Soluções de Exercícios Livro Moran e Shapiro

Ex. 4.37: Volumes de controlo com escoamentos de velocidade variável

Ex. 4.42: Volumes de controlo com escoamentos de velocidade variável
Ex. 4.43: Volumes de controlo com escoamentos de velocidade variável
Ex. 4.53: Volumes de controlo
Ex. 4.55: Volumes de controlo com tabelas de vapor
Ex. 4.75: Volumes de controlo com tabelas de entalpia
Ex. 4.94: Volumes de controlo
Ex. 4.95: Volumes de controlo

Ex. 5.19: 2ª Lei e ciclos reversíveis, irreversíveis e impossíveis (motores)

Ex. 5.24: 2ª Lei e ciclos reversíveis, irreversíveis e impossíveis (motores)
Ex. 5.38: 2ª Lei e ciclos reversíveis, irreversíveis e impossíveis (motores)
Ex. 5.45: 2ª Lei e ciclos reversíveis, irreversíveis e impossíveis (frigorificos)
Ex. 5.46: 2ª Lei e ciclos reversíveis, irreversíveis e impossíveis (frigorificos)
Ex. 5.63: 2ª Lei e ciclos reversíveis, irreversíveis e impossíveis (bombas de calor)
Ex. 5.68: 2ª Lei e ciclos reversíveis, irreversíveis e impossíveis (frigorificos)

Ex. 6.7: 2ª Lei e tabelas de vapor

Ex. 6.14: 2ª Lei e tabelas
Ex. 6.28: 2ª Lei e ciclos
Ex. 6.30: 2ª Lei e ciclos
Ex. 6.31: 2ª Lei e ciclos
Ex. 6.32: 2ª Lei e ciclos
Ex. 6.43: 2ª Lei e balanços de entropia em ciclos fechados
Ex. 6.64: 2ª Lei e balanços de entropia em ciclos fechados
Ex. 6.77: 2ª Lei e balanços de entropia em ciclos fechados
Ex. 6.80: 2ª Lei e balanços de entropia em volumes de controlo
Ex. 6.119: 2ª Lei e relações isentrópicas
Ex. 6.120: 2ª Lei e relações isentrópicas

Ex. 8.20: Ciclo de Rankine

Ex. 8.21: Ciclo de Rankine
Ex. 8.22: Ciclo de Rankine
Ex. 8.25: Ciclo de Rankine
Ex. 8.26: Ciclo de Rankine

Ex. 9.1: Ciclo de Otto

Ex. 9.2: Ciclo de Otto
Ex. 9.3: Ciclo de Otto
Ex. 9.11: Ciclo de Otto
Ex. 9.20: Ciclo de Diesel
Ex. 9.24: Ciclo de Diesel
Ex. 9.25: Ciclo de Diesel

Ex. 9.42: Ciclo de Brayton

Ex. 9.43: Ciclo de Brayton
Ex. 9.44: Ciclo de Brayton
Ex. 9.45: Ciclo de Brayton
Ex. 9.46: Ciclo de Brayton
Ex. 9.85: Ciclo de Brayton (Turbojacto)

Ex. 10.1 Ciclo de Carnot Refrigeração

Ex. 10.2 Ciclo de Carnot Refrigeração
Ex. 10.6 Ciclo de Rankine Refrigeração
Ex. 10.8 Ciclo de Rankine Refrigeração
Problem 4.42

1
4.94 Liquid water enters a valve at 300 kPa and exits at 275 kPa. As water flows through the
valve, the change in its temperature, stray heat transfer with the surroundings, and potential
energy effects are each negligible. Operation is at steady state. Modeling the water as
incompressible with constant  = 1000 kg/m3, determine the change in kinetic energy per unit
mass of water flowing through the valve, in kJ/kg.

KNOWN: Water flows through a valve.

FIND: The change in kinetic energy per unit mass of water flowing through the valve, in kJ/kg.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Liquid Water 1 2
p1 = 300 kPa p2 = 275 kPa
1 = 1000 kg/m3
Valve

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The control volume shown with the schematic is at steady state.
2. No stray heat transfer occurs between the water and its surroundings.
3. The temperature of water does not change as it flows through the valve.
4. Model the water as an incompressible substance with constant  = 1000 kg/m3.
5. For the control volume, pe = 0.

ANALYSIS:
The energy rate balance

0 = Q cv  Wcv  m
 [(h1 – h2) + ½ (V12 – V22) + g(z1 – z2)]

simplifies to
0 = (h1 – h2) + ½ (V12 – V22)

The change in specific enthalpy of an incompressible substance, Eq. 3.19,

T
h2  h1   2 c(T ) dT + v(p2 – p1)
T1

simplifies to
h2 – h1 = v(p2 – p1)

1
because temperature does not change. Since water is modeled as incompressible, v2 = v1.
Substituting v = 1/ for specific volume, substituting for the change in specific enthalpy into the
energy rate balance, and solving for the change in kinetic energy give

0 = v(p1 – p2) + ½ (V12 – V22)

( p1  p2 )
ke = ½ (V22 – V12) =


N
1000
ke =
300 kPa  275 kPa  m2 1 kJ
 kg  1 kPa 1000 N  m
1000 3 
 m 

ke = 0.025 kJ/kg

The kinetic energy of the water increases slightly as it flows from the inlet to the exit of the valve.

2
PROBLEM 6.7
PROBLEM 6.14

Five kg of nitrogen (N2) undergoes a process from p1 = 5 bar, T1 = 400 K to p2 = 2 bar, T2 = 500
K. Assuming ideal gas behavior, determine the change in entropy, in kJ/K, with (a) constant
specific heats evaluated at 450 K, and (b) variable specific heats.
Compare results and discuss.

(a) For an ideal gas with constant specific heats; Δs = cp ln(T2/T1) – R ln(p2/p1). From Table A-
20 for nitrogen at 450 K: cp = 1.049 kJ/kg∙K. Thus

ΔS = m [cp ln(T2/T1) – R ln(p2/p1)]

= (5 kg) [(1.049 kJ/kg∙K) ln(500/400) – (8.314/28.01 kJ/kg∙K) ln(2/5)] = 2.530 kJ/K

(b) Data from Table A-23 can be used to account for specific heat variation. Thus

ΔS = m { - R ln(p2/p1)}

= (5 kg){ - (8.314/28.01 kJ/kg∙K) ln(2/5)} = 2.531 kJ/K

Discussion

The two values are almost exactly the same, indicating that using the cp value at the midpoint
temperature and the constant specific heat relationship is extremely accurate in this case. The
result could be significantly different if the temperature range were greater.
PROBLEM 6.28
PROBLEM 6.30
PROBLEM 6.31
PROBLEM 6.32
PROBLEM 6.43

Air is compressed adiabatically in a piston-cylinder assembly from 1 bar, 300 K to 10 bar, 600
K. The air can be modeled as an ideal gas and kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
Determine the amount of entropy produced, in kJ/K per kg of air, for the compression. What is
the minimum theoretical work input, in kJ per kg of air, for an adiabatic compression from the
given initial state to a final pressure of 10 bar?

KNOWN: Air is compressed adiabatically in a piston-cylinder. The initial and final states are
specified.

FIND: Determine the amount of entropy produced and the minimum theoretical work input for
adiabatic compression from the initial state to the given final pressure, each per unit mass of air.
states not
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: T accessible 10 bar
adiabatically
p1 = 1 bar (2s)
.
(2)
600 K

Air T1 = 300 K T2s .

p2 = 10 bar 1 bar
T2 = 600 K
. 300 K
(1)
ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The air is a closed s
system. (2) Q = 0 and kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. (3) The air is
modeled as an ideal gas.

ANALYSIS: To find the entropy produced, begin with the entropy balance: ΔS = +σ
Thus
σ/m = s2 – s1 = so(T2) - so(T1) – R ln(p2/p1)

With data from Table A-22

σ/m = (2.40902 – 1.70203)kJ/kg∙K – ln = 0.04618 kJ/kg∙K

The work is determined using the energy balance, as follows:

W/m = (u1 – u2)

As u varies with T for an ideal gas, the work input decreases as T2 decreases. From the entropy
balance
s2 – s1 = σ/m ≥ 0 → s2 ≥ s1
 PROBLEM 6.43 (CONTINUED)

As shown on the accompanying T-s diagram, only states at 10 bar to the right of state 2s
(isentropic compression – with σ/m = 0) are accessible in an adiabatic compression, and the
corresponding temperature T2s is the lowest possible temperature. Hence, compression to state
2s gives the minimum theoretical work input.

For s2 – s1: so(T2s) = so(T1) + R ln(p2/p1) = 1.70203 + (8.314/28.97) ln (10/1) = 2.36284 kJ/kg∙K

Interpolating in Table A-22: T2s ≈ 564.1 K and u2 ≈ 407.55 kJ/kg. With u1 = 214.07 kJ/kg

#1 (W/m)min input = (u2s – u1) = 407.55 – 214.07 = 193.48 kJ/kg

1. Note: The work for actual process from state 1 to state 2 is

(W/m) input = (u2 – u1) = 434.78 – 214.07 = 220.71 kJ/kg

which is greater than the theoretical minimum, as expected.

PROBLEM 6.64

A
PROBLEM 6.64 (CONTINUED)
PROBLEM 6.77

The heat pump cycle shown in Fig. P6.77 operates at steady state and provides energy by heat
transfer at a rate of 15 kW to maintain a dwelling at 22oC when the outside temperature is -22oC.
The manufacturer claims that the power input required for this operating condition is 3.2 kW.
Applying energy and entropy rate balances evaluate this claim.

KNOWN: A heat pump cycle provides energy to a dwelling at a constant rate for given inside
and outside temperatures. The power requirement is specified by the manufacturer.

FIND: Applying an entropy rate balance, evaluate the claim.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

o
Toutside = -22oC = 251 K
Tinside = 22 C = 294 K
ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) the
heat pump cycle is a closed system,
= 3.2 operating steadily. (2) The heat
kW transfers occur at Tinside = TH and Toutside
= TC, respectively. (3) The energy
heat pump transfers are positive in the direction of
= 15 kW cycle the arrows on the accompanying
diagram.

ANALYSIS: First, we use the energy rate balance to find . For the cycle

and → = 15 kW – 3.2 kW = 11.8 kW

This rate of heat transfer would satisfy the First Law of Thermodynamics.
The entropy rate balance reduces to: 0 = + σcycle

σcycle = = = 0.004 kW

Since σcycle > 0 the claimed performance satisfies the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
PROBLEM 6.80
PROBLEM 6.119
PROBLEM 6.120

Steam undergoes an isentropic compression in an insulated piton-cylinder assembly from an

initial state where T1 = 120oC, p1 = 1 bar to a final state where the pressure is p2 = 100 bar.
Determine the final temperature, in oC, and the work, in kJ per kg of steam.

KNOWN: Steam undergoes an isentropic compression in an insulated piston-cylinder assembly.

The initial state is fixed and the final pressure is specified.
100 bar
FIND: Determine the final temperature and the work per unit mass of steam. .2 T2
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: T

T1 = 120oC
p1 = 1 bar
Steam 1 bar
p2 = 100 bar .1 120oC
s2 = s1

ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The steam is a closed

system. (2) Q = 0 and kinetic and potential energy effects
can be neglected. (3) The process is internally reversible, s
and s2 = s1.

ANALYSIS: To fix state 2, we use the pressure, 100 bar, and the specific entropy: s2 = s1.
From Table A-4, at p1 = 1 bar, T1 = 120oF; s1 = 7.4668 kJ/kg∙K. Also, u1 = 2537.3 kJ/kg.

The highest specific entropy value in Table A-4 at 100 bar is 7.2670 kJ/kg∙K (at 740oC).
Extrapolating ; T2 ≈ 821.3oC. Further, u2 ≈ 3669.4 kJ/kg.

Using IT the values are T2 = 826.1oC and u2 = 3680 kJ/kg. These values are more accurate, and
will be used for further calculations.

The work is obtained using the closed system energy balance, which reduces as follows:

ΔKE + ΔPE + ΔU = Q – W → W/m = (u1 – u2)

or
W/m = 2537.3 – 3680 = 1142.7 kJ/kg
8.25 Superheated steam at 20 MPa, 560oC enters the turbine of a vapor power plant. The
pressure at the exit of the turbine is 0.5 bar, and liquid leaves the condenser at 0.4 bar at 75oC.
The pressure is increased to 20.1 MPa across the pump. The turbine and pump have isentropic
efficiencies of 81 and 85%, respectively. Cooling water enters the condenser at 20oC with a
mass flow rate of 70.7 kg/s and exits the condenser at 38oC. For the cycle, determine
(a) the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/s.
(b) the thermal efficiency.

KNOWN: Water is the working fluid in a vapor power plant. Data are given at various states in
the cycle.

FIND: (a) the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/s and (b) the thermal efficiency.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Q in p1 = 20 MPa
T1 = 560oC
Boiler 1 T
Turbine W t
1
ht = 81% T1 = 560oC
2 p2 = 0.5 bar 20.1 MPa
20 MPa
T6 = 38oC 4
p4 = 20.1 MPa 6
4 Q out Cooling
Condenser water 2s
0.5 bar 2
5 3 0.4 bar

3 T5 = 20oC
Pump s
hp = 85% m cw  70.7 kg/s
p3 = 0.4 bar
W p T3 = 75oC

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control
volumes are shown on the accompanying sketch by dashed lines.
2. Stray heat transfer in the turbine, condenser, and pump is ignored.
3. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.

ANALYSIS: First fix each principal state.

State 1: p1 = 20 MPa (200 bar), T1 = 560oC → h1 = 3423.0 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.3705 kJ/kg∙K

State 2s: p2s = p2 = 0.5 bar, s2s = s1 = 6.3705 kJ/kg∙K → x2s = 0.8119, h2s = 2212.2 kJ/kg

State 2: p2 = 0.5 bar, h2 = 2442.3 kJ/kg (see below)

1
 h1  h2 kJ kJ
ht   h2  h1  ht (h1  h2 s )  3423.0  (0.81)(3423.0  2212.2) = 2442.3 kJ/kg
h1  h2 s kg kg

State 3: p3 = 0.4 bar, T3 = 75oC → From Table A-2 p3 > psat @ 75oC. Thus, state 3 is a sub-
cooled liquid state. Since the pressure is low, h3 ≈ hf3 at 75oC = 313.93 kJ/kg,
v3 ≈ vf3 at 75oC = 0.0010259 m3/kg

State 4: p4 = 20.1 MPa (201 bar), h4 = 338.14 kJ/kg (see below)

v3 ( p4  p3 ) v ( p  p3 )
hp   h4  h3  3 4
h4  h3 hp

m3 N
(0.0010259 )(201  0.4) bar 1000 2
kJ kg 100 kPa m 1 kJ
h4  313.93  = 338.14 kJ/kg
kg 0.85 1 bar 1 kPa 1000 N  m

State 5: T5 = 20oC, liquid → h5 ≈ hf5 at 20oC = 83.96 kJ/kg

State 6: T6 = 38oC, liquid → h6 ≈ hf6 at 38oC = 159.21 kJ/kg

(a) The mass flow rate of the steam can be determined by writing an energy balance for the
condenser. With no stray heat transfer with the surroundings and no work, the energy balance
for the condenser reduces to

0m
 (h2  h3 )  m
 cw (h5  h6 )

where m is the mass flow rate of the steam and m cw is the mass flow rate of the cooling water.
Rearranging to solve for the mass flow rate of steam gives

m cw (h6  h5 )
m 
(h2  h3 )

Substituting values and solving give

(70.7 kg/s) (159.21  83.96) kJ/kg


m = 2.50 kg/s
(2442.3  313.93) kJ/kg

(b) The thermal efficiency is

2
 Wt / m
  Wp / m
 (h1  h2 )  (h4  h3 )
h 
Q / m
in  (h  h )
1 4

Substituting enthalpy values and solving yield

(3423.0  2442.3) kJ/kg  (338.14  313.93) kJ/kg

h = 0.3101 (31.01%)
(3423.0  338.14) kJ/kg

3
8.26 In the preliminary design of a power plant, water is chosen as the working fluid. It is
determined that the turbine inlet temperature and pressure should be 560oC and 12,000 kPa,
respectively. The quality of steam exiting the turbine should be at least 90%. If the isentropic
turbine efficiency is 84%, determine the minimum condenser pressure allowable, in kPa.

KNOWN: Turbine inlet temperature and pressure and exit quality are specified in the
preliminary design of a vapor power plant with water as the working fluid. The isentropic
turbine efficiency is also known.

FIND: the minimum allowable condenser pressure, in kPa.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

T
1
p1 = 12,000 kPa
T1 = 560oC T1 = 560oC

1
Turbine W t
12,000 kPa

ht = 84%
2 p2 = ? p2 = ?
x2 = 90% 2s 2
x2 = 90%
s
ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The control volume is at steady state.
2. The turbine operates adiabatically.
3. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
4. At the turbine exit the water is a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture whose quality is at least
90%.

ANALYSIS: For fixed turbine inlet temperature and pressure, the values of specific enthalpy
and specific entropy can be determined.

State 1: p1 = 12,000 kPa, T1 = 560oC → h1 = 3506.2 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.6840 kJ/kg∙K

A trial and error procedure can be used to determine p2 corresponding to x2 = 90% using table
data. Assume a value for p2, calculate x2 using the isentropic turbine efficiency as follows:

State 2s: p2s = p2 = assumed value, s2s = s1 = 6.6840 kJ/kg∙K → Solve for x2s and then h2s

State 2: Solve for h2 as using isentropic turbine efficiency shown below

1
 h1  h2
ht   h2  h1  ht (h1  h2 s )
h1  h2 s

Next calculate x2 using p2 and h2. Compare results. If the calculated value of x2 is less than
90%, select a higher pressure for p2. If the calculated value for x2 is greater than 90% select a
lower pressure for p2.

For instance, assume p2 = 10 kPa.

Now calculate h2 using the isentropic turbine efficiency.

State 2s: p2s = p2 = 10 kPa, s2s = s1 = 6.6840 kJ/kg∙K → x2s = 0.8045, h2s = 2116.8 kJ/kg

kJ kJ
h2  h1  ht (h1  h2 s )  3506.2
 (0.84)(3506.2  2116.8) = 2339.1 kJ/kg.
kg kg
State 2: p2 = 10 kPa, h2 = 2339.1 kJ/kg → x2 = 0.8974

Since 0.8974 < 0.9, the next assumed pressure value should be higher. Continue this process
until the calculated x2 = 0.9.

Alternatively, the following IT code can be used to automatically converge values for h2 to
determine p2 = 11.08 kPa.

IT Code IT Results
T1 = 560 // oC h1 3506
p1 = 12000 // kPa h2 2349
eff_t = 0.84 h2s 2129
x2 = 0.9 p2 11.08
p2s 11.08
h1 = h_PT("Water/Steam", p1, T1) s1 6.683
s1 = s_PT("Water/Steam", p1, T1) s2s 6.683
s2s = s1 x2_calc 0.9
p2s = p2 x2s 0.8077
x2s = x_sP("Water/Steam", s2s, p2s) eff_t 0.84
h2s = h_Ps("Water/Steam", p2s, s2s) p1 1.2E4
h2 = h1 - eff_t*(h1 - h2s) T1 560
x2_calc = x_hP("Water/Steam", h2, p2) x2 0.9
x2_calc = x2

It is common practice to maintain at least 90% quality at the exit of a steam turbine to avoid
undesirable effect.