th r uo u t the tex t a c c o r di n g t o this system a ti c pl a n .
1 W r i te exerc i s e i n s h o r t h a n d wi t h ca ref u l p e n ma n s hip

, .
S to p a n d t hi n k i f n ec es s a r y b ef o r e b eg i nn i n g to w r i te ea c h
, ,
o u t li n e b u t n ever a ll ow the pen to pa u s e whi l e wri ti ng a n

,
ou tli ne . Thi s i s i mp o r ta n t 2 . R ea d y ou r own n otes a l o ud , ,
rev i s i n g any s h o r t h a n d f o r ms whi c h y o u t hi n k i n co rrec t .
3 Ve r i f y a n d co rr ec t y o u r o u t li n es b y s h o r t h a n d k ey i n P S
Ex . P r a c t i s e r e p ea t ed ly t h e co rr ec t f o r ms f o r a n y o u tli n es
wr i t te n i n c o rr ec t ly B e s u r e t o u n d er s ta n d r ea s o n f o r co rr ec t i o n
. .
Re p ea t t h es e 3 s t e p s i n o r d e r t ill y o u c a n r ea d o r w r i t e t h e
W h o l e ex e r c i s e w i t h o u t e rr o r o r h es i t a t i o n .
4 8 P er s o n a l S hor tha nd
88 Wr i t i n g e xe r c is e
1 Ta k e b a c k the ca p a nd it ca n be fi tted . 2 J a ck d i d
t he j ob to ge t ca s h
t o pa y f o r t h e g f t i . 3 T h e j ud ge ca n g i e v
us t he d a te f o r t h e ca s e 4 Get t h e . c h ec k f o r t h e o a ts a n d
ca s h it at t he s ho p
5 Th e c i t y ca n
. a s s e s s t h e t a x t o pa y t h e
d eb t . 6 Pa ck t h e b a g a n d t a k e i t t o t h e s hip a t t he d o ck .
7 Go a n d s ee if t h e b o a t ca n b e b o ug h t c h ea p .
89 Di c t a t i o n p r a c t i s e Alth o m a n y u ses o f
P S d o n o t i n v o l v e w r iti n g fr o m di c t a ti o n ( e g ,
p e r s o n a l c o r r esp o n de n c e o r i g i n a l c o mp o siti o n n o tes , ,
o n r e a di n g etc) n o meth o d o f p r a c tise is m o r e

,
v a l u a ble f o r de v el o pi n g p r a c ti c a l sh or th a n d a bilit y
Pr a c tise e a c h w r iti n g a n d r e a di n g e x e r c ise o f the , ,
tex t f r o m di c t a ti o n a s di r e c ted bel o w ,
( Rea d i n g x r i m y b d i t t d f r m p ri n t k y i n P S E
e e c s es a e c a e o e x
if y r d i t t r d
ou c a ot kn w P S ) o es n o o .
D t b gi n d i t ti n p r
o no e ti c af y x r i
o i n P rt ac se o an e e c se a 2 or
P r t 3 t ill y
a w ri t i t
ou ca n r t ly d i r t d by
e 85 87
a ccu a e , as ec e ,
.
Th d i t t r h l d r d l w y
e c a o s ou li t t l f t r t h n y
ea a a s a e as e a o u ca n
wr i t r t tli n
e a cc u a e o u ily Thi r t w ill b v r y l w t
es ea s . s a e e e s o a
fi r t b t w il l i n r
s , u r pi d ly c ea s e a .
R d b k y r
ea ac t t th
ou di t t r
n o es h ti m th t y
o e c a o , ea c e a ou
wr i t t h me M ke . r f l t yp w r i tt n l n gh n d t r n r ip t
a e a ca e u e e or o a a sc
o f y ur l t n t
o f
as h x r i
o es ot b ea cmp r d w i t h t h
e e c s e, o e co a e e
o r i gi n l p r i n t v r i n
a e s o .
Di t ti n t n d rd ( mp r P S E
c a o s a a s p g 5) co gi v n f a e x, a e 1 are e or
ea c h r d i n g w ri ti n g x r i i n P S E Y
ea or h ld m t
e e c s e, x . ou s ou ee
th es e m d r t g d ll i n r
o e a e, i n g t n d rd f
ra ua v h gr p
c ea s s a a s o r ea c ou
o f x r i
e e c s es b f r pr d i n g wi t h y r f r t h r t d y
e o e o c ee ou u e s u .
50 P er s o na l S h or tha nd
92 Na m e s The fi r st 2 stems en a n d e n a r e , ,
n a med like G r o u p 2 p r e c edi n g The 6 u pst r o kes .
a r e n a med u n if o r ml y me r e l e we y e he
“ “ “
Ne vr e us e the mi s l ea d i ng a nd u n f o n et i c a b c n a mes of
w y h . See § 11 .
Fo r c o nv e n ie n t disti n c ti o n the 3 v a r i a ble stems ,
m r l, are n a med whe n wr itte n d o wn w a r d

mi ri li .
n
Th e a mes m e 1 0 Is a r e g e e a l a pplyi g to t h e s o u d s , o r nr , n n
rn r
t h e f o ne t i c p i t l e t te s , o r to t h e s i g s c o s i d e ed w i t h o u t n n r
r r r
ega d to d i ec t i o n n
T h e a mes mt r t l t ef e s p ec ifi ca lly to t h e
. r r
s i gn s wri t t n e d ownwa d r .
93 Gr o u p i n g o f s ign s N o n e o f the 8 c o n
s o n a n t s o un ds o f G r o u p 3 f or m t r u e f o n et i c p a i r s
like the 8 p a i r s o f G r o u ps I a n d 2 The s i gn s f o r .
en and en are p a i r d f o r imp o r t a n t p r a c ti c a l

sh o r th a n d r e a s o n s be c a u se n a n d n a r e s o l ike
i n s o u n d a n d s o u n like i n o c c u r r e n c e th a t n o c o n f u
si o n will r es ult .
] i th
I s n ly n n n t n d w hi h n v r b gi n w rd
e o co so a sou c e e e s a o or
a syll b l a d e, r hi fly i n th i fl t i l n d i n g —i
an o cc u s c e e n ec o na e .
The 3 s o u n ds r ep r ese n ted by the h o o k t si g n s

n e v e r e n d a w o r d o r a syll a ble .
94 Pr a c t i s e P r a c tise these 8 stems si n g l y ,
a d
n i n g r o u ps a s p r e v i o u sly di r e c ted i n § 2 7 3 2
,
— .
Use f o r the p u r p o se P S E x 9 4 d C o n ti n u e p r a e
— .
tise till y o u c a n meet f u lly the st a n d a r ds o f the ‘
r e a di n g a n d w r iti n g tests f o ll o wi n g .
95 Re a d i n g t e s t 3 2 si g n s t o be r e a d a l o u d ,
Con s o n a n ts Gr ou p 3 51
with o ut hesit a ti o n or er r o r , in not m o r e th a n
se co n ds See 33
. .
c /
v v
wr itte n a c c u r a tely a s di r e c ted i n § 3 4 a t le a st 7
, ,
times i n 3 0 se co n ds Use f o r the p u r p o se P S

.
Ex 9 —
6 t .
n Ie l w y
97 Pr e c e d i n g , f o l l o w i n g , an d f r ee h o o k s
A h o o k whi c h j o i n s a fo ll o wi n g stem with o u t a n g le
is kn o wn a s a p r e c edi n g h o o k .
W y / ch a ce
A h o o k whi c h j o i n s a p r e c edi n g stem with o u t

a n g le is kn o w n a s a f o ll o wi n g h o o k .
t in meet cha t L key

A h o o k whi c h j o i n s n eithe r a p r e c edi n g n o r a
fo ll o wi n g stem with o u t a n g le is k n o w n a s a fr ee
ho o k .
as h k feet I gay ah
98 Ho o k n is s o metimes ex p r es t by a
n
l a r g e fo ll o wi n g h o o k wr itte n with r i g ht m o ti o n
,
fo ll o wi n g st r a ig ht stems a n d with like m o ti o n ( i n

,
side ) fo ll o wi n g c ur v es .
5 2 P er s o n a l S hor th a nd
No te t h a t h oo k n n r
co f o ms t o t h e mo t i o o f a p ec ed i g c ur v d n r n
s t e m ( li k e t h e fi a l c i c l en rs ee § 6 2 ) i n s tea d o f p es e i g o ne '
r rv n
n r v n
i v a i a b l e mo t i o l i k e t h e h oo k o wel s .
r r r n
A l a ge h oo k i s a bo u t 50 % l a ge t h a a s ma ll h oo k tha t
i s a b o ut
, r n — r
m illi me te s o r l g i c h d i a me te
l
P S Ex 9 8— d .
v r r n x
gi es 2 d ill s to a cc u s to m y o u h a d a nd ey e to the e a c t s i z e .
—
Wr ite the s u f fix n r eg u l a r ly with h o o k en . O the r
limited u ses will be g i v e n l a te r .
d eepen d tp n s ik n
che a pen gtp n
g o tte n go t n
sh a ken Sek n
99 S f or g, etc M edi a lly or fi n a lly , a fte r a
s
co n on an t ef ma y be wr itte n f o r eg o r eg f o r ej
, , ,
t o se c u r e m o r e f a c ile ( th a t is like m o ti o n o r a c u te ,
a n g le ) j o i n i n g s .
Th p r i n ip l ppl i t i n
e c a f t hi r l
a f ll w i n g
ca o é
s o s u e a re o o en o r r .
N t t h m r k t i mil r i ty f t h
o e e a s nd i n h
a rr n
o es e s o u s s uc o ccu e ces .
parch p ur g M lunch l un g A
L
c h ur c h u
g g r M i n c hes i n ge z L
wr en c h r e n g u rge ur j A
In e r y few wo r ds su c h a s fr es h
a v ,
eg m a y be w r itte n f o r e j f
f o r e o r eg ,
.
I n iti a lly ef eg eg a n d ej m u st e a c h be w r itte n

, , , ,
st r i c tly i n a c c o r d with the b a si c a l f a b et .
R m mb
e e t p
er ti l l h rth d f r m
o ra c t l t 5 ti m
se a s o an o s a ea s es .
Co n s o n a n ts Gr ou p 3 53
1 00 Vo w e l o m i s s i o n I n iti a l o r fi n a l v o wels
a r e n ever o mitted i n P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d ( e x c ept
i n a few spe c ifi c w o r d s i g n s ) .
A c c en ted medi a l v o wels ( th a t is the v o wels o f ,
a cc e n ted syll a bles ) a r e s o metimes o mitted a bo u t ,
a s f o ll o ws
a et o r v t u s u a lly e x c ept i n sh o r t wo r ds n o t
,
o f c o mm o n o cc u r r e n c e .
b O the r v o wels i n s o m e sh o r t a n d c o mm o n w o r ds
m a r kt with a i n the wo r d e x e r c ises a s n o ted ,
in § 7 6 e a n d 0 a r e m o r e o fte n o mitted th a n
.
o the r l o n g v o wels .
c An y v o wel i n l o n g o u tli n es whi c h a r e u n m i s

t a k a ble with o u t the o mitted v o wel .
Un a c c e n ted medi a l v o wels a r e u s u a lly o mitted ,
wher e the r em a i n i n g o u tli n e is c le a r a n d ex pli c it ,
un less i n se r ti o n o f the v o wel r elie v es a n o bs c u r e
j o in i n g .
1 01 Wo r d e x e r c i s e s 40 w o r ds t o be p r a e ,
t i s t a s di r e c ted by 5 0 till y o u,
c a n
R e a d the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n I mi n u te .
Wr ite the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tel y i n 2 mi n u tes .

—
1 0 1 r 81 w .
Thi g r p f x r i
s ou o d
e e c s esrv p r ti l r l y r f l t d y
es e es a cu a ca e u s u ,
f
or it
co n i t f 8 f th 5
s s s o 0 o e mm n t w r d
00 c o f E n gl h
o es o s o is .
54 P er s o n a l S h o r tha n d
belie v e mor ning mo r n ig
c o me
w id 4
w o me n w i m en
so me su m wa r
°
s ha H Sa l U wer e W UI
‘
sur e Su r
ch arg e sa r i
n a me n em wo m a n
ma n
men
m an y
m a de
m a ke
?
f
m uc h m ug m othe r ud a r
mo r e mor
7 ov er O V OI
’
I/
Co n s o n a n ts Gr ou p 3 55
1 02 Wo r d s i g n s 5 w o r d s ig n s t o be st u died
,
and p r a c t i s t a s di r e c ted by 80 Use P S E x 1 0 2 —s

. .
we W1
A
m ay me
he ht they de
c/ y ou yfi
1 03 Sh o r t f o r m s S t u dy p r a c tise t h o r o l y
and
the so mewh a t i r r eg u l a r sh o r t f o r ms f o r these 6

v e r y c o mm o n w o r ds :
S pe c i a l us e of fi n a l c i r c le
this d is C was wo z
S pe c i a l us e of hook en
the n d en one w un
Spe c i a l o missi o n of i n iti a l he
him him f
1 04 Fr a s e s Wo r d s i g n s
few o the r sh o r t
an d a
a n d c o mm o n w o r ds a r e s o metimes j o i n d t o g ethe r
i n w r iti n g sh o r t a n d c o mm o n f r a ses G en er a l .
r u les will be g i v e n i n 1 17 M e a n time st udy a n d

.
p r a c tise the fo ll o wi n g :
j to be to d o ma y be
1 05 Rea d i n g exer c is e S t u dy and p r a c tise

as di r e c ted by 85 .
56 P er s o n a l S h or tha n d
A w
1 06 Wr i t i n g e x e r c i s e S t u dy a n d p r a c tise
a s di r e c ted by 87 .
1 Af t r t h w r k t t h
e h r h w fi i ht w w r r d y
e o a e c u c as n s ,
e e e ea
t g h m
o o o2 Th y w r
e . r t b t th d i nn r f t r th
e e e su e o e a e e a e e
m ti e
a n e 3 H
.
gh t t b r dy t e m W i th t h m t
ou o e ea o co e e o
th b nk t d y
e a o a .
SU PP LEMENTARY S IG NS ( 8)
h a v e c o mpleted the b a si c
’
1 07 c q x Yo u
c o n s o n a n t a l f a b et with n o si g n s f o r c q o r x
, , ,
.
This is be c a u se the s o u n ds s o metimes ex p r es t by

these lette r s a r e a l r e a dy r ep r ese n ted .
C o c cu r s
the s o un d o f k
f or , s , S, o r (3
ca t k at c ity siti m u si c i a n m uz i San

c hemist k e m i s t c e n t se n t c h ur c h gu r g
Q s o n ly i n the lette r c o mbi n a ti o n q u ;

o c c ur
s o u n ded n e a r ly a lwa ys k w v e r y r a r ely k : ,
q u i c k kwik r e q u est r i k w es t I q u ay k t
58 P er s o n a l S ho r tha n d
109 hw The t d i f th o n g co mm o n ly
co n o na n s
speld w h , a s i n wheno r whea t is i n f a c t p r o n o u n c ed ,
h w a s y o u will r e c o g n i z e by p r o n o un c i n g sl o wly
,
h w e n o r h w t t This c o mp o u n d the m o st f r e
.
,
q ue n tly o c c u r r i n g p r e c edi n g co n s o n a n t d i f th o n g i n
E n g lish is ex p r es t by a si n g le sig n c/ ( f o n et i c
,
n a me h we) ; like we e x c ept th a t the p r e c edi n g h o o k
is l a r g e i n ste a d o f sm a ll .
S ee § 98 d P S ,
Ean
—
98 d f x t i f l rg h k
x , or e ac s ze o a e oo .
Pr t i
ac l in
se 2 m r f we
es o r d h we
o e o l t rn t l y an a e a e .
whey hwe whispe r h w i s par / /

f
°
/ c c
whip h wi p wheel h w tl
whittle h w i tl M 7 wh a r f h w 0r f /
) c/ t
In s uc h r
wo d s as whol e or who ( ho l h a)
, ,
h we i s , of c o u s e, r
no t u s ed .
1 10 I n iti a lly o n ly the c o mm o n c o m

kw ,
p o un d k w is wr itte n by the spe c i a l sign

( f o n et i c n a me kwe) M edi a lly o r fi n a lly wr ite the
.
,
sep a r a te stems k i we -
.
"
q uit kwit f q uo te kwo t ( 1 '
q u ee n kwi n K r eq u est
L “
r i k w es t N
q u eer k wtr eq u a l tk w a l v
R m mb
e e t pr ti
er o l l h r th d f m
ac se a t l t 5 ti m
s o an or s a ea s es .
111 Th e w
’
s er ies The s o u n d o f we
ble n ds with 7 di f fe r e n t c o n s o n a n ts i n E n g lish t o
fo r m p r e c edi n g c o n s o n a n t d i f t h o n g s
S u pp l emen ta r y s i g ns 59
D i f th o n g tw dw kw gw
As i n twel v e dwell q ui ck g ua n o
D i f th o n g hw sw hw
As i n thwa r t sweet whe a t
h w y o u h a v e st u died i n 1 09 ; k w in 1 10 .
sw y o u will le a r n t o wr ite i n 1 6 1 with c i r c le es , ,
p r e c edi ng stem we The r em a i n i n g 4 d i f t h o n g s o f

.
,
whi c h o n ly tw is a t a l l imp o r t a n t a r e w r itte n a l ,
w a ys by n o r m a l j o i n i n g o f the sep a r a te stems o f

the b a si c a l f a b et .
twi g twi g dwell dwel M

twist twist g ua n o g w un o W
tweed t wtd thwa r t h w 0r t W
112 I n iti a lly o n ly sh a ded n ex p r esses
un ,
the v e r y c o mm o n p r efix un This sig n c a n n o t be

m is r e a d I) be c a u se 13 n e v e r beg i n s a wo r d i n E n g
lish a n d i n iti a l v o wels a r e n e v er o mitted (see
,
Th w rd E gli h f
e o n x m pl i p r n un d i j gli S d
s , or e a e, s o o ce
*
i , an
t h i n i ti l i m t b w i tt
*
e a us e r en .
un t o ld t
un o ld — f v
‘
l un h a ppy un h a p i J j
un r e a d un r ed Z . u n he a r d un h ur d 4 x .
Th w r de pr fix d
o or e un er is wr i tt n m r b r i fly t h n b y
e o e e a us e
of t hi i gn (
s s s ee
1 13 The u n s t r es t n e u t r a l v o wel a ( f o n et i c
a
n a me o r ) is u sefu l a n d imp o r t a n t i n f o n e t i c p r i n t ,
60 P er s on a l S hor tha n d
bu t n eed e e r be wr itte n i n sh o r th a n d Wher e

n v .
st r i c t f o n eti c a c c u r a c y is desi r ed f o r spe c i a l p ur

p o ses the li g ht ti c k
, ( o r the c o r re sp o n di n g
epsil o n fo r m ) ma y be wr itten f o r e r I n a ll
2
o r di n a r y w r iti n g the f o ll o wi n g r u les will s u f fi c e :
I n iti a lly wr ite a f or e.
—
,
1
0
a d a pt a d a pt a ga n i st a g en s t
Fi n a lly , wr ite a f or e.
")
q uo t a k wo te f o per a o p er a J/
Medi a lly , lwa ys be o mitted I n t he
a may a .
few c a ses c h i efl y i n d o u ble v o wel o c c u r r en ces ( see

,
whe r e y o u ma y wish t o wr ite medi a l a w r ite ,
the v o wel ( u s u a l ly u a o r a ) whi c h m o st n e a r ly

, ,
ex p r esses the deliber a te o r o r a t o r i c a l p r o n u n c i a ti o n

o f the w o r d .
1 14 Wo r d e x e r c i s e 2 0 wo r ds t o be p r a c t i s t ,
a s di r e c ted by 5 0 till y o u c a n ,
R e a d the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 3 0 se c o n ds .
Wr ite the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tel y i n I mi n u te .
Afte r r e a c hi n g this st a n d a r d p r a c tise P S Ex

1 14 —r &w .
betwee n q u i c kl y k wi k l i
b i t wtn
6
°
twe n ty t w en t
°
q u a lity k wo l i t i 6 2
twel v e t w el v f a v o r fev er
S upp l emen ta r y s i gn s 61
so ldie r s j
s o l erz
°
so o n s un
wish w iS
115 Wo r d s i g n s 10w o r d s ig n s , t o be st u died

a nd p r a c ti s t as di r e c ted by 80 Use P S E x 1 1 5—5
. .
in in
no no
are so so
J will w il A
fig
ii
s
h av e ha v i; IZ
I
'
I Z
*
Th es e are the o nl y 2 r pr nt
w o r d s ig n s of P S tha t e es e 2
d i s ti n ct w rd o ( M t h r th n d y t m h v m n y
s . os s o ah s s e s a e a s uc
si gn s , r p r n ti n g
e es e d ev n 3 w rd ) Th
2 an w rd e in o s . e 2 o s a r e,
ea c h li k i n
ca s e , s o nd de n li k i n
sou rr n t h t
an so u e o cc u e ce a no
co nf us o i n w ill r l t es u .
1 16 Wo r d s i g n d e r i v a t iv es N o te spe c i a l
us e of hoo k en in fo r mi n g der i v a ti v es of these 4
w o r d s ig n s .
been b in d go n e go n
d o n e d un kn o w n n o n
S t u d y a n d p r a c tise these o u tli n es t h o r o l y .
1 17 Fr e s i n g W o r d s ig n s
few o ther , and a
sh o r t a n d c o mm o n w o r ds a r e s o metimes j o in d ,
t o g ether i n wr iti n g sh o r t a n d c o mm o n fr a ses S uc h .
j o i n i n g is kn o wn a s f r e si n g .
Fr i n g rv
as d i ti n t p r p
se es 2 1 T in r
s c f ili ty
u o s es . o c ea s e ac
by li m i n t i n g t h
e nw r i t t n t r k
a e up li f t b tw n w rd
e s o e or en e ee o s,
w hi h t k
c m r ti m
a d ff r t t h n
es o e rr p n d i n g w r i tt n
e an e o a a co es o e
s tr k o e 2 T in r
. l g i b ili ty — by p r v i d i n g d i ti n ti v
o c ea s e e o a s c e
ou t li n f th efr or R i g h t ly
e d f
ase i g i th
. f d bl us e , ras n s us o ou e
l
v a ue T . m h f i g h w v r
oo uc b t r t f r m l g i b ili t y
ras n , o e e , su ac s o e
m h m r t h n i t dd t f il i t y
uc o e a In P S f r t li t tl
a s o ac . ase oo e
r th r th n t m h
a e a oo uc
Mo st fr a ses con sist of 2 w o r ds on ly . A few

co n a n t i 3 wo r ds . A u s e ulf fra s e m u s t be s ho rt a nd
co mmon .
J o i n i n g s betwee n the w o r ds fr a se fo ll o w the of a
s a me ru les as j o i n i n g s betwee n the sig n s o f a wo r d .
Do n ot fr a s e wor d s u n l es s they for m a fa ci l e a nd l egi bl e

ou tli n e .
To i n s ur e e a se as well as c e r t a i n ty of r e a din g ,
do n ot fr a s e w or d s if the r es u l ti ng fra s e o u tli n e s u g
ges ts a co mmo n wo r d o u tl i n e .
Til l t h es e li mi ta t i o n s a r e t ho r o l y u n d ers to o d d o n o t w r i te ,
f ra s es o t h e r t h a n t h o s e g i v e n i n t h e t ex t w hi c h a r e a mply s u f , fi
c i en t f o r g e n e ra l u s e Yo u w ill l ea rn i n Pa r t 4
.
3 2 8) h o w t o
f o r m f r a s es o f s p ec i a l i m p o r ta n c e i n y o u r o wn w r i t i n g .
S u pp l emen ta r y s i gn s 63
1 18 Fr a s e s S t u dy a nd p r a c tise the fo ll o wi n g
4 of the in the on the
o
. of a on a
as the *
is the i/
f
’
wa s the
e as a w e
wa s a
and a
“
c.
/ 1 wil l b e sh a ll be wo u ld be
h av e the J h a v e bee n J h a s bee n
*
Af ter 3 or 2 , or bef o r e 11 o r 13 ( um ti ck the
-
ma y b e r
s t uck
u pwa d r .
119 Re a d i n g e x e r c i s e S t u dy a n d p r a c tise
as di r e c ted by § 85 89 Fo r , . key see P S E x 1 1 9 k — .
, A C / L ,
\ l\
2 ( / QQ / 7
f
-
\ .
M f A .
4 2_
i lk/ c
120 Wr i t i n g e x e r c i s e S t u dy and p r a c tise

as di r e c ted by § 87 89 , . Fo r key see P S Ex
—
1 20 k .
1 n r
Let me k o w w h e t h e y o u w ill b e ea d y to e a mi e th e r x n
r
s h o p w h e e t h e w o k i s to b e d o er 2 n
Hi s wo k h a s e e . r nvr
c o mp el d h i m t o e ma i r n
a t t h e ba k f o r n
e y m uc h o f the d a y vr
3 Thi s i s t h e w a y to d o t h e j o b a s i t o u g h t to be d o e 4 Th e n .
rn n n
men a t t h e mo i g mee t i g m us t h a v e l e f t s o o a f te t h ey a te n r
h ir
t e l nh
u c ,
f o r t h ey w e r e go n e whe nw e go t th r e e .
D IFTHO NGS (9)
1 21 A d i f t h o n g is c o mp o sed o f
Di f t h o n g s
2 simple v o wel s o u n ds whi c h ble n d i n t o a si n g le
syll a ble .
Th 4 d if th g l t t r
e f th fon ti ep ri n t lf b t
e s o h g e o ne c a a e ea c su
g t l
es r ly th i m pl v w l n d w hi h f r m th d i f th g
c ea e s e o e sou s c o e on .
Th u s :
Th e d if t h o g n d i s f o r md b y (1 and t
Th e d i f th o n g
'
0 i s f o r md b y 0 a nd t
Th e d i f t ho n g u i s f o r md b y t a nd CI
Th e d i f t h o ng cu i s f o r md b
y u a nd ii
The si g ns f o r the 4 v o wel d i f th o n gs c o mplete

the b a si c 40 s o un d a l f a b et o f P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d .
So u n d ci ii cu
S i gn : v
N a me : d it at
The na me of a v o wel d i f th o ng i s I ts s o un d a l o n e .
66 P ers on a l S hor tha nd
1 25 Wr i t i n g t e s t This test li n e is to be
wr itte n a c c ur a tely a s di r e c ted i n § 3 4 a t le a st 5
, ,
times i n 3 0 se c o n ds Use f o r the p ur p o se P S

.
Ex —
1 5 t
2 .
u i u
'
d é ai c e cu
1 26 J o in in g d The nor m a l j o i n i ng of d
i nv o l v es no dist o r ti o n .
ripe nip
A a isle il
c
shi n e Sci n v
The fi r st ti c k of d ma y be c ur v d ou twa r d ;
u s u a lly a fte r pi bi eg ej .
bite b dt L
. c hi n a i
gc n a
I f the se c o n d ti c k o f I is o v er l a p t by a fo ll o wi n g
(
ri ( o r r a r ely ext ) the r es u lti n g j o g is u n mist a k a ble

, .
q ui r e k w dr f )
’
wr ithe r aid
B ef o r e es ez o r me the s eco n d ti c k o f c i dis a ppe a r s .
dime d am
r hyme r am
the wo r d by ( o r buy ) a n d its co mp o un ds

the fi r s t ti c k o f i dis a ppe a r s
( .
ba 1 the r eby d a r b <i

D if tho n gs 67
J o in in g The m a l j o i n i ng
°
1 27 9 n or of a
i L j o in L
'
k en j en
'
co n
Either ti c k o f a m a y be c ur v d ou tw a r d , to im
p r o v e the a ng le o i j o i n i n g .
n ez s —i
« fi
fo il f ol
ho ice gets v o ic e
'
c v es
N eithe r ti c k o f d is e v e r a l lo w d to ov er l a p a ny
stem or dis a ppe a r .
128 J o in in g ii The nor m a l j o i n i ng o f it

cur e k ur
be a u ty b iI t i L 1
a ssu me a su m
Eithe r ti c k o f it m a y be curv d ou tw a r d , bu t this
is v e r y r a r ely n e c ess a r y
fu g u e whew
°
f iI g hwu
Afte r en lé or he o nl y , the fi r st ti c k o f it d i s a p
pe a r s .
ren ew r in I
i lie u l iI
n u me r a l n u me r e l W h u m o r hu m e r
68 P er s o n a l Shor tha n d
129 J o in in g an The nor m a l j o in ing of (i t
i n v o l v es no dist o r ti o n .
‘
I 0 11 8 6
‘
1 ( LI Z A
lo ud l cud L
Eithe r c u rv d ou tw a r d .
no un n cun W m o u th m cuh
In the 3 w o r ds n ow h ow ho u s e andthei r
co mp o un ds the fi r st ti c k o f at
o nl y , dis a ppe a r s .
n ow h o we v e r h ai ev ar / /
V
5
n o w a d a ys men e d e h o u se
z h cus W
hn e h o u sewife h eus w df M
R m mb r t pr ti
e e e o ll h th d f r m
ac se a t l
s t 5 ti m
or an o s a ea s es .
130 In c o m p l e t e d i f t h o n g s i g n s N o te th a t
in e a c h o f the few c a ses i n whi c h eithe r ti c k of a
d i f th o n g le is s up p r es t the a dj o i n i n g stem is
a ng ,
s o n e a r ly p a r a llel t o the o mitted ti c k th a t it m a y
be c o n side r d t o o v e r l a p it C o mp a r e .
n iI us
Do h o we v e r c h a n g e the le n g th o r sh a di n g
not, , of
the stem be c a u se o f the o mitted ti c k .
13 1 Fi n a l c ir c l e an d d if th o n gs The fi n a l
D if tho n gs 69
c rci le for pl ur a ls et c ( see § 62 ) is w r itte n a l wa v s
o u ts i d e the d i f t h o n g sig n .
t ciz
“ v0 v iews ) b
to ys — v o ws
L
'
te z 7
o
v cu z
13 2 In i t i a l c ir c le an d d if th o n gs I n iti a l
s (b u t not m u st be wr itte n befo r e i a n d
z c
a n d m a y be w r itte n bef o r e u a n d cu by the c i r c le , ,
wr itte n a lw a ys o u ts i d e th e d i f t h o n g si g n .
s ci t °
V s o il s ell /
9
f
o
s cythe s ad s ue S u 94 or A
sig h sc i sou r s aI r M or x x /
133 Me d i a l c ir cl e an The
d d if th o n gs
medi a l c i r c le f o r s o r z is w r itte n befo r e o r a fte r
a n y d i f t h o n g si g n a c c o r di n g t o the g e n e r a l r u les
of 74 ; th a t is 1 I n s i
,
d e a c u rv e 2 O u tside a n ,
a n g le , 3 With left m o ti o n .
en si gn en s cin W r e c i te r i s dt
h o r i zo n h o r dzen W o yste r elst e r 7

c o n s u me k e n s iI m w p u r s u e p e r s iI l/
134 Do u b l e v o w els Whe r e 2 v o wel o r dif
th o n g s o u n ds o c c u r t o g ethe r wr ite the u s u a l
,
si g n s f o r e a c h i n o r de r .
Thi s s i mpl e a nd o bv i o us met h o d w o ul d h a rd ly be m en t io nd

d id no t o t h er s h o r t h a n d s y s tem s r es o r t to i rr egu l a r co n f us i n g , ,
a nd i n d efi n i te ma k es hi f ts to w r i te s uc h wo r d s .
With r eg a r d to the e t l
n u ra v o wel a see § 1 13 .
2 l a ity l iti
‘
i let Z a er i a l
‘
V o v cio l et j etr i a l
na iv e n utv
m a ni a m en i a M ir on
mediev a l mtd itv a l fl
-‘
j/
An se c o n d v o wel is o mitted u s ua lly
u n s t r es t
befo r e r a n d o fte n befo r e 1 .
l o we r l o ar v o wel v ua l 2/ c
I n a few w o r ds a h o o k v o wel is h o o k t t o a p r e
c edi ng ti c k o r d i f t h o n g a n g le the o n ly c a se i n
—
whi c h a ti c k j o i n s a n y o the r si g n with o u t a disti n c t

a n g le .
co n ti n u a lly k o n t i n y u e l i w r uin
?
r fi in
< 1
No a h no e o wi n g o n ] L ,
F o r i n te r c h a n g e a bl e u s e o f u a n d y fi ( o r y u )
see 1 3 7
R m mb r t p
e e e tio ll h th d f m
ra c se a s t l
or t 5 ti m
an or s a ea s es .
13 5 Wo r d e x e r c i s e 2 0 w o r ds t o be p r a c t i s t ,
a s di r e c ted by 5 0 till y o u ca n
,
R e a d the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 3 0 se co n ds .
Wr ite the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 1 mi n u te .

1 3 5—r w .
D if tho ngs 71
r tl t
like l dk
life l df
with o u t w i d cu t
why hwd
m ust while h w dl
m o st m o st a bo u t e b cut
my 111 4 /
V
mi g ht mcit
r ea l r ta l
4
13 6 Al t e r n a t i v e v o wels few so u n d In a
co mbi n a ti o n s spe c i a lly befo r e r it is s o metimes

, ,
h a r d t o tell whi c h o f 2 a lte r n a ti v e v o wel s o u n ds is

a c t u a lly p r o n o u n c ed O b v i o u sly if the s o u n ds a r e
.
,
s o simil a r a s t o c a u se hesit a ti o n i n wr iti n g eithe r
will be r e c o g n i z ed with o u t hesit a ti o n i n r e a di n g ;

a n d the m o r e f a c ile si gn m a y g e n e r a lly be wr itte n
with o u t fu r the r co n side r a ti o n I n m a n y c a ses the.
sig n s a r e a lm o st a s simil a r a s the s o u n ds The .
p r i n c ip a l c a ses a r e ill u st r a ted bel o w .
3 07 0
Thi s r hi fly b f r
o cc u s c e e o e f or 3 ; a sol h , so me t i mes n .
l a ug h : laf J ) ,
l af as k : ask as k
72 P ers o n a l S h or tha n d
a or e befor e r
Th e v o we n d h rd i n p i th r i i b tw n
l sou ea d a r, e e, a r s e ee a an
e i n q ua li ty P S f ll w i n g t h R v i d S i n tifi Al f b t
.
, o o e e se c e c a e ,
wr i tes a ; m ny h r t h n d y t m w r i t e Th l t rn t i v
a s o a s s e s e . e a e a e
f o r ms w i t h e w ill be l eg i b l e i f p r e f er d .
sh a r e : Sa r v f er we a r : war
7
(
N o te t ha t i n a f ew w o d s r a o r e o cc u s r b ef o r r n m d ifi
e u o ed .
carr y ka r i me r r y me r i 0
0 07 9
Th es e n d q i t d i ti n t i n B r i ti h p r n n i t i n
2 sou s, u e s c s o u c a o ,
are
i n Am r i n p r n n i t i n l m t i d n t i l
e ca o u h w v r c a l o a os e ca . (1 , o e e ,
se
d m o r
o cc u s pt b f r r ; ld m
ex ce r bf r r e o e 0 se o o c cu s e o e .
Th i m pl t r l w h n i n d b t i t w r i t w h r th
e s es u e, m e ou ,
s o e a e e e co
m on s p lli n g h e ; w h r th mm n p lli n g h
as a 0 Th e e e co o s e as 0 . e
p r i n ip l x p t i n t t hi r l
c a e ce r f ll w i n g w
o s o s u e o cc u o o .
fo r est f0 r est
if wa tch wo g A
Un s tr es t i
Th e i n i ti a l s yll a b l es s p el d be de r e e tc
u n s t r es t v o w e l of ,
r fi n a l s yll a b l es s p e l d a e i s o f t e n i w h e r e t h e s p e lli n
g g s u gges t s
o -
,
t o r e o r e : a nd t h e co rr ec t vo we l i n t he v e ry f ew c a s es w h e r e
, ,
s uc h u n s tr es t v o w e l s a r e w r i tten w ill o f te n ma k e t he b e t t e r ,
j o mm g .
f fi
se c u r e s ik I r i \ 4/ i e
c a r r ag
r ej o i c e r ij o s
'
m im a g e i mi j A
74 P ers o n a l S hor tha nd
yu) ma y be
'
d (o r
'
137 yfi an u yfi and u
wr itte n i n te r c h a n g e a bly with o u t , r estr i c ti o n , ini

t i a ll y medi a lly o r fi n a lly
, , .
Th e ri t
st c n n
f o n et i c d i s t i c t i o b e twee y a a nd u i s s i m pl e n
a nd i nv r i b l
a a e: n
y fi a l wa y s beg i s a w o d o r s yll a b l e , a nd it r
n ev er does . r r n r
Fo r p a c t i ca l s h o t h a d p u p o s es t hi s d i s t i c t i o n n
ma y b e i g n r o ed .
As y is m o r e o fte n f o ll o wd b y 0 th a n by a l l o the r
v o wels c o mbi n ed the a ti c k m a y u s u a lly be o mitted
,
a fte r y Wr ite whi c he v e r si g n y o r i i g i v es the

.
, ,
m o r e f a c ile j o i n i n g s .
ite N l e
un y fi n cit va u
us ua l y fi gu el c o n ti n u e
u se r y fi z ar p u pils
B ef o r e en y will a lm o st a l w a y s be m o r e fa c ile
th a n ii .
t un e t un i f
y fi n y an
‘
un o n /
c
Remember to p r a cti s e a ll s hor tha n d f or ms at l ea s t 5 ti mes .
138 Wo r d s i g n s 5 w o r d s ig n s , to be st u died
and pr a c t i s t as di r e c ted by 80 . Use P S Ex 13 —
8 s .
l up th a n d an
D whi c h h wig 5 any
wh o hfi
D if tho n gs 75
13 9 Wo r d s i g n d e r i v a t i v es The fo ll o wi n g
simple gr a mm a ti c de r i v a ti v es o f wor d s i g n s a re
wr itte n by a ddi n g r e ul a r a f fi x es
g .
go es goz go i ng g O IIJ
d o es d uz do ing d fi ig
kn o ws noz k n o wi n g n o i rj
wh o se h i tz
‘
h a v i n g h a v i rj
wh o m hi m bei n g b ti rj
"
I
willi n g W Il IIJ
S t u dy and p r a c tise these ou tli n es th o r o ly .
1 40 Fr a s e s S t u dy and p r a c tise the fo ll o wi n g
—
9 to h av e we h a v e J y ou h av e
(4 the r e a r e /
c
1
we a r e c
/
2
y ou a re
fl o n e o f the a r e the J will the
1
C o m pa r e we r e
2
Co m pa r e yea r
A pe r s o n a l p r o n o u n is so metimes j o i n d t o a fo ll o w
i n g a u x ili a r y v e r b o r v e r b a l f r a se p r o v ided th a t
, ,
the r esu lti n g o u tli n e meets the r eq u i r eme n ts o f

§ 1 17 .
76 P ers o n a l S h or tha n d
W I h av e V
\ I c a n f I m ay
I I am I will U I sh a ll
“
3 I h v e bee n he h a s bee n / L/] we sh a ll be
a
4
1 41 Rea d i n g exer c is e S t u dy a n d p r a c tise a s
di r e c ted by 85 ,
89 . Fo r key see P S E x 1 41 k — .
1
O / A w
A / v /e z
142 Wr i t i n g e x e r c i s e S t u dy a n d p r a c tise
a s di r e c ted by Fo r key see P S E x 1 42 k
87 89 .
3 — .
1 I m q i t r y w ill b b l w t h w t h w m n
a u e su e ou e a e no o s o e ne e
j t h w t d t hi w rk
us o o o s o .
2 E r ly t b d
a o d e rl y t r i an ea o s e,
Ma k es a ma n h ea l t hy , w ea l t hy , a nd wi s e .
I
B AS C ALFAB ET REV EW I ( 1 0)
143 R ev i ewThe b a si c a l f a b et m a kes u p

the g r e a te r p a r t o f a ll y o ur sh o r th a n d w r f t i n g a n d ,
fo r ms the fo u n d a ti o n f o r a ll the r est I f y o u sli g ht .

B asi c f
a l a bet r ev i ew
77
the fo u n d a ti o n s a t this time y o u r l a ter wo r k will
be c o me h a r de r a n d h a r de r till y o u g r o w dis c o ur a g ed ,
a n d q u it M a ster the f o u n d a ti o n s t h o r o l y a t this

.
p o i n t a n d e a c h l a te r less o n will m a ke y o u r wo r k
e a sier till a t the en d y o u a r e wr iti n g g o o d sh o r th a n d
,
a n d w r iti n g it well N o o the r st u dy will be m o r e .
p r o fit a ble th a n a th o r o r ev iew o f Pa r t 2 befo r e

p r o c eedi n g t o P ar t 3 .
1 44 Ho w t o r e v i e w R e a d th r u e a c h se c ti o n
fo ll o wi n g the n l o o k u p a n d r est u dy e a c h se c ti o n
,
r e f er d t o befo r e p r o c eedi n g t o the n ex t se c ti o n o f

,
this r ev iew L e a v e n o u n c e r t a i n ty behi n d y o u B e

. .
s u r e th a t y o u h a v e m a s t er d e a c h se c ti o n befo r e
p r o c eedi n g t o the n ex t R epe a t s u c h d r ills o r .
ex er c ises a s a r e n e c ess a r y t o c o n fi r m yo ur m a ster y

o f e a c h se c ti o n .
O t hi r v i w y
n s h ld f e r b bl t d m h
e ou s ou , o co u s e , e a e o o uc
b tt r th n th p rf rm n
e e a t n d rd
e tfe th orli r x r i
a ce s a a s se or e ea e e e c s es .
145 Sh o r t h a n d part of p en m ans h ip No

y o u r st u dy is m o r e imp o r ta n t iew a n d keep . R ev ,
c o n st a n tl y i n mi n d 2 7 3 1 i n c l u si v e
— .
,
R i w l
ev e t t hi t i m l i n
a so a f w r i t i n g § 49 ; p n t ti n
s e e o ,
u c ua o ,
§ 83 ; a nd c a pi ta l s § . 84 .
1 46 B a s ic alf a bet So u n ds , sig n s , f o n et i c

na mes si z e , , a nd fo r m : § 21 ,
22, 35 , 36 ;
52 , 5 3 ; 6 4, 6 5 ; 9 0 9 1 ; ,
121 ,
1 22 .
If y ou h a ve the s li g h tes t d o ub t co n cern i n g s o u n d s o r f o neti c

n a mes ,
res tud y tho ro l y Pa r t 1 bef o re p ro ceed i n g f ur t h er .
78 P er s o n a l S h or tha n d
1 47 Pa i r i n g d r i l l S t u dy a n d p r a c tise a s ,
di r e c ted b y 3 2 this 4 li n e d r ill f o r disti ng u ishi n g

,
c le a r l y the li g ht a n d he a v y p a i r d s o u n ds o f the
b a si c a l f a b et Use P S E x 1 47—d
. .
1 p t k f h l g
s , b d g v d z g j
2 n 13 m r l w y h
3 a e i 0 u u, a e t 0 o u 4 i
c ei u al
148 Al f a b e t r ev iew chart Test a n d pe r fe c t

y o u r k n o wled g e o f the b a si c a l f a b et by u s e o f this
c h a r t a s di r e c ted bel o w .
B asi c a l a bet r ev i ew
f 79
Thi s c h a r t a nd the s i mil a r rev i ew c h a r ts o f 1 53 a nd Pa r t 3
, ,
e n a b l e y o u to d r ill o n t he s i g n s i n ma n v d i ff er e n t o r d e r s s o a s to
,
me mo r i ze ea c h s i g n i n d e p e n d e n t ly r ega r d l es s o f a p r ec ed i n g o r
,
f o ll o w i n g s i g n . Th e s h o r t h a n d c h a r ts a re f o r r ea d i n g p ra c t i c e ,
t h e p r i n t k ey s f o r d i c t a t i o n w r i t i n g p r a c t i s e
. Th us y o u m a y rea d ,
o r w r i t e f r o m d i c t a t i o n ea c h li n e f r o m l ef t t o r i g h t ea c h c ol u m n
, ,
f ro m t o p t o b o t to m li n es a l tern a tely l e f t to r i g h t a n d r i g h t t o
,
l ef t co l umn s a l tern a tely to p to bo t to m a nd bo t to m to to p ;

,
o r t he r e v e r s e o f ea c h o f t h es e 4 o r d e r s ma k i n g 8 ; o r b eg i nn i n
, g
a t o pp os i te c o rn e r s f r o m t h e p r e c ed i n g ma k i n g 8 mo r e
, o r l es s
regul a r o rd er s s k ippi n g a l tern a te li n es o r co l umn s etc ; o r

, , ,
fi n a lly a t ra n d o m
,
.
No te t h a t t hi s c h a r t i s s q u a r ed o u t b y a d d i n g to t he 40 s o u n d
ba s i c a lf a b e t t i ck the a nd er
-
.
en f
e eg eh ext
j
e ef
Yo u sh o u ld be a ble t o r e a d the c h a r t a cc u r a tely ,
i n a n y or d er i n n o t m o r e th a n 40 se c o n ds bef o r e
, ,
p r o c eedi n g b ey o n d t h e n ex t se c ti o n P r a c tise r e a d
. .
i n g the c h a r t her e a fte r a t le a st 5 mi n u tes d a ily ,
till y o u ca n r e a d it a cc u r a tely i n a ny o rd er i n , ,
n o t m o r e th a n 3 0 se co n ds I n the e a sie r ( h o r i z o n t a l )
.
o r de r s y o u sh o u ld be a ble t o r e a d it i n 2 0 se c o n ds .
Use the f o n e ti c p r i n t key f o r di c t a ti o n p r a c tise ,
a s di r e c ted a b o v e .
1 49 Wr i t i n g t e s t Yo u sh o u ld w r ite this 40
sig n test the b a si c a lf a b et i n f o n et i c o r der
—
a cc u r a tely m a ki n g n e a t leg ible f o r ms a n d spe a ki n g

, ,
the n a me o f e a c h sig n a s y o u wr ite a t le a st 3 times ,
i n 1 mi n u te ; p r efe r a bly 4 times i n 1 mi n u te .
Pr a c tise this test he r e a fte r a t le a st 5 mi n u tes

d a ily till y o u c a n w r ite it a c c u r a tely a t le a st 4
,
t imes i n 1 mi n u te Use P S E x 1 49 t
.
— .
A f ew of mo s t s k il f ul s h o t h a d
th e r n p n m n w ill b bl
e e e a e,
b y t h e t i me t h ey co m pl et e t h ei s t ud y o f r t h t x t t w r i t t hi
e e , o e s
r
t es t a cc u a t ely 5 t i m es i 1 m i u te n n .
p b t d k g f v h d s z Sg g j
n ij m r l w y h
a u e e i t 0 u o u fi (l Ei ll dl
1 50 Ge n er a l D efi n iti o n s : left a nd r i g ht
m o ti o n § 3 7 ; h o o k v o wel j o i n i n gs § 43 ; like a n d
, ,
u n like m o ti o n 59 ; i n iti
, a l medi a l fi n a l a n d semi , ,
-
,
1 54 Fr a s e s The limited deg r ee o f f r a s i n g

u sed in P S is of gr e a t v a l u e R est u dy c a r ef u lly
.
1 17 .
R ev iew th o r o ly § 82 , 1 0 4, 1 1 8, 1 40 .
1 55 Re a d i n g an d wr it in g exe r c is es Re
v iew a ll r e a di n g a n d wr iti n g ex e r c ises r ew r iti n g ,
e a c h fr o m di c t a ti o n a t le a st o n c e a n d r e a di n g ,
b a c k y o u r n o tes a s di r e c ted by § 89
,
Ex e r c ise .
se c ti o n s a r e : § 86 88 1 0 5 1 0 6 1 1 9 1 2 0 1 41 1 42
, , , , , , , .
1 56 Rea d i n g exe r c is e S t u dy a nd p r a c tise

as di r e c ted by § 85 , 89 . Fo r k ey see P S Ex
15 6 —
k .
B asic a l a bet
f r ev i ew 83
the and of all
to do y ou wh o
in h av e ma y they up whi c h
can f or
we he be she th a n any
157 Wr i t i n g e x e r c i s e S t u dy a n d p r a c tise
a s di r e c ted b y 87 89 Fo r key see P S E x 1 5 7 k
, .
— .
D r M y
ea ar
It s eem g d t h ry s oo g i ng t
o ea th l d f rm g i n
ou a re o o s ee e o a a a .
It i s a l ng ti m
o w in I h v b n d wn t h v
e no s ce l k t it a e ee o o a e a oo a .
I h l l b i n t h i ty n f t r t h m i d d l f t hi w k d
s a e e c s oo a e e e o s ee an
w ill r ly m t l l t h n G i my l v t ll f th f l k
su e co e o ca e . ve o e o a o e o s
a t th f rm
e a .
Wi t h b t r g rd es e a s
1 58 Us e you r E f fe c ti v e p er
s h o r th a n d
s o n a l m a ster y o f sh o r th a n d c o mes o n ly fr o m i n
depen de n t pe r s o n a l u s e N o tex tb o o k c a n m a ke .
any sh o r th a n d system a n e f fe c ti v e t o o l o f y o ur
d a ily life till y o u h a v e u sed it f o r a time a s s u c h a
t o o l O n the o ther h a n d it is esse n ti a l th a t y o u
.
,
sh a ll n o t wr ite w r o n g ly the o u tli n es whi c h y o u h a v e

n o t yet st u died i n P a r ts 3 a n d 4 .
B e c a u se the st r u c t u r e o f the P S te x t a n d system

is b a sed o n ex h a u sti v e a n a lysis o f the f o n et i c fa c ts
of E n g lish the w o r ds whi c h y o u h a v e a l r e a dy
,
l ea r n d i n P a r t 2 will m a ke u p o v e r 5 pe r h a ps 2 , 7 ,
o f a l l y o u r wr iti n g Wr i te them fr o m n o w o n
.
, ,
i n a ll y o u r pe r s o n a l n o tes wr iti n g the r em a i n i n g

5 o r i i n l o n g h a n d till y o u h a v e c o mpleted y our
st u dy o f P a r ts 3 a n d 4 B y this me a n s y o u will .
m u c h s o o n e r dev el o p th a t pe r s o n a l f a mili a r ity

with P S whi c h will m a ke it a pe r s o n a l t o o l o f
c o n st a n t a n d i n dispe n s a ble v a l u e .
D t t t mp t t w r i t
o no a n f mili r w rd i n P S p r ti l r ly
e o e u a a o s , a cu a
th n t i n i n g n n n t mp n d (
o s e co a co so a mm n
co ou s s ee o r co o
Par t 3
C ompounds an d co mbi na ti ons
CO NSO NANT D I FTHO N S I I

G)
C RCLE S Z SER ES
11
161 s
’
d if t h o n gs The s o un d
fo r ms of 3
7 p r e c edi n g c o n s o n a n t d i f t h o n g s o f the f o r m
s c o n s o n a nt v o wel ( see § 1 0 8) o f co mm o n o c c u r e n c e
- -
i n E n g lish The 8 s o u n d o f these d i f t h o n gs is

.
a lw a ys w r itte n by the sm a ll c i r c le Th us .
sp st sk sn sm sl sw a r e w r itte n
i n i t i a l c i r c l e i s w r i t t e n a l w a y s w i t h l ef t m o t i o n o n s t r a i g h t
Th e
s tems li k e m o t i o n ( i n s i d e ) o n c u r v d s te m s
,
.
Th e i n i t i a l c i r c l e ma y b e w r i tte n ( b u t s e l d o m o cc u r s ) b e f o r e
mt a n d It a s w e ll a s me a nd l e .
e r sely c i r c le 8 is n ev er w r itte n i n iti a lly

C o nv ,
on these st ems when a v o wel s o un d h o wev e r ,
sli g ht o c c u r s betwee n the s a n d the c o n s o n a n t

,
.
S t u dy a n d p r a c tise t h o r o l y the e x a mples f o ll o w

Ing :
speed L sp a c e L
spi n
«
L co mp a r e sippi n g 1
s pi r it f/ ‘
sep a r a te ( a d j ) W “
Co ns o n a n t d ofl hongs 87
st o r e
st a y
steer co mpa r e sitter
sette r
skid
co mp a r e si c kle
s n ug
co mp a r e s un n y
smoo th sm o ke
sm a lle r co mpa r e simil a r
slide
co mp a r e seld o m
swift swi n g
Swede comp a r e se a weed
16 2 30 b et c Fo r the c o mm o n p r efi x s u b
a n d a few c o mm o n w o r ds c i r c le 8 m a y be wr itte n
,
i n iti a lly on s tems other tha n 15 t k n m l 10

, ,
whe r e a n o mitted medi a l v o wel o c cu r s betwee n the

s a n d the stem c o n s o n a n t s o u n d .
s u bd u e s ugg est
s ubmit su c h
c
“
163
’
- s - z
’
The fi r st 5 li g ht
d if th o n gs
c o n s o n a n t s o u n ds f o r m f o ll o wi n g c o n s o n a n t dif
th o n g s with s ( the li g ht c o n s o n a n t ) bu t n o t with z .
These a r e
— s
p
—t s —k s —f s h s w r itte n -
,
I J L
“
. x . .
Th fi n l i r l
e a c li k th i n i ti l i r l i w r i tt n l w y wi t h
c e, e e a c c e, s e a a s
l f t m ti n tr i g h t t m l i k m t i n ( i n i d )
e o o on s a s e s, e d t mo o s e o n c ur v s e s .
wr a ps / L
‘
l a pse /L
lets
p a c ks K l ax
l a ug hs life s ’
bi r ths l4 '
de a th s T ’
The fi r st 5 he a v y c o n s o n a n ts a n d 13 a n d m fo r m
fo ll o wi ng c o n s o n a n t d i f t h o n g s with z ( the he a v y
co n s o n a n t ) b u t n o t with 3 These a r e .
bz dz
-
gz Vz rl z
-
lj Z
-
m z wr itte n
- - -
,
L \ 3 (
wr e a th es
90 P er s on a l Sho r tha n d
c e a ses sei z es
fishes g a r a g es
r i c hes W 3 w a g es
The co n s o n a n t s o u n ds w y h d o n o t o c cu r “
fi n a lly o r semi fi n a ll y
-
The fi n a l c i r c le is
the r efo r e wr itte n f o ll o wi n g these stems i n a few
spe c i a l c a ses o n ly s uc h a s the wo r d wa s
,
the wo r d y es a n d the fi n a l syll a ble y us

,
-
.
y es J gen ius
1 65 Fi n a l c i r c l e a f t e r i o r i As the fi n a l
c i r c le f o ll o wi n g st r a i g ht stems o r left c u rv es is
w r itte n n o r m a lly with left m o ti o n z fo ll o wi n g i
,
—
or i m a y be w r itte n fo ll o wi n g s u c h stems b y
, ,
c l o si n g the v o wel h o o k t o f o r m the c i r c le .
sit c ity
comp a r e
c i t i es
co mp a r e
s u mme r s co mp a r e su mm a r ies
p u lleys If
co pies v a lleys 1}
keys j o u r n eys
Fo ll o wi n g a r i g ht c u r v e the c i r c le m u st sh o w
,
i n side the h o o k filli n g the o u te r h a lf o f the h o o k

, .
Co n s o n a n t d if tho ngs 9 1
f a n c ies L / a
me r c ies a r mies
R ul es f o r t h e fi n a l c i rc l e fo ll w i n g l l t h r
o a o e l
v o we s a nd d if
t h o n gs h a v e b ee n g i v e n i n 62 , 72 , 131 .
1 66 Ci r c l e a n d h o o k p e n m a n s h i p An
i n iti a l o r fi n a l ci r cl e a lwa ys beg i n s o r e n ds per
pen d i cu l a r t o the f o ll o wi n g o r p r e c edi n g stem .
0
/
An i n iti a l o r fi n a l h oo k a lw a ys be g i n s o r e n ds
p a r a l l el t o the f o ll o wi n g o r p r e c edi n g stem i n the ,
opp os i te di r e c ti o n .
c / J p /
i n iti a l o r fi n a l ci r cl e i n a hoo k a lwa ys be g i n s
An
or en ds p a r a l l el t o the fo ll o wi n g o r p r e c edi ng
stem i n the s a me di r e c ti o n
, .
S t u dy p r a c tise these e n l a r g ed di a g r a ms
and ,
a n d the s a me a n d simil a r si g n s o f n o r m a l si e z .
B egi n o r en d these sm a ll a tt a c h t si g n s o r a ppe n d a g es
r i g htly a n d they will n e v e r be c o me ille g ible i n f a st
wr iti n g .
1 67 Wo r d e x e r c i s e P r a c tise these 40 w o r ds
till y o u c a n
R e a d the e x e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 5 0 se c o n ds .
Wr ite the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n I mi n u te 40 ,
sec o n ds .
2 P er s ona l S hor tha nd
9
sweet
sev e r a l
st a g e
still s o metimes
su mme r
h o r se
a d v an c e
en fo r c e
l / c/ c / v M A
A ,
S N
C l/ L
‘
/ v M
— f
1 72 Wr i t i n g exer c is e Fo r key see P S

Ex 17 —
2 k .
1 Yo u w ill se l d o m s ee s uc h a lin e of goo d s as t he o ne w hi c h

we are se lli n g . 2 D i d y o u s u pp o s e y o u co ul d s p ea k a bo ut
h
t ose ma t t e r s a f te r n
y o u k ew w h o w a s t o b e t h e e ? r 3 Di v id e
t he s to c k a nd gi v e m e a s m u c h a s y o u ca n s p a r e . 4 We
a re nvr e e so h a ppy or so u n h ppy
a as we i ma gi n e . 5 A
r lli n g t n
o s o e ga t h e rs no mo s s .
DO U B LE C R CLES I C O NT RAC T O NS I ( 12)
173 Me d i a l c ir c e l j o in in gs R u les f o r j o i n
i ng the medi a l c i r c le 1 I n side a — c u rv e , 2 Out
side a n a n g le 3 With left m o ti o n — h a v e bee n
,
giv en in 74 1 3 3 N o te he r e t w o s u ppleme n t a r y
, .
p o i n ts .
D o u bl e ci r cl es Co n tr a cti o n s 95
B etwee n un like
es the c i r c le m u st o f c o u r se
cur v , ,
fa ll o u tside o n e o f them Wr ite s u c h c a ses by r ule

.
2 o u tside the a n g le .
defe n si v e e x te n si v e
Whe r e r u le 1 i n side a c u r v e c o n fli c ts with r ule

, ,
2, o u tside a n a n g le wr ite the c i r c le i n s i d e a n o btu s e

,
a n gl e , but o u ts i d e a r i ght o r a cu te a n gl e .
ax le r e c ei v e
l a psi n g r ehe a r s a l
174 Do u b l e c ir c le J u st
sm a ll c i r c le as a
r ep r ese n ts o n e s o u n d o f s o r z a l a r g e c i r c le m a y ,
r ep r ese n t two s o u n ds o f s o r z : ses s ez z es z ez et c .
T h l rg
e a i r l m y b wr i tt n i n m t
e c c e a e wh re h rt os ca s es e e a s o
vo w le nd
s ou r b t w n th
o cc u s e ee nd b t h ld t
e s or z sou s, u s ou no
b w r i tt n i n g n r l w h r
e e e e a l n g v w l d if th n g
e e a o nd o r e or o sou o cc u s
b tw n t h
e ee nd
e s or z s ou s .
The l a r g e c i r c le m a y be wr itte n i n iti a lly medi a lly , ,
o r fi n a lly with o u t r est r i c ti o n

,
I t is j o i n d like the .
sm a ll c i r c le .
siste r
n e c essity \ _a _
a c c ess s uc c ess
175 Do u b l e c ir cle p l u r a ls the etc To add
su f fix —ez t o a n o u tli n e whi c h a l r e a dy e n ds with a

sm a ll c i r c le e n l a r g e the c i r c le by
, co n ti n u i ng it
a c r o ss the p r e c edi n g stem .
t ax \o t a x es b fix
r r n
N o te t h a t t hi s f o m i s w i tte a s a s i n gl e l a rge c i rc l e d i v i d ed
,
r n
by t h e p ec ed i g s t em Th e d i s ti c t i
. n v e f o r m i s u s e f u l i n i d en t i
r
f y i ng s uc h w o d s a s
ax es co mp a r e a cc ess
176 ‘
Afl i x e s E n g lish c o n t a i n s m a n y p r efi x es
o r i n iti a l syll a bles a n d s u f fi x es or fi n a l syll a bles
, ,
of co mm o n o c c ur e n c e p a r ti c u l a r ly i n wo r ds o f
,
L a ti n o r G r eek de r i v a ti o n M o st o f s u c h a f fix es
.
a r e w r itte n r eg u l a r ly o mitti n g medi a l v o wels

, A .
few wo r d s ig n s a r e u sed a ls o a s a f fi x si g n s Su c h .
u ses will be spe c ifi c a lly n o ted bel o w a n d i n P a r t 4 , .
177 Pr e fi x U n a cc e n ted v o wels n ot

v o w el s
i ni ti a l a r e u s u a lly o mitted i n c o mm o n p r efi x es o r
i n iti a l syll a bles
s u c h a s b e d c r e co n co m dis et c
;
,
p r o n o u n c ed u s u a lly b i di r i k o n k o m dis et c .
l/
/
bew a r e con test V
c o mmittee
4 ,
dis c h a r g e
The v er y mm o n p r efix is
“
1 78 in co in
w r itte n r e g u l a r l y b y the w o r d s ig n f o r i n
98 P er s o n a l S h o r th a n d
n e c ess a r y
m o tor i n deed
r es u lt
r ea so n
i n st a n c e
i n sist
west
a ga ni st
1 81 Co n tr a c t i o n s J u st mbe r o f the
as a nu
c o mm o n est sh o r t w o r ds o f E n g lish a r e a bb r e v i a ted
t o si n g l e si g n s k n o w n a s w o r d s i g n s a few
o f the co mm o n e r l o n g w o r ds o f E n g lish a r e a b b r e
v i a t e d t o o u tli n es o f m o r e th a n o n e si g n k n o w n a s
,
co n t ra c ti o n s .
S t u dy a n d p r a c tise t h o r o l y the few c o n t r a c ti o n s

of P S ,a n d u s e them f r eel y i n a l l y o u r w r iti n g .
D o u bl e ci r cl es Co n tr a cti o n s 99
C o n t r a c ti o n s
fte n r esemble f a mili a r l o n gh a n d
o
a bb r e v i a ti o n s The he a v y type c o l u m n f o ll o wi n g
-
.
the p r i n t wo r ds sh o ws the s o u n ds a c t u a lly r ep

r ese n ted .
1 82 8 co n tr a c t io n s
L. r n
d e p a tme t
d i ff r n t
e e ,
C
n
e ce
2 sat sf i y
a cc o u nt s ta n d rd
a
1 83 Co n t r a c t io n d er iv a t iv es An y c o n t r a c
ti o n m a y be f o ll o w d by the c i r c le f o r pl ur a ls e tc ,
a n d m o st c o n t r a c ti o n s m a y be f o ll o w d by o the r
co mm o n i n fi ec t i o n a l e n di n g s .
S t u dy a n d p r a c tise the typi c a l e x a mples f o ll o wi n g :
W m a n u f a c t ur es M m a n u fa c t u r i n g
1 dep a r tme n ts m a n u f a c t ur er
74
(
di f fe r e n c es s a tisfa c t o r ily
st a n d a r ds e — v \ st a n d a r di z e
1 84 Fr a s e s Stu d y and p r a ctise the fo ll o wi n g :

de a r s ir m s o as to — as1 to the
P er s o na l S h or tha nd
1 85 Re a d i n g e xe r c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex
—
1 84 k .
L o
L a p
/ \p
"
( V a /
W
1 86 Wr i t i n g ex e r c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex
1 85—k .
r r
D ea s i s
Yo u ma y n d m d t il f t h ff r y h v t t d i n th
se e e a s o e o e ou -
a e s a e e
c i r l r w hi h I h v j t
cu a c a i d e us r ec e v .
I m x p r i n d i n lli n g t h l rg r t r i n th v i i n i ty
a e e e ce se e a e s o es e c .
I f t h li n i
e e g d
s as y oo y I as m k th b i n
ou s a , ca n a e e us es s a co n
spi i n t hi t rr i t ry i n
c u o us s u cces s h rt ti m
s e o a s o e .
L t m k n w b t t hi
e e o a h nou t n f I m t d id
s c a ce a o c e, or us ec e
so o n wh th r t
e e p t n t h r ff r
o a cce a o e o e .
S i n r ly ce e
1 02 P er s o n a l S h o r tha nd
these stems sep a r a tely a n d a lte r n a tely with k a nd

, ,
r . Use P S E x 1 89 —d .
These h a lf len g th stems a r e n a med ekt a n d art .
ekt a n d a r t a r e w r itte n o n ly i n a few sp e c ifi c

wo r ds a n d c o mbi n a ti o n s o f whi c h the m o st i m
,
p or ta n t a r e
The c o mm o n wo r ds fa ct p a r t cer ta i n a nd thei r
der i v a ti v es .
The co mm o n s o un d co mbi n a ti o n s i nlet a nd
j eht
disti n c t
i n sti n c ts
1 90 —n t is w r itte n h a lf le n g th to
—n d n
ex p r ess —n t ( f o n et i c n a me en t) n is w r itte n h a lf .
le n g th a n d sh a ded t o ex p r ess md ( f o n et i c n a me -
en d ) . These si g n s a r e w r itte n fr eely whe r ev e r the

v er y c o mm o n d i f t h o n g s —n t a nd — n d o c c ur Fr a c .
tise them t o r o l y a s sh o wn n S x 1 9 0 d
h ,
i P E — .
13 i n v r w r i tt n t h r t h n n r m l l n g t h
s e e e o e a d t h r f r wi l l
o a e an e e o e
n r n f wi t h — d
ev e co us e n .
H a lf l ength ms
s te D o u bl e l engths 1 03
abse n t L r etur n d
m o un t a i n L co rr esp o n de n t V L V
B ut a h a l f l e n gt h s te m mus t n v r j i n n th r
e e o a o e s tem wi tho ut
an gl e . Hen ce
sen t se n d
R emembe to p r r a cti s e a l l o utli n es a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
19 1 —e d t i c k Wr ite the i n fi ec t i o n a l e n di ng
ed fo ll o wi n g
,
—n t or
—n d a n d i n a few o the r
c a ses g i v e n l a te r 1 93, by a left di a go n a l

he a v y ti c k .
dem a n ded
e n ded
Af te r s te m t or d t h e —ed ti k i l
c f il
s es s ac e t a h n s te m d .
ac ted n eeded
19 2 Do u b l e l e n g t h 11 S tem n may be
wr itte n d o u ble nor m a l le n g th t o ex p r ess the c o m
bi n a ti o n n t a r
— . P r a c tise this si g n ( f o n et i c n a me
en te r ) i n P S Ex 1 9 2—d .
e n te r i n te r est
e n te r t a i n W i n te rv iew
1 04 P er s on a l S h or th a n d
S tem 11 m a y be w r itte n d o u ble n o r m a l le n g th

and sh a ded t o ex p r ess the c o mbi n a ti o n n d a r
— .
Pr a c tise this si g n a ls o ( f o n et i c n a me en d ar ) i n
P S Ex 1 9 2 d — .
As 13 i s e e w n v r r i tt n t h r t h n n r m l l n g t h
e o e a o a e ,
i t w ill nvr e e
co nf us e w i t h d an r .
le n de r fi n de r L ,
The si g n n d ar m a y be w r itte n i n iti a l ly ( a s

well a s medi a lly o r fi n a l ly ) f o r the w o r d o r p r efi x
u n d er (c o mp a r e un
un de r un de r n e a th v
7
u n de r st a n d w u n de r t a ke
19 3 —e d t ick an d d o u ble len g th s Afte r

t
n ar or d ar the
n ti c k
—
ed ma y be wr itte n f o r the
i n fi ec t i o n a l e n di n g —d .
en c o u n t er d w o n d er d
194 Wo r d exer c is e P r a c tise these 40 w o r ds

till y ou ca n
R ea dthe ex er c ise a c c ur a tely i n 40 se c o n ds .
Wr ite the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 1 mi n u te ,

20
se c o n ds .
Afte r r e a c hi n g this st a n d a r d pr a c tise P S Ex

—
1 94 r w .
1 06 P ers o n a l S ho r tha nd
19 5 Wo r d s i g n s 5 w o r d s i g n s t o be st udied
,
and p r a c t i s t as di r e c ted by 80 Use P S Ex 1 9 5 s

.
—
.
no t n ot but b ut
had h ad a th a t f i at
thi n g h i t]
Th e 4 h a l f l n gt h w d ig
e or s ns are f o r md by s p ec i a l i rregu l a r
us e o f t h e h a l f l n gt h p r i n ipl
e c e
196 Wo r d s i g n co I n a few c a ses

m pounds
the o u tli n e o f a c o mp o u n d wo r d di f fe r s slig htly
fr o m the me r e j o i n i n g o f its sep a r a te p a r ts S t udy .
an d p r a c tise the f o ll o wi n g :
T h e wo r d s i gn f o r a ny ( ei ) is s ho r te n d in co mpo u d s n to e .
f an ythi n g ‘
r / ’
any one ‘
t / an ywhe r e
7 n o thi n g M no o ne n o whe r e
a lm o st l/
L withi n
/
canno t
197 Fr a s e s S t u dy a n d p r ac tise the f o ll o wi n g :
not the t of th a t C of this

not th a t T a n d th a t I a n d this
so th a t "
7 is th a t 7 is this
h as not th a t is c
“ this is
wa s n ot V th a t w a s 4/ this wa s
th a t they 4 th a t th a t th a t this
6
Is no t nn t b f d
ca o e ras e . I s n t i s w i t te
’
r n in f u ll
H a lf l ength ms
s te D o u bl e l en gths 1 07
198 Rea d i n g exer c i s e Fo r k ey s ee P S Ex 1 9 8- k .
1 \ f i l
9
- — v 4
fi x , 1 c ,
Q iM ; U
/ T a ) y
19 9 Wr i t i n g e xe r c i s e Fo r k ey see P S Ex 1 99 - k .
I r n tl y t hi pi n i b il t t h t i t nn t b t r d
App a e s a o s u so a ca o e u u
r n
a ou d . It i
2 v i d n t t h t t h r i gh t n w r t t hi r i dd l
s e e a e a s e o s e
i
s l m t w i t hi n r h
a os 3 It m ea c r t i n t h t t hi i t h
. s ee s ce a a s s e
q i k t w y t fi d
u c es a t wh th r
o n y ou i g ing t b th r
e e an o ne s o o e e e .
4 I t i th s d t th
e ca u s e a n d th th t m k no th m r ty r
e ea a a es e a .
(N p l a )o eon 5 Th v il t h t m d li e e f t r t h m ; th
a en o v es a e e e
goo d i f t i n t rr d w i t h t h i r b n
s o e e ( Sh k p r ) e 6 A m o es . a s e e an
wh do b ig t hi n g i t
oes b y t t l k b t t h m (L ri m r )
s s oo us o a a ou e . o e
108 P ers on a l S ho r th a n d
C O NSO NANT D I FTHO NGS

’
R ’
L S ER ESI ( 1 4)
200
’
r
’
l The s o u n d o f r
d if th o n gs
fo r ms 9 p r e c edi n g c o n s o n a n t d i f t h o n g s ( see 1 0 8)
o f the f o r m co n s o n a n t r oowel o f co mm o n o c c u r
— — ~
r e n c e i n E n g lish The s o u n d o f 1 fo r ms 5 simil a r

.
d i f th o n gs B r ief exp li ci t e x p r essi o n o f these i m

.
p o r t a n t c o mp o u n ds is a disti n c ti v e fe a t u r e o f P S .
Th es e comp n d ft n
ou f d t s a re o th ee 16 rir e er o as e r se es .
201
’
d if t h o n gs
r
’
l Gro u p 1 The r ’
1 c o mp o u n ds o f G r o u p 1 a r e ex p r e s t a lw a ys by these
’
disti n c ti v e c o mp o un d si g n s :
So u n d : p r br tr dr kr gr
N a me : pr é br e tr e d r e k r e gr e
‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
So un d : p l bl kl gl
S i gn : f f
N a me : pl e bl e k l e gl e
P r d i n g n n n t d i f t h g f t h f r m tl
ec e co so a dl d on t s o e o or o no
o cc ur i n E n gli h s .
These c o mp o u n d si g n s a r e e a c h like the c o r r e

s p o n d i n g simple stem e x c ept f o r a sm a ll p r e c edi n g
h o o k The mem o r y dev i c e fo ll o wi n g will fix th ese

.
h o o ks u n mist a k a bly i n mi n d :
The h o o ks o f the r c o mp o un ds a r e wr itte n ’
with r ig ht m o ti o n .
1 1 0 P er s o n a l S ho r tha nd
d r iv e co mp a r e de r iv e
cr av e c a rv e
bel o w
go a l
204
’
r
’
l d if th o n gs Gr o u p 2 The r ’
’
1 mp o u n ds
co o f Gr o u p 2
a r e ex p r es t a lw a ys by
these disti n c ti v e c o mp o u n d si g n s :
So u n d : f r h r Sr fl
S ign : 7 f k 7
N a m e : f r e hr e f r e fie
‘ ‘
Th 0e 1 n n n t n d f Gr p f r m
co so a sou th r mms o ou 2 o no o e co on
1 d i f th g i n E n gl i h h w v r
’ ’
r or S
on s s . ee , o e e ,
22 1 .
These c o mp o un d si gn s a r e e a c h like the c o r r e

s p o n d i n g simple stem e x c ept f o r a like m o ti o n p r e
c edi n g h o o k The mem o r y dev i c e fo ll o wi ng will be

.
helpfu l :
The h o o k o f the 1 c o mp o u n d is l a r g e ’
.
Al w y a th
s us e y ll b l f ti n m i n r f rr i n g t
e o n e- s a e o ne c a es e e o
th i gn
es e s t th
s , or rr p n d i n g d i f th g
o e co es o on s .
Con s on a n t d if thongs 1 11
205 Pr a c t i s e P r a c tise
these 4 si gn s sep a ,
r a tel y and with the co r r esp o n di ng simple stems .
Use P S Ex zo 5 ~
d .
206 Ex a m p l e s As with the si g n s o f G r o u p 1 ,
a l wa y s w r ite the c o n s o n a n t d i f t h o n g s by the c o m
p o un d si g n s a n d n ever wr ite the c o mp o u n d s o un ds

,
i n iti a lly o r medi a lly whe n a v o wel s o un d h o we v e r

slig ht is he a r d betwee n the c o n so n a n ts .
S t u dy a n d p r a c tise t h o r o l y the ex a mples f o ll o w

i n g i n the m a nn e r g i v e n f o r
, 20 3 .
co mp a r e fe r r y V
th r e a d thi r d
sh r ewd s u re
fell o w 2/
207 Co n tr a s ted o u tl i n es S t u dy a n d p r a e
tise these ex a mples b o th g o i n g fr o m left t o r i g ht
,
c o l u m n o n e a c h li n e a n d
g o i ng d o w n e a c h c o l u m n
sep a r a tely
pra y co mp a r e
p r ese n t I ,
pr o u d L
L .
lr
1 12 P er s o n a l S hor tha n d
cr ime co mp a r e c limb
c r o wd cl o ud
c r a mp N I /
c l a mp m
208 De f o r m d As these c o n s o n a n t
h o ok s
d i f th o n g si g n s mu s t be u sed medi a lly a s well a s ,
i n iti a lly wher ev e r the c o n s o n a n t d i f t h o n g so u n ds

,
o c c u r the y will s o metimes be w r itte n whe r e a p er

,
f ec t h o o k wo u ld be c l o sed i n t o a l o o p o r c i r c le by
the p r e c edi n g sig n I n s uc h c a ses fl a tten the h o o k
.
a g a i n st the p r e c edi n g si gn .
Th r e l t i n g tl i n
es u n mi t k b l v n w h n t h h k
ou es a r e u s a a e, e e e e oo
i gr t l y fl t t d f
s ea a t h r j i n i n g f i gn
en , o r no o e h o o s s ca us es s uc an
o ff t
se orj g o r m inas e a s .
_
\ v co mplex
deplete
u n ple a s a n t
r epl a c e
1 14 P er s o n a l S ho r tha nd
ex t r eme
ex pl a i n
Ru l es f i i ti l
or n pr d ing n n n t
a 5 ece co so a d i f t ho n gs w ill be
g i v en la te r n d r t r ipl n n n t
u e 8—
e co so a s, 21 2 20 .
21 1 —Su s The s u f fi x o r te r mi n a ti on
—Sus is
wr itte n stem S c i c le 8
r C o mp a r e y us
.
—
, 1 64 .
i i s
v c ou
a nx i o u s
r ph
C o m pa e a s e, 60 .
R m mb r t pr
e e e o a cti s e a l l ou tl i n es a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
21 2 Wo r d exe r c is e P r a c tise these 40 w o r ds

till y ou can
the ex e r c ise a c cur a tel y i n 3 5 se c o n ds

R ea d .
Wr ite the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 1 mi n u te ,

15
se co n ds .
Afte r r e a c hi n g this st a n d a r d p r a c tise P S , Ex

2 1 2 r 81 w
— .
Con s on a n t d if thon gs 1 15
glad
fr esh
fr ie n d
fr o n t
fl o we r
th r ee
thi r t y
t t
co n rac S ti pply
con tr o l s u spi c i o u s
co n s c i o u s c hild r e n
a dd r ess
a mbiti o u s
t
co un r y e n th u si a sm
gr ea t ele c t r i c
g ro un d \1 '
i n c r ea s t
213 Wo r d s i g n s S t u dy a nd p r a c tise these 2
w o r d s ig n s Use P S
. Ex —
2 13 3 .
7 fr o m f rom th r u h ru
21 4 Fr a s e s S t u dy and p r a c tise the fo ll o wi ng

S th a t the P fr o m the th r u the
—d o
v not wa s th a t 42
« w a s this
“
w not to l not t o be l n o t be
w
no t h a v e Tl no t h a v e bee n 3 not bee n
w h av e not v had not J no t ha d
(
Ex 2 1 5 —k
Re a d i n g ex e r c i s e Fo r k ey PS
21 5 s ee .
E
t t a
/ 7 )
1 18 P er s on a l S hor tha n d
tr kr to fo r m the c i r c le . C o m pa r e s i ts ,
ci ti es ,
et c 1 65 .
L ,
co mp a r e Sp a in
L sp o u t
st r a i n
s cr ea m sc heme
M edi a lly the c o mp o u n d si g n s tr e m ay be w r itte n
fo ll o wi n g t d n 13 ( o r un
dest r o y co mp a r e
c o n st r a i n w
c o n st r u c t
un st r ung w
In allthe r c a ses wr ite eithe stem

o r or i le
c rc 3
p r e c edi n g the d if t h o n g si g n 74 2 1 0 , ,
des c r ibe i n st r u c t
r est r a i n W u n s c r ew
21 9 s pl
Wr ite either stem or c rci le 8 pr e
cedi n g ple .
splen did L sple n did 1

spli c e L
P
spli c e L
Tr i p l e con s on a n ts 1 19
Fo r p e n ma n s hip of c i r cl e p reced i n g h oo k s ee § 1 66 . Fo r
med i a l j o i n i n gs s ee 2 10 .
220 kw s The tr i f th o n g s k w is wr itte n

us u a lly es k i we b u t m a y be w r itte n i n i ti a l l y if
‘
- -
,
p r e f er d es k we ( c o-
mp a r e
‘
§ 1 1 0 )
sq uee z e
sq ua d X
/ x
exq uisite
M
Remembe to p r r a cti s e a l l ou tl i n es a t l ea s t 5 ti mes .
221 Un u s u a l U n c o mmo n
co m pou n d s
wo r ds p a r ti c u l a r ly p r o pe r n a mes o r te c h n i c a l
,
ter ms s o metimes c o n t a i n c o n so n a n t c o mp o u n ds
,
o the r th a n th o se a l r e a dy g i v e n i n P a r t 3 S uc h .
co mp o u n ds a r e w r itte n by thei r o b v i o u s a n a l o g ies
t o f a mili a r co mp o u n ds .
sphe r e 2/ co mp a r e s n ee r
Vr oo m a n Fr o h ma
Sc h l o t m a n sh r i v el
s c le r o sis spl a sh
222 Co n s o n a n t c o m b i n a t io n s As the co n
so n a n t d i f t h o n g s o f the r 1 se r ies
’ ’
ca n n o t o c c u r
fi n a lly ( si n c e they m u st a lwa ys be fo l l o wed b y a

v o wel ) a n d v e r y seld o m d o o c c u r semi fi n a l l y the -
,
co mp o u n d si g n s m a y be u sed fi n a ll y o r s emi fi n a ll y -
t o e x p r ess c o n s o n a n t co mbi n a ti o n s i n whi c h a n u m

1 20 P ers on a l S ho r tha n d
imp or t a n t v o wel s o un d o c c ur s befo r e the r o r 1 .
S uc h u s e is f o r co n v e n ie n c e o n ly a n d the c o mp o un d
,
si gn s sh o u ld be w r itte n o n ly whe n they f o r m bette r

o u tli n es th a n the sep a r a te stems .
Fo r s u c h u s e f o r c o n s o n a n t c o mbi n a ti o n s the
se r ies o f co mp o u n d si g n s is co mpleted fo ll o wi n g ,
e x a c tly the p r i n c iples o f fo r m a ti o n a l r e a d y g i v e n

in 20 1 , 2 04 .
Th e i gn s o f t he n ex t 3 s ec t i o n s a r e g1v en c hi e fly f or ref eren ce

s
i n co nn ect i o n w i t h t he li mi t ed us es n o ted h ere a nd l a ter a nd ,
n eed n o t b e pr a c t i s t a t l en g t h .
Wh en us ed f o r co n s o n a n t co mb i n a ti o n s t he co mp o u n d s i g n s
s h o u l d b e r e f er d t o b y t h e u n i f o r m n o n d i f t h o n ga l n a mes g i v en
-
bel o w ra t h er t h a n b y t he d i f t h on g n a mes
, .
m — Gr o u p
223 Co n s o n a n t co b in a tio n s 1
So un d s z
p r br tr dr k rg pl blr tl dl kl gl
sa i l r f x x r r a h \ \
N a me : pa r bar tar d ar kar gar pel bel tel d el k el gel
Fo r le o f fo r m a ti o n see
ru 20 1 .
Typi c a l ex a mples o f u s e and no n - us e of these

si g n s a r e :
tempe r
timbe r s
sh u tte r K r
sh u dde r i n g KW
M
a n ch o r d k .
a ng r e
I 22 P er s o n a l Shor tha nd
225 Co n s o n a n t co m b in a tio n s Gr o u p 3
S tem n is t r e a ted like Gr o u p 2 S tem 13 is .
no t hoo k t .The g e n e r a l r u le o f G r o u p 3 is :
R i g ht di a go n a l cu r v d stems a r e sh a ded t o a d d r .
R i g ht di a g o n a l s tr a i ght stems a r e sh a ded t o a d d 1 .
So u n ds : n r m r l r y r nl r l w l h l hw l
S ign : f / Q
'
a , c /
N a me : nar mar l ar y a r n el r el wel hel k wel
If y h lding y r p
ou a re o rr tl y
ou e n coi t w i ll b
ec i r e ea s e
to sh d th
a e r i bl t m pw d t h n d wn w rd
e va a e s e s u ar a o a .
These si g n s a r e u sed i n P S o n ly i n a few spe c ifi c

, ,
wo r d s ig n s a n d c o n t r a c ti o n s S ee 2 3 1 2 43 2 6 3
.
, , .
226 pra kt The h a lf le n g th stem ek t 1 89 )

ma y be w r itte n in the c o mbi n a ti o n p r a k t
p r a c tise T
M pr a c t i s t
227 —i
pa l —i t a l —i k a l These co mbi n a ti o n s
m a y be w r itte n fi n a lly o r semi fi n a l l y by pel tel - leel
r espe c ti v el y .
p r i n c ip a l c r iti c a lly
h o spit a lity r a di c a l A
te ch n i c a l e c o no mi c a l M
Tr i p l e con s on a n ts 1 23
228 —s e l f The s u f fi x — self a nd the pl ur a l

,
fo r m —s el v z are
—
wr itte n s f a nd
—sv z a s bel o w
,
he r self / l o ur sel v es
Remember to pra cti s e a l l outli nes a t l eas t 5 ti mes .
229 Ap o s t r o p h e wor d s
’
is wr itte n by
s
i le
c rc 3 , like pl ur a ls a nd o the r i n fl e c t i o n a l e n di n g s
in s .
th a t s ’
L it s ’
’
ve be j o i n d simil a r l y
ma y to the p r e c edi ng w o r d
with o u t disti n c ti o n .
y ou
’
v e
O the r a p o st r o phe f o r ms m a y be d i s t i n g u i s h t ,
when d es i r ed by the a p o st r o phe j u st a s i n l o n g h a n d
, .
they r e ’
(7 co mp a r e thei r V
Im
’
I ma y f
Id
’
I do
D isti n c ti o n
betwee n s u c h fo r ms a s ca n t ’
a nd
ca n n ot is n e c ess a r y o n ly whe n
y o u wish t o pr e
se r v e the ex a c t fo r ms o f c o ll o q u i a l spee c h .
\~
i
v
co mp a r e canno t
W 1 will
do no t
1 24 P er s o n a l S ho r tha n d
Whe r e a n i r r e g u l a r spee c h fo r m is w r itte n i n fu ll ,
the a p o st r o phe is u n n e c ess a r y .
sh a n t’
23 0 Wo r d exe r c i s e P r a c tise these 30 w o r ds

till y o u c a n
R e a d the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 2 5 se c o n ds .
Wr ite the ex e r c ise a c c ur a tely i n 55 se c o n ds .

23 0 —r w
s ettle
s i n g le
s imple
myself
r espe c tf u lly
r emembe r
vi cto r y
themsel v es
st r e n g th
Hoo k n —men t —ti v 127
23 5 Wr i t i n g e x e r c i s e F k y P S E 3 5 k or e s ee x 2 -
.
A l ng n t pl b th id i n t hi w r l d t h r
’ ’
s y o as o u ca ea s e o s es s o e e s
n t hi n g li k pl i n g y r w i d
o e ea s ou o n s e .
Y nt
o u ca b in
’
th
r un al w f v r g d h v
us es s on e a o a e a es an a e
m r th n
o e ar g b in an av e a e us es s .
I t b n my x p r i n th t y v g tt h v l i r t
’ ’
s ee e e e ce a ou e o o a e e su e o
b e u n h ppy th t r
a bl i n t hi w r l d
. ei m gi n ry d i t
ou es s o a re a a an
t k
a t i m t t hi n k t h m p
es e o e u .
H l th i l ik
ea y i n h ri t n
s e an
y p nd th i n t r t e a ce o u ca n s e e e es
i n w r k d pl y b t y m t n t br k i n t t h p r i n ip l
o an a u ou us
’
ea o e c a .
S m pr f r w ill t l l y t h t i t g d t r i n i n g t t h ’
o e o es s o s e ou a s oo a o ea c
b y l t f t hi n g t h y r g i n g t f r g t b t i t b n my
’ ’
o s a o o s e e o o o e , u s ee
e x p ri n t h t i t t h b t t r i n i n g t t h t h m t hi n g
e e ce a
’
s e es a o ea c e s
t h y ll r m mb r (L r i m r)
’
e e e e . o e
HO O K N —MENT —TI V
( 1 6)
23 6 Ho o k h a v e l ea r nd
11 r ev i ew Yo u
9 8) th a t n is s o metimes ex p r es t by a l a r g e f o l
l o wi n g h o o k wr itte n with r i g ht m o ti o n fo ll o wi n g
,
st r a i g ht stems a n d with like m o ti o n ( i n side ) f o l

,
l o wi n g c urv d stems Yo u h a v e l e a r n d t o w r ite .
this h o o k r e g ul a r ly f o r the s u f fi x —n a n d f o r a few ,
o the r o u tli n es 1 03 The p r i n c ip a l f u r the r ,
u ses o f h o o k n a r e g i v e n bel o w .
23 7 Ho o k n a n d g j Ho o k n is u s u a lly
wr itte n fo ll o wi n g cc o r ej whe n ev e r a sh o r t v o wel
p r e c edi n g the n may be o mitted .
kit c he n comp a r e c h an c e L
r ej o i n
m
i n g e n i o us
1
See 99 , 2 60 .
128 P er s o n a l S ho r tha nd
Inthe wo r d cha nge a n d its de r i v a ti v es h o o k n

is wr itte n o mitti n g the p r e c edi ng l o ng v o wel
, .
c h a n ge c h a ng i ng
Ho o k 11 ma ybe fi a t t en d s o mewh a t i st
a ga n a
fo ll o wi ng stem ( co mp a r e 2 0 8)
ag n e t l g e n tle
3
7
C i r c le 8 a nd h oo k i s o metimes fo ll o w h o o k n.
ag nce y 3 eme r g e n c y
N o te pl ur a l of s uc h fo r ms . C o mp a r e 1 75 .
e ies
ag n c eme r ge n c ies
L imited us e o f hook n on e f o r eg will be g i v e n
in conn e c ti o n with San
—
, 2 5 9 —2 6 0 . N o te he r e
oc ea n
23 8 Ho o k n Afte r me ( b u t n o t mt)
an d m
“
h o o k n is u s u a lly w r itte n whe n a sh o r t v o wel p r e

c edi n g the n m a y be o mitted .
su mm o n M co mme n d
c o mme n c e wo r kme n s m ’
wa t c hme n W bu t ) li n em a n
1 30 P er s o n a l S hor th a nd
241 —t i v Fo ll o wi n g ti or ek t the s u f fi x —i v
may be w r itte n by h o o k cv . F o ll o wi n g en t stem ,
ev m u st be wr itte n :
m o ti v es
dest r u c ti v el y
r espe c ti v e
p r ev e n ti v e
Af te r a ny s o u n d x p t tie ce , the su ffi x —i v i s r
w i t te n lw y
a a s by
s te m ev .
p a ssi v e e x te n si v e
242 tu an d cu Ma n y w o r ds like n a tu r e,
n a tu r a l , v i r tu e, speld with tu o r d a
ed u ca te , et c , ,
h a v e v a r ied g r a d u a lly i n p r o n u n c i a ti o n d ur i n g the

p a st c e n t u r y un til t o d a y the l a test di c ti o n a r ies
p r efe r i n g e n e r a l the p r o n un c i a ti o n s n egu r n a gura l , ,
v u r gu ej u k et e t c t o the o lde r p r o n u n c i a ti o n s me
, , ,
t ur n a t y u r a l v u r t u e d y u k et e t c
, ,
The o b v i o u s
, ,
.
t r e a tme n t o f s uc h w o r ds is t o w r ite a s y o u p r o
n o un c e g o v,e r n i n g y o u r p r o n u n c i a ti on by y o u r
pe r s o n a l t a ste o r y o ur c h o i c e o f a u th o r ities .
The P S tex t ex e r c ises et c u s e f o r the p r ese n t the

, , ,
o lde r f o r ms l a r ely be c a u se o f thei r c l o se r a g r ee

g ,
me n t with s u c h de r i v a ti v es a s n a ti ve fu tur i ty , ,
p i cto r i a l , etc .
H oo k n — men t —
ti v 131
B el o w arei v e n s o me o f the m o r e imp o r t a n t

g
wo r ds o f this c l a ss sh o wi ng the p r e f er d a n d a lte r
,
n a ti v e p r o n u n c i a ti o n s a c c o r di n g t o the S t a n d a r d
D i c ti o n a r y a n d the sh o r th a n d f o r ms c o rr esp o n di n g
to ea c h . P S w r ites i n g e n e r a l the f o r ms o f the
, ,
l a st c o l u m n .
Th e co m p o u n d s i g n y ar 22 5 ) ma y b e u sed f r ly
ee , as s h o wn ,
i n wr i t i n g t he p ro n un c i a t i o n t ur or y
t u r .
( See 137 f o r i n t er
c h a n gea b l e us e o f yu a nd u) .
S t a n d a r d D i c ti o n a r y p r o nun c i a ti o n s
P r ef er d Alt r ti
e na (P S) ve
t e
na ur n et i1 r
P ra cti s e at l ea s t 5 ti mes the ou tl i n es whi ch y ou p rf

e er to a dopt .
1 32 P er s o n a l Shor tha n d
243 Wo r d exe r c i s e Pr a c tise these 20 w o r ds

till y o u c a n
R ea dthe ex er c ise a c cur a tely i n 1 5 se co n ds .
Wr ite the ex er c ise a c c ur a tely i n 3 5 se co n ds .
Afte r r e a c hi ng this st a n d a r d p r a c tise P S Ex

2 43—r w .
m o me nt
wr itten
a nn o u n c eme n t
ex e cu ti v e
fu t ur e e q u i p me n t
o ff e n si v e
u n k n o wn
o p i n io n
244 Sh o r t f o r m s S tud y a nd p r a c tise these

sh or t fo r ms wr itte n with h o o k ef eo z
2 h a lf h af f h a l v es h av z
245 Co n t r a ct io n s S t ud y a nd p r a c tise these

8 t
co n r a c ti o n s 1 81 ) a nd thei r der i v a tiv es :
— an
f l oop s 1 35
248 Wr i t i n g exer c is e Fo r k e y s ee P S Ex 2 48- k .
M f r
en a r e ou
H wh k n w
e ot o s no a nd k n o ws n o t h
t a t he k n o w s no t : He 13
a f l
oo h n hi m s u .
H wh k n w
e t
o o s no a nd k n o ws t ha t he k n o ws n o t : He 18 a
c hil d t eac h him .
He wh o k n o ws a nd k n o ws no t h
t at he k n o ws : He 1s l p
a s ee
wa k e h i m
—
.
He who k n o ws a nd k no ws t h a t he k no ws : He wi e f o
i s s ll ow
hi m .
(Ara bi a n proverb)
Li f e i s a l ea f of p a p er w hi te
Wh ereo n ea c h o ne o f us ma y wr i te
His wo d r or two , a n d t h e n co mes n i g h t .
Mu s e w hi c h wa y th e pen to h o l d ,
no t
l
Lu ck h a tes th e s o w a n d l ov es t h e b o d , l
n r n l
So o co mes t he d a k es s a n d t h e co d .
Gr tl y b gi n ! Th t h h t i m
ea e o ou av e e
B t f
u l i n b t h t bl i m
or a e, e a su e
N t f i l r b t l w im i
o a u e, rim u o a , s c e .
( L owell )
- an S LOOPS ( 1 7)
249 —Sa nis m uc h the c o mm o n est s u f fi x

—Sa n
o f E n g lish co n t a i n i n g m o r e th a n o n e co n s o n a n t
s o un d This v e r y imp o r t a n t syll a ble is ex p r es t by

.
a f o ll o wi n g l o o p a b o u t 3 the n o r m a l le n g th o f a
,
c o n so n a n t ste rn wr itten with left m o ti o n o n

,
st r a i g ht stems a n d with like m o ti o n ( i n side) o n

,
c u r v d stems like the fi n a l c i r c le

25 0 —Sa n —i Sa n
A thi n l oo p a little
loops ,
less th a n 5 the le n g th o f
a co n s o n a n t stem is ,
r n f —
w itte o r San (o r the simil a r syll a ble 3an) —
whe n n o v o wel s o un d o r the sh o r t v o wel s o un d
,
i o c c ur s betwee n the p r e c edi n g c o n s o n a n t a n d the

,
—San .
The s ho rt v o we l i o ccu r s bef o r e —Sa n mo r e o f te n th n

a a ll
ot h er s h o r t v owel s co mb i ed n .
di r ec ti o n co m missi o n
r e c epti o n / i p r o v isi o n
25 1 Oth er use of The thi n l o o p
th in lo op
m a y be wr itte n whe n a sh o r t v o wel s o u n d o the r
—
th a n i o c c ur s befo r e the San p r ovi d ed tha t ,
—
the r es u lti n g o u tli n e d o es n o t c o n fli c t with a San
or —i Sa n l o o p o u tli n e .
l) sessi o n
co mpa re disse c ti o n
25 2 e Sa n loo p A thi c k l o o p a little m o r e
,
th a n the le n g th o f a c o n s o n a n t stem is wr itte n ,
—eSa n
f or (o r
T h e l o n g v o wel 6 o cc u r s be f o r e —Sa n mo r e o f te n th n
a a ll
o t h e r v o w e l s a n d d i f t ho n gs co mb i ned .
dete r mi n a ti o n
o cca si o n
I 38 P er s o n a l S hor tha n d
Wr ite simil a r l y — u eSan

j (co mp a r e
g r a d ua ti o n co mpa re g r a d u a te
255 Lo o p s an d Wr ite the c i r c le

c ir c le
a fte r a ny —
l o o p f o r pl u r a ls et c i n z with l i ke
, ,
m o ti o n o n the opp os i te side o f the stem a si n g le

m o ti o n fo r mi n g b o th l o o p a n d c i r c le .
di r e c ti o n s st a ti o n s
men ti o n s c o mbi n a ti o n s
m o ti o n s
o c c a si o n s
Wr ite eithe r l o o p a fte r a c i r c le with l i k e m o ti o n

o n the s a me side o f the stem .
c o n v e r s a ti o n
Wr se n s a ti o n s
Wh e n the roo t wo d e n d s w i t h s te m s o r 2
m
r
w i te t h e
,
l o o p o n t he s te m ra t h e r t h a n w r i t i n g c i r c l e a n d l oo p
,
. C o mp a er
2 54 .
s upp o siti o n 1 co mpar e s u pp o se
d —e d t ick The —ed ti c k

256 Lo o p s an
191 ) may be w r itte n fo ll o wi n g a loop f or the

s uf fix —d mp e
( c o a r
m en t i o n d Q f a s hi o n d
co mm i s s io n d co n d itio n d w
— an l oop s
f 1 39
B u t s t em d ma y be w ri tt n i n
e s tea d wh e nm r o e co n ni nt
ve e .
p o s i ti o n d Ls o c c a s io n d
‘
v
25 7 Lo o p s on The
h a l f -l en g t h s tem s
thi c k l o o p a y be w itte n o n
m r en t en d or
— me n t , ,
a little less th a n the f u ll le n g th o f these stems .
Af t r t h e n d —S n v r d —iS
es e s ou s ry r r l y
an e e ,
an an ve a e ,
r
o ccu s .
pl a n t a ti o n fo un d a ti o n s é
p r ese n t a ti o n ex pe r ime n t a ti o n
y
r ep r ese n t a ti o n s o r n a me n t a ti o n M
25 8 Me d i a l lo o ps S emi fi n a l l y
medi a lly -
or
eithe r l o o p m a y be wr itte n whe n a n y sh o r t um

s t r es t v o wel ( us u a lly et) o c c u r s betwee n the ef
a n d the en .
— s ft r a l p h ld
e a oo lly b w r i tt n wi t h t m
s ou u s ua e e s e s,
mg t h
r es e r v i r l f pl r l t i n —
e c c e or u a s e c z .
defi c ie n c y
77
’
s u f fi c ie n tly
A v a r i a ble stem fo ll o wi n g a l o o p sh o u ld p r efe r
a bly be w r itte n i n the di r e c ti o n whi c h will n o t
c r o ss the p r e c edi n ste rn

g .
d 1c t 1o n a r y commissi o n e r
ex c epti o n a l a pp o r ti o n me n t
r r
B u t a v a i a b l e s te m m a y be w i tte c r o s s mg t he p n r eced i ng
s tem if t he o pp o s i te d i ec t i o r n
wo u l d o b s c u e t he l oo p r .
"
a dditi o n a l 7 p r o v isi o n a l
i n te n ti o n a l p r o p o r ti o n a l
25 9 — While the c o mbi n a ti o n

3a n
— an
3
ma y be w r itte n by the l o o p fo ll o wi n g co n s o n a n t , ,
i o r e s o un ds
,
2 50 it is well t o us e the
,
—
stem si g n stem ez h o o k en f o r the he a v y co n
, ,
s o n a n t s o un d whe n ev e r it will g i v e eq ua lly fa c ile

o u tli n es .
de c isi o n con c u l si o n
p r e c isi o n ill u si o n
Whe r e t h e l o o p is wr itte n f o r gan a p r e c edi n g —

,
v o wel o the r th a n i o r e m u st sh o w betwee n the

stem a n d the l o o p .
f u si o n c o n f u si o n
260 Ot h er s tem s ig n s —Sa n cann o t , of
co ur se be w r itte n by a fo ll o wi n g l o o p whe n n o t
,
p r e c eded by a c o n s o n a n t stem a n d m a y a d v a n ,
t a g eo u s l y be w r itte n b y the stem si g n ste rn ef ,
h o o k en i n a few o the r c a ses

, .
sh u n t L ar c o n s c ie n ce
See l
a s o s hu n a nd ocea n, 2 37 .
ik is o mitted in the co mbi n a ti o n —fik eSa n .
g ra tifi c a ti o n v e r ifi c a ti o n
26 2 Wo r d ex e r c i s e P r a c tise these 20 w o r ds
till you ca n
R ea d the ex e r c ise a c c u r a tely i n 1 5 se co n ds .
Wr ite the ex e r c ise a c cu r a tely i n 3 0 se c o n ds .
Afte r r e a c hi n g this st a n d a r d pr a c tise P S Ex

—
2 62 r w .
p o siti o n a dmi n ist r a ti o n

t r a n sp o r t a ti o n a dditi o n
c o n diti o n s a c ti o n
c o n st r u c ti o n e f fi c ie n c y
c o o pe r a ti o n i n fo r m a ti o n
sit u a ti o n im a g i n a ti o n
n a ti o n a l ele c ti o n
n a ti o n s O pe r a ti o n
o bj e c ti o n
o r g a n i z a ti o n
263 Co n t r a c t io n s S t u dy and p r a c tise these

8 c o n t r a c ti o n s a n d thei r de r i v a ti v es
— an l oop s
f 1 43
i i
a s s oc a t o n as n co m pa ny
s ig n ifi c a n t ,
—a n ce s ig l a n gua ge
1
c i rc ums ta n ce s rk p ro b a b l e
2
pa r t i l r
cu a p l
‘
1 o ppo r tu n i t y
1
See 1 62 .
2
S ee § 225 .
a sso c i a ti o n s co mp a n ies
si gn ifi c a n tl y l a n g u a g es
c i r c u mst a n c es p ro b a bly
p a r ti c ul a r s p r o b a bility
p a r ti c u l a r l y o pp o r t u n ities
26 4 Re a d i n g ex e r c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex
—
2 64 k .
”
T hf
V
/ .
V
/ /
q
6 / v c /
\ Q l/ A K— J ‘
fl 7
( 1 /
7
P L p ’
—
\ A — a
a f a f f y
26 5 Wr i t i n g exer c is e Fo r k ey see P S Ex
—
2 65 k .
I w ill li f t Up mi n e e y es u nt
o the hill s ,
f r o m wh e n ce c o met h
my h el p .
My h el p co me t h f ro m th e Lo rd w hi c h ma d e h e a ve n a nd ea r t h
, .
He w ill n o t s u ff e r t h y f o o t t o b e m o v ed : h e t h a t k ee p e t h t h ee
will no t s l u mb e r .
B e h o l d h e t h a t k ee p e t h I s ra el s h a ll n ei t h e r s l u mb e r n o r s l ee p
, .
T h e Lo rd i s t h y k ee p e r : t h e Lo r d i s t hy s h a d e u p o n t h y
r i gh t h a n d .
T h e s u n s h a ll n o t s mi te t h ee by d a y no r t h e moo n b y n i g h t,
.
Th e Lo r d s h a ll p r es e rv e t h ee f r o m a ll ev il : h e s h a ll p r es e r v e
th y s o ul .
1 46 P ers on a l S hor tha nd
269 Le n g t h co m pounds an d co m b in a tio n s

R e v iew
C o mp o un ds , 1 87 —1
90 .
C o mbi n a ti o n s , 1 92 , 2 39 .
27 0 Pr e c e d i n g h o o k c o m p o u n d s a n d co m
bin a t io n s R e v iew
C o mp o un ds § 2 0 0 —2 0 7
, 2 1 7—2 2 1 , .
C o mbi n a ti o n s § 2 2 2 — 2 2 5 ( 2 3 1 )
, ,
27 1 Fo l l o w i n g h o ok co m b in a tio n s
v iew 2 3 6—2 3 8, 2 40 , 2 5 9 -
2 60 .
27 2 Fo l l o w i n g loop co m b in a t io n s
V iew 2 49 —2 5 9 , 2 6 1 .
27 3 Ge n er a l iew R ev
C i r c le
and hoo k pe n m a n ship § 1 6 6 M edi a l , .
c i r c le j o i n i n g s H k j i i s —2 1
,§ 73
1 o o o n . n g § 2 0 8 0 , .
Ap o st r o phe w o r ds § 2 2 9 tu a n d gu § 2 42
, .
, .
C o n s o n a n t o missi o n 261 , .
27 4 Af fi x e s R e v iew 1 76 , a n d
P r efi x es ,
—
1 77 1 7 8, 2 2 6 .
Su f fi x es
, § 1 79 , 1 9 1 , 1 93, 2 1 1 ,
—
2 2 7 2 2 8, 2 41 .
27 5 Wo r d e x e r c i s e s R e v iew a l l w o r d ex er
c ises i n te x t a n d P S E x e r c ises w r iti n g e a c h f r o m ,
di c t a ti o n a t the r a te o f 40 wo r ds p er mi nu te .
W o r d ex e r c ise se c ti o n s a r e § 1 6 7 1 80 1 9 4 2 1 2 , , , ,
P a rt 2 r ev i ew 1 47
R eview simil a r ly the sh o r th a n d ou tli n es of a ll
tex t se c ti o n s o f P a r t 3 .
27 6 Wo r d s i g n s
The 42 w o r d s ig n s o f P S
m a ke u p o v e r 3 o f a l l yo ur w r iti n g D o n o t be .
s a tisfied with less th a n a bs o l u te m a ste r y o f these

few sig n s B e s u r e t o r e a c h the mi n im um st a n d a r ds
.
set i n the n ex t se c ti o n R ev iew fi r st t h o r o l y the 1 2

.
wo r d s ig n s i n t r o d u c ed i n P a r t 3 : 1 95 2 13 23 1 , , .
R e v iew simil a r ly the c o mp o un ds de r i v a ti v es a n d , ,
sh o r t f o r ms o f 1 6 8 1 6 9 1 9 6 2 3 2 2 44
—
, , , .
27 7 Wo r d s i g n hart
r ev Test a n d p er
i ew c
f ec t y o u r k n o wled g e o f the w o r d s ig n s by u s e o f
the r ev iew c h a r t o n p a g e 1 48 a s di r e c ted i n 1 48 ,
p a g e 7 9 G i v e eq u a l a tte n ti o n t o r e a di n g a n d wr it
.
i n g d r il ls C o n ti n u e p r a c tise with this c h a r t till

.
y o u c a n r ea d o r wr i te the 42 si g n s , a ccu r a tel y , i n

1
a n y or d er , i n n o t m o r e th a n 2 5 se c o n ds .
27 8 Co n t r a c t io n s The few co n t r a c ti o n s o f
P S a r e a l l u sef u l a bb r e v i a ti o n s f o r g e n e r a l u s e .
R e v iew t h o r o l y — —
1 8 1 1 83 2 45 2 46 2 6 3 , , .
27 9 Co n tr a c t io n r ev i ewTest a n d
c hart
pe r fe c t y o ur k n o wled g e o f the c o n t r a c ti o n s by u s e
of the r e v iew c h a r t o n p a g e 1 5 0 a s di r e c ted i n
1 48 . G i v e eq u a l a tte n ti o n t o r e a di n g a n d w r iti n g
d r ills C o n ti n u e p r a c tise till y o u c a n r ea d the 2 4
.
c o n t r a c ti o n s a c c u r a tely i n a n y o r de r i n 1
5 se co n ds
and w r i te them a cc u r a tely i n a n y o r de r i n 2 5
se co n ds .
1 48 P er s on a l S hor tha n d
280 Fr a s e s R e v iew th o ug htfully the g en

er a l p r i nc iples
o f f r a s in g ,1 17 I n P S y o u sh o u ld
.
fr a se t o o little r a the r th a n t o o m u c h b u t y o u will

,
fi n d th a t the limited a m o un t o f f r a s i n g whi c h is

s ugg ested is o f g r e a t v a l u e .
R e v iew t h o r o l y § 82 1 0 4 1 1 8 1 40 o f P a r t 2
, , , , ,
a nd 1 7 0 1 84 1 9 7 2 1 4 2 3 3 o f P a r t 3
, , , , ,
.
1 50 P er s on a l S hor tha nd
ma n u f a c d e pa tr i m p r t n t d i ff r n t
o a ,
e e ,
s a t is f a c
1 15 13’
t ur e me nt — n a
—n ce e ce to ry 53
nt n d rd n rl v rn
go e ,
Ame ri n Ame ri
—m n t
s ta a e a ca ca
a cco u ge e
to get h e r fo rm dv n t
adv rt i
e s e, i
a s s oc a
co mpa ny
a a a ge
—m n t e t 1o n
s ign i fi
pa r t i c u
p r o b a b l e l a n g u a ge ca nt ,
—ca n ce
P a rt 3 r ev i ew 151
282 Re a d i n g ex e r c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex
2 82
-
k .
M a l/
a 4
4
.
N J ,
,
v a
_
_ U
W
—
J C T 1 L c
l L /
/
( 6 6 A
/ /
V
) v
“
L A /
f
\a /
O B
283 Wr i t i n g exer c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex

—
2 83 k .
In all t he ch a n ges to w hi c h y o u ma y be i n v i ted rememb er ,
t h a t t i me a n d h a b i t a re a t l ea s t a s n eces s a r y t o fi x t h e t r ue
c h a ra c t e r o f gov e rn me n t s a s o f o t h e r h u ma n i n s t i t u t i o n s ; t h a t
ex p e r i en ce i s t h e s u r es t s ta n d a rd b y w hi c h t o t es t t h e r ea l t en
d en cy o f t he e x i s t i n g co n s t i t u t i o n o f a c o u n t ry ; t h a t f a c ili t y
i n c h a n ges u po n t he c red i t o f mere hyp o t h es i s a nd o pi n io n
, ,
ex p o s es t o p e r p et ua l c h a n ge f ro m t h e e n d l es s v a r i e t y o f h y
,
p o t h es is a nd O pi n i o n ; a n d r ememb e r es p ec i a lly t h a t f o r t h e e ffi
c i e n t m a n a ge me n t o f y o u r co mmo n i n te r es ts i n a co u n t ry s o ,
e x te n s i v e a s o u r s a go v e rn me n t o f a s mu c h v i go r a s i s co n s i s t e n t
,
wi t h th e p er f ec t s ec u r i t y o f l i b e r ty i s i n d i s p e n s a b l e L i b e r ty .
i ts el f will fi n d i n s uc h a go ve rn men t w i t h p o wers p ro p er ly ,
d i s tr i bu ted a n d a d j us ted i t s s u res t g u a rd i a n

,
.
( Wa s hi ngton F arewell a dd r es s )
284 Re a d s p r a ctise will d o

h o r th a n d No
m o r e t o imp r o v e the speed a n d a c c u r a c y o f yo ur
sh o r th a n d wr iti n g th a n will the r e a di n g o f well
wr itte n sh o r th a n d .
Th w r i t i n g t t f § 85 w ill p r
e es to y u th t y2 ov e o o a ou ca n
a lr d y w r i t h r t h n d m h f t r t h n y
ea e s o a t hi nk i t
uc as e a ou ca n
( t hat i s,t hi n k f t h r iog h t t li n f

e w m t t r ) Rou d i ng
es o r ne a e . ea
r t h rth n d i n r
a ccu a e s o a th i d r din
c ea s es f y r e s ze an ea es s o ou
s h r th n d
o a b l y
v o ca u ar .
Alth o P S R e a de r Nr I ( R i p Va n Wi n kle) is
b a sed o n the c o mplete P S te x t y o u m a y beg i n ,
t o r e a d it a t this time f o r the few o u tli n es i n it ,
whi c h a r e i n fl u e n c ed by P a r t 4 will b e i n m o st ,
c a ses self ex pl a n a t o r y i n r e a di n g I t will be well

,
- .
t o r e a d 6 o r 8 p a g es o f the R e a de r i n c o n n e c ti o n
1 54 P er s on a l Shor tha n d
speed F u r the r p r a c tise a n d the e x pe r ie n c e o f

.
pe r s o n a l u s e will m a te r i a lly i n c r e a se b o t h o f these

speeds by the time y o u h a v e fi n i s h t yo u r st udy o f
the tex t Test a n d r e c o r d y o ur p r ese n t wr iti n g
.
speed by me a n s o f the i n te r li n ed wr iti n g test o f

P S Ex 2 85 —t .
Thi s tes t g i v es o n ea c h 4 l i n es a l i n e o f p r i n t the s a me wo r d s

,
i n s h o r t h a n d a n d 2 b l a n k li n es bel o w U s e t h e tes t a s f o ll ows

, .
1 W r i te the s h o r t h a n d o n t h e fi rs t b l a n k li n e w i t h no,
p rev i o u s p ra c ti s e a s ra pi d ly a s y o u ca n f o rm n ea t l egi b l e o u t
, ,
li n es w r i ti n g f o r j u s t 60 s eco n d s C o u n t the w o rd s wr i t te n
, .
( t h e l a s t w o r d o f ea c h p r i n t li n e i s n u m ber d ) to d eter mi n e y o u r
wr i t i n g s p eed i n wo r d s per m i n u te . 2 P ra c t i s e t h e w h o l e 1 0
li n es o f t h e tes t i n y o u r p ra ct i s e bo ok f ro m d i c ta ti o n o r o t he r
,
wi s e t ill y o u f ee l t h a t y o u h a v e ma s ter d t h em t h o r o l y
,
. 3
W r i te t he s h o r th a n d a ga i n o n t he s eco n d b l a n k li n e w r i t i n g a s
,
ra pi d ly a s y o u ca n f o rm a ccu ra te o u t li n es f o r j us t 60 s eco n d s
,
.
Thi s w ill g i v e y o ur p res en t wo rd s p er mi n u te s p eed o n pr a c ti s t

ma tte r .
Fr o m n o w o n us e your s h orth a n d .
Part 4
E x tens i on an d a
ppl i ca ti ons
P REF XES I I NFLEC T I O NAL END N S I G ( 19 )
29 1 Ro o t w o r d s E n g l ish c o n
an d a f fixes
t a i n s m a n y p r efi x es o r i n iti a l syll a bles a n d m a n y ,
s u f fi x es o r fi n a l syll a bles o f c o mm o n o c c u r e n c e ,
.
S u c h a f fi x es r a n g e a l l the w a y f r o m simple i n fl e c
t i o n a l e n di n g s th r u o r di n a r y p r efi x es a n d s u f fi x es
whi c h fo r m de r i v a ti v e w o r ds t o c o mp o u n d w o r ds ,
with o r with o u t a hyphe n .
E a se a n d speed o f w r iti n g a n d e a se a n d c e r t a i n t y ,
o f r e a di n g dem a n d th a t s o f a r a s p o ssible
,
a R o o t w o r ds sh a ll be w r itte n u n if o r mly bef o r e ,
o r a fte r thei r v a r i o u s a f fi x es ,
b Affi x es sh a ll be w r itte n u n ifo r mly befo r e o r ,
a fte r the v a r i o u s r o o t w o r ds .
Al m t t h
os n ly x p t i n t t hi p r t i i n P S
e o e ce o s th
o s ac se a re ose
ca s es wh r v w l w hi h i i n i ti l fi n l i n r t
e e a o e c s ffi x a or a a oo or a
b eco m m di ] in
es e d riv tiv
a d m y b
a e mi tt d ;
a wh r
e an a e o e or e e
an i n i ti l
a fin l t m
or a s b
e m m di l s d m y b
or z eco es e a an a e
w r i t t n by th
e ir l e c c e .
co mpa re ev e r
con seq u e n c e mp r seq u e n c e

co a e
b u si n esslike b usi n ess L , \
As m o st p r efix es a n d s u f fi xes a r e w r itte n i n P S

by r e g ul a r a ppli c a ti o n o f g e n e r a l p r i n c iples o n ly ,
o n e o r t w o ill u st r a ti o n s o f e a c h will be g i v e n i n the
fo ll o wi n g se c ti o n s Additi o n a l ex a mples will be

.
fo un d i n the p r e c edi ng se c ti o n s r ef er d t o .
29 2 C o m m o n e s t p r e fix es 10 of the co m
m o n est p r efi x es o f E n g lish a r e
— —
be d e re p r o n o un c ed b i di m
bel o w l/ r ep a y
de c r e a se r ep r ese n t
i m eu or e m un
i n—( i m en
—
( em um
W e n l IS t
i n side emb r a c e
imp r ess u n n e c ess a r y
B f r
e o e tr ( i ntr od uce 2 94 ) or s es (i ns i s t
in ma y b e w r i t t n i n f ll
e u .
co n or co m di s ex per p r o n o un c ed
k on —
(k o m dis ek s
—
(
eg z p ar
t t
con r a c
h dis c h a r g e M
c o n se n t ex p r ess
c o mp r ess
w pe r fo r m
1 58 P er s o n a l S ho r tha nd
ex tr su p er u n d er ov er
ex t r a c t un de r sell V /
s upe rv ise o v e r p o we r
tel e is wr i t t t en by 223 co mp a r e
W teleph o n e
teles c o pe
29 5 Co m p ou n d p r e fixe s C o mp o u n d p r e
fix es u s u a lly i n v o l v i n g eithe r
, con or in a re
wr itte n simpl y by c o mbi n i n g the sep a r a te p r e

fi x es
i n co n v e n ie n t u n co n d 1 t 1 o n a l
M
dis c o n ti n u e u n r eli a ble
r e c o n side r i r r esistibly
A 7
3 l o/
B o th v o wels sh o u ld be w r itte n i n r ei n
r ei n f o r c e r ei n st a te
r
Remembe to pr a cti s e a ll s ho rth a nd f or ms at l ea s t 5 ti mes .
29 6 In fl e c t i o n a l e n d i n g s B y f a r the m o st
imp o r t a n t s u f fix es o f E n g lish a r e the 3 c o mm o n est
i n fl ec t o n a e n di n g s
i l —s —
,
cd ,and i n g whi c h t o
,
-
,
g ethe r o c c ur m u c h m o r e o fte n th a n a l l o the r

s u f fi x es c o mbi n ed These h a v e bee n c o v er d f ully
.
i n p r e c edi n g se c ti o n s a n d a r e me r ely s u mm a r i z ed
bel o w .
P r efixes I nf l ecti ona l en d i n gs 1 59
p r o n o u n c ed
_
5 ,
—s
,
—z
, or
—ez , is w r itte n a lw a ys
with the c i r c le See § . 62 , 72 , 131 , 1 64 1 65 ,
-
1 75 .
ri g hts f t r ies
n eeds
day s
sh o ws k t
t a x es
sh o es s uc c esses
ed , p r o n o un c ed —t —d or
—e d is wr itte n
, , ,
Afte r s z n , by wr iti ng st
- —z d nd
-
. S ee
1 88, 1 9 0 .
Afte r —n t —n d —r t —n t ar —n d ar —Sa n by the

,
ed ti c k . S ee 1 9 1 , 1 9 3 , 2 56 .
In a ll o the r ca ses by stem t or d .
gu essed
p le a sed i .
t ur n d 7
p r i n ted L
e n ded
p a r ted in
p r o n o un c ed —i lj is wr itte n a lw a ys by stem
i ng , ,
u s u a lly o mitti n g the v o wel .
meeti n g — sh o wi n gv
c a r r yi n g
—en ,
§ 9 8, 2 36
w r itte n
sh o r te n
—rn en l —rn en d
, § 2 39 ; , § 2 38
st a temen t a dj o u r n me n t
j u d g me n t r e c o mme n d
—l i v e —zoe
'
, ,
2 41
na ti v e i n v e n ti v e
o bj e c ti v e ex c essi v e
_
f ul ’
2 24
?
T
u sef u l
y o u thf u l
6
/
—s elf —s el ves
, § 2 2 8, (2 9 3 )
himself / 7 themsel v es
—
f 0r m § 2 45 2 46
. ,
Thi s i s mo re o f te n a ro o t t h a n a s uf fix , b u t ma y be u s ed
f r ee ly i n a ny co mb i n a t i o n .
m u ltifo r m misi n fo r m a ti o n
S nfil xes 63
—tzo n s —ci o n s
— —zns
)
' '
o us ; i o ns , 1 79 ; ,
1 64 ; ,
etc ,
21 I
co mpa r e d a n g er s
se r ies
c a u ti o u s
—i p a l —rta l —i ca l
§
°
,
f
, 227
m un i c ip a l m
ca pit a l
—tn r e 2 42
,
fu r n it u r e W a d v e n t ur e
R emembe r to pr a cti s e a ll s hor th a nd f or ms at l ea s t 5 ti mes .
3 00 Oth er co The fo ll o w
m mon s u f fi xe s
i n g imp o r t a n t s uf fi x es ( ex c ept s hzp) h a v e bee n
—
’
w r itte n with o u t co mme n t i n the p r e c edi n g p a r ts

o f the te x t a s they a r e w r itte n by r e g u l a r a ppli c a
,
ti o n o f g e n e r a l r u les .
T h g ro p
e u rr n g d i n rd r f r l t i v i mp r t n
s a re a a e o e o e a e o a ce .
—l —
y, y
ce r t a i n ly , V
j
n e a r ly M
simpl y f s /j
P er s o n a l S hor tha n d
—er —es t
,
—a n t — —a n ce —en ce) , —n es s
)
en t ,
assist a n t ssist a n c e
a
ex c elle n t h a ppi n ess

defe n se compa r de a fn ess
e
a l , —bl e,
— - —
b y , bi l i ty
l
p e r s o n a l l/ j v a ua l ble
c en tr a l
li a ble
—ma n —men
,
wo r km a n w o r kmen
li n eme n
1
s a lesme n
1
See 26 1 , n o te o n con s u mpti on a nd whol es ome .
s c h o l a r ship
1 66 P er s on a l S h or tha n d
Th es e xe a mpl e s a r e a rr a n g ed i n rd r rl
f o ne t i c o e b y t h ei as t
s ou nd s ( r i m i n g d i c t i o n a r y o r d e r)
.
t r a n sf o r m a ti o n
me c h a n ism
fr eed o m
i nv e n t o r
l o nger
wh o ev e r
s a fety
r e a lity
c u st o m a r y
car eless
m a c hi n e r y
fo r me r l y
r e a dil y
r e a li z e
l u c kil y
su c c essfull y
pe r s o n a g e
S ufi x es 1 67
3 04 Re a d i n g e xe r c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex
—
30 4 k .
M A M ”
3 f / m
L .
L .
( v
m
( C (.
”
R L l / L— W .
CW W fl
m )”
1 68 P er s o n a l S h o r tha n d
3 05 Wr i t i n g ex e r c i s e For key see P S Ex

—
3 05 k .
Th ere i s a t i me i n ev er y ma n s ed uca t i o n w h e n h e a rri ves a t

’
t h e co nv i c t i o n t h a t e nv y i s i g n o ra n c e ; t h a t i mi ta ti o n i s s ui c i d e ;
t h a t h e mus t t a k e hi m s el f f o r b e t te r f o r wo r s e a s hi s p o r ti o n ;
, ,
t h a t t h o t h e wi d e u n i v e r s e i s f ull o f g o o d n o k e rn e l o f n o u r i s h
,
i n g co rn ca n c o me t o hi m b u t t h r u hi s t o il b es to wd o n t h a t p l o t
o f g r o u n d w hi c h i s g i v e n to h i m t o t ill Th e p o wer w hi c h r e
.
s i d es i n h i m i s n ew t o n a t u r e a n d n o n e b u t hi ms e l f k n o ws w h a t
,
t h a t i s w hi c h h e ca n d o n o r d o es h e k n o w u n til h e h a s t r i ed
, .
T r us t t hys el f : eve ry h ea r t v i b ra tes to t hat i ro n s tri n g .
Ac cep t t h e pl a ce t h e d i v i n e p r ov i d e n ce h a s f o u n d f o r y o u t he ,
s o c i et y of yo u r c o n temp o ra r i es the co nn ec t i o n o f ev e n ts
, .
Grea t men h a v e al wa ys d o n e t hi s .
(E m er s on
w
E ss a y on s el f -
r eli a nce )
O U T L NE I FO RMAT I O N (21)
3 06 O u tl in e f o r m a tio n 3 g e n e r a l l a ws o f
ou tli n e fo r m a ti o n u n de r lie f a c ilit y , o r e a se a n d
speed o f w r iti n g a n d le g ibility o r ea se a n d c er
, ,
t a i n ty o f r e a di n g They a r e
.
I L ike m o ti o n
2 A cu te a n g les o r n o n e
3 F o r w a r d m o ti o n o r li n e a lity
U s ua ll y 2 f th
o p r i n ipl
es e cd ft n
es , l l 3 w ill b i n
an o e a , e
h r m n y i n d t r mi n i n g p r ti l r t li n In f
a o e e a a cu a ou th y e . so ar as e
co n fli t t h i r r l ti v i mp r t n i
c , e e a e o a lly i n t h rd r g i v n
ce s u s ua e o e e .
3 07 Li k e m o t i o n L i k e moti on di c t a tes s uc h
ou tli n es as
.
stem F o r w a r d m o ti o n o r li n e a lity is the r efo r e

.
c o n side r d m o r e imp o r t a n t i n s u c h o u tli n es a s
3 08 Ac u t e an gles or none A cu te a ngl es or
n on e di c t a tes s uc h ou tli n es as
K
“
.
u tte r 7
l a rge
r eq u i r ed
M
whistle m n ot
It i in g n r l
s n d i r bl
e e a u es a e to j o i n 3 s tems i n s ucces s i o n
wi t h t n gl T v i d t hi
ou a e . o a o s an o t h e r w i s e u nn eces s a r y v o we l
m y b i n rt d
a e se e .
concea l s l ble
7
un a a
3 09 Fo r w a r d m o t i o n o r l i n e a l i t y For wa r d
moti on or l i n ea l i ty di c t a tes s uc h o u tli n es as
t a lle r ra the r th an
deli g htf ul
t o le r a ble /
- U
3 10 m r the v a r i a ble
1 Pr a c ti c a l us e o f
stems is simplified by c o n side r i n g the u pw a r d
fo r ms me r e l e a s the n o r m a l a n d r eg u l ar for ms
,
‘
, , ,
Ou tl i n e fo r ma ti o n I 7I
to be w r itte n in the a bse n c e o f spe c ifi c r e a s o n t o

the c o n t r a r y . The p r i n c ip a l r e a s o n s f o r w r iti n g
mi ri li a re
mi L ike
m o ti o n i n di c a tes mi befo r e o r a fte r
n o r 13 ( s o metimes a fte r u m less defi n itely befo r e
a a o r a fte r
,
e e A c u te a n g les o r n o n e
.
i n di c a tes mi befo r e a n .
men C a imi n g C
n a me
7 m a n n er (
7
u n mel o di o u s
‘
C W m
L
o u n t a i n 4
ri A c u te a n g les o r n o n e i n di c a tes ri a fte r n
or 13 , o r bef o r e o r a fte r t or d u , or 6 .
di nn e r l a dde r
B ut fo r w a r d m o ti o n or li n e a lit y s o metimes ov er
r u les this p r efe r e n c e .
h a r dly e s
un r a o n a ble s / v
l/
To p r ese rv e the f o r m o f a r o o t wo r d ( see

r for the p r efi x syll a ble r e is o fte n wr itte n d o wn
wa r d .
r emembe r M r ewr ite W

r er e a d fl r el o a d W
1 72 P er s o n a l S hor th a n d
It L ike m o ti o n i n di c a tes l i befo r e or afte r 8
or z , or a fte r me; less defi n itely bef o r e or a fte r i

G
‘
01 l .
wisely m ill ust r i o u s

wi r eless M liste n
timely limit
the p r efe r e n c e f o r l i befo r e i is o fte n

B ut
o v e r r uled whe r e a left m o ti o n stem p r e c edes the
s u fi x ly o r y
— —
f ( S ee § 3 o 7 l a st p a r a g r a ph )
.
, .
p a r ti a lly l/ u e a r thly W
The i ble ti c ks o
v ar a 6 t a ke a lw a ys the o p
, ,
p o s i t e di r e c ti o n t o a n a dj o i n i n g r ; o fte n the s a me
di r e c ti o n with a n a dj o i n i n g m o r 1 .
a lm o st
Do nt ’
t r y to memor i ze h
t es e s ta te me ts n as r l
u es . T ry ,
r t h r i mpl y
a e , s to u n d r t n d th
e s a e m as co mmo n n
se se a ppli e d .
31] Vo w e l The p r i n c iple o f

i m p l ic a t io n
like m o ti o n m a y be u sed t o imply a n o mitted h o o k
v o wel bef o r e o r a fte r a v a r i a ble stem by w r iti n g
the stem a s t h o the o mitted h o o k v o wel we r e t o be

i n se r ted Fo r e x a mple : .
1 74 . P ers o n a l S ho r tha n d
the wel h o o ks
v o ) a n d the p r e c edi n g h o o ks
— 6
44 4
o f c o mp o u n d si g n s
I n a dditi o n t o these the c u rv a t u r e o f r i g ht ,
di a g o n a l c urv d stems is o fte n s o mewh a t fi a t t en d .
fo r m
y ou are c /
When a is w r itte n bef o r e m i f o r the n e ut r a l ,
v o wel a it m a y be a l l ow d t o a ss ume the e

p o siti o n .
Thi s n r n f wi t h
w ill ev e e f
co th n ly tli n
us e e or , or e o ou es
at a l l i m il r
s i mi g
a 3 ) d
a re m g w hi h
a n
q ui t
10 an a on , c a re e
d i ff r n t p r t
e e f p a hs o s eec .
a m on g a m o un t
C:
S l Am i
ee a s o d Am i 44
er ca n a n er ca , 2 .
I n the s y ll a ble f a r a n d the c o mp o u n d w o r d ,
ever y on e a h o o k is a l l o w d t o j o i n b o th p r e c edi n g
,
a n d f o ll o wi n g stems with o u t a n g le ( c o mp a r e p ha s e ,
6 0 , d el i ci o u s , 2 1 1 , et c ) .
f a r is i rr egul a r i n t h a t t he f ol l wi n g
o s tem is a s i mpl e
st ar igh t s te m .
mpa r e
co f ar
f i
un a r e v e r yo n e
3 13 Re t o u c h i n g n o t es I t i s n ever n eces s a ry
to d i sj oi n a ny f o n eti c s i gn , co n s on a n t, v owel , or di a
cr i ti c , to ex p r es s ex a ctl y a nd i n fu ll a ny wor d of E n gl i s h
a un iq u e a c h i ev m en t o f P er s o na l S hor th a nd It .
Ou tli n e for ma ti on 1 75
is h o wev e r s o metimes c o n v e n ie n t o r desi r a ble t o

, ,
w r ite a v o wel o r a di a c r iti c d i s j o i n d a s a n a fte r ,
th o ug ht ; eithe r i n the o r di n a r y c o u r se o f w r iti n g ,
o r m o r e o fte n i n r e a di n g o v e r h a sty n o tes whi c h
a r e t o be p r es erv d o r t o be r e a d by s o me o n e else .
Fo r this p u r p o se a n y v o wel o r d i f t h o n g ma y be
w r itte n d i s j o i n d a cco r di n g t o o n e simple r u le :
A v o wel w r itte n t o the left o f a n u p o r d o w n
stem o r a b o v e a h o r i z o n t a l ste m is r e a d befor e the
stem .
A v o wel w r itte n t o the r i g ht o f a n up o r d o w n

stem o r bel o w a h o r i z o n t a l stem is r e a d after the
stem .
a pe
°
l l pay
a ct X .
c at
I!
park l/ U
\ l/ \ r ipe A ] /
‘
l
moo n a ,
s a il 9 7
Co mp a r e the ea s e o f r n
w i t i g, a nd of rea d i n g , t he d is j o ind
a nd t h e j o i n d f o r ms !
S imil a r l y i n
et o u c hi n g n o tes a d o t m a y be wr it
, r ,
t en beside a n y li g ht si g n t o sh o w th a t it sh o u ld
h a v e bee n w r itte n he a v y ; o r a sm a ll c r o ss beside
a n y he a v y si g n t o sh o w th a t it sh o u ld h a v e bee n
wr itte n li g ht .
dar e
seen
1 7 8 P ers o n a l S hor tha nd
b o dy o f a sh o r th a n d se n te n c e sh o uld be un de r
s co r ed by a si ng le li g ht li n e .
£ ( c / 9 m
q / i l v ?
F r a c ti o n s , ex c ept the wo r d ha lf , ar e w r itte n as
in l o ngh an d .
—f 4
5
6 3?
C — t /
3 17 Ro u n d nu m b er s mbe r s a r e R o un d nu
u s u a lly w r itte n by sh o r th a n d w o r ds whi c h m a y be ,
p r e c eded b y eithe r w o r ds o r fi g ur es .
h u n d r ed milli o n
th o u s a n d Q billi o n
n i n e h u n d r ed W 3 3 milli o n
v 3 3 0
1 5 0 th o u s a n d 15 0 6 t w o billi o n
, U
Th e r vi ti n f
a bb e a o or hund rdm
e ay b e f r a s ed i n t h es e 2 c a s es .
h un d r ed and v h un d r ed th o us a nd L
N u mber s D a tes Ti tl es P r op er n a mes 1 79
3 18 O r d i n a l s O r di n a l nu mbe r s m a y be dis
t i n g u i s h t whe n desi r ed by the sh o r th a n d si gn s
wr itte n on a li n e with the t o p o f
the fi gu r es .
2 15t Zl 22d 2 13
— 2 3d 23 2 4t h 24
(
( "
1 1 th H 42 d 42 81 5 t 1 2 sth 12 5
D a tes 320 ) and n u m b er d st r eets sh o uld be

w r itte n i n sh o r th a n d ( a n d in l o n g h a n d ) with c a r
di n a l n u mbe r s .
3 19 Nu m b e r a b br ev i a t io n s When i mmed i
a tel y p r eced ed by figu r es or other n u mer a l s the
fo ll o wi n g a bb r ev i a ti o n s may be u sed
d o ll a r mi n u te s—
,
d o ll a r s se c o n d —s ,
c en t foo t feet ,
c e n ts i n c h es
—
,
Th e wo r d nu mber a nd its de r i v a ti v es
simil a r ly a bb r ev i a ted :
n u mbe r nu m b er d
3 20 Da t e s L B ( L ib r a r y B u r e a u ) d a tes a r e
simplest a n d best f o r l o n g h a n d P S c o n fo r ms t o .
thei r le g ible a n d l o g i c a l o r de r .
The l o n g h a n d a bb r ev i a ti o n s f o r the 1 2 m o n ths a r e

Ja F Mr Ap My J e J l Ag S O N D,
1 80 P er s o n a l Shor tha n d
wr itte n betwee n the d a y a n d the y e a r i n l o g i c a l

o r de r . The lette r s o c c u r r i n g betwee n the fi g ur es
elimi n a te a l l n e c essity f o r p u n c t ua ti o n O n ly the .
l a st 2 fi g ur es o f 2 o t h c e n t ur y ye a r s n eed be w r itte n .
4 JI 1 776 3 S 1 887 1 1 N 18 23 Je 21
vr
Ne e u s e i , n l n n
o gh a d o r s h o th a d r n
t h e a wk wa d a nd
,
r
ill eg i b l e “
n
u mb e r
d a tes
”
s t ill c o mmo n n
i ma y o f fi ces Th ey n .
a r e o f te n v
a mb i g uous ( u s a ge i s d i i d e d a s t o w h e t h e 3 9
— is r
r
to b e ea d
“
r
t hi d o f S e p te mb e r
or
“
Ma c h ra l wa y s
r
a wk w a d ,
vr
a n d a e a g e l o ge n r to w i te t h a r n
t he e pli c i t a nd x
v
o b i o u s L B d a te s .
The sh o r th a n d a bb r ev i a ti o n s for the 12 m o n ths

a re :
w r itte n betwee n the d ay a nd the ye a r as in the

L B d a tes .
4 q ,7 7 6 3 7 1887 23 3 21
D a y s o f the week a r e w r itte n i n f u ll with the

fo r ms i n the left h a n d c o l u m n s bel o w As p a r t o f
-
.
a c o mplete d a te the sh o r t f o r ms o f the r i g ht h a n d -
co ul mns may be used .

W r i te r s w h o p r e f e r f ro m s a d e x p e r i e n c e w i t h o t h e r s h o r t
,
h a n d s y s te ms to w r i te i n i t i a l s i n l o n g h a n d s h o ul d w r i te t h em
, ,
a l wa y s w i t h s ma ll l e tte r s a nd j o i n d to ge t h e r
H White a W G w B lack W
r n h rth nd
N ow h e e , i s o a or l n gh nd
o a , is th e r n
e eed f or a
p er l n i n i ti l
iod f o l owi g a s .
3 23 Pr o p er na m es mes whethe r P r o pe r na ,
o f pe r s o n s o r pl a c es sh o u ld be w r itte n with um
,
u s u a l c a r e a n d f u l n ess r a r el y o mitti n g e v e n medi a l

,
v o wels ( e x c ept 8 ) e x c ept i n f a mili a r n a mes o f

c o mm o n o c c ur e n c e W r ite them i n s hor tha nd
.
,
h o we v e r The r e is b u t o n e r e a s o n o r ex c use f o r
.
ev e r wr iti n g a p r o per n a me o r a n y o the r w o r d i n , ,
l o n g h a n d i n ste a d o f P S a n d th a t is t o r e c o r d a n
,
u n u s u a l o r u n f a mili a r spelli n g .
The c o mm o n est pe r s o n a l n a mes i n whi c h medi a l

v o wels o the r th a n a a r e o mitted a r e
'
N o te f o r ms f or
Th o m a s Willi a m M
rl n
The g u t t u a s o u d u s u a lly s p el d ch , w hi c h d o es no t o ccu r
n n
i E gli s h may b e d is ti ngu i s h t f o m k i f o ei g a mes by a
,
r n r nn
r n
li g h t t i ck t h u s ter k i ;
N u mber s D a tes Ti tl es P r o p er n a mes 83
Pl a cemes sh o u ld be w r itte n i n f u ll o r i n a d
na ,
d r esses by t r a n slite r a ti o n o f r e c o g n i z ed a bb r ev i a
,
t ion s .
C al \/ N Y V C / Pa l
N o te these 2 a bb r ev i a ti o n s f o r g en er a l us e
U n ited S t a tes J Un ited St a tes o f Ame r i ca Q c/
C mp r
o U S a e d U SA 3 7 an ,
2
Whe n immedi a tely p r e c eded by a p r o pe r n a me

or n u mbe r the fa mili a r a bb r e v i a ti o n s f o r s tr eet
,
a ven u e r oa d p l a ce m a y be w r itte n
st r eet ( St )
1
road ( Rd ) 4
av e n u e ( Av ) 7 pl a c e ( Pl ) l
1
W r i t te n s tr i n s tea d of
“
st to d i s t i n gu i s h u n mi s ta k a b ly
r
f o m —st w r i tt n f
e or o rd i n l n
a u mb e s r .
3 24 R e a d i n g Ex e r c i s e F o r k ey see P S Ex
2 —k
3 4 .
l l
i
r
m /
9
( V
p . ”
(A W V CI
H
O V
A / p “ ,
f )
u / M
K
l
‘
f
c fi
3 fl 4
> fl
L V / V
"
3 25 Wr i t i n g ex e r c i s e Fo r key see P S
—
32 5 k .
G oo d n
me i ma n a n d w o ma
a n d ea my l o d n ,
r r ,
I s t h e i mm ed i a t e j ew e l o f t h e i s o u l s r
r r
Wh o s tea l s my p u s e s tea l s t a s h ; ti s s o me t hi g o t hi g ; ’
n n , n
’
n
Twa s mi e ti s his a nd ha s b ee s l a e to t h o us a d s ;
,
’
,
n v n
r
B u t h e t h a t fil c h es f o m m e my go o d a me n
Ro b s me o f t h a t w hi c h no t e i c h es hi m nr ,
And ma k es me p oo i d eed r n
( S ha ks pe e) . r
18 6 P er s on a l S ho r tha nd
I n n t f p y h l gy l
o es o a s c o o r
ec t u e
i n telli g e n c e s
p y c h o -
an a lysis
“a s
In n t f o es o l l
a ca c u u s co u s e r
i n fi n itesim a l di ff e r e n ti a te
0
4
M
In h r t h n d w rk
s o a o
sh or th a n d ste n o g r a phe r
b
N ev er e fo r ms ex c ept i n the a pp r o p r i a te
us e n o n c
n o tes i n whi c h they a r e p r o pe r ly k e y d .
The b r ev e d o t 3 2 7 ) a n d i n te r se c ti o n 3 2 8)
a r e o f p a r ti c u l a r v a l u e i n de v isi n g n o n c e f o r ms .
3 27 B r ev e d o t bb r ev i a ti o n s t a ke n
U n f o n et i c a
fr o m l o n g h a n d p r a c tise espe c i a lly th o se c o n sisti n g

,
o f the i n iti a l lette r s o f wo r ds m a y be d i s t i n g u i s h t ,
by a li g ht d o t the b r ev e d o t immedi a tely foll o w

, ,
i n g the en d o f the l a st si g n — c o r r esp o n di n g t o
the c o nv e n ti o n a l us e o f a pe r i o d a fte r l o n g h a n d
a bb r e v i a ti o n s The b r ev e d o t m a y be u sed simi
.
l a r l y f o ll o wi n g n o n c e f o r ms whi c h m a y
s a fel y be m a de m u c h sh or ter if the b r ev e d o t is
u sed .
D o not v r w rk t hi
o e f l d i
o b ti t t f
s us e u w r i ti n g
ev ce a s a s u s u e or
l gi b l h r t h n d I t l g i t i m t
e e s o a . i f sf mi li r
e f ti
a e us e s or a a u n o ne c
a bb r i t i n
ev a o tr rd i ry p r n l
s o r ex ao na e so a us e .
N o n ce fo r ms N ew o u tl i n es 1 87
0 N E A ( Na t i o a l n
( f ree o n bo a rd ) Ed uc a t i o As s ) n n
’
c o d S S B ( Si m plifi ed
ca s h o n d eli ve ry ) n
S p e lli g B oa d ) r
A B 1
U 3
r
( B a c h el o o f A ts ) r
Ll D l
U S A
r
( D oc to o f La w s )
1
Co mp a r e Uni ted S ta tes , Un i ted S ta tes f A meri ca
o 32
‘
The pl ur a l o r p o ssessi v e o f a n y fo r m w r itte n

with the b r ev e d o t ma y be ex p r es t by w r iti n g the
sm a ll c i r c le i n pl a c e o f the b r ev e d o t .
. O
lex i co g r a phe r N lex i co gr a phe r s N
3 28 In t e r s e c t i o n F r a ses
espe c i a lly p r o pe r ,
n a mes , o f f r eq u e n t o c c ur e n c e i n
yo ur o wn w r iti n g
m a y be g i v e n b r ief yet disti n c ti v e o u tli n es b y
i n te r se c ti o n wr iti n g o n e st r o ke th r u a n o the r A .
se c o n d st r o ke whi c h will n o t i n te r se c t the fi r st

disti n c tly be c a u se they a r e p a r a llel m a y be wr itte n
v e r y c l o se t o the fi r st st r o ke a little bel o w a n d t o ,
the r i g ht Use i n te r se c ted fo r ms o n ly f o r f r a ses o f

.
fr eq ue n t o c c u r e n c e i n y o u r o w n wr iti n g Typi c a l .
ex a mples a r e :
New Yo k C e r n tr l R
a r
w n t p y bl
a c co u s a a e
Penn y l n i R
s if va a r z b ill f p r t i l r
o a cu a s
N ti n l B n k b ill f l d i n g
4
a o a a ,
o a
F d r l R r B nk 1 P r n l S h r th n d
+
e e a es e v e a e so a o a
3 29 Ne w The w o r ds whi c h y o u
ou tlin es
h a v e a l r e a dy st u died i n the tex t o r P S E x e r c ises

m a ke u p a t le a st p r o b a bly m o r e th a n }o f a ll i
,
the w o r ds y o u will h a v e o c c a si o n t o w r ite 3 5 o f .

9
the r em a i n i n g w o r ds whi c h y o u pe r s o n a lly a r e

likely t o u s e y o u will meet a n d w o r k o u t the o ut ,
li n es f o r i n the fi r st f e w weeks o f a c ti v e pe r s o n a l
,
us e o f P S The s ugg esti o n s f o ll o wi n g will help

.
y o u t o m a ste r these w o r ds a n d the few n ew w o r ds ,
whi c h will co n ti n u e t o t ur n u p i n the q ui c kest a n d ,
m o st e f fe c ti v e w a y .
The fi r st a n d f u n d a me n t a l p r i n c iple i n de a li n g ,
with a n y n ew wo r d i n t a ki n g n o tes is t o wri te ,
s omethi n g i n s h or th a n d wi th o u t d el a y
, I f y o u p ut
, .
d o wn the p r i n c ip a l s o un ds o f a w o r d i n o r de r ,
n e v e r o mitti n g i n iti a l o r fi n a l v o wels y o u ma y h a v e ,
a l o n g o r a wkw a r d o u tli n e b u t y o u wi l l h a v e a
le g ible o n e I f the fo r m seems a wkw a r d o r u n c er

.
t a i n a s y o u w r ite e n c i r c le it with a si n g le q u i c k
, ,
m o ti o n a n d a t the fi r st o pp o r t un ity ex a mi n e it
,
a n d imp r o v e it .
Th us r
if y o u met t he w o d el eemos y na y f o r t h e fi s t t i me r r
r
a n d me e ly p u t d o w e e y s ou d i n vr n n r r
o d e y o u wo u l d p o b a b y r l
n r
get s o m e t hi g li k e f o m ( 1 ) b el o w , w hi c h i s l o g b u t m o e l eg i b l e n r
tha n n n x r
l o g h a d f o r i t e p es s es e a c t ly e e y s o u d x
If y ou vr n .
n r r
e c i c l ed a n d s t ud i ed t hi s f o r f u t u e u s e , y o u m i g h t well d ec i d e
r n
t h a t f o m ( 2 ) w a s s u f fi c i e t a n d u m i s ta k a b l e n .
r r n
S i m il a ly o n fi s t mee t i g t h e w o d tra n s cend enta li s m y o u r
mi g h t p o s s i b ly w ri t e fo m r (I) b el o w . E n i r li n g
c c a nd s t ud yi n g
t hi s ( co m p a re s uc h wo d s r as t ra ns por ta ti on , § 2 62 , cons ent,
§ 2 82 , ex pe ri m en ta l , § 2 39 , e t c ) w o ul d p r o b a b l y gi ve y o u fo m r
w hil e i f y o u e xp ec t ed to m ee t t he w o r d rep ea t ed ly f or a
Co n cl u s i o n 19 1
33 1 Wr i t i n g exe r c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex

33 1 k
—
.
My h ea r t go e s out ma n w ho d oes his w o k w h e th e

to t h e r n
bo s s
”
is a wa y a s w e ll a s w h e h e i s a t h o me n
A n d t h e ma n .
wh o , w h e n v
g i e na l e t t e f o r r G r
a c i a q u i e t ly ta k es t h e m i s s i e
, v
n n
wi t h o u t a s k i g a ny i d i o t i c q u es t i o s a n d w i t h n o l u k i g i n , r n
n n n n
t e t i o o f c h u c k i g i t i to t h e e a es t s e we n r
o r o f d o i g a ug h t r , n
el s e b u t d eli e vr
i t , e e g et snvr “ ”
l a i d o ff , no r ha s to go o n a
r r
s t i k e f o r hi g h e w a ges v
C i ili z a t i o i s o ne l o g a
. n
i o u s s ea c h n nx r
n v
f o r j u s t s u c h i d i i d ua l s n n
A y t hi g s u c h a ma n a s k s s h a ll b e
.
r n n r r
g a ted ; h i s k i d i s s o a e t h a t n o em pl o y e ca n a ff o d t o l et r r
h i m go . n
He i s wa ted i e e y c i ty , t o w n vr a nd ill a ge — i n n , v
r r
ev e y o f fi ce , s h o p s to e a nd f a c t o y
, ,
r
Th e w o l d c i es o u t f o r. r r
s uc h ; he i s n
eed ed a n d eed ed b a d ly n t h e ma n w h o ca n c a y rr
a mes s a ge to G r
a cia ( E lbe t H u bba d )
. r r
C O NC LUS I O N ( 24)
3 32 Fi n a l Y o ur sh o r th a n d w r iti n g
r ev iew ,
a n d r e a di n g a bility is d e t e r m i n d n o t by the si g n s
, ,
fo r ms a n d p r i n c iples whi c h y o u h a v e st u died b ut

,
by th o se whi c h y o u h a v e a t y o ur r e a dy c o mm a n d .
F o r this r e a s o n f r eq u e n t a n d th o r o r e v iew is o f the

g r e a test v a l u e un til th r u p r a c ti c a l e x pe r ie n c e
, ,
y o u r kn o wled g e o f P S h a s be co me like y o u r p r es ,
e n t l o n g h a n d a bilit y a u t o m a ti c a n d u n c o n s c i o u sl y
,
a pplied .
The r ev iew s c hed u le o f 3 3 3 fo ll o wi n g will help

y o u t o r e v iew P ar t 4 m o st e f fe c ti v ely Afte r c o m .
p l e t i n g y o u r st u dy o f P a r t 4 ( i n c l u di n g the f o ll o w
i n g se c ti o n s ) it will be p a r ti c u l a r ly helpf u l t o r e v iew
b r iefl y the e n ti r e te x t whi c h i n the li g ht o f y o ur ,
1 9 2 P er s on a l S hor tha n d
p r e v i o us st udy will n ow p r ese n t itself as an or
g a n i z e d wh o le .
3 33 Re v i e w s che d ule with R ev iew P a r t 4,

the help o f this s c hed ule till a s y o u r e a d e a c h li n e
,
o f the s c hed u le y o u c a n p a u se a n d r e c a ll the esse n
ti a l fa c ts c o v er d by th a t he a d R ev iew the r e a di n g .
a n d w r iti n g e x e r c ises a s di r e c ted b y 2 81 .
A ffi x es § 9
2 1
, P r efi x es .
—
§ 29 2 295 I n fl ec , .
t i o n a l e n di n g s § 2 9 6 , O the r s u f fi x es § 2 9 9 —3 0 3
.
, .
O u tli n e f o r m a ti o n ,v o wel impli c a

ti o n § 3 1 1 ; n a t u r a l dist o r ti o n s § 3 1 2
, R et o u c h , .
i n g n o tes 313 , .
N u mbe s r
—
3 6 3 1 8;
1, n u mbe r a bb r e v i a ti o n s ,
319 D a tes
.
§ 3 20 , Titles 32 1 ; . i n iti a ls , ,
3 2 2 ; p r o pe r n a mes 2
3 3 , .
N o n c e o u tli n es § 3 2 6 ; b r e v e d o t § 3 2 7 ; i n te r
, ,
se c ti o n 3 2 8 N ew o u tli n es 3 2 9
, .
, .
R e a di n g e x e r c ises : § 2 9 7 3 0 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 0 , , , , .
Wr iti n g ex e r c ises : § 2 9 8 3 0 5 3 1 5 3 2 5 3 3 1 , , , , .
334 Sh o r t h a n d p en m ans h ip S h o r th a n d
m u st be de r st o o d t o be
un , it m ust be s u r e b ut ,
wr i tten a s well C o n st a n t a tte n ti o n t o the de

.
t a ils o f sh o r th a n d pe n m a n ship is a n imp o r t a n t

f a c t o r i n e f fe c ti v e m a ste r y o f P S R ev iew —
2 7 30 .
a n d be s u r e th a t y o u r p r a c tise c o n f o r ms i n a ll r e
s p ec t s t o the i n st r u c ti o n s the r e g i v e n .
Wr ite with a li g ht s ur e t o u c h S h a de he a v y , .
si gn s with a si n g le fi r m u n hesit a ti n g p r ess u r e

, , .
K eep y o u r p en c l o se t o the p a pe r a n d m o v i n g
1 94 P er s o n a l S h or tha n d
le g ible sh o r th a n d a t d o u ble y o u r best l o n g h a n d

speed This h o we v e r is by n o me a n s y o ur fi n a l
.
, ,
sh o r th a n d speed (whi c h sh o u ld be f r o m 3 t o 4
times y o ur l o n g h a n d speed ) a n d the meth o ds o f ,
speed p r a c tise m a y well be u sed t o i n c r e a se it .
I n c r ea s t sh o r th a n d speed c o mes f r o m 2 f a c t o r s :
imp r o v ed sh o r th a n d pe n m a n ship a n d a c o mplete r ,
a n d r e a die r sh o r th a n d v o c a b u l a r y A m o de r a te .
a m o un t o f speed p r a c tise will be m o st helpf u l t o
b o th f a c t o r s T o o m u c h h o wev e r u n less s u pe r
.
, ,
v ised by a n e x pe r ie n c ed w r ite r o r te a c he r m a y ,
de v el o p b a d w r iti n g h a bits i n ste a d o f g o o d o r ,
w a ste y o ur time a n d e f fo r t .
F o r m o st e f fe c ti v e s u ppleme n t a r y speed p r a c
tise p r o c eed a b o u t a s fo ll o ws :
1 S l t 4e ec 5 w rd 00( p g or f 00vrg b k o s 2 a es o an a e a e oo
h lfa a l mn fco u v r g n w p p r) f nn t d m t t r
o an a e a e e s a e o co ec e a e ,
p r f r b ly i mil r i n f r m
e e a s bj t t t h k i n d f w r i ti n g
a o or su ec o e o
y ou are m t li k ly t d f os y r l f W r i t t hi w i t h t p
e o o or ou se . e s, ou re
i
v o us p r ti f r m d i t ti n t
ac s e, p d w hi h i j t li ttl
o c a o a a s ee c s us a e
f t r th n y
as e a wri t r t h r t h n d f rm
ou ca n ily e a cc u a e s o a o s ea s .
F r o ce y r lf t w it ou se m thi g i h th
o d wi th t h i t
r e so e n ,
n s or an ,
ou es a
ti on ,f n f mili r w rd
or u a a o s .
2 St d y y u r n t r f lly E n i r l v r y d b tf l
ou o es ca e u . c c e e e ou u or
u n ti f t r y tli n
sa s ac o d r vi i t r f rr i n g t t h t x t i f
ou e, an e se ,
e e o e e
n r y t d t r mi n t h b t f r m P r t i t h rr t d
ece s s a o e e e e es o . ac se e co ec e
f rm
o sAf t r y
. ti fi d w i th
e v r y t li n
o u a re s a py y r s e e e ou e, co ou
n t o es v r l t i m ( tw i
se e a t l t — p rh pes m ny ce , a ea s e a s as a as a
d o zen t i m ) w r i ti n g f t y
es ,
f r m t r i t ly
as r t as as o u ca n o s c a ccu a e
an d l gi b l e t li n d
e di g b k
ou yes ,py anft r y r ea n ac ev er co a e ou
h v w r i tt n i t
a e e .
3 Wri t th l ti n g i n
e e s e ec t m t twi
o f r m di
a a , o n ce or a os ce, o c
t ti
a on t th hi g h t p d t h t y
a e r rd
es s r t ly
ee a ou ca n ec o a cc u a e ,
Co n cl us i o n 195
n r
w hi c h w ill b e co s i d e a b ly f a s t e t h a t h e fi s t t i me ; a n d r n r r ea d
ba c k y o u rn
o te s , o r ma k e a ca e f u l t a s c ip t , t yp e w i tt e r r n r r n or
n n n r n r n
i l o g h a d , o f yo u fi a l w i t i g .
R p t d d i t t i n p r ti
e ea e c a f m ili r m t t r i
o pt t
ac se on a a a e s a o
r l t i n r l ly w r i t t n f r m w hi h
es u c a e es s r d f r m m m ry
e o s c a re ea o e o .
F t hi r
or sn db ea s o h p r ti
,
an b v gg t d
ec a u s e s u c ac s e as a o e su es e
i m r
s ff t i v
o e e d t r p
ec t d i t ti n p r
e, o no ti l
e ea c a o ac s e o n o ne s e ec
ti n m r t h n d vi d b v
o o e a a se a o e .
S u c h p r a c tise f a ithf u lly pe r sisted i n will g i v e

, ,
y o u a s n o thi n g else c a n a g e n u i n e m a ste ry of
P er s on a l S ho r tha nd .
33 6 P S immedi a te v a l u e o f
u s es The
P er s on a l S ho r tha n d f o r a n y g i v e n p u r p o se m a y de
pen d o u s a v i n g ti me efi or t o r i d ea s —
,
o fte n a l l , ,
3 . A few o f the m o r e o b v i o u s o r m o r e gen er a l
u ses a r e s ug g ested bel o w .
Uses whi c h depe n d p r im a r ily o n the s a v i n g o f

time i n c l ude b u si n ess c o n fe r e n c e o r teleph o n e n o tes ,
c o lle g e o r o the r le c t u r e n o tes i n te rv iewi n g a n d i n , ,
g e n e r a l a l l mem o r a n d a whe r e st a teme n ts m u st be

w r itte n d o w n o n the i n st a n t with o u t i n te r r upti n g ,
the spe a ke r o r n o t a t a ll , .
Th l wy r i n
e a e r t t h d b t r t h l gi l t r
co u , e y e a e , e e s a o , or an
m mb r f
e e od li b r t i v b d y w h i
a e e a q ip t w i t h P S h
e o , o s e u as an
i mm n e se dv nt g a avr a pp n n t
e o e t q ip t i n h i
an o o e no so e u ,
s
a b ili t y t j t d w
o o n t t m nt f
o mm n t
s a e p i n t f r b tt l
e s o r co e or o s or e u a .
P er so n a lesp o n de n c e is t r a n s f o r m d b o th i n
corr ,
n u mbe r a n d le n g th o f lette r s likely t o be w r itte n
a n d i n f r eed o m a n d n a t u r a l n ess o f e x p r essi o n by ,
the s a v i n g o f time a n d e f f o r t e f fe c ted by P S .

O the r ses o f P S i n whi c h the s a v i n g o f e ff o r t is
u
a c hief co n side r a ti o n i n c l u de hi g h s c h o o l a n d c o l
leg e c o mp o siti o n (P S n o tes m a y be i n te r li n ed ,
t r a n sp o sed o r o the r w ise r ev ised a t le a st a s fr eely

,
as l o n g h a n d ) ; a bst r a c ts o f r e a di n g r efe r e n c es , ,
bibli o gr a phies e t c i n f a c t m o st o f the l a r g e a m o u n t

, ,
o f w r iti n g d o n e by the c o lle g e o r u n i v e r sity st u de n t ;
the p r o fessi o n a l m a n s c a se n o tes ( i n whi c h the ’
time s a v i n g eleme n t is o fte n imp o r t a n t a s well ) ;

-
a n d the w o r k o f the p r o fess i o n a l w r ite r i n a n y

field t o wh o m P S will s a v e a n a l m o st i n c a l c ul a ble
,
a m o un t o f d r u d g e r y .
M ny
a m t f th
or ff r t
os vi ng
o f P S
e e d p nd n t
o - sa u s es o are e e e
for th i r v l
e th
a ue o n x pli i t d p r m n n t l gi b ili ty f P S
e e c an e a e e o
n t
o es , a n d w ld b i th r n f
ou n n mi l w i t h x i t i n g
e e e u s a e or u ec o o ca e s
p r f i n l h r t h nd y t m i n w hi h n t
o es s o a s o a s ft n b
s e m s, c o es s o o e ec o e
ill gi b l i f t t r n r i b d P S n t
e e no a sc v n if h t ily w r i t t n
e . o es , e e as e ,
m y b fil d f
a e rf rn
e or if r d v r
e e e d cet ht gg t d ea o e an r e o uc as su es e
by § 3 3 w i t h n n
1 , t li n p r p rly k y d d i r t d by § 3 6
o ce o u es o e e as ec e 2
wi t h b l t
a n fi d n i n t h i r l gi b ili t y w h n r q i r d h w
s o u e co e ce e e e e u e , o
ev e r g r t t h i n t rv l f t i m
ea e e a o e .
In i g i n a l o r c r e a ti v e w o r k o f a n y ki n d P S
or
h a s a v a l u e i n the p r ese r v a ti o n o f imp o r t a n t ide a s

,
whi c h w o u ld es c a pe a sl o we r p en less t a n g ible ,
th a n the s a v i n g s o f time a n d e f f o r t b u t o fte n f a r

t r a n s c e n di n g b o th .
In dditi o n t o th o se u ses i n whi c h P S h a s i m

a
p o r t a n t i n t r i n si c me r it v a r i o u s u ses m a y be de ,
v ised or e n c o u r a g ed i n c o n n e c ti o n with s c h o o l
i n st r u c ti o n whi c h with o u t det r ime n t t o o the r
, ,
/
c k L x
1
Cf /
L
M
v
V /
V
f / f — c / \ )/
M , 4 / N BS?
338 Wr i t i n g ex e r c i s e Fo r key see P S Ex

338 k
—
.
vn r r
I t i s f o r u s , t h e li i g , a t h e , to b e d ed i c a ted h e e t o t h e r
r
u n fi n is h t w o k w hi c h t h e y w h o f o u g h t h e e h a e t h u s f a r s o r v
n o b ly a d a ced v n r r
I t i s a t h e f o r u s t o be h e e d ed i ca t ed t o t h e
. r
r r
g ea t t a s k ema i i g bef o e u s nn r
t h a t f o m t h es e h o mo d d ea d r r
we t a k e i n c r ea s t d ev o t i o n
t o t h a t ca us e f o r w hi c h t h ey ga e v
r v n
t h e l a s t f u ll m ea s u e o f d e o t i o ; t h a t we h e e hi g hly es o l e r r v
h
t at t h es e h a ll n o t h a v e d i ed i n v a i n ; t h a t s a o
d ea d s t hi n t i n ,
u n d er Go d s h a ll h a v e a n ew b i r t h o f f r eed o m ; a nd t h a t gov
,
er n men t o f t h e p eo pl e b y t h e p eo pl e f o r t h e p eo pl e s h a ll n o t
, , ,
p er i s h f ro m t he ea r t h ( A br a h a m Li ncol n)
.
Wi t h ma li ce to wa rd n o n e ; wi t h c h a r i t y f o r a ll ; w i t h fir m
nes s i n t h e r i g h t a s Go d g i v es u s t o s ee t h e r i g h t l e t u s s t r i v e
, ,
o n t o fi n i s h t h e w o r k w e a r e i n ; t o b i n d u p t h e n a t i o n s wo u n d s ;
’
t o ca re f o r h i m w h o s h a ll h a v e b o rn e t h e b a t t l e a n d f o r h i s ,
w i d o w a n d hi s o r ph a n — t o d o a ll w hi c h ma y a c hi ev e a n d
c h e r i s h a j u s t a n d l a s t i n g p ea ce a mo n g o u r s el v es a n d wi t h a l l
‘
n a t i o n s (A br a ha m Li ncol n)
.
Co n cl u s i o n 1 99
3 39 Wr i t i n g s p e e d t e s t Test a n d r e co r d
y o u r p r ese n t sh o r th a n d wr iti n g speed by me a n s o f
the i n te r li n ed w r iti n g test o f S x 33 9 t
P E — .
3 40 The m o st th o r o a n d
Le a r n b y t e a c h i n g
e ff e c tiv e me a n s o f le a r n i n g
is t o te a c h N 0 o the r .
meth o d will s o q u i c kly r ev e a l defi c ie n c ies o r u n

c e r t a i n ties i n y o ur o w n k n o wled g e P S tex t a n d .
ex e r c ises a r e s o c o mplete a n d defi n ite th a t y o u

n eed n o t hesit a te t o te a c h the system t o a f r ie n d
with thei r help .
P e r s o n a l co r r esp o n de n c e whi c h m a y be be g un , ,
by the meth o d s ugg ested i n 1 5 8 a s e a r ly a s the ,
en d o f P a r t 2 is o n e o f the best me a n s o f dev el o p

,
i n g P S a bility — a n d e v e r y o n e o f y o u r co r r e
s p o n d en t s w h o k n o ws P S a dds t o its u sef u l n ess
f or y o u P a ss it a l o n g
. .
P n d i n g p b li t i n f
e Cu ti
ca K y p i lly d p t d
o o a orr ec on e s ec a a a e
t t hi p r p
o s p r i v t i n t r t i n by m il m y b i mplifi d
u o s e, a e s uc o a a e s e
an d m d m r a ff t i v b y w r i t i n g n r
e o e e yec rr t d f rm
e ea an co ec e o ,
i n d i k n mb r f
re n ,
ti n u f P S t x t w hi h ppli
e o
—
s ec f o o e c a es or
e x m pl w r i t i n g b i d f rm i n w hi h th m d i l i r l w
a e, es e a o c e e a c c e as
w r i t t n wi t h w r n g m t i n 7 4
e o o o .
R e a d sh o r th a n d Wr ite sh o r th a n d Us e y ou r . .
s hor tha n d , a n d , a lm o st bef o r e y o u r e a li z e , it will
be co me a n i n v a l u a ble a n i n dispe n s a ble t o o l o f ,
y o ur d a ily life .
f
l
“
W r i te P ers ona l S ho r th and
IEJIIIIIIII IIl l l l l l l l l Il l IIl l IIl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Il l l Il l Il l l Il l l l l IIl l Il l Il l l Il l l l l l Il l l IIl l l l l l l l Il l IIl l Il l Il l l IIl l IIl l Il l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Il l l l l l l l l l l Il l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i fi
S C H O O L EFFI C I E N C Y M O N O G RA P HS
C O M M E R C I A L T E ST S
AND
H O W T O U SE T H E M
B y SH E R W I N C OD Y
HI S i s a w ork n l B in ing h a ndb o ok of th e Na t i o a us es s
A b ili y I t h l i n hi p f h
T e s ts t co n id s er s t e re at o s o t e
b in ind i d n i
.
sc h l oo s Th to h us es s . e t e s ts t at are c a te co st
tu te a m r f mp l ym n ea s u e h h nd d or e o e t on t e one a an a
m f
ea s u r e h l ffi i n y o h h r T h y n bl
sc oo e c e c on t e ot e e e a e
th h l
e sc d mi n
oo s h v l f h i r w r k by h
to et e r e t e a ue o t e o t e
s tand d f ar i d b in s Th o b l i hm n
o uts f e us es s e es ta s e t O
p r f h b i f m p l ym n w il l i
.
s uch t es ts as a t o t e as s o e o e t r a se
th e n d d f p p il w il l m bili h f
s ta ar s o f u s, o ze t e o r c es o
emp l y m n b hi d h p b li
o e h l
t d w il l
e n d t e u c sc oo s, an re uc e
th hi f in g f fli
e s mp l y
t o o ce e o ees .
Th fi e p t f h m n g r p h i d ivi d d in f
r st ar o t e o o a s e to o ur
h d ea f ll ws Th S h l
as od B i n Emp l ym n
o s : e c oo s an us es s o e t,
Th N i n l B e i n A bil i y T
at o P rin i p l
a us f S i es s t e s ts , c es o c en
tifi T c Th N i n l T
e s ts , in h C l r m T h e at o a es t s t e as s oo e
nd p r n i n w ri f h N i l B i n
.
s eco a t co ta s t o se es o t e at ona us es s
A bili y T t i n M ri ng C l
es ts , a d s ec t o on ea s u a s s es an
T h r ( wi h gr ph )
eac e s d pp n d i x h w i ng
t a s an an a e s o
gi v n n pl ;
,
sp i fi l ly h
ec ca l f t t d i ff
e r e s u ts o es t s e at er e t a c es
h r i l
t e e i nd x s a so an e .
Th h r wh
e te ac di hi b k w il l g i n b r i d
e o s tu es t s oo a a ett e ea
o f h n d t f b in
e d
ee f h s i d f b in
o us es s an o t e a tt t u e o us es s
to w d h ar h l A d h mp l y w h
t e sc o o s.d i n t e e o er o r ea s -
t
w il l g m ymp h i i n i g h i n
et a h
or e p r bl m s at et c s t to t e o e s
th atnf n co h r Fr m i b h ro t h t ea c d m e s o t ot tea c er an e
p l y r w ill l n m h n rn i n g h ff i v
.
o e ea r f uc co ce t e e ec t e use o
t es t si n r i i ng h nd rd f w k in h l
a s t d e s ta a s o or sc oo s an
o ffi c e s
i
.
Kr a f t . v iz 21 6 pa g es . Pr ce
W O R L D B OO K C O M P A N Y
Y N K E RS H DS N N Y RK O -O N - U O EW O
I IE A E N E C H I
,
6 P 21 2 RA R V U , C A GO
-
: l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIl IIIIl l Il l Il l IIl l Il l l l l Il l ll l l IIl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Il l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Il l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l IIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIII:
9 l llllllll l ll ll lll ll l lllllIl lll lllll l ll Ill l IIll l llllllllllllllllll l l Illl Ill Ill Ill Ill IIIll l lllllll lll lllllll ll lIl l lll lllll ll l Il l l lllllll lll llll ll l ll lll lllIllllll ll l ll l llIlllllllllll lll Ill lll l ll llll l l lll ll l
F U N DA M E N TA L S OF HIGH
SC H O O L M A T H E M AT I C S
An Epoch ma ki ng Tex t book Des ig ned-
to Fol l ow Ar i thmeti c
B y HAROLD O . RU GG a nd J OH N R . C LARK
HE a ut h o r hv
nin h gr d
s a e mb l e d i
asse thi s n t - a e
r h m co u s e n t e l d
os t i mp o r ta t ma th ema ti c a l to o s an
n i n w hi h l l hil d r n h l d k n w T h x i v
ot o s c a c e s ou o e e c es s e
m n i p l i n f y mb li m f f rm l lg br h b n
.
a u at o o s o s s O o a a e a as ee
re p l d by m i l w hi h i b h f m h m h m i l
a ce a te r a c s, ot ro t e at e a t ca
an d i l p i n f vi w f f g r
s oc a o rv l t o Sp i fi e o ar e a te a ue ec c
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Per s o n al S h o rt h a n d

S hor tha n d t o g et h er w i t h t h e E xerci s es

a r e a v a il a ble f o r p ro fessi o n a l o r c o mme r c i a l u s e ,

the r e c o g n iti o n its e n o r m o u s a d v a n t a g es f o r a l l

whi c h i n c l u de i n a dditi o n t o the di r e c t a n d o b

v i o u s s a v i n g o f time a n d e f f o r t a n d the a bility t o

t a ke imp o r t a n t n o tes imp o ssible with l o n g h a n d ,

whe n they c o me t o o f a st f o r the sl u g g ish l o n g h a n d

I wel co me M r D ewey s b o o k a s a de c idedl y

s u c c essf u l a ttempt t o p r o v ide the n e c ess a r y m a te

ex pe c ted t o m a ke r a pid p r o g r ess i n this ﬁeld i n

whi c h o the r s h a v e f a i l d be c a u se the m a n y e x isti n g

They h a v e eithe r bee n t o o c o mplex a n d t o o di f ﬁ c ult

p r o fessi o n a l u s e o r they h a v e bee n t o o a mbi g u o u s

o r i n a c c u r a te i n thei r r ep r ese n t a ti o n o f the l a n g u a g e .

P e r s o n a l S h o r th a n d a s p r ese n ted i n this b o o k

l a ymen a n d sh o r th a n d w r ite r s a l ike f o r a system

i n d u st r y i n a r el a ti v ely sh o r t time a n d whe n a c ,

q u i r ed c a n meet a deq u a tely the j u st e x pe c t a ti o n s

a s a q u a lit a ti v e a n a lysis o f the st r u c t u r e o f E n g lish ;

a n d be c a u se it st r ikes a r e a s o n a ble b a l a n c e betwee n

simpli c ity o f a c q u i r eme n t a n d e f fe c ti v e n ess o f r e

me n ded t o s c h o o ls a n d c o lleg es a s a n imp o r t a n t

I c a n n o t c l o se this b r ief i n t r o d u c ti o n with o u t

ti o n o f te a c he r s a n d the ed u c a ted p u bli c O n c e .

its s c ie n tiﬁ c c h a r a c te r a n d r e a dy a v a il a bility f o r

g e n e r a l r e c o g n iti o n o f the imp o r t a n c e o f Pe rso na l

by s ou n d to i gn or e the tr emen d o u s l y i mpor ta n t mov emen t

f or r ef o r m of E n gli s h s pel l i ng whi ch co mma n d s the u n i ted

S i mpl iﬁ ed S pell i n g B oa r d 4 E mer s o n H a ll H a r v a r d Uni

i n g thi s i mpo r ta n t mov emen t on r eq u es t .

n eed n e v e r be t r a n s c r ibed f o r they a r e pe r m a n e n tly

a nd ex pli c itly le g ibl e t o d a y o r t o m o r r o w n ex t

with a n y sh o r th a n d system sev e r a l ye a r s o f th o r o ,

w r ite a bs o l u tely le g ible sh o r th a n d a t 2 t o 3 times

q u i r ed by the best o f o the r sh o r th a n d systems .

These u n iq u e r es u lts a r e p o ssible f o r 2 m a i n

m o n e r s o un d c o mbi n a ti o n s o f E n gl ish a n d the

by s c ie n tiﬁ c a n a lysis a n d st u dy o f the p r i n c iples o f

well a d a pted t o the p r o fessi o n a l wr ite r c a n p o ssibly

a b a r be r s r a z o r f o r p o c ket k n ife p u r p o ses n o r d o es

the b a r be r sh a v e his c u st o me r s with a p o c ket kn ife -

st u dy will p r o v ide f o r the c o lle g e p r ep a r a t o r y s t u

o f m o st systems a r e eithe r d i s j o i n d o r a mbi g u o u s ) .

3 Adeq ua te r e c o g n iti o n o f the m o r e imp o r

These a n d o the r eleme n ts o f a c c u r a c y r e g u l a r ity , ,

a n d c o n f o r mity with the esse n ti a l f o n e t i c f a c ts o f

E n g lish a r e c o mbi n ed t o f o r m a sh o r th a n d system

u s e o f a simple e x pli c it f o n et i c key ( M o st sys

tems seek t o ev a de o r sli g ht these f a c ts whi c h ,

v en t i o n a l spelli n g with co n seq u e n t dis a ste r )

ex e r c ises whi c h a d d the i n c e n ti v e o f deﬁ n ite

a c h i ev m en t t o th o se n e c ess a r y b u t o fte n tedi o u s

and the 500 mm o n est w o r ds whi c h m a ke u p

the te x t ex e r c ises a n d ex a mples .

P S E x e r c ises whi c h sh o u l d a lw a ys be u sed i n

co n n e c ti o n with this te x t is c a r ef u lly d es i g n d t o

g i v e the m a x im u m e f fe c ti v e n ess t o the mi n im u m

Te a c he r s w h o p r efe r a tex t di v ided i n t o deﬁ n ite

a ttempt t o meet the pe r f o r m a n c e st a n d a r ds f o r

with the a c c o mp a n yi n g P S E x e r c ises withi n 6 ,

F i n a lity is sse r ted f o r ev e r y det a il o f this

p r esen t a ti o n o r i n deed o f the system p r ese n ted