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PONTO
Ver: POSEIDON (***) & ABZU (***) & Ver: NUNO (***)
OCEANO
Na mitologia grega, Oceano (grego Οκεανος, okeanos), é o imenso rio que
rodearia a Terra, personificado pelo titã de mesmo nome, filho de Urano e Gaia que
tem um corpo formado por um torso de um homem, com garras de caranguejo tal qual
chifres na cabeça e grande barba, terminando com a cauda de uma serpente.
Alguns estudiosos consideram que Oceano representava originalmente todas as
massas de água salgada, incluindo o Mediterrâneo e o Oceano Atlântico, as duas
maiores massas conhecidas pelos antigos gregos. Contudo, com a evolução dos
conhecimentos geográficos, Oceano passou a representar apenas as águas
desconhecidas do Atlântico (também chamado de "Mar Oceano"), enquanto Posidão
reinava no Mediterrâneo.
PROTEU
Según Homero, la arenosa isla de Faro, situada frente al delta del Nilo era el
hogar de Proteo, el profético Anciano Hombre del Mar y pastor de las bestias del mar.
(…).
En la Odisea Menelao lucha con «el veraz anciano de los mares, el inmortal
Proteo egipcio, que conoce las honduras de todo el mar y es servidor de Poseidón».
Na verdade, Nereu da Teogonia de Hesíodo pode ser confundido com
Proteu da Odisseia de Homero.
Um aspecto importante que permite repostar Nereu e Proteu como
variantes do mesmo deus é precisamente o facto de Proteu ou não ser
representado na iconografia grega seguramente por ser o mesmo que Nereu. Ora,
ambos os deuses têm como características morfológicas essenciais o facto de
serem velhos e terem seios de mulher ou sejam serem hermafroditas como seriam
os deuses protágonos e primordiais do patriarcado sobretudo na concepção
Egípcia. De facto, os equivalentes egípcios seriam Atum e Nuno.
Ele é assim como Nereu e Proteu um dos anciãos do mar, mas de modo
diverso, ele não profetizava como os outros.
Assim, sendo Fórcis uma variante em confronto com Proteu, teria
acabado mal visto e maldito porque terá ficado associado aos monstros da Deusa
Mãe, como Quingu e por isso mantinha a capacidade para se ocultar mas não a
de profetizar…precisamente porque os poderes mânticos ainda eram benfazejos.
No entanto com um pouco de imaginação poder-se-ia suspeitar que a magia
negra era um dos poderes com que Fórcis «forçava» as coisas!
NEREU
Na mitologia grega, Nereu ou Nereus (em grego antigo, Νηρεύς, translit.
Nêreús, de νέειν / néein, "nadar") é um deus marinho primitivo, representado como um
personagem idoso – “ velho do mar”
Era filho de Pontos e de Gaia. Desposou a oceânide Dóris e foi pai de
cinquenta filhas, as Neréiades, e de um filho, Nérites. O seu reino era o Mediterrâneo,
e mais particularmente, o Egeu. Era conhecido por suas virtudes e por sua sabedoria.
Píndaro celebra sua justiça benfazeja, daí seus epítetos "verídico", benfazejo", "sem
mentira nem esquecimento".
Tinha o dom da profecia e, como outras divindades, podia mudar de aparência.
Ajudou vários heróis, como Hércules, que sempre conseguia descobri-lo, mesmo
quando mudava de forma.
Nereu é representado em obras de arte, assim como outros deuses dos mares,
com um tridente e algas, que representam o seu cabelo e a sua barba. Parece ser a
personificação do deus do mar anterior a Poseídon, quando Zeus destronou Cronos.
Existem muitas coisas na mitologia que não batem certo! Desde logo a sua
suposta derivação do verbo grego para nadar, νέειν / néein, a que falta o erre que
pode emudecer mas nunca ressuscitar do nada! Sendo assim, quanto muito é o
verbo grego νέειν < νέειν que deriva de
Figura 5: Nereu, o rei do mar Egeu, numa representação dum vaso grego
com aparência de homem adulto, nem muito jovem nem demasiado velho!
Por outro lado, o seu suposto filho Ner-ites seria apenas o deus Nero de
que Nereu seria mera variante nominativa.
NEREE. (Pl. XX.) Si l’on en croit les enseignements mythologiques des
Collèges, et mène les opinions de la plupart de nos archéologues, Nérée ne joue
qu'un rôle très subordonne dans l'assemblée des divinités grecques- il est tout au
plus un dieu du troisième ordre. Quelques savants cependant pénètrent plus en
avant dans le Système religieux des anciens, en accordant a Nérée un rang plus
élevé' ce dieu leur parait occuper la même dignité parmi les tritons que Silence
parmi les satyres, ou Chiron parmi les centaures. Nous ne fatiguerons pas le
lecteur par un récit détaillé de tout ce que les mythographes grecs et latins ont
débit sur ce personnage fabuleux - notre tache se bornera à faire ressortir les
traits caractéristiques de Nérée, d'après les témoignages des anciens auteurs et
d’après les monuments de antiquité figuré. Dans celle-ci, Nérée parait
principalement dans deux circonstances remarquables: la première nous montre
le dieu marin presque dompte par Hercule, et force d'indiquer au héros thébain le
séjour des Hespérides -, dans la seconde, Nérée ne figure plus comme
protagoniste Pelée et Thétis forment le centre de la composition, Nérée n'assiste
que comme témoin aux noces de sa fille.
Dans une monographie sur les noces de Pelée et Thétis, M. de Witte a
fait remarquer que Neptune lui-même remplace quelquefois le monstre marin
sans altérer le sens du sujet.
NINIP / NIRIG
Hoa occupies, in the first Triad, the position which in the classical mythology is
filled by Poseidon or Neptune, and in some respects he corresponds to him. He is "the
lord of the earth," just as Neptune is [Greek]; he is "the king of rivers;" and he comes
from the sea to teach the Babylonians; but he is never called "the lord of the sea." That
title belongs to Nin or Ninip. Hoa is "the lord of the abyss," or of "the great deep," which
does not seem to be the sea, but something distinct from it. His most important titles are
those which invest him with the character, so prominently brought out in Oe and Oannes,
of the god of science and knowledge. He is "the intelligent guide," or, according to
another interpretation, "the intelligent fish," "the teacher of mankind," "the lord of
understanding." One of his emblems is the "wedge" or "arrowhead," the essential
element of cuneiform writing, which seems to be assigned to him as the inventor, or at
least the patron of the Chaldaean alphabet. Another is the serpent which occupies so
conspicuous a place among the symbols of the gods on the black stones recording
benefactions, and which sometimes appears upon the cylinders. -- THE SEVEN GREAT
MONARCHIES OF THE ANCIENT EASTERN WORLD, BY GEORGE RAWLINSON,
M.A, 1862–67.
Heâ was the god of chaos, or the deep; he was the king of the abyss who
determines destinies. In later times he was also called the god of the waters, and from
him some of the attributes of Neptune may be derived. It was said that Chaos was his
wife. In later mythology, however, Nin-ci-gal, instead of Chaos, was the wife of Heâ.
(…) Ninip, the lord of strong actions, finds an echo in Hercules of Grecian
mythology, who received his bow from Apollo, his sword from Mercury, his golden
breastplate from Vulcan, his horses from Neptune, and his robe from Minerva.
The Assyrian Dagon was usually associated with Anū, the sky-god, and the
worship of both was carried as far west as Canaan. ASSYRIAN MYTHOLOGY By MRS.
ELIZABETH A. REED. The Congress of Women: Held in the Woman's Building, World's
Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U. S. A., 1893.
It would seem that Merodach as Jupiter displaced at Babylon Nebo as Saturn,
the elder god, as Bel Enlil displaced the elder Ninip at Nippur.
(…)The Babylonian Saturn, as we have seen, is black, and its god, Ninip, was the
destroying boar, which recalls the black boar of the Egyptian demon (or elder god) Set.
The Greek Cronos was a destroyer even of his own children. All the elder gods had
demoniac traits like the ghosts of human beings. (…)
Ninip (nin´ip, or Nin´ib), as Nirig and destroying sun (…) , the son of Enlil, who
was made in the likeness of Anu, he waged war against the earth spirits, and was
furiously hostile towards the deities of alien peoples, as befitted a god of battle. Even his
father feared him, and when he was advancing towards Nippur, sent out Nusku,
messenger of the gods, to soothe the raging deity with soft words. Ninip was symbolized
as a wild bull, was connected with stone worship, like the Indian destroying god Shiva,
and was similarly a deity of Fate. He had much in common with Nin-Girsu, a god of
Lagash, who was in turn regarded as a form of Tammuz. (…)
Before he became king, Sargon of Akkad, the Sharrukin of the texts, was,
according to tradition, a gardener and watchman attached to the temple of the war god
Zamama of Kish. This deity was subsequently identified with Merodach, son of Ea; Ninip,
son of Enlil; and Nin-Girsu of Lagash. He was therefore one of the many developed
forms of Tammuz -- a solar, corn, and military deity, and an interceder for mankind.
In the Babylonian Creation legend Ea is supplanted as dragon slayer by his son
Merodach. Similarly Ninip took the place of his father, Enlil, as the champion of the
gods. "In other words," writes Dr. Langdon, "later theology evolved the notion of the son
of the earth god, who acquires the attributes of the father, and becomes the god of war.
(…)
Saturn was Nirig, who is best known as Ninip, a deity who was displaced by
Enlil, the elder Bel, and afterwards regarded as his son. His story has not been
recovered, but from the references made to it there is little doubt that it was a version of
the widespread myth about the elder deity who was slain by his son, as Saturn was by
Jupiter and Dyaus by Indra. It may have resembled the lost Egyptian myth which
explained the existence of the two Horuses--Horus the elder, and Horus, the posthumous
son of Osiris. At any rate, it is of interest to find in this connection that in Egypt the
planet Saturn was Her-Ka, "Horus the Bull". Ninip was also identified with the bull. Both
deities were also connected with the spring sun, like Tammuz, and were terrible slayers
of their enemies.
(…) A bilingual list in the British Museum arranges the sevenfold planetary
group in the following order: —
The moon, Sin.
The sun, Shamash.
Jupiter, Merodach.
Venus, Ishtar.
Saturn, Ninip (Nirig).
Mercury, Nebo.
Mars, Nergal. (…)
As the planet Saturn, Ninip was the ghost of the elder god, and as the son of Bel
he was the solar war god of spring, the great wild bull, the god of fertility. He was also
as Ber "lord of the wild boar", an animal associated with Rimmon. (…)
Ninip resembled Kronos and Saturnus as a father, but he was also at the same
time a son; he was the Egyptian Horus the elder and Horus the younger in one.
Merodach was similarly of complex character--a combination of Ea, Aim, Enlil, and
Tammuz, who acquired, when exalted by the Amoritic Dynasty of Babylon, the attributes
of the thunder god Adad-Ramman in the form of Amurru, "lord of the mountains".
-- Donald A. Mackenzie - Myths of Babylonia and Assyria.
Que os Assírios tenham achado ou não que o poderio marítimo pertencia a
Ninip a verdade é que tradicionalmente o papel de deus marítimo coube a Enki e
foi possivelmente reforçado enquanto missionário da agricultura neolítica que o
terá transformado também num deus do cereal que necessita de morrer na terra
para ressuscitar na multiplicação dos grãos das espigas como aparece relatado
entre os judeus.
The ancient Sumerian city of Eridu, which means "on the seashore", was
invested with great sanctity from the earliest times, and Ea, the "great magician of the
gods", was invoked by workers of spells, the priestly magicians of historic Babylonia.
(…)
The mythological spell exercised by Eridu in later times suggests that the
civilization of Sumeria owed much to the worshippers of Ea. At the sacred city the first
man was created: there the souls of the dead passed towards the great Deep. Its
proximity to the sea — Ea was Nin-bubu, "god of the sailor"— may have brought it into
contact with other peoples and other early civilizations. -- Myths of Babylonia and
Assyria, by Donald A. MacKenzie.
Os assírios nunca foram um império naval. O facto de teram atrubuido o
poder da frota ao deus das tempestades de Ninive resulta possivelmente de pouco
ou nada terem de marinheiros de alto mar (pois Ninive, a sua capital, nem sequer
ficava na margem de um grande rio) e desconhecerem por isso as tradições e os
antigos deuses marítimos.
A verdade porém é que a tradição da divisão tripartida do mundo já vem
do tempo dos sumérios que acreditavam que esta era tão antiga como os deuses e
anteriror à criação do homem:
Quando os deuses, como os homens,
Faziam [todo] o trabalho, transportavam as cargas,
O jugo dos Anunnaki era grande demais,
Eles trabalhavam demais, muito se preocupavam,
Os grandes Anunnaki faziam os Igigi
Carregar sete vezes uma carga maior.
Anu, o pai de todos os deuses, era rei,
Tendo como conselheiro o jovem guerreiro Enlil,
E como chanceler, Ninurta,
O controlador dos canais era Ennugi.
Eles tomaram a caixa de dados
Eles lançaram os dados, os Anunnaki fizeram a divisão.
Anu subiu aos céus,
E Enlil tomou a terra para seu povo.
O cadeado que barra os mares
Foi dado ao sábio Enki.
Assim sendo, Nerik era uma das muitas confusões de conveniência dos
panteões relativas aos deuses supremos das tempestades que sempre estiveram
relacionados com as guerras e a soberania suprema.
Pelo epíteto Ninip é fácil de ver que seria o patrono da cidad Assíria de
Ninive.
Ea was "Enki", "lord of the world", or "lord of what is beneath"; Amma-
ana-ki, "lord of heaven and earth"; Sa-kalama, "ruler of the land", as well as
Engur, "god of the abyss", Naqbu, "the deep", and Lugal-ida, "king of the river".
As rain fell from "the waters above the firmament", the god of waters was also a
sky and earth god. -- Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, by Donald A. MacKenzie.
Bu [FLIT] (10x: Old Babylonian) wr. bu; bu2; wu "to flit, chase about" Akk.
Našarbuţu. Bu [PERFECT] (28x: Old Akkadian, Ur III) wr. bu; bu2 "perfect" Akk.
Gitmalu. Bu [Secret] (1x: Old Babylonian) wr. bu-u2bu-u2 "secret".
Bu-lu-úh, bu-luh, bu-úh, bu-bu-luh = para tremer, estremeça, seja
amedrontado. Ma-La = barqueiro; Ma-Lah = marinheiro.
Ninip < nin´ip < Nin´ib < Nin-ub < Nin-bu Naq-bu
Nin-| bu-bu (deus dos marinheiros) < Ku-ku | < *Nin-Caco
Ξ *Nin-(Malah) bu-bu-(luh).
*Nin-(Malah) bu-bu-(luh) seria assim o nome de Enki nas funções
equivalentes de “enosigaios” dos deuses dos maremotos, típicas dos deuses
marítimos dos povos do mar Egeu. Este poder era partilhado pelos deuses
continentais das tempestades e teria por isso sido o de Ninip / Nerig.
Nínive < Acadic: Ninua < Pers. Nainavā < Nin-Nawa => Lusa. Nábia
< Ana-Ki-a > Ana-ti < Anat.
A patrona de Ninive era seguramente Ana-Ki, a Sr.ª Ki, mãe e esposa de
Enki que por evolução semântica evoluiu para *Nabia que seria virtualmente
irmã e esposa de Nabo…se pudéssemos provar que Tashmetum seriam um
mero epíteto desta deusa.
Parece que Estrabão visitou Borsipa e que achou cheia de morcegos e
onde Nabu era Apolo e Tashmetum, Artemisa.
Nabu é uma divindade da mitologia suméria. É o deus da escrita e da
sabedoria. É o filho de Marduk e casado com Tashmetum. É mencionado na Bíblia
como Nebo.
Figura 9: Ninive.
Os montículos antigos de
Nínive, Kouyunjik e Nabī Yūnus,
estão localizados num nível da
planície perto da confluência do rio
Tigre e Khosr com uma área de 1800
acres circunscrita por uma muralha
de tijolos de 12 kilômetros. Esse
espaço extensivo inteiro é hoje uma
imensa área de ruínas sobreposta em
partes pelos novos subúrbios da
cidade de Mosul.
1
http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/gods/ladies/ladytash.html
Ver: *KIMA (***)
TRITÃO
Figura 10: Nereid and Triton Mosaic from Ephesus Terrace Home.
Tritão seria então a variante do deus do mar derivada de Kur-Kian.
Tritão < Triton < Tir-ton < Taur-Than, literalmente touro-cobra,
cavalo marinho, golfinho de Poseidon < Kaur-Kia < Kur-Enki.
Figura 12: Hercules fights with Triton, son of Poseidon, with a dance of the Nereids,
inside cup, painted terracotta, Greek, 6th Century B.C.!
In the Iliad' the epithet , with overtones of gentility and wisdom,
is applied exclusively to the father of the Nereids, who, though he in fact remains
anonymous, Cate only be Nereus. It is in the Odyssey (and then in later authors) that
the epithet is shared with other seadeities: it refers once again to Nereus,' then to
Proteus, and finally to Phorkys' Triton does not appear in Homer.
(…) No literature of any period describes a struggle between Herakles and
Triton: this motif is introduced on Attic vases and monuments in the sixth century B.C.
(…)
Although the motif of Herakles struggling with a sea-deity is predominantly
Attic, it is not exclusively so. The earliest representation is on an island gem of the last
quarter of the seventh century B.C., and shows Herakles running alongside a non-
mutating fish-tailed man. The example on the Argive shield-hand relief has already
been described. Three fragments from Perachora arc said to carry the motif: one is
completely unintelligible, the second of uncertain interpretation (the monster may not
even be fish-tailed), and the third not Triton but surely Typhon. (…)
These three cups clearly illustrate that the artist(s) must have considered
Nereus and Triton as two quite distinct deities, and that the change had taken place by
560 B.C. The change in Heraklcs' opponent is definite and deliberate, and lest the two
should be confused old Nereus loses his tail. The name "Triton" appears on three later
representations and is never found outside Attic art. Since the original myth of Herakles
grasping a mutating sea-god has been provided with an alternative iconography, the
inevitable conclusion is that Herakles with Triton represents something quite different.
(…)
The canonic type may he defined as follows: Triton has a full head of hair and
is bearded; he may wear a fillet, and occasionally, early on, wears a tunic; he is
invariably fish-tailed, the joining of man and fish sometimes being quite unsatisfactorily
rendered in that he may be given a very odd chest in order to accommodate the tail.
Triton's arms arc held in one of three positions: he may actively resist Herakles by
gripping both the hero's arms or hands in an attempt to wrestle free; he may grip with
one hand, the other remaining free, gesturing submission or raised to his head in
dismay; or he may have both arms free offering no resistance, in the manner of the
early Nereus figures. He may carry one or two dolphins, though these appear far less
frequently than one might expect. Herakles faces in the direction in which he is going,
and wears his lionskin; his array of weapons varies and he is fully armed only once.
(…)
Boardman suggested that the Herakles-Triton motif may have had something to
do with the Athenian amphibious success against Megara for the possession of the
island of Salamis. This line of inquiry is worth further investigation since it does seem
reasonable to assume that a sea encounter of sonic sort lira behind these
representations. Whatever the historical event which prompted such commemoration, it
must have been of no mean significance either to Athens or to Peisistratos, for the
subject of Hcraklcs wrestling with Triton did appear on two Akropolis pediments. The
motif is also found on the unorthodox Doric Temple of Athena at Assos in the Troad. -
Herakles, Nereus and Triton: A Study of Iconography in Sixth Century Athens, RUTH
GLYNN
Em conclusão, Tritão seria a variante ática do “velho lobo-do-mar” que
seria o deus protágono marinho. Possivelmente, o epíteto Atena Tritogénia
estaria relacionado mais com o facto de este deus ter sido parido por
partenogéneses natural pela sempre eterna Virgem Mãe que também foi Atena.
Figura 14: When he returned, Amphitryon was so angry that his wife had
welcomed a lover in his absence, that he tried to burn her alive on the altar where she
fled for refuge. But Zeus sent the Clouds to extinguish the flames, Amphitryon relented,
and in due course Alkmene gave birth to twin boys: Herakles, who was the son of Zeus,
and Iphikles, fathered by Amphitryon.
2
Amphictyonis in Greek mythology is a goddess of wine and friendship between nations, a local form of
Demeter. Demeter was worshiped under this name at Anthela, because it was a meeting place for the
amphictyons of Thermopylae, who offered sacrifices to her at the start of every meeting.