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Jean Watson2
1
This manuscript draws upon a previous publication with modifications: Watson J. Carative factors, Caritas processes guide to professional
nursing. Danish Clinical Nursing Journal. 2006; 20 (3): 21-7.
2
PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN. Distinguished Professor of Nursing Murchinson-Scoville Endowed Chair in Caring Science, in the
University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA. Web: www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring
KEYWORDS: Teoria de ABSTRACT: This article provides an overview of Watson’s theory of Human Caring, the notion of Caritas
enfermagem. Prática profis- and human phenomena. Special emphasis is placed upon the theoretical structure of human caring theory
sional. Cuidados de enferma- referred to as 10 Carative Factors/Caritas Processes and subjective living processes and experiences. These core
gem. Enfermagem. conceptual aspects of the theory and human living processes are grounded within the philosophical and ethical
foundation of the body of my caring theory work. Together they serve as a guide for professional practice, as
well as a disciplinary blueprint for the Science of Care.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nur- RESUMO: Este artigo fornece uma visão geral da teoria de Cuidado Humano de Watson, a noção de Caritas e
sing theory. Professional practi- o fenômeno humano. Uma ênfase especial é dada sobre os 10 Fatores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, os processos
ce. Nursing care. Nursing. de viver humano e as experiências subjetivas de vida que fazem parte da estrutura da teoria. Estes aspectos
centrais dos conceitos da teoria e processos de viver são desenvolvidos na fundamentação filosófica e ética
do corpo da Teoria de Cuidado. Juntos, eles servem como um guia para a prática profissional, bem como, um
esquema disciplinar para a Ciência do Cuidado.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Teoria RESUMEN: El presente artículo ofrece una visión general sobre la teoría del Cuidado Humano de Watson,
de enfermería. Práctica profe- la noción de Caritas y el fenómeno humano. En este estudio se da un énfasis especial a los diez factores
sional. Atención de enferme- Caritativos/Caritas Processes, a los procesos del vivir humano y a las experiencias subjetivas de vida, los cuales
ría. Enfermería. forman parte de la estructura de la teoría. Los aspectos centrales de los conceptos de la teoría y los procesos
del vivir son desarrollados en el fundamento filosófico y ético del cuerpo de la teoría de Cuidado; todos esos
aspectos juntos sirven como una guía para la práctica profesional, así como también un esquema disciplinar
para la Ciencia del Cuidado.
cosmology of healing, wholeness, oneness which is an foundation as the nature of caring and human living
honoring of the unity of all, and the living experiences processes, we have to arrive at a new understand-
and life phenomena in which nursing dwells. ing and humility. We are asked to acknowledge a
My most recent theoretical book “Caring sci- need for wisdom, even to surrender, to that which
ence as sacred science”5 was selected as an AJN Book is greater than Self, and the outer world controls,
of the Year Award (2006) in the category of research; that often we think we have.
it expands further upon the original work on caring, With that background of my major books on
now placing Caring Science within an ethical-moral- Caring theory, Philosophy, and Caring Science the
philosophical − evolved scientific context, guided rest of this paper will explicate several of the con-
by the works of Emmanual Levinas (French)6 and ceptual aspects of the work; the core of the original
Knud Logstrup (Danish).7 This latest work seeks a work in context of its evolution; outlining the 10
science model that reintegrates metaphysics with the Carative Factors (CF).
physical domain, and re-invites Ethics-of –Belonging,
(to infinite field of Universal Cosmic Love) as before DEVELOPMENT
and underneath Being-by-Itself alone; this view is
different, and separate from, the broader universal The Caritas Processes (CP) are juxtaposed against
field of infinity, to which we all belong and return to the original Carative Factors. The Caritas Processes are
from earth plane. This latest work brings a decidedly an extension of the other which have evolved; CP are
sacred dimension to the work of caring, making more intended to offer a more fluid language for understand-
explicit that living human experiences are a phenom- ing a deeper level of CF which capture the deeper
ena with spiritual and philosophical-ethical-moral dimensions of living processes of human experiences.
dimensions; reminding us that we dwell in mystery. The original terms and concepts of the Carative Fac-
We dwell in mystery because we are working with tors needed to evolve as they seemed too set in the
the living processes, the life force, life energy, the language of the earlier era, although still relevant.
soul if you will of another person. Nevertheless, in this article, I am using the two
This focus makes more explicit that relational, forms almost interchangeable. However, Caritas makes
existential-spiritual human caring dimensions and more explicit the connection between Caring and
the deeply life processes, the deeper meaning of life Love and human living processes. These aspects are
are part of the inner healing journey we make with more prominent in my last book on caring science.5
self and others on this earth plane passage; this hap- Some exemplars of how the work in used as a
pens when we are practicing within a caring-heal- guide to transforming practices within the context
ing model. When we are conscious of an expanded of living processes are included in Box 1.
cosmology and expanded deeper moral-ethical
Box 1 – 10 Carative factors and caritas processes.
These 10 original Carative Factors remain as experiences and life phenomena. The background
the timeless structural core of the Theory, while for this work is published on my website. See www.
allowing for their evolving and emergence into uchsc.edu/nursing/caring for more information.8
more fluid aspects of the model captured by the 10
Caritas Processes. CONTEXT FOR CARATIVE/CARITAS
In introducing the original concepts of Cara- PROCESSES
tive Factors as core for a nursing philosophy and
science, I was offering a theoretical counterpoint The Carative Factors/Caritas Processes are
to notion of Curative so dominant in medical sci- not complete without acknowledging the world-
ence. Thus, the Carative Factors helped to define view and philosophical context which holds the
a framework to hold the discipline and profession concepts. For example: a cosmology of oneness of
of nursing; they were informed by a deeper vision Being; phenomenal field which honors the subjec-
and ethical commitment to the human dimen- tive-intersubjective inner life world, transpersonal
sions /living processes of caring in nursing; the caring relationship, caring occasion and caring
art and human science context. I was seeking to moment. These wider dimensions serve to remind
address those aspects of professional nursing that that any nurse – patient encounter can be consid-
transcended medical diagnosis, disease, setting, ered a caring occasion wherein a “caring moment”
limited and changing knowledge and technology of can be created and experienced, depending upon
specialized foci. What remains as core? 10 Carative the consciousness, intentionality, and philosophi-
Factors (embellished by philosophical-ethic and cal (theoretical) orientation which is guiding the
value of Caritas consciousness). nurse.2 A caring moment transcends time and space
and continues as part of larger complex pattern of
In moving from the concept of Carative, to
life of both nurse and patient.
Caritas I was making an overt evocation of love
and caring to merge for an expanded paradigm to
connect with the existential-spiritual dimensions Narrative related to Ten Carative Factors1
and living processes of human experiences. Such
a perspective ironically places nursing in its most Humanistic: altruistic system of values
mature paradigm, while reconnecting with heritage Caring is grounded on a set of universal
and foundation of Nightingale which is the spiritual humanistic altruistic values. Humanistic values
living processes of our humanity. include kindness, empathy, concern, and love for
With Caritas incorporated more explicitly self and others. They derive from childhood experi-
into my work, it locates the theory within an ethical ences and are enhanced by beliefs, cultures and art.
and ontological contact as starting point for con- Altruistic values arise from commitments to and
sidering not only its science, but its societal human satisfaction from receiving through giving. They
caring mission. This direction makes a more formal bring meaning to one’s life through one’s belief and
connection between caring and healing and the relationships with other people. Humanistic-altru-
evolved human consciousness of living subjective istic feelings and acts provide the basis of human
Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianópolis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35.
Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences... - 133 -
caring and promote the best professional care, and Developing helping: trusting, caring relationship
as such, constitute the first and most basic factor The human caring relationship is transpersonal.
for science and ethic of caring. in that it connotes a special kind of relationship: a
connection with the other person, a high regard for
Enabling and sustaining faith and hope the whole person and their Being-in-the-world. In the
The history of medicine is replete with docu- transpersonal human caring relationship, the nurse en-
mentation of the importance of a person’s belief in ters into the experience of another person, and another
faith and hope. For example, Hippocrates thought can enter into the nurse’s experiences. It is an ideal of
that an ill person’s mind and soul should be inspired intersubjectivity in which both persons are involved.
before one’s illness was treated. IN many other It is an art in which the nurse forms a union with the
examples, medicine itself was secondary to magic, other, connecting with the spirit-filled person, behind
incantations, spells, and prayers. In this Carative the patient, that transcends the physical. This connec-
Factor, patient’s beliefs are encouraged, honored tion honors the upmost concern for human dignity
and respected as significant influences in promot- and preservation of humanity.
ing and maintaining health. Regardless of what
scientific regimen is required for medical care of a Promoting and accepting the expression of
person, the nurse should nurture faith and hope and positive and negative feelings and emotions
the deep belief system of the one-being- cared for. Because feelings after thoughts, behavior, and
Even when there is nothing left to do medically, experiences, they need to need to be acknowledged
the nurse nurtures a patient’s faith and hope in and considered in the human caring process. A
something or someone beyond his or her self. focus on feelings and the “non-rational” emo-
tional aspects of an event is necessary for nurses
Sensitivity to self and other engaged in the human caring process. The caring
To be human is to feel. All too often people relationship can move to a deeper, more honest
allow themselves to think their thoughts, but not and authentic level if he nurse allows for this CF.
feel their feelings. The only way to develop sensitiv- Further, in listening to and honoring another
ity to one’s self and to others is to recognize and person’s feelings we honor their story which holds
feel one’s feelings. meaning and importance for them and their heal-
The development of self and the nurturing ing. By listening to another person’s story, it may
of judgment, taste, values, and sensitivity in hu- be the greatest healing act we can offer. It may be
man relationships evolve from emotional states. the nurse who is the only one who listens to and
The development of feeling is encouraged by the honors another’s story and all the magnitude of
humanities and compassionate life experiences. feelings that accompany it.
Sensitivity to self is the recognition and ac-
knowledgement of feelings – painful as well as happy Engaging in creative, individualized, problem-
ones. It is cultivated by looking into oneself and a solving caring process
willingness to explore one’s own feelings. People Professional nursing employs the nursing
who are not sensitive to and repress their own feel- process, which is a creative, problem-solving
ings may be unable to allow others to express and method to assist with decision –making in all nurs-
explore their feelings. Sensitivity to self not only ing situations. A creative approach acknowledges
leads to self-acceptance and psychological growth, that nurses use all ways of know/being/doing in
but to sensitivity and acceptance of others. engaging in clinical caring. Nursing problems solv-
Nurses who are sensitive to others are better ing in not a linear one to one process, but often
able to learn about another’s view of the world the nurse walks into a patient’s room and grasps
which, subsequently, increases concern for oth- the “gestalt’ – reading the field, in the instant.
ers’ comfort, recovery, and wellness. Nurses who This process involves full use of self and all of
recognize and use their sensitivity promote self- one’s faculties, knowledge, instincts, intuition,
development and self-actualization, and are able to aesthetics, technology, skills, empirics, ethics,
encourage the same growth in others. Without this personal and even spiritual knowing. In a caring
factor nursing care would fall. science model for practice, all knowledge is valu-
able and accessed for clinical caring. The process consider the practitioner and his/her evolved caring
invites creative imagination as well as systematic consciousness, presence, intentionality, and so forth,
scientific logic and technology. as the critical ingredient in the environment.5
In this view, then we have to turn toward
Transpersonal Teaching-Learning the practitioner and the Nurse Self as an energetic,
vibrational field, integral with the patient and outer
Nurses have a long history about the educa-
environment. This is a unitary, caring science view
tional-teaching role; however there has been more
of environment and raises new questions inspired
emphasis on conveying information rather than
by Quinn,9 for Caring Science Environment.5:94
a conscious intentionality to engage in authentic
processes and relationships of mutuality and reci- - If I am the environment, how can I Be a more
procity, in that the nurse seeks to work from the caring-healing environment?
patient’s frame of reference, grasping the meaning - How can I Become a safe space, a sacred
and significance of the information for the person, vessel for this patient and his/her inner healing
as well as the readiness and timeliness for the person journey?
to receive the information. This CF makes explicit - In what ways can I look at, into this person
that learning is more than just receiving informa- (how am I to face this other) to draw out healing/
tion and data. It involves a caring relationship as wholeness?
context for any teaching learning. This CF evolves
- How can I use my consciousness, my Being,
toward more of a coaching role in which the person
my presence, my voice, my touch, my face, my
becomes their own best teacher, in contrast to a
hands, my heart for healing?
conventional imparting- of- information role.
Environment now takes on entirely different
meaning with this evolved view, moving beyond
Provision of supportive, protective, and/or cor- physical environment, and having to pay attention
rective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual to the nurse and his/her caring consciousness af-
environment fecting the entire field.
The purpose of providing such an environ-
ment is quality care and also healing/wholeness.
Assisting with gratification of Basic Human Needs,
The areas that involve this factor are: comfort;
while preserving human dignity and wholeness
privacy; safety; clean; aesthetic surroundings.
Assistance with another’s basic needs gives
Nurses often have a great deal of control of
nurses access to the physical body in a very intimate
the environment, but without a consciousness of
way. As such it is a privilege and great gift to society
their obligations to take systematical responsibility
to take care of others when in need of care. In a Car-
for the environment to protect, support and/or
ing Science model it is acknowledged that the nurse
correct the patient.
however is not just touching one’ physical body or
More recently this factor has taken on entirely meeting physical needs, but noting that when touch-
new meaning. In addition to acknowledging the en- ing another we are not touching just the body,
vironment as a functional, physical place to attend to but embodied spirit. It is also made explicit in this
in conventional way, one now is invited to consider work that all needs are unified and interdependent;
the nurse as influencing the patterns – for example, all needs are equally important and must be valued
using theory as guide to environment one can think and responded to for caring-healing.
of the nurse as repatterning the environment to
promote healing, harmony, and use of caring-heal-
ing modalities to assist in patterning a more healing Allowing for, being open to, existential-phenom-
environment; e.g. imagery, visualization, relaxation, enological and spiritual dimensions of caring
music-sound, intentional touch, art and so forth.9,5 and healing
An even more expanded view of environment devel- This last CF brings up the phenomenon of
oped by Quinn9 and expanded by Watson5 suggests the unknowns, which cannot be explained scientifi-
and invites us to consider the nurse as the environ- cally, through the Western mind of modern medi-
ment. In this evolved framework we are invited to cine. This CF allows for mystery and philosophical,
KELOMPOK J
Tugas Ilmu Keperawatan Dasar IB
Nama Anggota Kelompok J
10 Faktor Carative ini tetap sebagai inti struktural Teori, sementara memungkinkan untuk
mereka berkembang dan munculnya aspek-aspek lebih banyak dari model ditangkap oleh
10 Carrative Proses
Isi Jurnal (Konteks untuk Carative
Faktor/Caritas )
Kelebihan Jurnal ini membahas tentang 10 carative faktor dan Carritas Proses menurut
Jean Watson. Dalam jurnal ini, telah membahas teori Jean Watson sangat lengkap.
Memicu pada karya Jean Watson yang pertama yaitu tentang kepedulian terhadap diri
sendiri maupun kepada orang lain. Jurnal ini disertakan dengan tabel yang memperjelas
10 carative faktor dan carritas prosesnya. Sehingga pembaca bisa langsung memahami
hubungan antara 10 carative faktor dan carritas proses serta penerapannya.
Kekurangan Jurnal ini kurang berfokus pada satu topik, dalam jurnal tersebut Jean
Watson membahas ataupun mengulas tentang buku-buku yang di tulis olehnya. Sehingga
pembaca kurang memahami apa tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh Jean Watson tentang
teorinya
Ada banyak orang di dunia ini yang menghabiskan
begitu banyak waktu mengawasi kesehatan mereka,
namun tidak memiliki waktu untuk menikmatinya.
-Josh Billings -
Terima Kasih