Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Platão
Platão (427-347 a.C.) foi um dos dois maiores lósofos gregos da Antiguidade (sendo
o outro Aristóteles) e é universalmente reconhecido como um dos mais importantes ló-
sofos em toda a história da loso a. (O lógico e metafísico britânico do século XX, Alfred
North Whitehead, observou certa vez que a história da loso a ocidental “consiste numa
série de notas de rodapé a Platão” – um exagero, mas um exagero perdoável.) Os escritos
de Platão consistem em diálogos nos quais a gura principal é o seu mestre Sócrates
(469-399 a.C.). Normalmente se pensa que os diálogos iniciais, dos quais a presente sele-
ção é um, reportam de modo mais preciso as opiniões reais do Sócrates histórico, sendo
que os tardios desenvolvem as próprias opiniões de Platão – opiniões que ele talvez
Filoso a: textos fundamentais comentados 41
tenha visto como se desenvolvendo a partir das do seu mestre. Esse diálogo se passa
nos degraus da corte de Atenas, onde Sócrates detém-se no intuito de falar com Eutífron
sobre o assunto que cada um tem com a corte. O fundo do diálogo é real: Sócrates foi
acusado de corromper a juventude de Atenas. (A seleção a seguir é um relato do próprio
julgamento.)
Neste diálogo, vemos um exemplo de clari cação conceitual: Sócrates questiona
Eutífron numa tentativa de clari car a ideia de piedade. Enquanto há conotações reli-
giosas na ideia de piedade, há também um signi cado mais amplo, mais apropriado aos
argumentos neste diálogo: a piedade equivale aproximadamente à retidão ou à corre-
ção moral. Porém, nesse caso, a própria ideia de uma ação moralmente correta precisa
de clari cação, e é sobre isso que o diálogo realmente trata. Eutífron está con ante de
que entende o que é para uma ação ser piedosa nesse sentido e tenta explaná-lo para
Sócrates.
( tIURQ
1 YLQGR D WL 1 $VVLP HOH HVFUHYHX HVVD 6 0HX FDUR VHQKRU 2 WHX SUySULR SDL
Como será explanado na DFXVDomR FRQWUD WL FRPR DOJXpP TXH ( &HUWDPHQWH
Apologia (p. 32), Sócrates ID] LQRYDo HV HP TXHVW HV UHOLJLRVDV 6 4XDO p D DFXVDomR 6REUH R TXH p R
crê ter ouvido por anos uma H YHP DR WULEXQDO SDUD GLIDPDU WH VD FDVR
voz que chama de sinal divino. EHQGR TXH WDLV FRLVDV VmR IDFLOPHQWH ( +RPLFtGLR 6yFUDWHV
A voz geralmente lhe diz para
não fazer coisas que os deuses PDO LQWHUSUHWDGDV SHOD PXOWLGmR 2 6 3HORV FpXV 3RU FHUWR (XWtIURQ D PDLR
desaprovariam. (É difícil dizer o PHVPR VH Gi QR PHX FDVR 6HPSUH ULD GRV KRPHQV QmR VDEHULD FRPR SR
quão literalmente isso deve ser TXH IDOR GH TXHVW HV UHOLJLRVDV QD DV GHULDP ID]HU LVVR H HVWDU FHUWRV 1mR p
considerado.) VHPEOHLD H SUHGLJR R IXWXUR HOHV ULHP R TXLQKmR GH TXDOTXHU XP ID]HU LVVR
GH PLP FRPR VH HX IRVVH GRLGR FRQ PDV GH DOJXpP TXH HVWi PXLWR DGLDQ
2 5HDILUPDomR 5HV PR WXGR HX QmR SUHGLVVH QDGD TXH QmR WDGR HP VDEHGRULD 2
Sócrates faz de conta que WHQKD DFRQWHFLGR 1R HQWDQWR HOHV ( 6LP SRU =HXV 6yFUDWHV p DVVLP PHV
acredita que Eutífron deve WrP LQYHMD GH WRGRV QyV TXH ID]HPRV PR
estar muito certo de que sabe LVVR 1mR p SUHFLVR SUHRFXSDU VH FRP 6 e HQWmR R KRPHP TXH R WHX SDL PDWRX
qual é a coisa piedosa ou correta HOHV PDV HQFDUi ORV GH IUHQWH XP GRV WHXV SDUHQWHV ,VVR WDOYH] VHMD
e qual não é, dado que está
disposto a fazer algo inicialmente 6 0HX TXHULGR (XWtIURQ VHU DOYR GH ULVRV yEYLR SRLV QmR DFXVDULDV R WHX SDL
tão questionável quanto acusar o WDOYH] QmR LPSRUWH SRLV RV DWHQLHQVHV SHOR KRPLFtGLR GH XP HVWUDQKR
próprio pai. QmR VH LPSRUWDP FRP QLQJXpP TXH ( $FKR ULGtFXOR 6yFUDWHV TXH SHQVHV TXH
FRQVLGHUDP HVSHUWR FRQWDQWR TXH QmR ID] TXDOTXHU GLIHUHQoD VH D YtWLPD p XP
HQVLQH D VXD SUySULD VDEHGRULD PDV VH HVWUDQKR RX XP SDUHQWH HYHU VH LD
SHQVDP TXH HOH ID] FRP TXH RV RXWURV VRPHQWH REVHUYDU VH R DVVDVVLQR DJLX GH
VHMDP FRPR HOH PHVPR QHVVH FDVR IL PRGR MXVWR RX QmR VH DJLX MXVWDPHQWH
FDP EUDYRV VHMD SRU LQYHMD FRPR GL GHL[H VH TXH Yi PDV VH QmR DJLX DV
]HV VHMD SRU DOJXPD RXWUD UD]mR VLP GHYHU VH LD DFXVi OR PHVPR VH R
( (X FHUWDPHQWH QmR WHQKR QHQKXP GH DVVDVVLQR SDUWLOKD GR WHX ODU H GD WXD
VHMR GH WHVWDU RV VHQWLPHQWRV GHOHV HP PHVD $ LQIkPLD p D PHVPD FDVR VD
UHODomR D PLP QHVVH DVVXQWR EHQGR GLVVR PDQWHQKDV FRPSDQKLD
6 7DOYH] SDUHoDV ID]HU GH WL PHVPR Vy FRP WDO KRPHP H QmR OLPSHV D WL PHV
UDUDPHQWH GLVSRQtYHO H QmR HVWHMDV PR H D HOH OHYDQGR R j MXVWLoD $ YtWLPD
GLVSRVWR D HQVLQDU D WXD SUySULD VDEH HUD XP VHUYLoDO PHX H TXDQGR HVWiYD
GRULD PDV WHPR TXH R PHX VHQWLPHQ PRV WUDEDOKDQGR QD WHUUD HP 1D[RV
WR SHODV SHVVRDV IDoD FRP TXH SHQVHP HOH HUD XP VHUYR QRVVR (OH DVVDVVLQRX
TXH GHVSHMR VREUH TXDOTXHU XP WXGR XP GRV QRVVRV HVFUDYRV GRPpVWLFRV
R TXH WHQKR D GL]HU QmR VRPHQWH VHP LUULWDGR H VRE R HIHLWR GD EHELGD GH
FREUDU WD[D PDV PHVPR IHOL] GH UH PRGR TXH R PHX SDL R DPDUURX QDV
FRPSHQVDU TXDOTXHU XP TXH TXLVHU PmRV H QRV SpV H MRJRX R QXP IRVVR
RXYLU 6H HQWmR HOHV SUHWHQGHP ULU GH WHQGR HQYLDGR HQWmR XP KRPHP DWp
PLP DVVLP FRPR GL]HV TXH HOHV ULHP DTXL SDUD LQWHUURJDU R VDFHUGRWH VREUH
GH WL QmR KDYHULD QDGD GHVDJUDGiYHO R TXH GHYHULD VHU IHLWR XUDQWH DTXHOH
HP TXH SDVVHP R VHX WHPSR QD FRUWH WHPSR HOH QmR FRQFHGHX QHQKXP WLSR
ULQGR H PRWHMDQGR PDV VH IRUHP Vp GH FXLGDGR DR KRPHP DPDUUDGR SRU
ULRV QmR ILFD FODUR TXDO p R UHVXOWDGR VHU XP DVVDVVLQR H QmR LPSRUWDYD VH
H[FHWR SDUD YRFrV SURIHWDV PRUUHVVH R TXH GH IDWR DFRQWHFHX $
( 7DOYH] QmR Gr HP QDGD 6yFUDWHV H IRPH R IULR H DV DPDUUDV FDXVDUDP D
YHQKDV D OXWDU SHOR WHX FDVR FRPR VXD PRUWH DQWHV TXH R PHQVDJHLUR UH
SHQVDV VHU PHOKRU DVVLP FRPR SHQVR WRUQDVVH GR YLGHQWH 7DQWR R PHX SDL
TXH OXWDUHL SHOR PHX FDVR TXDQWR RV PHXV RXWURV SDUHQWHV HVWmR
6 4XDO p R WHX FDVR (XWtIURQ eV R DFX LQGLJQDGRV TXH HX HVWHMD DFXVDQGR R
VDGR RX R DFXVDGRU PHX SDL SRU KRPLFtGLR HP IDYRU GH
( 2 DFXVDGRU XP DVVDVVLQR TXDQGR HOH QHP VHTXHU R
6 $ TXHP DFXVDV WLQKD PDWDGR HOHV GL]HP H PHVPR VH
( $ DOJXpP TXH VRX FRQVLGHUDGR ORXFR WLYHVVH R KRPHP PRUULGR QmR PHUHFLD
HP DFXVDU XP SHQVDPHQWR GDGR TXH HUD XP DV
6 (VWiV DFXVDQGR DOJXpP TXH FRP IDFL VDVVLQR $ILQDO HOHV GL]HP p tPSLR TXH
OLGDGH HVFDSDUi GH WL XP ILOKR DFXVH R VHX SDL GH KRPLFtGLR
( /RQJH GLVVR SRLV HOH p EDVWDQWH LGRVR 3RUpP DV VXDV LGHLDV VREUH D DWLWXGH
6 4XHP p HOH GLYLQD TXDQWR j SLHGDGH H j LPSLHGDGH
( 2 PHX SDL HVWmR HUUDGDV 6yFUDWHV
Filoso a: textos fundamentais comentados 43
6 $R SDVVR TXH SRU =HXV (XWtIURQ FUrV XPD IRUPD RX DSDUrQFLD QD PHGLGD
TXH R WHX FRQKHFLPHQWR GR GLYLQR HP TXH p LPSLHGRVR 3 3 HILQLomR
EHP FRPR GD SLHGDGH H GD LPSLHGDGH ( &RP WRGD UD]mR 6yFUDWHV Ao perguntar pela
p WmR DFXUDGR TXH VH DTXHODV FRLVDV 6 L]H PH HQWmR R TXH p R SLHGRVR H R forma da piedade, Só-
DFRQWHFHUDP FRPR GL]HV QmR WHQV QH TXH p R LPSLHGRVR crates está perguntando por uma
QKXP UHFHLR GH WHU DJLGR LPSLDPHQWH ( LJR TXH R SLHGRVR p ID]HU R TXH HVWRX de nição ou um relato da própria
piedade: pelo que é que todas as
WUD]HQGR R WHX SDL D MXOJDPHQWR ID]HQGR DJRUD DFXVDQGR R PDOIHLWRU coisas ou ações piedosas têm em
( (X QmR GHYHULD WHU QHQKXPD XWLOL VHMD LVVR VREUH KRPLFtGLR RX URXER VD comum em virtude do que são
GDGH 6yFUDWHV H (XWtIURQ QmR VHULD FUtOHJR RX TXDOTXHU RXWUD FRLVD VHMD piedosas.
VXSHULRU j PDLRULD GRV KRPHQV VH HX VH R PDOIHLWRU p VHX SDL RX VXD PmH RX
QmR WLYHVVH XP FRQKHFLPHQWR DFXUD TXDOTXHU RXWUR QmR DFXVDU p LPSLHGR
GR GH WRGDV DV FRLVDV GHVVH WLSR VR 4 ( REVHUYD 6yFUDWHV TXH SRVVR 4
6 e GH IDWR H[WUHPDPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH FLWDU D OHL FRPR XPD JUDQGH SURYD GH Aqui está a primeira
PARE
PHX DGPLUiYHO (XWtIURQ TXH HX PH TXH LVVR p DVVLP (X Mi GLVVH DRV RX tentativa de Eutífron de
WRUQH R WHX DOXQR H QR TXH GL] UHVSHL WURV TXH WDLV Do HV VmR FRUUHWDV LVWR responder ao pedido de Sócrates
WR D HVVD DFXVDomR GHVDILH 0HOHWR VR p QmR IDYRUHFHU R LPSLHGRVR VHMD HOH por clari cação: a piedade é o
que Eutífron está fazendo agora
EUH HVVDV PHVPDV FRLVDV GL]HQGR OKH TXHP IRU $V PHVPDV SHVVRDV TXH FUH ao acusar o seu pai. Essa tentativa
TXH QR SDVVDGR WDPEpP FRQVLGHUHL R HP TXH =HXV p R PHOKRU H R PDLV MXVWR é bem-sucedida em clari car a
FRQKHFLPHQWR VREUH R GLYLQR FRPR GRV GHXVHV FRQFRUGDP FRQWXGR TXH forma geral ou a ideia de piedade?
VHQGR R PDLV LPSRUWDQWH H TXH FRPR HOH DFRUUHQWRX R VHX SDL SRUTXH HVVH
DJRUD HOH GL] TXH VRX FXOSDGR GH LP GHYRUDYD LQMXVWDPHQWH RV VHXV ILOKRV
SURYLVDU H LQRYDU VREUH RV GHXVHV HX H TXH HVVH OWLPR SRU VXD YH] FDV
PH WRUQHL R WHX DOXQR (X GLULD D HOH WURX R VHX SDL SRU UD] HV VHPHOKDQWHV
0HOHWR VH FRQFRUGDV TXH (XWtIURQ 7RGDYLD HOHV HVWmR LQGLJQDGRV FRPL
p ViELR QHVVHV DVVXQWRV FRQVLGHUD JR SRUTXH HVWRX DFXVDQGR R PHX SDL
PH WDPEpP FRPR DOJXpP TXH WHP SHOR VHX PDX DWR (OHV FRQWUDGL]HP D
DV FUHQoDV FRUUHWDV H QmR PH OHYHV D VL PHVPRV QDTXLOR TXH GL]HP VREUH RV
MXOJDPHQWR 6H QmR SHQVDV DVVLP HQ GHXVHV H VREUH PLP 5 5
WmR DFXVD DTXHOH PHX PHVWUH H QmR D 6 &RP HIHLWR (XWtIURQ HVVD p D UD]mR Porque Eutífron está
PLP SRU FRUURPSHU RV KRPHQV PDLV SRU TXH HX VRX XP DFXVDGR QR FDVR fazendo algo muito
YHOKRV WDQWR D PLP TXDQWR DR VHX SUy SRUTXH FRQVLGHUR GLItFLO DFHLWDU TXH parecido com o que Zeus fez,
SULR SDL DR HQVLQDU PH H DR H[RUWi OR FRLVDV FRPR HVVD VHMDP GLWDV VREUH RV qualquer um que disser que ele
está fazendo algo impiedoso deve
H SXQL OR 6H HOH QmR ILFDU FRQYHQFL GHXVHV H p SURYiYHO TXH VHMD D UD]mR estar errado, dado que Zeus, com
GR QHP UHWLUDU GH PLP D DFXVDomR RX SRU TXH GHYHUi VHU GLWR GH PLP TXH certeza, jamais fez qualquer coisa
DFXVDU D WL DR LQYpV GH PLP UHSHWLUHL IDoR DOJR HUUDGR 1R HQWDQWR VH WX impiedosa. (Sócrates não ca
R PHVPR GHVDILR QR WULEXQDO TXH WHQV SOHQR FRQKHFLPHQWR GH WDLV impressionado com essa linha de
argumento.)
( 6LP SRU =HXV 6yFUDWHV H VH HOH WHQ FRLVDV SDUWLOKDV GDV RSLQL HV GHOHV
WDVVH PH DFXVDU FUHLR TXH HX HQFRQ QHVVH FDVR DVVLP PH SDUHFHULD WDP
WUDULD RV VHXV SRQWRV IUDFRV H R GLVFXU EpP GHYHPRV FRQFRUGDU FRP HOHV
VR QR WULEXQDO VHULD VREUH HOH DR LQYpV 3RLV R TXH GLUHPRV QyV TXH FRQFRU
GH VREUH PLP GDPRV TXH QyV PHVPRV QmR WHPRV QH
6 e SRUTXH SHUFHER LVVR TXH HVWRX DQVLR QKXP FRQKHFLPHQWR GHODV L]H PH
VR HP WRUQDU PH WHX DOXQR PHX TXH SHOR GHXV GD DPL]DGH UHDOPHQWH FUrV
ULGR DPLJR 6HL TXH RXWUDV SHVVRDV TXH HVVDV FRLVDV VmR YHUGDGHLUDV
LQFOXLQGR HVVH 0HOHWR QHP PHVPR ( 6LP 6yFUDWHV H DVVLP WDPEpP R VmR
SDUHFHP WH SHUFHEHU DR SDVVR TXH HOH FRLVDV DLQGD PDLV VXUSUHHQGHQWHV GDV
PH Yr GH PRGR WmR DJXGR H FODUR TXH TXDLV D PDLRULD QmR WHP QHQKXP FR
PH DFXVD GH LPSLHGDGH $VVLP GL]H QKHFLPHQWR
PH DJRUD SRU =HXV R TXH PDQWLQKDV 6 ( DFUHGLWDV TXH UHDOPHQWH KDMD JXHUUD
DJRUD PHVPR TXH VDELDV FRP FODUH HQWUH RV GHXVHV LQLPL]DGHV WHUUtYHLV H
]D TXH WLSR GH FRLVD GL]HV TXH VmR D EDWDOKDV H RXWUDV FRLVDV WDO FRPR VmR
SLHGDGH H D LPSLHGDGH WDQWR FRPR FRQWDGDV SHORV SRHWDV H RXWUDV KLVWy
UHVSHLWR D KRPLFtGLR TXDQWR D RXWUDV ULDV VDJUDGDV WDO FRPR VmR WUDPDGDV
FRLVDV RX QmR p R SLHGRVR R PHVPR H SRU ERQV HVFULWRUHV H SRU UHSUHVHQWD
VHPHOKDQWH HP WRGD DomR H R tPSLR o HV FRP R TXH R PDQWR GD GHLGDGH p
R RSRVWR GH WXGR R TXH p SLHGRVR H DGRUQDGR TXDQGR p OHYDGR DWp D $FUy
WDO FRPR HOH PHVPR H WXGR R TXH p SROH HYHPRV GL]HU TXH HVVDV FRLVDV
VHU LPSLHGRVR DSUHVHQWD VH QRV FRP VmR YHUGDGHLUDV (XWtIURQ
44 Laurence BonJour & Ann Baker
WDO FRPR TXH SDUWH GH Q PHUR p R SDU PDLV 2X SHQVDV TXH R FXLGDGR YLVD D
H TXH Q PHUR HVVH p GLULD TXH p R Q SUHMXGLFDU R REMHWR GR VHX FXLGDGR
PHUR TXH p GLYLVtYHO HP GXDV SDUWHV ( 3RU =HXV QmR
LJXDLV QmR GHVLJXDLV 2X QmR SHQVDV 6 9LVD D EHQHILFLDU R REMHWR GR VHX FXL
DVVLP GDGR
( 3HQVR ( 1DWXUDOPHQWH
6 7HQWD SRUWDQWR GL]HU PH TXDO SDU 6 $ SLHGDGH HQWmR TXH p R FXLGDGR GRV
WH GR MXVWR p R SLHGRVR D ILP GH TXH GHXVHV YLVD D EHQHILFLDU RV GHXVHV
GLJDPRV D 0HOHWR SDUD TXH QmR PDLV H WRUQi ORV PHOKRUHV &RQFRUGDULDV
DMD HUUDGDPHQWH SDUD FRQRVFR H QmR TXH TXDQGR ID]HV DOJR SLHGRVR WRU
PH LQGLFLH SRU LPSLHGDGH GDGR TXH QDV DOJXP GRV GHXVHV PHOKRU
DSUHQGL GH WL VXILFLHQWHPHQWH R TXH p ( 3RU =HXV QmR
GLYLQR H SLHGRVR H R TXH QmR p 6 1HP HX SHQVR TXH LVVR p R TXH TXHUHV
( &UHLR 6yFUDWHV TXH R GLYLQR H R SLH GL]HU ORQJH GLVVR PDV p SRU HVVH
GRVR VmR D SDUWH GR MXVWR TXH p FRQ PRWLYR TXH WH SHUJXQWHL R TXH TXH
FHUQHQWH DR FXLGDGR GRV GHXVHV DR ULDV GL]HU FRP R FXLGDGR GRV GHXVHV
SDVVR TXH R FRQFHUQHQWH DR FXLGDGR SRUTXH QmR DFUHGLWDYD TXH WLQKDV HP
GRV KRPHQV p D SDUWH UHVWDQWH GD MXV PHQWH HVVH WLSR GH FXLGDGR 19
18 WLoD 18 ( ([DWDPHQWH 6yFUDWHV HVVH QmR p R
Aqui está a tentativa nal 6 7X PH SDUHFHV S U LVVR PXLWR DGHTXD WLSR GH FXLGDGR TXH WHQKR HP PHQWH
PARE
de Eutífron para explicar o GDPHQWH PDLV DLQGD SUHFLVR GH XP 6 0XLWR EHP PDV TXH WLSR GH FXLGDGR
que é a piedade. Tente entender o SRXFR GH LQIRUPDomR 1mR VHL DLQGD GRV GHXVHV VHULD D SLHGDGH
que há de errado com ela. R TXH TXHUHV GL]HU FRP FXLGDGR SRLV ( 2 WLSR GH FXLGDGR 6yFUDWHV TXH RV
QmR WH UHIHUHV DR FXLGDGR GRV GHXVHV HVFUDYRV WrP FRP RV VHXV DPRV
19 QR PHVPR VHQWLGR TXH R FXLGDGR GH 6 (QWHQGR e SURYiYHO TXH VHMD XP WLSR
RXWUDV FRLVDV WDO FRPR SRU H[HPSOR GH VHUYLoR GRV GHXVHV
Um signi cado de “cuidado
dos deuses” é inaplicável,
GL]HPRV QmR p PHVPR TXH QHP WR ( 3UHFLVDPHQWH
dado que os deuses não precisam GRV VDEHP FRPR FXLGDU GRV FDYDORV 6 3RGHULDV PH GL]HU SDUD D UHDOL]DomR
de benefícios produzidos por PDV R FULDGRU GH FDYDORV R VDEH GH TXH PHWD HVWi YROWDGR R VHUYLoR
seres humanos. ( 6LP p GHVVD PDQHLUD TXH TXHUR GL]r GRV PpGLFRV 1mR FUrV TXH VHMD SDUD
OR DWLQJLU D VD GH
6 $VVLP FULDU FDYDORV p R FXLGDGR GH FD ( &UHLR TXH VLP
YDORV 6 2 TXH GL]HU VREUH R VHUYLoR GRV FRQV
( 6LP WUXWRUHV GH QDYLR $ TXH UHDOL]DomR
6 1HP p R FDVR TXH WRGRV VDEHP FRPR HOH p GLULJLGR
FXLGDU GH FmHV PDV R FDoDGRU R VDEH ( &ODUDPHQWH 6yFUDWHV j FRQVWUXomR
( e DVVLP GH XP QDYLR
6 HVVH PRGR FDoDU p R FXLGDGR GH 6 ( R VHUYLoR GRV FRQVWUXWRUHV GH FDVDV
FmHV SDUD D FRQVWUXomR GH XPD FDVD
( 6LP ( 6LP
6 ( D FULDomR GH JDGR p R FXLGDGR GR 6 L]H PH HQWmR PHX ERP VHQKRU
JDGR SDUD D UHDOL]DomR GH TXH REMHWLYR HVWi
( e EHP DVVLP YROWDGR R VHUYLoR DRV GHXVHV 2EYLD
6 $R SDVVR TXH D SLHGDGH H D GHYRomR PHQWH VDEHV YLVWR TXH DILUPDV TXH
VmR R FXLGDGR GRV GHXVHV (XWtIURQ e GH WRGRV RV KRPHQV WHQV R PHOKRU
LVVR R TXH TXHUHV GL]HU FRQKHFLPHQWR GDV FRLVDV GLYLQDV
( e ( ( HVWRX GL]HQGR D YHUGDGH 6yFUDWHV
6 $JRUD R FXLGDGR HP FDGD FDVR WHP 6 L]H PH HQWmR SRU =HXV TXDO p DTXH
R PHVPR HIHLWR HOH YLVD DR EHP H DR OH REMHWLYR H[FHOHQWH TXH RV GHXVHV
EHQHItFLR GR REMHWR GH TXH VH FXLGD UHDOL]DP ID]HQGR XVR GH QyV FRPR
FRPR SRGHV YHU TXH RV FDYDORV FXLGD VHXV VHUYLoDLV
GRV SHORV FULDGRUHV GH FDYDOR VmR EH ( 0XLWDV FRLVDV ERDV 6yFUDWHV
QHILFLDGRV H WRUQDP VH PHOKRUHV 2X 6 $VVLP ID]HP RV JHQHUDLV PHX DPLJR
QmR SHQVDV DVVLP 1R HQWDQWR SRGHULDV IDFLOPHQWH PH
( 3HQVR GL]HU TXDO p R SULQFLSDO LQWHUHVVH GH
6 (QWmR RV FmHV VmR EHQHILFLDGRV SHOD OHV TXH p DWLQJLU D YLWyULD QD JXHUUD
FULDomR GH FmHV R JDGR SHOD FULDomR QmR p
GH JDGR H DVVLP FRP WRGRV RV GH ( 1DWXUDOPHQWH
Filoso a: textos fundamentais comentados 49
6 2V ODYUDGRUHV WDPEpP HX FUHLR UHD 6 ( GDU FRUUHWDPHQWH p GDU OKHV R TXH
OL]DP PXLWDV FRLVDV ERDV PDV R SRQWR HOHV SUHFLVDP GH QyV SRLV QmR VHULD
FHQWUDO GRV VHXV HVIRUoRV p JHUDU DOL LQWHOLJHQWH WUD]HU SUHVHQWHV D DOJXpP
PHQWR GD WHUUD TXH GH PRGR QHQKXP QHFHVVLWD GH
( ([DWDPHQWH OHV
6 %HP HQWmR FRPR SRGHULDV UHVXPLU ( 9HUGDGHLUDPHQWH 6yFUDWHV
DV PXLWDV FRLVDV ERDV TXH RV GHXVHV 6 $ SLHGDGH VHULD HQWmR XP WLSR GH KD
UHDOL]DP ELOLGDGH GH FRPpUFLR HQWUH GHXVHV H
( (X WH GLVVH Ki EHP SRXFR 6yFUDWHV KRPHQV
TXH p XPD WDUHID FRQVLGHUiYHO DGTXL ( &RPpUFLR VLP VH SUHIHUHV FKDPi OD
ULU TXDOTXHU FRQKHFLPHQWR SUHFLVR GLVVR
GHVVDV FRLVDV PDV SDUD GL]r OR GH 6 (X QmR SUHILUR QDGD D PHQRV TXH VHMD
PDQHLUD VLPSOHV DILUPR TXH VH XP YHUGDGHLUR 0DV GL]H PH TXH EHQH
KRPHP VDEH FRPR GL]HU H ID]HU R TXH ItFLR RV GHXVHV GHULYDP GRV SUHVHQWHV
p DJUDGiYHO DRV GHXVHV HP RUDomR H TXH UHFHEHP GH QyV 2 TXH HOHV QRV
VDFULItFLR VmR Do HV SLHGRVDV DTXH GmR p yEYLR D WRGRV 3DUD QyV QmR Ki
ODV WDLV FRPR SUHVHUYDU WDQWR FDVDV QHQKXP EHP TXH QmR UHFHEHPRV GH
GH IDPtOLD TXDQWR TXHVW HV S EOLFDV OHV PDV FRPR HOHV VmR EHQHILFLDGRV
GD FLGDGH $V RSRVWDV D HVVDV Do HV SRU DTXLOR TXH UHFHEHP GH QyV 2X
DJUDGiYHLV VmR LPSLHGRVDV SRLV SHU WHPRV WDO YDQWDJHP VREUH HOHV QD QH
WXUEDP H GHVWURHP WRGDV DV FRLVDV JRFLDomR TXH UHFHEHPRV GHOHV WRGDV
6 3RGHULDV PH GL]HU HP PXLWR PHQRV DV QRVVDV EHQHVVHV PDV HOHV QmR UHFH
SDODYUDV VH GHVHMDVVHV D VXPD GR EHP QDGD GH QyV
TXH SHUJXQWHL (XWtIURQ PDV QmR HV ( 6XS HV 6yFUDWHV TXH RV GHXVHV VmR
WiV DQLPDGR SDUD PH HQVLQDU LVVR HVWi EHQHILFLDGRV SRU DTXLOR TXH UHFHEHP
FODUR (VWDYDV D SRQWR GH ID]HU LVVR GH QyV
PDV YROWDVWH DWUiV 6H WLYHVVHV GDGR 6 2 TXH SRGHULDP VHU DTXHOHV QRVVRV
DTXHOD UHVSRVWD HX GHYHULD DJRUD WHU SUHVHQWHV DRV GHXVHV (XWtIURQ
DGTXLULGR GH WL FRQKHFLPHQWR VXIL ( 2 TXH PDLV FUrV GR TXH KRQUD UHYH
FLHQWH GD QDWXUH]D GD SLHGDGH &RP UrQFLD H R TXH PHQFLRQHL DJRUD PHV
HIHLWR R DPDQWH GD LQYHVWLJDomR GHYH PR JUDWLGmR
VHJXLU R VHX DPDGR SRU RQGH TXHU TXH 6 2 SLHGRVR HQWmR (XWtIURQ p DJUDGi
HOH R FRQGX]D 8PD YH] PDLV HQWmR YHO DRV GHXVHV PDV QmR SURYHLWRVR RX
R TXH GL]HV TXH VmR D SLHGDGH H R SLH FDUR D HOHV
GRVR 6mR HOHV XP FRQKHFLPHQWR GH ( &UHLR TXH VHMD GH WRGDV DV FRLVDV R
FRPR ID]HU VDFULItFLR H RUDomR PDLV FDUR D HOHV
( 6mR 6 HVVH PRGR R SLHGRVR p XPD YH]
6 6DFULILFDU p RIHUHFHU XP SUHVHQWH DRV PDLV R TXH p FDUR DRV GHXVHV
GHXVHV DR SDVVR TXH ID]HU SUHFHV p ( &RP D Pi[LPD FHUWH]D
SHGLU DOJR GRV GHXVHV 6 4XDQGR GL]HV LVVR ILFDUiV VXUSUHVR
( HILQLWLYDPHQWH 6yFUDWHV VH RV WHXV DUJXPHQWRV SDUHFHP ILFDU
6 6HJXLU VH LD GHVVD FRORFDomR TXH D JLUDQGR DR UHGRU DR LQYpV GH SHU
SLHGDGH VHULD XP FRQKHFLPHQWR GH PDQHFHUHP HVWiYHLV ( PH DFXVDUiV
FRPR GDU H GH FRPR SHGLU GRV GHX GH VHU pGDOR TXH ID] FRP HOHV VH
VHV PHFKDP DLQGD TXH WX PHVPR VHMDV
( (QWHQGHVWH PXLWR EHP R TXH HX GLVVH PXLWR PDLV WDOHQWRVR GR TXH pGDOR
6yFUDWHV H IDoDV FRP TXH HOHV JLUHP HP FtU
6 e SRU LVVR TXH HX HVWRX WmR GHVHMRVR FXOR 2X QmR SHUFHEHV TXH RV QRVVRV
GD WXD VDEHGRULD H FRQFHQWUR R PHX DUJXPHQWRV ILFDUDP JLUDQGR DR UH
SHQVDPHQWR QHOD GH PDQHLUD TXH GRU H YLHUDP GH QRYR SDUD R PHVPR
QHQKXPD SDODYUD GD WXD SDUWH SRVVD OXJDU 7X FHUWDPHQWH WH OHPEUDV TXH
FDLU QR FKmR 0DV GL]H PH TXH p HVVH DQWHULRUPHQWH R SLHGRVR H R TXHUL
VHUYLoR DRV GHXVHV L]HV TXH p SHGLU GR D GHXV IRUDP PRVWUDGRV QmR VHU R
GHOHV H GDU DOJR D HOHV PHVPR PDV GLIHUHQWHV XP GR RXWUR
( LJR 2X QmR WH OHPEUDV
6 ( URJDU FRUUHWDPHQWH VHULD SHGLU OKHV ( /HPEUR PH
FRLVDV GH TXH SUHFLVDPRV 6 (QWmR QmR SHUFHEHV DJRUD TXH HVWiV
( 2 TXH PDLV GL]HQGR TXH R TXH p FDUR DRV GHXVHV p
50 Laurence BonJour & Ann Baker
R SLHGRVR 1mR p LVVR R PHVPR TXH R UHFHRVR GH FRUUHU R ULVFR D PHQRV TXH
TXHULGR D GHXV 2X QmR p QmR HVWLYHVVHV DJLQGR FRUUHWDPHQWH
( &HUWDPHQWH p H WHULDV ILFDGR HQYHUJRQKDGR GLDQWH
6 2X HVWiYDPRV HUUDGRV TXDQGR FRQ GRV KRPHQV PDV DJRUD EHP VHL TXH
FRUGDPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH RX VH HV DFUHGLWDV TXH WHQV FODUR FRQKHFLPHQ
WiYDPRV FHUWRV HQWmR DJRUD HVWDPRV WR GD SLHGDGH H GD LPSLHGDGH $VVLP
20 HUUDGRV 20 FRQWD PH PHX ERP (XWtIURQ H QmR
Sócrates alega que o relato ( 3DUHFH VHU DVVLP HVFRQGDV R TXH SHQVDV TXH HOD VHMD
alternativo de “cuidado dos 6 (QWmR GHYHPRV LQYHVWLJDU QRYDPHQ ( (P DOJXP RXWUR PRPHQWR 6yFUDWHV
deuses” é o mesmo que o relato já WH GHVGH R LQtFLR R TXH p D SLHGDGH SRLV HVWRX FRP SUHVVD DJRUD H p KRUD
refutado.
QD PHGLGD HP TXH QmR GHVLVWLUHL SRU GH LU PH
PLQKD YRQWDGH DQWHV GH DSUHQGHU 6 4XH FRLVD D VH ID]HU PHX DPLJR $R LU
LVVR 1mR PH MXOJXHV LPHUHFHGRU PDV WH WLUDVWH R PHX DOHQWR GH XPD JUDQ
FRQFHQWUD D WXD DWHQomR H GL]H PH GH HVSHUDQoD TXH HX WLQKD GH TXH LULD
D YHUGDGH 3RLV VH DOJXP KRPHP D DSUHQGHU GH WL D QDWXUH]D GR SLHGRVR
FRQKHFH pV WX TXH D FRQKHFHV H HX H GR LPSLHGRVR H DVVLP HVFDSDULD GD
QmR GHYR GHL[DU WH LU FRPR 3URWHX DFXVDomR GH 0HOHWR PRVWUDQGR D HOH
DQWHV TXH PH GLJDV 6H QmR WLYHVVHV TXH HX WLQKD DGTXLULGR VDEHGRULD HP
QHQKXP FRQKHFLPHQWR FODUR GD SLH DVVXQWRV GLYLQRV GH (XWtIURQ H D PL
GDGH H GD LPSLHGDGH MDPDLV WHULDV WH QKD LJQRUkQFLD QmR PDLV FDXVDULD TXH
DYHQWXUDGR D DFXVDU R WHX YHOKR SDL HX IRVVH GHVFXLGDGR H LQRYDGRU VREUH
SRU KRPLFtGLR HP QRPH GH XP VHUYL WDLV FRLVDV H TXH HX VHULD DOJXpP PH
oDO 3RU WHPRU GRV GHXVHV WHULDV ILFDGR OKRU SHOR UHVWR GD PLQKD YLGD
Platão
Embora essa obra ainda seja referida como um diálogo, Platão de fato deixa Sócra-
tes realizar quase toda a fala. Sócrates está dirigindo-se a um júri bastante grande, um
júri que decidirá se ele deve ser condenado da acusação de corromper a juventude de
Atenas e, se condenado, qual será a sua sentença. (O procedimento após a condenação
era, tanto para a acusação quanto para a defesa, propor punições, com o júri então de-