Afa Efomm en Apostila Ingles Vol 3 PDF

INGLÊS UNIT
Articles and numbers

13
Antes de definirmos o que são os artigos e números, devemos • Artigo indefinido referindo algo mencionado pela primeira vez
lembrar que eles fazem parte de um grupo de palavras que é denominado Ex.: I was walking outside and I saw a dog. The dog was really dirty.
determinantes. Eles podem nos ajudar a classificar, identificar (artigos,
pronomes e adjetivos) e quantificar (números e quantificadores) os • Artigo indefinido usado em números
substantivos. Ex.:
He paid her a thousand dollars.
©kentoh/iStock
It’s a quarter to eight.
Go to the market and by a dozen eggs.
• Artigo indefinido com ideia de medida

Ex.:
He drives too slowly, almost 20 km an/per hour.
They go to the movies twice a/per month.
©gustavofrazao/iStock
1. Articles
Na maioria das línguas europeias há regras sobre o uso (ou não)
dos artigos definidos e indefinidos. Essas regras dependem geralmente
do gênero do substantivo ou se está no singular ou plural. Já em inglês,
o gênero não afeta o uso do artigo, mas o número pode sim influenciar.
Além disso, ainda temos o artigo zero na língua inglesa. Ele é chamado
dessa maneira pois é extremamente importante na língua.
1.1 The Indefinite article: A/AN

Os ar tigos indefinidos são somente usados com substantivos
contáveis no singular e quando o mesmo substantivo passa uma ideia de
indefinido, ou seja, não seja conhecido pelo interlocutor.
1.2 The definite article: the
A diferença entre o a e o an é meramente fonética. Usamos a antes
de substantivos que sejam iniciados com um som não vocálico, ou seja, O artigo definido normalmente tem a ideia de algo definido, ou seja,
consoantes e semivogais – a horse; a diary; a uniform; a ewe; a one-store conhecido pelo interlocutor. Além disso, ele pode ser usado com substantivos
building. Já o an é usado antes de substantivos que comecem com sons contáveis no plural e no singular e também com substantivos incontáveis.
vocálicos, ou seja, vogais e h, quando não pronunciado – an egg; an
umbrella; an hour; an honest man. 1.2.1 Artigo definido para a ideia de algo específico
Já mencionado anteriormente: I found a pencil. The pencil is black
1.1.1 Artigo indefinido para uma ideia geral and white.
Quando dizemos A rose is a flower, significa que a rose é um exemplo de Especificado por uma oração: The pencil I found is black and white.
classe de itens chamados flowers. Isso também se dá quando rotulamos algo:
Já conhecido pelo interlocutor: The children have gone to the market.
Ex.:
Há somente um: There’s someone at the door; The sun shines so brightly.
An architect is a person who designs buildings.
Mike is an architect. • Artigo definido para expressões de tempo
Ex.:
• Artigo indefinido para a ideia de “somente um” In the past, people had fewer expectations.
Ex.:
We spent the day at home. In the evening, we went out.
I’d like an apple.
I’m afraid Jenny cannot speak to you at the moment.
She has two sons and a daughter.
AFA-EN-EFOMM – Vol. 3 83
INGLÊS
Unit 13
• Artigo definido para expressar grupos (juntamente com adjetivos e • Artigo zero para ilhas e montanhas
nacionalidades) Ex.: Everest; Christmas Island.
Ex.:
The young are always reckless. • Artigo zero para continentes, países, cidades
The British and the Americans have been allies for a long time. Ex.: Africa; Central Asia; Canada; Salvador.
• Artigo definido para superlativo e comparativo especial • Artigo zero para os seguintes lugares quando se referindo ao propósito
Ex.: primário do mesmo: bed, church, class, college, court, hospital,
market, prison, school, sea, town, university, work.
Flash is the fastest man alive.
Ex.:
The sooner we tell them the better.
He is in prison. (ele está lá pelo propósito do lugar, ou seja, ele está preso)
• Artigo definido para famílias He is in the prison.
Ex.: She is going to hospital. (ela será atendida no hospital, ou hospitalizada)
The Simpsons are a nice family. She is going to the hospital.
The Kennedys suffered a lot.
©pixel_dreams/iStock
• Artigo definido para uniões e associações
Ex.: The United Kingdom; The United States of America; The Netherlands.
• Artigo definido para oceanos, mares, rios, desertos

Ex.: The Pacific (Ocean); The Mississipi; The Sahara.
• Artigo definido para grupos de ilhas e cadeias de montanhas

Ex.: The Bahamas; The Alpes.
1.3 The zero article
O uso de um substantivo sozinho na língua inglesa é tão fundamental
que não podemos identificá-lo somente como a omissão do artigo.
O artigo zero é usado antes de três tipos de substantivos – contáveis
no plural, incontáveis e nomes próprios.
• Artigo zero usado como algo geral 2. Numbers

Ex.:
Women are fighting for their rights. 2.1 Cardinal numbers
Cats do not like cold weather.
English is a world language. 1 one 9 nine 17 seventeen 40 forty
Refined foods like sugar must be avoided. 2 two 10 ten 18 eighteen 50 fifty
3 three 11 eleven 19 nineteen 60 sixty
• Artigo zero usado com dias, meses, estações do ano e feriados
4 four 12 twelve 20 twenty 70 seventy
Ex.:
5 five 13 thirteen 21 twenty-one 80 eighty
Mondays are always difficult.
April is my favourite month. 6 six 14 fourteen 22 twenty-two 90 ninety
Christmas is the time for family reunion. 7 seven 15 fifteen 23 twenty-three 100 a hundred
8 eight 16 sixteen 30 thirty one hundred
• Artigo zero para refeições
Ex.: 101 a hundred and one
Let’s have breakfast. 999 nine hundred and ninety-nine
Lunch will be at noon. 1,001 a thousand and one
2,251 two thousand, two hundred and fifty-one
• Artigo zero para quantidades não específicas
Ex.: • Não usamos o ‘s’ do plural em hundred, thousand e million.
I have presents for all the children. Ex.: There were twenty thousand people at the game.
Is there food for me? • Usamos o ‘s’ do plural com os mesmos mencionados acima
juntamente com ‘of + noun’ quando queremos dar um número
aproximado.
Ex.: There were thousands of people at the game.
84 AFA-EN-EFOMM – Vol. 3
Articles and numbers INGLÊS
Unit 13
2.2 Ordinal numbers

1st first 9th ninth 17th seventeenth 30th thirtieth
2nd second 10th tenth 18th eighteenth 40th fortieth
3rd third 11th eleventh 19th nineteenth 50th fiftieth
4th fourth 12th twelfth 20th twentieth 60th sixtieth
5th fifth 13th thirteenth 21st twenty-first 70th seventieth
6th sixth 14th fourteenth 22nd twenty-second 80th eightieth
7th seventh 15th fifteenth 23rd twenty-third 90th ninetieth
8th eighth 16th sixteenth 24th twenty-fourth 100th a hundredth
2.3 Fractions and decimals

½ a half 1½ one and a half 1.5 one point five
¼ a quarter 2¼ two and a quarter 2.25 two point two five
¾ three quarters 9¾ nine and three quarters 5.75 five point seven five
ahead
think about what is going
after to happen in the future and
to take care of something 01 Fill in the blanks with the definite article and mark the alternative that
make plans
or somebody best completes the text below:
back
think about something that
up
happened in the past “_____ Brazil is _____most industrial country in ___ South America,
find the information in a book, while ____United States holds ____ same position in____ North America.”
on a map or a timetable
LOOK for
try to find something (A) the; the; the; the; the; the
out
(B) – ; the; – ; the; the; –
watch what is happening
and be careful (C) the; – ; – ; – ; the; the
forward to
feel pleased and excited
(D) –; the; the; - ; the; –
in (E) – ; the; the; the; the; –
about something that is
visit a person or a place
going to happen
for a short time
Solução: Letra B.
Brazil é um nome próprio, por isso não recebe artigo definido, assim como
South America e North America. Já com relação aos Estados Unidos, por
Building up your vocabulary ser uma união de estados formando um país, precisamos usar The na
Phrasal Verbs: look frente do nome. A segunda lacuna deve ser preenchida por se tratar de
1. A snowstorm is approaching. You must look ______ a safe place. um superlativo, assim como a quinta, por se tratar de algo específico.
2. She was looking _______ seeing her grandchildren again. 02 The boys brought ____ ewe, ____ European bird and ____ milk.
3. I can look ________ his address in the address book.
4. Look ______! There is a car coming! (A) a – a – no article
5. Can you look ______ on the kids before going to bed? (B) an – an – a
6. When his parents go out at night, he always stays in to look (C) no article – an – an
__________ his little brother. (D) a – an – no article
7. We need to look ______ to decide how to expand our business. (E) an – a – no article
8. When I look ________, I can see what went wrong.
Solução: Letra A.
Atenção para os fonemas das palavras ewe e European já que começam
com uma semivogal, logo o artigo deve ser A. Já milk é incontável, por
isso, não se usa artigo indefinido antes dele.
INGLÊS
Unit 13
03 ______ Brazil is ______ big country. 02 Complete with A/AN, THE or - :
(A) The – a a. Tom has got _____ new leather coat.

(B) An – the b. Do you like ______ orange juice?
(C) An – no article c. Kate teaches at ______ school in Leeds.
(D) no article – a d. Have you ever been to ______ Italy?
(E) no article – an e. I’m tired. It’s time to go to ______ bed.
f. We went to Scotland by _____ car.
Solução: Letra D. g. Paul went to ______ prison for stealing two cars.
Brazil é nome de país, por isso, nada de artigos antes dele. A segunda h. Is this chair made of ______ wood?
lacuna necessita de artigo por se tratar de um sintagma nominal (adjetivo i. A large crowd welcome ______ President of ______ USA.
+ substantivo) no singular. j. Where is ______ sugar? I thought I had left it here.
04 We had ______ lunch with ______ old friend on _____ Saturday. 03 _____ money is very important, but you can’t buy ___ bit of luck with
all ____ money you have.
(A) ... – an – ...
(B) a – the – a. (A) The / a / the
(C) the – an – the (B) * / a / the
(D) a – an – a (C) A / a / the
(E) the – the – the (D) Some / a / the
(E) The / a / *
Solução: Letra A.
Não usamos artigos antes de refeições; old friend é um sintagma nominal, 04 I was watching ____ MTV show last night. What _____ wonderful
por isso, usamos artigo indefinido; não usamos artigo entre preposição clips they exhibited!
e dia da semana.
(A) the – a
05 Mark the item that completes the following passage correctly with the (B) a – a
appropriate missing articles when required: (C) an – a
(D) an – *
“Immediately after ___ assault, rape or robbery, victims or witnesses (E) the – *
can usually summon up ___ mental image of ___ assailant. But by
____time they sit down with ___ sketch artist at ___ police station, their 05 _____ water is a precious liquid, but _____ water you drink in Brazil
memories often have faded.” is not _____ best.
(A) – / the / an / – / the / the (A) The – the – the

(B) an / a / the / the / a / the (B) * – * – *
(C) the / – / the / – / the / – (C) * – the – the
(D) an / the / – / the / – / a (D) The – * – the
(E) * – * – the
Solução: Letra B.
Na primeira lacuna temos um termo genérico, que demanda o uso do artigo 06 It was _____ honor for us to see ____ Queen of _____ England.
indefinido. Ao contrário da terceira e quinta lacunas, nas quais temos um
(A) a – the – the
termo definido anteriormente, pedindo o uso do artigo definido. Na segunda
(B) * – a – *
e quarta colunas temos uma construção de sintagma nominal, pedindo a
(C) an – a – the
utilização do artigo indefinido.
(D) the – * – an
(E) an – the – *
07 ______ milk and _______ meat are good for ______ our health.
01 Complete with A or AN:
(A) * / * / *
(B) * / the / *
a. It is _______ lovely day.
(C) The / the / *
b. He is _______ unusual man.
(D) The / the / the
c. We have _____ hour before lunch.
d. It is ______ windy day.
e. I think it is ______ one-story building.
f. His car is _____ used one.
g. It is _____ long trip, but I guess it’s _____ easy one.
h. She and I have _____ agreement.
Unit 13
08 One of _____ most important causes of conflict is ______ way people 14 ______ rich are getting richer and ______ poor are getting poorer.
use ______ sides of _____ question. He’s committed a crime. He’s going to ______ jail.
I think he lives in ______ European country.
(A) the / the / a / the
(B) the / – / the / a (A) the – the – * – a
(C) – / the / the / a (B) the – the – the – a
(D) the / the / the / a (C) the – the – * – an
(E) – / – / the / a (D) * – * – the – a
(E) * – * – the – the
09 _____ fat is not good for people with hypertension.
15
(A) – The establishment of the Royal Air Force in 1918 and the creation of the
(B) The Italian Air Force and the French Air Force during the 1920s drove the idea
(C) A of uniting Brazilian air power under the same organization. Together with
(D) An these events the Brazilian strategists were also influenced by the theories
(E) Not the of Giulio Douhet, Billy Mitchell and Hugh Montague Trenchard.
The first public manifest to create I integrated military air service
10 They all believed that Mrs. Schneider is _____ honest woman. came up in 1928 when an army Major called Lysias Rodrigues wrote II
article called “An urgent need: The Ministry of the Air”. Two years later the
(A) a French Military Mission, working for the Brazilian Army, made III first steps
(B) – to organize a national air arm. The idea got more support when a group of
(C) an Brazilian airmen came from Italy in 1934 and explained IV advantages
(D) one of of having V military aviation unified. Also, the Spanish Revolution and
(E) one of the the first movements of World War II at the end of the thirties showed the
importance of Air power for military strategies.
11 Everyone has something to learn from _____ Kosovo. But _____
keenest students of the war should be those who live in Western Europe. One of the main supporters of the plan to create an independent air
Other places in _____ world have seen as much or more bloodshed since arm was the then-president Getúlio Vargas. He organized a study group
_____ end of the cold war. But only _____ Europe has medieval hatred early in 1940 and the whole structure of the Ministry of Aeronautics was
taken hold so close to the heart of what boastfully supposes itself to be established the end of that year. This new governmental agency was
_____ rational, sophisticated civilization. responsible for the all aspects of the civil and military aviation including
infrastructure, regulation and organization.
(A) the / – / the / the / a / the Formally, the Ministry of Aeronautics was founded on January 20,
(B) the / the / – / an / the / a 1941 and so its military branch called “National Air Forces”, changed to
(C) – / the / the / the / – / a “Brazilian Air Force” (FAB) on May, 22. The Army and Navy air branches
(D) – / the / the / an / – / the were extinguished and all personnel, aircraft, installations and other related
equipment were transferred to FAB.
12 Circle the alternative that best completes the text below:
In ______ fairy tales, there is always _______ unicorn and ______ witch. Available in: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force>.
It is not necessary to mention that ______ little girls prefer _____ first one.
According to the text:
(A) – ; an ; a ; the ; –
(B) the ; an ; a ; – ; the I. Lysias Rodrigues wrote the first public manifest.
(C) – ; a ; a ; the ; the II. Some Brazilian airmen supported the idea of a national air arm in 1934.
(D) – ; a ; a ; – ; – III. The Army and Navy air branches were extinguished, but the personnel
13 In the sentence “an emailed statement that the ship was “stable”, the were transferred to FAB.
indefinite article is used with the phrase, “emailed statement”. In which From the statements before, the right one(s) is(are):
situation below can we use the indefinite article?
(A) I and II.
(A) _____ piles of cement. (B) II and III.
(B) _____ money. (C) I and III.
(C) _____ uniform. (D) I, II and III.
(D) _____ rice.
INGLÊS
Unit 13
16 Getúlio Vargas had an important role in the establishment of FAB. psychologist and law professor at Northwestern University. She paired law
students from Northwestern and Duke and asked each pair to agree on
(A) He created the name. the purchase of a car. The teams were to bargain entirely through email,
(B) He organized the whole structure of the Ministry of Aeronautics, which, but half of them were secretly told to precede the negotiation with a brief
eventually, established FAB. getting-to know chat on the good old telephone.
(C) He supported the plans of the Spanish Revolution.
(D) He created the Army and Navy air branches. In her study about electronic communications, Dr. Nadler:
17 Choose the alternative that best fits the blanks in the text: (A) wanted to prove that law students are the best bargainers.
(B) asked two teams of law students to buy cars from the Internet websites.
(A) an – an – the – the – a (C) instructed some pairs to talk on the phone before starting the negotiation.
(B) the – an – Ø – the – Ø (D) grouped all the students in pair to evaluate their phone negotiation skills.
(C) an – an – Ø – Ø – a (E) advised all the students to use only email interactions in their negotiations.
(D) an – an – the – Ø – Ø
02
18 Circle the alternative that shows an incorrect use of the indefinite article: The results were dramatic. Negotiations who first chatted by phone
were more than four times likelier to reach an agreement that those who
(A) a honest man. used only email. Those who never spoke were not only more likely to hit an
(B) a university student. impasse; they also often felt resentful and angry about the negotiation. Of
(C) an hour class. course, all sorts of online exchanges can be misunderstood, but faceless
(D) a European tour. strangers are especially likely to run into problems. Avoiding simple greeting,
for example, can come across as rude, especially if communicators don’t
19 know each other. A hurried email can give the impression that the exchange
Once there was a plumber named Mario. I plumber had a beautiful is unimportant. And because first impressions set the tone for subsequent
girlfriend. One day, an ape fell in love with the girlfriend and kidnapped her. interactions, the exchange can go downhill quickly from there.
The plumber chased II ape to rescue his girlfriend.
This simple tale became Donkey Kong, the first video game with The main purpose of the 2nd paragraph is to:
III stor y. It was invented by Siger u Matsimoto, IV ar tist
with Nintendo, Inc. (A) briefly discuss the findings of Dr. Nadler’s research.
Matsimoto loved V video games, but he wanted to make them (B) criticize Dr. Nadler’s opinion about online exchanges.
more interesting. He liked fairy tales, so he invented a story similar to (C) warn people against rude resentful and angry negotiators.
VI famous fairy tale. (D) teach people how to become successful email communicators.
(E) explain the importance of exchanging greetings in any interactions.
The story was immediate a success, and Nintendo followed it with The
Mario Brothers. The rest is videogame history.
03
The missing element in electronic communications is rapport, says
De acordo com o texto, o primeiro jogo de videogame com estória:
Dr. Nadler. Facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice are all cues missing
in email (and smiley face emoticons can’t do much to replace them). But
(A) foi uma junção de Donkey Kong com Mario Brothers.
because messages travel instantly, people act as if they are in face-to-
(B) não teve tanto sucesso até ser lançado Mario Brothers.
face conversation. This illusion of proximity tricks us into thinking we can
(C) foi criado com base num conto de fadas.
communicate about difficult subjects, such as disagreements or criticism,
(D) foi criado por um escritor que gostava de vídeo games.
and that the tone of our writing will be perceived correctly.
(E) foi criado sem qualquer objetivo que não fosse o jogo.
20 Assinale a alternativa que melhor completa as lacunas do texto: According to the text, emoticons:
(A) Ø – an – Ø – an – the – the (A) help people avoid difficult subjects.

(B) the – the – a – an – Ø – a (B) are a poor substitute for facial expressions.
(C) the – a – Ø – an – the – Ø (C) may create disagreement or attract criticism.
(D) a – an – a – an – Ø – a (D) enable electronic messages to travel instantly.
(E) the – the – Ø – Ø – Ø – a (E) have exactly the same effect as people’s gestures.
04
Even if we have the best of intentions, the lack of continuous feedback,
by which we constantly adjust our words in conversation, can cause us
to go on happily composing messages that will make the recipient angry.
01 The less we know someone, the more likely we are to engage in what
psychologists know as transference – the tendency to project our desires
Getting email right and fears onto another person. Without social cues, such tendencies can
We all know that personal relationships are important, and that no get out of control, causing us to interpret messages in ways that are overly
matter the quality of our ideas and our work, good relationships help us self-affirming and potentially extremely inaccurate.
meet whatever goals we have. However, relationships that rely on email
Available in: <http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles> (adapted).
may face a difficult battle. Consider this study by Janice Nadler, Ph.D., a
Unit 13
According to the last paragraph, the probability that “transference” will take 10 How would you say these numbers in English?
place is greater when you:
a. 234 _________________________________________________
(A) do not know your interlocutor very well. b. 91st ________________________________________________
(B) do not like the person you are writing to. c. 13,000 ______________________________________________
(C) are afraid of the person you are communicating with. d. 5/4 _________________________________________________
(D) are familiar with the concept of transference in psychology. e. 10 1/3 _______________________________________________
(E) feel that unknown psychologists are not to be trusted. f. 543rd ________________________________________________
g. 2,865 _______________________________________________
05 About the whole text: check the only correct statement: h. 99th _________________________________________________
(A) “Those” in “those who used” refers to “results” 11 Indique o ordinal referente a “four”:
(B) “Them” refers to “emoticons”
(C) “They” refers to “messages” (A) forty
(D) “Which” refers to “feedback” (B) fourteen
(E) “Such” refers to “cues” (C) fourteenth
(D) fourth
06 About the whole text: mark the only option in which the two words are (E) fortieth
synonyms in the text.
12 What’s the right answer for the numerical expressions below?
(A) Purchase – sale
(B) Resentful – joyful 1/5; 2 3/5; 16/15
(C) Subsequent – previous
(D) Instantly – eventually (A) One fives / two thirty-five / sixteen fifteen
(E) Perceived – understood (B) One five / two and third fifth / sixteen fifteens
(C) One fifth / two and three fifths / sixteen fifteenths
07 In “...such as disagreements or criticism”, such as introduces a(n): (D) First fifths / second thirty-five / sixteenth fifteenths
(A) contrast 13 Assinale a alternativa na qual os numerais estão corretamente escritos

(B) condition por extenso na forma ordinal:
(C) addition
(D) example Her __________ (21) birthday will be on the __________ (11).
(E) comparison
(A) Her twenty-first birthday will be on the eleventieth.
08 Put a/an/the in each space, or leave the space blank. (B) Her twenty-one birthday will be on the eleven.
(C) Her twenty-first birthday will be on the eleven.
a. ____ Italians eat _______ lot of _______ spaghetti. (D) Her twenty-one birthday will be on the eleventh.
b. _____ most people thought that ______ Beatles were _______ very (E) Her twenty-first birthday will be on the eleventh.
good group.
c. I usually drink ______ glass of ______ milk in _____ morning. 14 Solve the problems below:
d. What’s _______ difference between _______ rabbit and _____ hare?
e. ______ first person who crosses _______ finishing line is _______ I. Two into ten goes __________ times.
winner. II. A quarter plus three-quarters makes __________.
f. There’s _____ newspaper shop at _____ end of _______ street. III. Twenty-eight from fifty leaves __________.
g. In ______ past, most of _______ population lived in ______ country.
h. _______ only book I read _______ last month was _______ novel (A) five – one – twenty-one.
by ______ famous Italian author. (B) four – four – twenty-one.
(C) five – four – twenty-two.
09 In each pair of sentences, fill in one space with the and the other space (D) five – one – twenty-two.
with a dash (–) to show no article. (E) four – four – twenty-two.
(A) For me, ________ football is my life. 15 Assinale a alternativa que corretamente preenche as lacunas I, II e III:
________ football in the second division is a much lower standard.
(B) They say that ________ love makes the world go round. I. Five from six leaves I .
They say that ____ love of a mother for her child is the strongest kind. II. Two into eight goes II times.
(C) ______ information in this article will be very useful for my project. III. The third power of two is III .
_______ information about the Government’s defence plans is hard
to find. (A) 30; 8; 10.
(D) _______ students in my new class all seem very friendly. (B) 11; 10; 10.
_______ students should be in their classes by 9.00. (C) 30; 12; 8.
(E) I need ______ help! (D) 1; 4; 8.
Thanks very much for ______ help you gave me yesterday. (E) 1; 8; 1.
INGLÊS
Unit 13
16 Choose the alternative in which the definite article is used correctly:
(A) The Brazilians are very friendly.

(B) The old man is arriving right now. Floating on air
(C) The spring is the season of flowers.
In the very early days of the eighteenth century, the principle of floating
(D) The New York is a very beautiful city.
flight was quite unknown. But in 1783, two French brothers in the paper-
making business noticed how a fire carried pieces of paper upward on its
17 Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente o texto a seguir:
hot clouds of smoke, and they tried filling a paper bag full of the same kind
of smoke to see if it would go up too.
The pianist I told you about lives in _____(I) one-story building on
Main Street. Although she isn’t ________(II) professional musician, she It did. And so, Joseph and Étienne Montgolfier began to make balloons.
plays ______ (III) piano extremely well. They made bigger bags of hot smoke until on June 5, 1783, feeling confident
at last about their discovery, they put on a public ascension before a thousand
people in Annonay, France.
(A) an – a – the
(B) * – * – a This full-size balloon was made of linen and paper. The Montgolfiers
(C) a – a – the built a fire under it, filling it quickly with yellow smoke. Then they cut the
(D) an – * – * strings and it rose for several thousand feet, landing ten minutes later about
(E) the – * – * a mile and half away.
Some time later, the Montgolfier brothers went to Paris to show off
18 Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à sequência na qual se inclui their hot-air balloon. There they built a brightly coloured balloon, which rose
um uso inadequado do artigo em inglês: successfully on September 12. On September 19, they sent up a large one
carrying a sheep and a duck to see if life was possible there in the unknown.
(A) a watch; a pity; an orange. After the animals landed safe and sound, a new balloon was built for
(B) an umbrella; a real effort; a year. human passengers and the king wanted to send two criminals for the first
(C) a small plane; an idea; a whale. flight. But a scientist persuaded the king that the privilege of being the first
(D) a one-man show; an university; a private investigator. human to fly was too great an honour to waste on a criminal. So, he and
(E) an egg; an uncle; a book. another man were given the chance. During November, they experimented
in the new balloon while it was still tied down and at last, on December 1,
19 Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the correct sequence they were cut loose on the world’s first free human flight!
of articles:
The World Above, by Guy Murchie (adapted).
The Strokes are ____ American rock band formed in 1998 that rose
to fame in __________ early 2000s as __________ leading group in 01 “When the Montgolfiers cut the strings”, it means that they:
__________ garage rock revival. Upon __________ release of their
acclaimed debut album Is This It in 2001, many critics hyped __________ (A) fastened the balloon.
group as the “saviors of rock” for __________ their stripped-down sound, (B) caused the balloon to land.
heavily influenced by bands such as The Velvet Underground. Since then, (C) allowed the balloon to catch fire.
__________ band has maintained __________ large fan base and has (D) left the balloon free.
enjoyed much __________ success, particularly in __________ United (E) didn’t let the balloon go up.
Kingdom. 02 The Montgolfiers sent animals on a balloon to:
Available in: <http://en.wikipedia.org/> (adapted).
(A) test whether a balloon could carry a great weight.
(B) measure the amount of oxygen in the blue sky.
(A) an – an – a – the – the – the – a – the – a – no article – the
(B) an – the – an – a – the – the – no article – the – a – a – the (C) be sure about the survival of living being high in the air.
(C) an – the – a – the – the – the – no article – the – a – no article – the (D) enjoy the unknown heights.
(D) an – the – a – the – the – the – no article – the – a – no article – no (E) see how the unknown was.
article
(E) an – the – a – no article – a – the – no article – the – a – a – the 03 The scientist’s point of view expressed to the king denoted his:
20 The indefinite article can be appropriately used in: (A) esteem for the king.
(B) respect for the new invention.
(A) __________ information (C) pity for the two criminals.
(B) __________ wool (D) admiration for men of honour.
(C) __________ furniture (E) envy at the success of the Montgolfiers.
(D) __________ eggs
(E) __________ hypothesis
Unit 13
04 While the balloon was still tied down, it: 08 The Montgolfiers put on a public ascension in order to:
(A) couldn’t rise. (A) tell everyone everything they knew.

(B) could go up easily. (B) set the balloons on fire.
(C) would become empty quickly. (C) perform a kind of show.
(D) was ready to let the smoke out. (D) go up in the balloon.
(E) couldn’t be filled with smoke. (E) make a brightly coloured balloon.
05 In 1783, the Montgolfiers worked: 09 Mark the questions to which the following sentence could be the
answer – This full-size balloon was made of linen and paper.
(A) covering walls with paper.
(B) for a newspaper. (A) Whom was this full-size balloon built for?
(C) picking up pieces of paper. (B) What was this full-size balloon made of?
(D) in a new story about balloons. (C) Whose full-size balloon was this?
(E) as paper manufacturers. (D) What was the shape of this balloon made of linen and paper?
(E) When was this full-size balloon made?
06 When the Montgolfiers tried filling a paper bag full of the same smoke,
they: 10 From what is said in the text, we conclude that the Montgolfiers:
(A) wanted the bag to be dirty with black smoke. (A) cared only for their paper making business.
(B) tested it to know the reason why paper bags caught fire. (B) were inventive, clever, and careful men.
(C) attempted to see the smoke up there in the clear sky. (C) just wanted to show off and be famous.
(D) intended to make it rise high up in the air. (D) were curious about the clouds in the sky.
(E) wanted to empty the bag completely. (E) spoke too proudly about their balloons.
07 The text deals with floating balloons, that is, balloons which:
(A) are impelled by rockets.

(B) are kept in the air by powerful machines.
(C) can only fly in one direction.
(D) go up suddenly in clouds of smoke.
(E) keep moving freely in the air.
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INGLÊS UNIT
Indefinites and there be

14
1. There be 1.1 Form
Usamos there + be quando estamos falando sobre a existência de Usamos o there + o verbo be conjugado no tempo verbal apropriado,
algo, ou seja, em português teríamos o uso do verbo haver para a tradução ou usando verbos modais.
das construções com there be. Ex.:
Devemos ter cuidado com essa construção, pois há muito tempo There was a concert yesterday.
usamos o verbo ter em vez do verbo haver em português: There can be a problem if we don’t deal with it right now!
Ex.: Há um homem lá fora. → Tem um homem lá fora. Devemos lembrar que todas as regras relacionadas ao verbo be e suas
Por causa disso, muitos estudantes da língua inglesa cuja língua mãe conjugações se aplicam na seguinte estrutura:
é o português acabam fazendo a mesma troca e colocando o verbo have
no lugar da construção there be. Porém, essa troca não pode acontecer
There was a concert yesterday.
na língua inglesa sem uma mudança total de sentido:
There can be a problem if we don’t deal with it right now.
Ex.:
There wasn’t a concert yesterday.
There’s a cup of coffee. → Há uma xícara de café. (existência)
There can’t be a problem if we don’t deal with it right now.
Have a cup of coffee. → Tome uma xícara de café. (oferta)
Was there a concert yesterday?
Outra diferença com relação ao there be e o verbo haver em português ?
Can there be a problem if we don’t deal with it right now?
é o fato de que quando usamos there be e se trata de algo no plural,
devemos usar o verbo be no plural quando possível: 1.2 There + outros verbos
Ex.:
Podemos combinar there com outros verbos que não sejam be quando
There is a cat on the table. os mesmos são considerados variações do be usados para descrever um
There are two cats on the table. estado: exist, live, lie, remain.
Ex.:
©FernandoPodolski/iStock
There remains one matter still to be discussed.

It is highly probable that there exist any number of systems
resembling our own solar system.
Há também a possibilidade de combinar there com appear, seem.

Ex.: There appears/seems to be little enthusiasm for your idea.
©Aramyan/iStock
As formas diferenciadas singular e plural ocorrem quando o verbo está

no Simple Present (is, are), Simple Past (was, were) e Present Perfect
(has been, have been). Já o mesmo não acontece com os demais tempos
verbais, pois só possuem uma forma para singular e plural.
Ex.:
There will be a party next week.
2. Indefinites
Os indefinites, como a própria palavra já demonstra, são palavras,
There will be many parties next week. ou melhor, pronomes que fazem referência a pessoas, lugares ou coisas
que sejam indefinidas, ou seja, não específicas.
Para maior compreensão do tópico, estudaremos os pronomes
juntamente com os quantificadores.
Indefinites and there be INGLÊS
Unit 14
2.1 Quantifiers – Em perguntas que não sabemos a resposta ou que esperamos que a
resposta seja “não”.
Some e any são os quantificadores mais utilizados na língua inglesa. Ex.: Have you got any paper clips in the box?
Usamos estes quando não é importante afirmar exatamente a quantidade
– Em frases que contenham uma palavra de ideia negativa, como hardly,
de algo. Eles normalmente funcionam como o plural de a/an:
never, seldom ou without ou que sugiram uma dúvida, como if ou
whether
Ex.: Ex.:
There is a letter for you. There is hardly any petrol in the tank.
There are some letters for you. We got to Paris without any trouble.
I don’t know if/whether there’s any news from Harry.
Também usamos some e any quando falamos sobre uma quantidade
indefinida de um substantivo incontável:
©porcorex/iStock
• No
Ex.: Como dito anteriormente, no só
There is some water on the floor. poderá ser usado em orações cujo
I don’t have any money in my bag. verbo esteja na afirmativa.
Ex.: He has no money and no
Muitas vezes podemos omitir some e any: friends. He is completely lost!
Ex.:
There are letters for you. 2.1.2 Special uses
I don’t have money in my bag. • Some
Usamos também o no como um quantificador, porém ele só pode ser “several” I haven’t seen Sabrina for some years.
usado quando a oração está na afirmativa, já que não há a dupla negativa “approximately” There are some 400 people outside.
na língua inglesa:
“extraordinary” That’s some radio you bought!
Ex.:
“unknown” There must be some book which could help.
I don’t have any money in my bag.
I have no money in my bag. We’ve given some thought to your idea and found
“an amount of”
it interesting.
2.1.1 Usage
• Some • Any
– Afirmativas Any pode ser usado para se referir a uma coisa ou pessoa não
Ex.: específicas quando a oração estiver na afirmativa.
There are some eggs in the fridge.
There is some milk in the fridge. “usual” This isn’t just any cake.
– Em perguntas que gostaríamos (ou esperamos) que a resposta seja “the minimum/the maximum” He’ll need any help he can get.
“sim” “I don’t care which/who” Give me a plate. Any one will do.
Ex.: Have you got some paper clips in that box?
– Em ofertas, pedidos, convites e sugestões quando esperamos que a 2.2 Pronouns
resposta seja “sim” ou que há uma ideia implícita de concordância
Os pronomes indefinidos são palavras compostas de some, any, no
Ex.: e every com as terminações one/body, thing e where.
Would you like some coffee? Ex.:
May I have some coffee? There is someone at the door.
– Com ideia de not all
I don’t want to go anywhere tonight. Let’s just stay home.
Ex.:
Os pronomes indefinidos formados por some, any e no seguem as
Some people believe anything they read online. mesmas regras dos quantificadores.
I didn’t understand some of the information.
• Any
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
– Negativas
Ex.: He is someone Would you like
Some
important. something to drink?
We haven’t got any posters.
I’m starving. I’d eat There isn’t Is there anything
There isn’t any milk in the fridge. Any
anything! anybody here. to eat?
No There is nobody here.
INGLÊS
Unit 14
2.2.1 Important notes

– Não há uma diferença específica entre one e body. Ambos os termos
fazem referência a homens e mulheres.
01 She is used to taking notes. She knows ________ by heart.
Ex.:
I saw somebody stealing the bread.
(A) none
I saw someone stealing the bread.
(B) no
(C) nothing
– Todos esses compostos são escritos como uma palavra, excetuando-
(D) none of
-se no one.
(E) nobody

Ex.:
Solução: Letra C.
There is nobody outside.
Percebe-se que ela está acostumada a tomar notas porque não lembra
There is no one outside.
nada “de cabeça”.
– Os compostos que fazem referência a pessoas possuem a forma no
02 Tidal waves could sweep away _________ of those small islands.
caso genitivo.
Ex.:
(A) any
Grammar isn’t everyone’s idea of fun.
(B) anyhow
It is nobody’s fault!
(C) anyway
(D) anytime
– Quando fazemos referência aos pronomes indefinidos que
(E) any time
relacionamos a pessoas, usamos a terceira pessoa do plural.
Ex.: Everyone knows what they have to do, don’t they?
Solução: Letra A.
2.2.2 Indefinite pronouns + adjectives and/or the Notem o uso do any com a ideia de “quaisquer”. (As ondas de maré podem
infinitive varrer quaisquer daquelas pequenas ilhas.)
positive adjectives This is something special. 03 Complete the following text with the correct form of the verb:
comparative adjectives I’d like something cheaper.
A long time ago, London __________ an important city, but it
the infinitive Haven’t you got anything to do? ________ different from London today. There _______ not very many big
for (“me”) + infinitive Is there anything for me to sit on? buildings. There __________ a lot of small boats in the river.
(A) is, is, are, are

Building up your vocabulary (B) was, is, are, are
Quantity and Quality (C) was, was, were, were
Replace the word or words in bold in each sentence with the most (D) was, is, were, were
appropriate expression from the box. (E) had been, is, were, are
altogether considerably especially practically specifically
barely effectively moderately respectively thoroughly Solução: Letra C.
Nota-se a construção dos dois períodos do trecho no passado, fazendo-se
1. United are virtually certain of a place in the final after this result. necessária a conjugação do verbo be como was nas duas primeiras lacunas
____________________ e das duas últimas como were pela presença das palavras buildings e
2. I’m particularly proud of Jan’s contribution to the play. boats, ambas no plural.
____________________________
3. Peter says he is utterly fed up with the government. 04 “Are there _______ books for me today?”
_____________________________ “No, there are not _______ books for you today.”
4. Be careful! I can hardly walk! _________________________
______________________ (A) any – any
5. After finishing the decorating I felt completely exhausted. (B) any – some
_________________________ (C) some – some
6. Classes 3 and 4 scored 10 points and 15 points each in that (D) anyone – some
order. __________________ (E) something – no
7. I am fairly satisfied with the results so far. _______________
______________________ Solução: Letra A.
8. Since the revolution, the army has to all intents and purposes Any é utilizado em orações interrogativas e negativas.
run the country. ____________________
9. We have been greatly heartened by the news from the surgeon
in charge. ____________________
10. I told you clearly and definitely not to write your answers in
pencil, Smith! ____________________
Unit 14
05 Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna da frase a

seguir:
01 Complete the sentences with the correct form of “there be”: In my school __________ many foreign students.
a. ____________________ someone at the door. (A) has

b. ____________________ three lamps in the room, but she broke (B) there are
them all! (C) there is
c. It is extremely hot and ____________________ a single cloud in the (D) have
sky. (E) there have
d. ____________________ a party on your last birthday?
e. My birthday is coming and _______________________ a party for 06 Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna da frase a
me! seguir:
f. I tried to get in, but _______________________ only a door and it
was locked. There __________ two main obstacles.
g. In this game, _________________________ only one winner. It’s
the rule! (A) is
h. ________________________ four seasons in a year? (B) was
(C) be
02 Complete using some, any or no. (D) to be
(E) were
a. He always takes ________ cheese from the salad.
b. He didn’t leave ______ food for us. 07 Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna da frase a
c. Could you bring ________ food here? seguir:
d. Did _______ friend help you with the homework?
e. There are ______ people here. Let’s go home! – “Why didn’t you buy that sweater? It was such a good offer!”
f. It was really dark and I couldn’t see _______ hole in the street. – “Because I didn’t have __________ money on me.”
g. Let’s go _______ where tonight. I just don’t want to stay home!
h. I’d like to go _______ where special. (A) a
i. We have ______ time to waste. Hurry up! (B) no
(C) any
03 Mark the correct alternative to fill the gaps of the dialogue below: (D) some
(E) none
At the Supermarket...
Wife: Do we need (I) wheat? 08 Assinale a alternativa correta:
Husband: Yes, we do. We haven’t got (II) wheat.
Those organisms pose __________ danger to human life.
Husband: We need (III) apples, don’t we?
Wife: No, we don’t. We have got (IV) apples. But we have (V) carrots (A) any
and (VI) cheese. Let’s get some... (B) none
(C) no
(A) I.some; II.much; III.any; IV.few; V.many; VI.little (D) not
(B) I. much; II. any; III. many; IV. too much; V. few; VI. few (E) no one
(C) I. few; II. some; III. little; IV. many; V. little; VI. little
(D) I. any; II. much; III. some; IV. many; V. few; VI. little 09 __________ said she is right.
(E) I. few; II. many; III. few; IV. no; V. much; VI. many
(A) Somebody
04 Assinale a alternativa que apresenta o uso gramatical correto de (B) Anybody
“there is”: (C) Anyone
(D) Something
(A) There is few teachers and parents talking to the children. (E) Anything
(B) There is some children who need help.
(C) There is a lot of frightened adults after the attack. 10 Assinale a alternativa correta:
(D) There is many events happening at the same time.
(E) There is much anger among people in New York. Would __________ like to hear music tonight?
(A) somebody
(B) someone
(C) anything
(D) anyone
(E) something
INGLÊS
Unit 14
11 I do not want to stay home tonight. I want to go __________. (A) some – any – any
(B) an – any – no
(A) nowhere (C) any – no – some
(B) somewhere (D) some – any – some
(C) nowhere else (E) an – some – any
(D) everywhere else
(E) none 18 Hardly __________ took Louis Frank seriously when he first proposed,
more than 10 years ago, that Earth was being bombarded by cosmic
12 Choose another way of saying “There isn’t anything really like that”: snowballs at the rate of as many as 30 a minute.
(A) There is nothing really like that. A lacuna deve ser preenchida por:
(B) There aren’t many things really like that.
(C) There aren’t no things really like that. (A) somebody.
(D) There is anything hardly really like that. (B) anybody.
(E) There are a few things really like that. (C) someone.
(D) everybody.
13 Assinale a alternativa correta: (E) nobody.
Despite this violent activity, poltergeists in fact never hurt __________. 19 Put in the missing words:
(A) something I. I want __________ more tea, please.

(B) nothing II. __________ I go fishing.
(C) none III. It doesn’t rain __________.
(D) nobody IV. I’m sorry, but I have __________ to give you.
(E) anybody V. __________ knows it’s wrong.
14 Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna da frase a (A) I. some; II. Every time; III. someday; IV. Somebody
seguir: (B) I. any; II. Sometimes; III. every day; IV. anything; V. Everybody
(C) I. some; II. Sometimes; III. every day; IV. nothing; V. Everybody
I will __________ longer stand his bad manners. (D) I. any; II. Every day; III. sometimes; IV. nothing; V. Everyone
(E) I. some; II. Everywhere; III. every time; IV. anything; V. Somebody
(A) no
(B) very 20 The sentence “There aren’t any elephants here.” in the affirmative form
(C) too is:
(D) much
(E) many (A) There are many elephants here.
(B) There are plenty of elephants here.
15 Only about 160.000 red squirrels remain, against an onslaught of some (C) There are some elephants here.
2.5 million grays. (D) There are few elephants here.
A palavra “some” poderia ser substituída sem alteração do sentido por: (E) There are lots of elephants here.
(A) fully.
(B) partly.
(C) approximately.
(D) more than. 01 Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
(E) average.
a. There are some extra chairs in the next room.
16 Escolha a alternativa que mantém o mesmo significado de “no one” b. We saw some good shows in New York.
em “No one passes or fails a TOEFL”: c. Give me some coffee.
d. We have some good neighbours.
(A) Anybody e. There are some boys in the hall.
(B) Everybody
(C) Nobody 02 Complete the following sentences with “some” or “any”.
(D) Somebody
(E) Someone a. I don’t have ________ money with me.
b. Please give me _______ more coffee.
17 Complete o diálogo: c. I’m sorry, but there isn’t _________ more coffee.
d. He never gives his wife ________ money.
–“Would you like __________ apples?” e. Don’t give _______ money to John. He doesn’t deserve _______.
– “No, thank you, I don’t want __________ apple.” f. Will she bring ________ chocolate?
–“ And you?” g. There will be _______ money left if you keep spending it like that!
– “Yes, I’d like __________.” h. Would you be so kind to bring me _______ tissues?
Unit 14
03 Eating disorders __________ class, cultural or gender boundaries. 10 While the danger does not seem to dampen anyone’s partying spirit,
Therefore, they can affect __________. violence is much feared and the threat is much discussed among the locals.
(A) knows no – anyone. The use of ‘s is the same in anyone’s partying spirit and in:
(B) know no – someone.
(C) know some – nobody. (A) Everyone’s invited for Carnival in Rio.
(D) can know – nobody. (B) The American’s luggage was checked carefully.
(E) don’t know any – anyone. (C) My friend Jeremy’s arrived.
(D) Nobody’s pleased with the situation.
04 I’m a person __________ technical knowledge of computer will (E) The Mexican tourist’s coming tomorrow.
impress __________.
11 Qual a alternativa que preenche corretamente todas as lacunas das
(A) who – everyone sentenças abaixo?
(B) which – someone
(C) for whom – nobody I. There is ______ at the door. Can you ask the maid to see who it is?
(D) whom – everybody II. I lost my diamond ring ______ in this room. Can you help me find it?
(E) whose – anyone III. I’m sorry but I can’t help you. There is ______ we can do to help you.
05 Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna da frase (A) no one – nowhere – nothing
apresentada: (B) not one – nowhere – no one
There are many evidences that __________ can live alone. Those (C) no one – somewhere – nothing
__________ marriage ends generally suffer from depression. (D) someone – somewhere – nothing
(E) someone – somewhere – no one
(A) any – who
(B) nobody – whose 12 A alternativa que preenche corretamente as lacunas abaixo é:
(C) no – whose
(D) nobody – who I. I met _______ twenty people there.
(E) any – which II. I don’t have ________ money with me.
III. You have made ________ mistakes, haven’t you?
06 __________ campaign education __________ is worth doing.
(A) some – some – some
(A) Some – which (B) some – any – some
(B) Any – whose (C) any – some – any
(C) Any – which (D) any – some – some
(D) None – that (E) any – any – any
(E) Some – what
13 __________ the kidnappers had followed Isabella’s steps.
07 __________ people __________ in Brasília?
(A) Some
(A) How many – are there (B) Something
(B) How much – are there (C) Somehow
(C) What many – was there (D) Somebody
(D) What many – were there (E) Someone
(E) How many million – was there
14 I’m sure there was ________ here when I arrived.
08 Assinale a opção cuja frase esteja gramaticalmente correta:
(A) none
(A) There is fewer people at the party than Mary expected. (B) anything
(B) There is less people at the party than Mary expected. (C) anybody
(C) There are less people at the party than Mary expected. (D) no one
(D) There are fewer people at the party than Mary expected.
(E) There was less people at the party than Mary expected. 15 Listen! There is ________ knocking at the door.
09 Yoshinori Haga said that __________ a great potential and that, among (A) something
other reasons, toys __________ used for entertainment. (B) somewhere
(C) anybody
(A) there was – can be (D) somebody
(B) there is – were
(C) there were – couldn’t be
(D) there was – could be
(E) there wasn’t – can’t be
INGLÊS
Unit 14
16 Is there __________ at the door? I swear I could hear the bell. For our purposes here, none of that matters. Our task is to analyze
advertisements, and to see if we can understand how they do what they
(A) anybody do. We will leave the task of how we interpret our findings in the larger
(B) somebody social, moral and cultural contexts for another occasion.
(C) anywhere It is often said that advertising is irrational, and, again, that may well be
(D) somewhere true. But this is where the crossover between information and persuasion
(E) nobody becomes important; an advertisement does not have to be factually
informative (but it cannot be factually misleading).
17 Em que alternativa o pronome indefinido não foi corretamente
In a discussion of what kind of benefit an advertisement might offer to
empregado?
a consumer, Jim Aitchison (1999) provides the following quote from Gary
Goldsmith of Lowe & Partners, New York. It sums up perfectly what it is
(A) None of my dogs could save me.
that one should look for in an advertisement. The question posed is “Is
(B) I don’t have nothing to drink.
advertising more powerful if it offers a rational benefit?” Here is Goldsmith’s
(C) There were some twenty boys in the room.
answer: “I don’t think you need to offer a rational benefit. I think you need
(D) Don’t give me any present, I have all I need.
to offer a benefit that a rational person can understand.”
(E) Susan never sees anybody at the weekend.
18 Be careful! These people are here for ________ good. 01 O principal objetivo do texto é analisar:
(A) any (A) como muitos anúncios deixam de cumprir seu papel.
(B) none (B) como anúncios valorizam a imagem do consumidor.
(C) no (C) aspectos racionais e irracionais contidos em anúncios.
(D) not (D) anúncios e procurar entender como cumprem seu papel.
(E) no one (E) elementos linguísticos e valores sociais em anúncios.
19 __________ has locked this door on purpose. 02 De acordo com o texto:
(A) Somebody (A) alguns anúncios contêm elementos que supervalorizam o papel social
(B) Anybody da língua.
(C) Anyone (B) alguns anúncios contêm elementos que podem denegrir a imagem do
(D) Something capitalismo.
(E) Anything (C) alguns anúncios possuem até mesmo um aspecto obscuro, um tanto
sórdido.
20 Would you like ______ to drink? (D) anúncios devem conter um apelo irracional aos benefícios do produto
anunciado.
(A) some (E) anúncios não devem destacar benefícios ou valores sociais dos
(B) any produtos anunciados.
(C) somebody
(D) something 03 A resposta à questão apresentada no último parágrafo do texto foi:
(E) anything
(A) Benefícios racionais atenderão melhor às necessidades dos
consumidores do produto anunciado.
(B) Não se deve pensar nos benefícios de um produto anunciado de
Text to questions 01 to 05: maneira capitalista e racional.
(C) Anúncios precisam apresentar benefícios racionais, para que os
Analyze an advertisement consumidores possam entendê-los.
Not all advertisements make perfect sense. Not all of them promote (D) Benefícios do produto anunciado devem ser compreendidos por
or imply acceptance of social values that everyone would agree are pessoas que desconhecem o produto.
what we should hope for, in an enlightened and civilized society. Some (E) Anúncios devem salientar qualidades de um produto que sejam
advertisements appear to degrade our images of ourselves, our language, entendidas de modo racional pelos consumidores.
and appear to move the emphasis of interaction in our society to (even
more) consumerism. There may even be a dark, seamy, or seedy side to 04 O pronome “it”, utilizado na última linha do primeiro parágrafo, na frase
advertising. This is hardly surprising, as our society is indeed a consumer “for the products it markets”, refere-se:
society, and it is highly capitalistic in the simplest sense. There is no
doubt that advertising promotes a consumer culture, and helps create and (A) à necessidade da propaganda.
perpetuate the ideology that creates the apparent need for the products (B) à área de publicidade.
it markets. (C) à ideologia da propaganda.
(D) aos mercados consumidores.
(E) à cultura do consumismo.
Unit 14
05 A expressão “none of that matters”, no segundo parágrafo, refere-se: Text to questions 09 and 10:
(A) às características de anúncios mencionadas no primeiro parágrafo. Missing out: in praise of the unlived life is Adam Phillips’s 17th book
(B) à falta de coerência e de sentido que certos anúncios podem conter. and it is a characteristic blend of literary criticism and philosophical
(C) às características positivas de anúncios mencionadas no texto. reflection packaged around a central idea. The theme here is missed
(D) à interpretação de anúncios de acordo com uma ideologia de consumo. opportunities, roads not taken, alternative versions of our lives and
(E) aos valores culturais, morais e sociais que caracterizam um anúncio. ourselves, all of which, Phillips argues, exert a powerful hold over our
imaginations. Using a series of examples and close readings of authors
Text to questions 06 to 08: including Philip Larkin and Shakespeare, the book suggests that a broader
understanding of life’s inevitable disappointments and thwarted desires can
Time was, advertising was a relatively simple undertaking: buy some enable us to live fuller, richer lives. Good things come to those who wait.
print space and airtime, create the spots, and blast them at a captive Does he see himself as a champion of frustration? “I’m not on the
audience. Today it’s chaos: while passive viewers still exist, mostly we side of frustration exactly, so much as the idea that one has to be able
pick and choose what to consume, ignoring ads with a touch of the DVR to bear frustration in order for satisfaction to be realistic. I’m interested
remote. Ads are forced to become more like content, and the best aim to in how the culture of consumer capitalism depends on the idea that we
engage consumers so much that they pass the material on to friends – by can’t bear frustration, so that every time we feel a bit restless or bored or
email, Twitter, Facebook – who will pass it on to friends, who will...you irritable, we eat, or we shop.”
get the picture. In the industry, “viral” has become a usefully vague way
to describe any campaign that spreads from person to person, acquiring 09 Segundo o texto, o livro Missing out: in praise of the unlived life sugere
its own momentum. que:
It’s not that online advertising has eclipsed TV, but it has become its
full partner – and in many ways the more substantive one, a medium in (A) a fantasia deve se sobrepor a nossos planos de vida.
which the audience must be earned, not simply bought. (B) uma compreensão maior das decepções e dos desejos não realizados
pode nos ajudar a viver melhor.
06 De acordo com o texto, a indústria publicitária: (C) os relatos de vida dos escritores não nos servem de exemplo.
(D) um controle maior de nossa imaginação é importante para lidarmos
(A) passou a criar anúncios mais curtos. com nossas frustrações.
(B) deixou de comprar tempo na TV devido ao aumento de custo por (E) as oportunidades perdidas devem ser recuperadas para uma vida
minuto. satisfatória.
(C) foi forçada a se modificar em função das novas tecnologias.
(D) aumentou sua audiência cativa. 10 No texto, em resposta à pergunta “Does he see himself as a champion
(E) começou a privilegiar a forma em vez de conteúdos. of frustration?”, o autor do livro argumenta ser necessário que as pessoas:
07 No texto, a palavra “viral” refere-se a: (A) tenham experiências satisfatórias para compreender a frustração.
(B) entendam cada vez mais a cultura capitalista de consumo.
(A) campanhas publicitárias divulgadas entre usuários de mídias (C) se distraiam fazendo compras quando estão irritadas.
eletrônicas. (D) lidem com as frustrações para que suas satisfações sejam realistas.
(B) vírus eletrônicos acoplados a anúncios publicitários. (E) percebam o que as deixa frustradas no dia a dia.
(C) mensagens de alerta aos consumidores para os riscos de determinados
produtos.
(D) mídias eletrônicas que têm dificuldade em controlar a disseminação
de vírus.
(E) quantidades de anúncios que congestionam as caixas postais dos
usuários de correio eletrônico.
08 Afirma-se, no texto, que, diferentemente da TV, na publicidade online

a audiência tem de ser:
(A) partilhada.
(B) valorizada.
(C) comprada.
(D) multiplicada.
(E) conquistada.
INGLÊS UNIT
Rejoinders and tag questions

15
1. Rejoinders
©Peopleimages/iStock
Os Rejoinders são palavras ou frases que usamos para manter uma
conversa. Porém, nosso interesse nessa unidade é com relação aos
Rejoinders que utilizamos para concordar ou expressar a mesma opinião
que alguém, ou seja, so, too, neither e either.
©Peopleimages/iStock
1.2 So e neither
Usamos so quando uma oração afirmativa dita por outra pessoa
também é verdadeira para mim.
Joana: I hate waking up early.
1.1 Too e either Me: So do I.
Usamos too quando uma oração afirmativa dita por outra pessoa Isso também acontece quando se fala de algo que é verdadeiro para
também é verdadeira para mim. as duas pessoas ao mesmo tempo.
Ex.: Melanie loves chocolate and so do I.
Joana: I hate waking up early. Quando se trata de uma oração negativa dita por outra pessoa e há
também concordância por minha parte, usamos neither.
Me: I hate waking up early too.
Joana: I didn’t brush my teeth.
Apesar de gramaticalmente correta, a frase acima acaba sendo pouco
utilizada já que temos versões mais diretas da mesma: Me: Neither did I.
Ex.: Assim como too em Me too, podemos também usar a estrutura do
pronome objeto e neither quando se trata da negativa.
Joana: I hate waking up early.
Joana: I didn’t brush my teeth.
Me: I do too. or Me too.
Me: Me neither.
Quando se trata de uma oração negativa dita por outra pessoa e há
também concordância da minha parte, usamos either. A formação da concordância com so e neither será sempre:
Ex.:
So
Joana: I didn’t brush my teeth. + Auxiliar + Sujeito
neither
Me: I didn’t brush my teeth either. or I didn’t either.
Tanto too quanto either devem vir ao final da oração, ou após o verbo Assim como em too e eitheir, quando tratamos de verbos auxiliares,
auxiliar. Vale lembrar que tratamos aqui dos verbos de característica auxiliar, devemos lembrar que tanto do, does e did quanto be, todos os verbos
ou seja, além de do, does e did, ainda temos o be, todos os verbos modais modais e o have, has e had como partículas dos tempos perfeitos fazem
e o have, has e had como partículas dos tempos perfeitos. parte dessa lista.
• Verb be • Verb be
Melanie’s working late. → I’m working late too. / I am too. / Me too. Melanie’s working late. → So am I.
They weren’t sick. → I wasn’t sick either. / I wasn’t either. They weren’t sick. → Neither was I.
• Modals • Modals
Susan can dance ballet. → I can dance ballet too. / I can too. / Me too. Susan can dance ballet. → So can I.
David won’t come tomorrow. → I won’t come tomorrow either. / I won’t David won’t come tomorrow. → Neither will I.
either.
• Perfect tenses
• Perfect tenses
They have done the task. → So have I.
They have done the task. → I have done the task too. / I have too. / Me too.
Kevin hasn’t traveled abroad. → Neither have I.
Kevin hasn’t traveled abroad. → I haven’t traveled abroad either. / I
haven’t either.

Rejoinders and tag questions INGLÊS
Unit 15
1.3 Subjects other than “I” • both of + object pronoun

He has invited both of us.
Nós também podemos usar as expressões too, either, so e neither
quando estamos falando de algo que seja verdade para outras pessoas, I need to speak to both of you.
não somente para nós mesmos.
Ex.: • verb + object pronoun + both
Bela: I want to stay here. I hope they invite us both. (I hope they invite both of us)
Me: So does your brother. / Your brother does too. The teacher sent them both to the principal’s office.
Bela: I didn’t clean the room. • auxiliary verbs + both

Me: Neither did your brother. / Your brother didn’t either. My sister and I are both ready for the trip.
My parents would both be shocked if they knew the truth.
2. Both, neither and either They have both studied a lot.
Usamos both, either e neither quando fazemos referência a duas
pessoas ou coisas ao mesmo tempo. • both + other verbs
We both wanted to stay in bed and not go to work.
They both work for the same company.
©baona/iStock
2.2 Neither
Usamos neither quando queremos expressar a ideia de nem um nem
o outro. Apesar de neither expressar uma ideia negativa, ele sempre será
acompanhado do verbo na afirmativa e no singular.
Neither of them knows anything about Maths.
• neither + noun + nor + noun

Neither John nor Fred likes coming here in the morning.
I want neither the red shirt nor the blue shirt.
• neither + singular noun

Neither team wanted to lose.
2.1 Both Neither parent knew about the accident.

Both pode ser traduzido para o português como ambos, ambas, ou • neither of + determiner + plural noun
seja, ele terá a ideia de referência aos dois mencionados ao mesmo tempo. Neither of my friends came to class today.
“Do you want the blue shirt or the red one?” Neither of the parents understood what the baby was trying to say.
“I’ll buy both.” (the blue one and the red shirt = both shirts)
• neither of + object pronoun
The present is for neither of us.
• both + noun + and + noun
Neither of them is married.
She speaks both English and German.
They have both a car and a motorcycle. 2.3 Either
He is both a teacher and an actor. Usamos either quando queremos demonstrar uma escolha, ou seja,
um ou outro.
• both + plural nouns You can have either the red shirt or the blue shirt.
She speaks both languages.
• either + noun + or + noun
• both + adjective + and + adjective Either you or Mary has to finish the report before midday.
He’s both tall and handsome. You can have either chocolate or fruit.
I’m both happy and confused at the same time!
• either + singular noun
• both (of) + possessive adjective + plural noun There are only two options and I’m not interested in either film.
“Do you want it ready for Thursday or Friday?
Both (of) my friends arrived late to class.
“Either day is fine for me.”
Both (of) our parents won’t be home today.
• both of + determiner + plural noun

Both of the parents were nervous.
Both of those girls are getting detention.

INGLÊS
Unit 15
• either of + determiner + plural noun 3.1 Form

We have been dating for 6 months and I haven’t met either of her parents.
I haven’t read either of these books. Por se tratar de uma pergunta, devemos usar os verbos auxiliares nas
Tag Questions, antes do sujeito, que deverá ser sempre um pronome.
• either + of + object pronoun
I don’t think he is going to invite either of us. Auxiliar Subject Pronoun
I think I left my keys and wallet at the office. I don’t want to lose either do, does, did I we
of them. be you you
__________, + ?
modals he they
3. Tag questions have, has, had she
As Tag Questions são perguntas curtas que seguem uma oração. it
Elas têm como objetivo checar uma informação ou até mesmo fazer uma
pergunta genuína. Tina is moving to Boca Ratón, isn’t she?
Jonathan went to school yesterday, didn’t he? I don’t have to stay here all day, do I?
He didn’t forget his books there, did he?
Além disso, as Tag Questions devem seguir uma regra básica:
©frender/iStock
Oração afirmativa → Tag question negativo
Oração negativa → Tag question afirmativo
John was annoyed, wasn’t he?

John wasn’t annoyed, was he?
O último detalhe com relação à formação das Tag Questions é que,

quando se trata de uma pergunta negativa, devemos usar o auxiliar sempre
na forma curta, ou seja, contraída.
They will travel next year, won’t they?

He has done all the work, hasn’t he?
Susan likes K-Pop, doesn’t she?
Emily studies all day, doesn’t she? Emily doesn’t live in Brazil, does she?
Simple Present
They have a dog, don’t they? They don’t have children, do they?
Joana is watching TV, isn’t she? Joana isn’t sleeping, is she?

Present Continuous
You are working now, aren’t you? You are not eating my food, are you?
They saw an accident, didn’t they? They didn’t sleep all night, did they?
Simple Past
My mum made me a cake, didn’t she? She didn’t forget my birthday, did she?
She was working a lot, wasn’t she? I wasn’t cheating, was I?

Past Continuous
You were sleeping, weren’t you? They weren’t copying it, were they?
I will stay home tomorrow, won’t I? Jane won’t take it outside, will she?
Simple Future
Kevin will clean the room, won’t he? We won’t leave this house, will we?
Diana has arrived late, hasn’t she? He hasn’t finished it all, has he?
Present Perfect
You have seen Mike, haven’t you? They haven’t bought it, have they?
I had met you before, hadn’t I? You hadn’t done it before, had you?
Past Perfect
The boys had seen it, hadn’t they? The boys hadn’t left, had they?
She should study, shouldn’t she? You must not come here, must you?
Modals
They could stay here, couldn’t they? Lagertha can’t die, can she?

Unit 15
Ex.:
©real444/iStock
This (dress) is expensive, isn’t it?
Those (shoes) are so last season, aren’t they?
3.2.5 Imperative
Ao utilizarmos uma oração na forma de imperativo, podemos estar
dando ordens, passando instruções, oferecendo conselhos, mas, acima
de tudo, estamos direcionando o nosso discurso para a segunda pessoa,
sendo ela do singular ou do plural (you).
Ex.:
Open the door, will you?
Don’t sit like that, will you?
Com relação ao uso do verbo will na Tag Question, optamos por usar
o mesmo na forma afirmativa em ambos os casos. As exceções dizem
respeito ao significado implícito que o locutor decide dar à ideia, o que
acaba criando uma gama de possibilidades que foge ao que devemos
3.2 Special cases explorar na gramática.
3.2.1 …, aren’t I?
©flytosky11/iStock
Pode até soar estranho, mas a Tag Question para a primeira pessoa
do singular (I) no Simple Present do verbo be quando na negativa dever
ser aren’t I.
Ex.: I am obliged to do it, aren’t I?
Isso se dá pois devemos usar a contração do verbo auxiliar com o
not quando formamos a Tag Question e não há uma contração de am
com not. Em alguns casos, ainda vemos a formação am i not para a Tag
Question, mas cada vez isso se torna mais raro.
Ex.: I am obliged to do it, am I not?
3.2.2 There be
Usamos o there be quando queremos falar sobre a existência de algo,
ou seja, seria em português o nosso verbo haver. Nesse sentido, não há 3.2.6 Let’s
sujeito na frase, estando o there no papel físico do mesmo, mas sem
representá-lo. E como se dá a Tag Question já que devemos substituir Quando utilizamos a expressão let’s antes de uma ação, estamos
o sujeito substantivo pelo sujeito pronome? Assim como na própria convidando alguém para fazer algo. Por isso, ao construirmos a Tag
oração inicial o there está no papel físico do sujeito, ele continuará na Question de qualquer oração com let’s, devemos usar shall we.
Tag Question. Ex.:
Ex.: Let’s groove tonight, shall we?
There will be a party next week, won’t there? Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
There have been cases and cases of mugging, haven’t there? Porém, precisamos ficar atentos ao verbo let no início de uma oração,
pois, nesse caso, estamos lidando com uma estrutura no imperativo, sendo
3.2.3 Indefinite Pronouns a Tag Question completamente diferente.
Como já estudado na unidade de Pronomes indefinidos, devemos fazer Ex.:
referência aos mesmos, em se tratando de pessoas, pelos pronomes de Let it go, won’t you?
terceira pessoa do plural.
Let’s go, shall we?
Ex.:
Nobody is perfect, are they? 3.2.7 Negative statements in meaning
Everyone has brought their gifts, haven’t they?
Quando definimos uma oração como negativa na língua inglesa,
3.2.4 Demonstrative Pronouns precisamos não somente prestar atenção ao verbo na negativa como
também a estruturas presentes na oração que possam negativar a mesma.
Os pronomes demonstrativos this, that, these, those não podem ser
utilizados nas Tag Questions, mas podem ser substituídos por Subject Ex.:
Pronouns já que this e that fazem referência ao singular – it – e these e They have never been abroad, have they?
those ao plural – they. Nobody is coming here, are they?
She seldom goes to the beach, does she?

INGLÊS
Unit 15
after Solução: Letra E.

to call something or Como se trata de uma concordância com a primeira ação e estando a
someone the same name mesma na negativa, só poderemos usar neither.
as someone you know
out or knew back
to order or request to telephone someone who 03 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence:
to assemble or arrive has called previously Anne disliked our new roommate and _____________.
somewhere
down (A) I didn’t too.
on
to find fault with,
to order or request to CALL (B) I didn’t either.
reprimand
undertake a particular (C) neither did I.
activity
for (D) never did he.
off to require, demand (E) so did I.
to cancel in
to summon for assistance 04 Kevin hasn’t returned my calls, ____________?
or consultation
(A) hasn’t he
(B) has Kevin
Building up your vocabulary (C) did he
Phrasal Verbs: CALL (D) did Kevin
1. He called _______ the guard to protect the front gate. (E) has he
2. Being a teacher is a job that calls _______ patience.
3. Why are you called Junior? Is it because you are called ______ Solução: Letra E.
your father? Além de usarmos o verbo auxiliar na Tag Question, também precisamos
4. I’m sorry to let you know that the trip was called ______ due to usar o Subject Pronoun. Por isso a mudança de Kevin para he.
bad weather.
5. If you think it’s too much for you, why don’t you call ______ 05 Bring your sister to the party, _____________?
your friends to help?
6. Julie called while you were out and she asked you to call her (A) do you
_______. (B) can’t you
7. The teacher called me ________ for disobedience. (C) will you
8. Look at the mess you’ve made! Why don’t you just call _____ (D) should you
a specialist? (E) do you
Solução: Letra C.
Por se tratar de uma oração no Imperativo, comumente usamos will you
para formar a Tag Question.
01 After class we went _________ to the movies ______ to the theater.

We didn’t go to bed _______. We started studying for the next test. Didn’t
you do it ________?
01 Complete the Tag Question using the correct verb:
(A) also – or – neither – also
(B) nor – either – neither – too a. He hasn’t got any dogs, _____________ he?
(C) either – also – either – either b. Marc is good at Maths, _____________ he?
(D) neither – nor – either – either c. Sue is a beautiful girl, _____________ she?
d. They are smart, _____________ they?
Solução: Letra D. e. Harry and Sally are in love, _____________ they?
Pelo sentido do texto, percebemos que na primeira frase as duas ações f. Charles plays tennis, _____________ he?
estão sendo negadas, por isso neither...nor. Como na segunda frase já g. She will come to the party, _____________ she?
temos a negação no próprio verbo, só poderemos usar either, assim h. We haven’t seen this film, _____________ we?
como na última frase. i. She likes thrillers, _____________ she?
j. You are going to London, _____________ you?
02 Selecione a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna:
My mother doesn’t like tea and ______ do I. 02 Complete as frases abaixo usando NEITHER...NOR ou EITHER...OR:
(A) or a. In this game, you ___________ win ______ lose. It depends on you.
(B) also b. ___________ Sue ______ Sara will help you with your homework.
(C) too They are both busy at the moment.
(D) either c. This is my offer. You ___________ take it ______ leave it.
(E) neither d. When I go to the restaurant, I eat ___________ fish ______ roast
chicken. These are my favorite meals.

Unit 15
e. His father believed ___________ his son ______ his friend. He thought 08 Philip: “-She’s got a place at college!”
that both were lying. Kate: “- __________!”
f. I need ___________ your help ______ your compassion. I can
perfectly handle my problems all alone. (A) So have I
g. ___________ Charlie ______ Bill will write the report. Just ask one (B) So I have
of them. (C) And I
h. ___________ you return the money you had stolen ______ I’ll call (D) I am too
the police. (E) So am I
i. My mum can ___________ read ______ write. She is illiterate.
j. You can use ___________ this computer ______ the other one. 09 Mr. Anderson can’t speak Chinese.
Someone must fix them first.
(A) Neither I can.
03 Complete the sentences using the correct rejoinder. (B) Neither can I.
(C) So can I.
a. You are late for school. _____________ I. (D) So I can.
b. You don’t like red skirts. _____________ Jane.
c. Paul should behave more carefully. _____________ Kathrin. 10 Assinale a letra correspondente à alternativa que preenche corretamente
d. Students were not tired at the end of the day. _____________ the a lacuna da frase apresentada:
teachers. Here is a riddle for you: Which hand should you stir soup with?
e. Guy speaks English very well. _____________ Veronique.
f. I am a teacher. _____________ you. __________. You should use a spoon.
g. I am not expecting any prize. _____________ you.
h. Karim studied in the U.S.A. _____________ Henry. (A) Both
i. They must obey the instructions. _____________ we. (B) Either
j. We won’t be long. _____________ they. (C) All
(D) Neither
04 Selecione a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna: (E) No one
My mother hates drinking tea and __________ do I.
11 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence:
(A) or She __________ German very well.
(B) also
(C) too (A) speaks and both writes
(D) so (B) both speaks and writes
(E) neither (C) speaks both and writes
(D) speaks and writes both
05 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence: (E) both speaks and both writes
Susan uninvited her family, and __________.
(A) I didn’t too Philip never borrowed money:
(B) I didn’t either
(C) neither did I (A) not either from his parents or from the bank.
(D) never did he (B) neither from his parents or from the bank.
(E) so did I (C) both from his parents and from the bank.
(D) either from his parents or from the bank.
06 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence: (E) neither from his parents and from the bank.
I haven’t finished the homework and __________.
13 Swiss cheese? Roquefort? Is it Gouda? Well... we all know the moon
(A) my brother hasn’t either isn’t really made of cheese. Cheese is just one of the many different images
(B) neither my brother seen in the charcoal-gray, black, and white markings created by various
(C) so did my brother lunar craters and basins. (...) The Chinese see a rabbit in the dark areas
(D) either hasn’t my brother and a toad in the white.
(E) neither does my brother De acordo com o texto, complete a sentença abaixo com a alternativa
correta:
Paulo knows how to drive a truck and ___________. The Chinese can see __________ a rabbit __________a toad on
the lunar markings.
(A) Mark does neither
(B) either does Mark
(A) neither – nor
(C) so does Mark
(B) and – or
(D) nor does Mark
(C) either – and
(E) Mark does either
(D) both – or
(E) both – and

INGLÊS
Unit 15
14 Isn’t Julia __________?
(A) either
(B) too 01 Escreva frases usando so e neither e o sujeito dado.
(C) neither
(D) also a. I wrote a letter. (Teddy) __________________________________.
(E) nor b. I have tidied my bedroom. (Peter) _____________________________.
c. Mary and Tom are good students. (Susan) ____________________.
15 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence: d. Mat and George haven’t arrived yet. (Kate) _______________________.
__________ plan that was presented __________. e. We can’t speak Italian. (our friends) ________________________.
f. My aunt read a book. (my uncle) ___________________________.
(A) Not every – was suitable g. I don’t have a computer. (Betty) ___________________________.
(B) Not all – had suited h. Tim rode his bike yesterday. (Jim) _____________________________.
(C) Neither all – had suitability i. My father didn’t wash the car. (my mother) ___________________.
(D) Almost any – has suited j. Sophie is very clever. (her children) _________________________.
(E) Every – suitably
02 Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.
16 You know you have to study more, __________?
a. Mr. McGuinness is from Ireland, ____________________________?
(A) do you b. The car isn’t in the garage, _______________________________?
(B) don’t you c. You are John, ________________________________________?
(C) do you not d. She went to the library yesterday, __________________________?
(D) not know e. He didn’t recognize me, _________________________________?
(E) not you know f. Cars pollute the environment, _____________________________?
g. Mrs. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently, _________________?
17 I am not as good at football as he is, __________? h. The trip is very expensive, _______________________________?
i. He won’t tell her, ______________________________________?
(A) aren’t I j. Hugh had a red car, ____________________________________?
(B) is he
(C) no 03 Find out why some parents think that their teenage sons or daughters
(D) am I have a lot in common with cats by choosing the correct word:
(E) am
a. Both – Either – Neither cats and – nor – or teenagers turn their heads
18 A alternativa que corretamente preenche “No one ever knows what to when you call them.
expect, __________?” é: b. You would hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its
master. Neither – So would you see a teenager in public with his or
(A) isn’t it her parents very often.
(B) does it c. A cat doesn’t share your taste in music. A teenager doesn’t too – either
(C) don’t they – neither.
(D) do they d. Both – Either – Neither cats and – nor – or teenagers can lie on the
(E) doesn’t it sofa for hours on end without moving.
e. Cats expect you to prepare the food for them. Neither – So do teenagers.
19 The cheque of the customer had not been returned: f. If you tell a joke, both – either – neither your cat and – nor – or your
teen will laugh about it.
(A) hadn’t it? g. If you make a sudden move in their direction, both – either – neither
(B) does it? cats and – nor – or teenagers get frightened.
(C) hasn’t it? h. Cats do not improve your furniture. Teenagers don’t either – neither
(D) did it? – so.
(E) had it? i. Cats roam outside and often come home very late at night. Neither - So
do teenagers.
20 We can’t do without him, __________? j. Conclusion: no matter if you both – either - neither have a cat and –
nor – or a teenager at home – it’s all the same.
(A) can us
(B) can we 04 I’m broke. I can buy _____ the dress ______ the coat.
(C) can ours
(D) can’t he (A) either – or
(B) neither – nor
(C) either – nor
(D) not only – but also
(E) both – and

Unit 15
05 You may buy ______ of these two sweets. 15 Your nephew has short hair, _________________?
(A) too (D) either (A) hasn’t she (D) doesn’t she
(B) also (E) every (B) hasn’t you (E) hasn’t he
(C) nor (C) doesn’t he
06 Grown-ups like to play with toys ________. 16 They’ll never come back, _________________?
(A) also (D) neither
(A) won’t they (D) isn’t it
(B) too (E) every
(B) they will (E) is it
(C) either
(C) will they
07 Choose the right alternative:
17 I told him what I would never do again, _________________?
(A) Neither John and I will be able to travel.
(B) Neither John nor I will be able to travel. (A) would I (D) did I
(C) Neither John or I won’t be able to travel. (B) wouldn’t I (E) didn’t he
(D) Neither John nor I won’t be able to travel. (C) didn’t I
(E) Neither John not me won’t be able to travel.
18 Your dog’s front paws are hurt, _________________?
08 If you want, you may choose ________ the blue tie _______ the red
one. (A) aren’t you (D) aren’t they
(B) aren’t your dog’s (E) are you
(A) also – too (C) isn’t it
(B) or – or (D) either – or
(C) neither – or (E) either – nor 19 They seldom come here, _________________?
09 ______ of them will be present tomorrow: both are traveling to São (A) don’t they (D) didn’t they
Luis. (B) do they (E) aren’t they
(C) did they
(A) Nor (D) Also
(B) Too (E) Neither 20 Don’t talk out loud, ____________?
(C) Either
(A) do you (D) could you
10 He hurt his foot, _________________? (B) would you (E) will you
(C) can’t you
(A) doesn’t he (D) isn’t he
(B) did he (E) didn’t he
(C) does he
11 There were many things to do, _________________?

Once upon a time, there was an island where all feelings lived:
(A) don’t they (D) weren’t there Happiness, Sadness, Vanity, Knowledge, Richness, and Love. Theirs was a
(B) aren’t they (E) didn’t they contented existence until one day, to everyone’s dismay, it was discovered
(C) were there that the island was sinking. Everyone was told they must leave. So the
feelings all prepared their boats and started leaving their beloved island.
12 My aunt bakes wonderful cakes, _________________? Love was the only one that stayed behind. Love cared so much for
the island, his home, that he wanted to stay until they were sure that the
(A) does she (D) doesn’t she island was really sinking.
(B) does he (C) bakes he
When Love realized that the island was really sinking, he decided
(C) doesn’t he
to ask for help. Richness was passing by Love in a beautiful boat. Love
said, “Richness, can you take me with you?” Richness answered, “No,
13 That’s what you think about it, _________________?
I can’t. There are a lot of gold and silver in my boat. There is no room in
(A) don’t you (C) doesn’t it here for you.”
(B) isn’t it (D) aren’t you Love decided to ask Vanity who was passing by, “Vanity, please help
(E) isn’t that me!” “I can’t help you Love. You are all wet and will damage my boat,”
Vanity answered.
14 You’ll be there, _________________? Sadness was close by so Love asked for help, “Sadness, let me go
with you.” “Oh...Love, I am so sad that I can’t help anyone. I prefer to be
(A) aren’t you (D) you will not alone!” Happiness passed Love too. She was too happy to notice when
(B) will you (E) won’t you Love called her!
(C) are you
Suddenly, there was a voice, “Come, Love, I will take you.” It was an
elderly man.

INGLÊS
Unit 15
Love became very happy that he even forgot to ask the name of the The files also show Facebook has developed a law enforcement
elder. When they arrived to safe grounds, Love asked Knowledge who response team, which deals with requests for help from police and security
was the elderly man. agencies.
“It was time.” “Time? But why did Time help me?” The company has designed a special page to help moderators, called
“Because only Time is capable of understanding such a great Love.” the single review tool (SRT). On the right-hand side of the SRT screen,
which all moderators have, there is a menu of options to help them filter
Remember that when things may look the bleakest, and when all
content into silos.
appears abandon, Time is capable of solving anything. Things may not
have a solution today, but tomorrow you may find one! While this has speeded up the process of moderation, the Guardian has
been told moderators often feel overwhelmed by the number of posts they
01 According to the text, it is correct to affirm that: have to review – and they make mistakes, particularly in the complicated
area of permissible sexual content.
(A) All the feelings lived happily ever after in the island. The manuals seen by the Guardian are occasionally updated – with new
(B) Love did not receive help because he couldn’t help anyone. versions sent to moderators. But small changes in policy are dealt with by
(C) All feelings wanted to help Love, but only Time could do it. a number of subject matter experts (SMEs), whose job is tell moderators
(D) Love stayed behind because he couldn’t prepare his boat in time. when Facebook has decided to tweak a rule. The SMEs also oversee the
(E) Love didn’t know who the elderly man was, but he got in the boat work of moderators, who have to undergo regular performance reviews.
anyway. The Guardian has been told this adds to the stress of the job and has
contributed to the high turnover of moderators, who say they suffer from
02 Considering the text, the words dismay and the bleakest underlined in anxiety and post-traumatic stress.
the text mean respectively: Facebook acknowledged the difficulties faced by its staff and said
moderators “have a challenging and difficult job. A lot of the content is
(A) disappointment – the cheeriest upsetting. We want to make sure the reviewers are able to gain enough
(B) content – the most desolate confidence to make the right decision, but also have the mental and
(C) frustration – the most depressing emotional resources to stay healthy. This is another big challenge for us.”
(D) satisfaction – the brightest
(E) gratification – the glummest The Guardian (adapted).
03 Mark the only option which is false according to the text:

Facebook moderators: a quick guide to their
job and its challenges (A) Facebook understands that the moderators’ job is not something easy
Facebook has 4,500 “content moderators” – and recently announced to be done.
plans to hire another 3,000. Though Facebook has its own comparatively (B) Facebook moderators often make mistakes, specially concerning posts
small in-house moderating team, most of them work for subcontractors. with sexual content.
There are moderating hubs around the world, but Facebook refuses to (C) All decisions concerning the content on Facebook is handled and
disclose their exact number or locations. decided by the moderators.
Moderators get two weeks’ training plus prescriptive manuals devised (D) The correct number of moderators working for Facebook is unknown
by Facebook executives based at the company headquarters in Menlo Park, by the Guardian.
California. It is these documents that have been leaked to the Guardian. (E) Before going through the filter of the moderators, posts go through an
automatic system.
They show the breadth of the issues being dealt with by Facebook –
from graphic violence to terrorism and cannibalism. If Facebook users are
04 The pronoun they in “They show the breadth of the issues being dealt
talking about a controversial issue, the company has to have a policy on
with by Facebook” refers to:
it to guide moderators.
Facebook has automatic systems for rooting out extreme content (A) the issues being dealt with by Facebook.(B)
before it hits the site, particularly on child sexual abuse and terrorism, but Facebook executives based at the company headquarters.
its moderators do not get involved in this proactive work. Instead, they (C) the Guardian.
review millions of reports flagged to them by Facebook users and use the (D) the documents that have been leaked to the Guardian.
manuals to decide whether to ignore, “escalate” or delete what they see. (E) Moderators who get a two weeks’ training.
When they escalate a report, it usually means it is sent to a more
senior manager to decide what to do. This is particularly important when 05 The word disclose in “...but Facebook refuses to disclose their exact
the content relates to potential suicides and self-harm, because Facebook number or locations” is the opposite of:
has a team that liaises with support agencies and charities to try to get
people help. (A) reveal.
For comments that seem cruel or insensitive, moderators can (B) conceal.
recommend a “cruelty checkpoint”; this involves a message being sent to (C) uncover.
the person who posted it asking them to consider taking it down. If the user (D) expose.
continues to post hurtful material, the account can be temporarily closed. (E) unmask.

Unit 15
Trump vows to meet ‘history’s great test’ by 06 According to the text, it is correct to affirm that:
conquering extremism
(A) Trump is ready to interveen if there is nothing done against terrorism.
Addressing leaders of 40 Muslim nations in Saudi capital, US president (B) Trump’s speech was not seen positively by the Middle East Nations.
moves away from anti-Islamic rhetoric of campaign (C) The changes have to be big and fast, otherwise they are not possible.
Donald Trump has staked a claim as a figure who can mobilise the (D) The nations of the Middle East can depend on the US for destroying
Muslim world against extremism, using his much anticipated speech terrorism.
on Islam as a rallying call for global cooperation rooted in reform, (E) The first steps towards peace have to come from the Middle East.
trade and faith.
Speaking in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, in front of leaders from more 07 Read the statements below and mark the best alternative according to
than 40 Muslim nations, the US president vowed to meet “history’s great the text:
test” by conquering extremism with the help of countries who have suffered
most from it. In a marked divergence from strident anti-Islamic rhetoric I. This was the most important address in Trump’s time in office.
that characterised his campaign, he instead pledged not to “lecture” or II. Trump’s speech followed the same idea as his other speeches
“tell other people how to live ... or how to worship”. concerning terrorism.
III. The nations of the Middle East will have American support in this fight.
The address was the most significant in Trump’s five embattled months IV. Trump’s message followed the idea spread by the former president
in office, establishing him as an ambitious leader, prepared to revamp views Obama.
and policies in order to win trust or secure a global peace that has eluded
all other administrations in the era of global jihad. (A) Only sentences I and II are true.
Trump pointedly equated acts carried out by Iran with those carried out (B) Only sentences I, III and IV are correct.
by Islamic State and al-Qaida – a further rebuff of Barack Obama whose (C) Only sentences II, III and IV are correct.
legacy in the region was a pivot away from a longstanding alliance with (D) Only sentences II and IV are correct.
Saudi Arabia towards a pact with Tehran. (E) All sentences are correct.
Invoking religious references throughout his 40-minute address, Trump
urged Muslim countries to take the lead in the fight – a message that his 08 The word revamp in “... prepared to revamp views and policies in order
predecessor had also seen as central to US policy. His choice to make to win trust or secure a global peace that has eluded all other administrations
Riyadh his first call on a debut overseas trip was another clear departure in the era of global jihad” is closest in meaning to:
from Obama, whose address in Cairo in January 2009 – which had also
aimed to reset US relations with the Muslim world – was without the same (A) stabilize.
reach, ritz or overarching ambition. (B) set.
(C) modify.
“This gathering is unique in the history of nations”, Trump said,
(D) maintain.
speaking alongside the Saudi monarch, King Salman. “The nations of the
(E) confirm.
Middle East cannot wait for American power to crush this evil for you.
Muslim nations must be willing to take on the burden if we are going to
09 The word which in “..., which aims to overhaul a sclerotic public sector,
defeat terrorism, to meet history’s great test and conquer extremism. Young
create opportunities for a disenfranchised youth” refers to:
Muslim boys and girls should be able to grow up safe from fear and free
from violence. Will we be indifferent in the presence of evil?”
(A) The cultural reform.
Trump framed the US posture towards the region as one of “principled (B) The programme being implemented by Saudi Arabia.
realism, rooted in common values and shared interests. We will make (C) A widespread economy.
decisions based on real-world outcomes – not inflexible ideology. We will be (D) The public sector.
guided by the lessons of experience, not the confines of rigid thinking. And, (E) A disenfranchised youth.
wherever possible, we will seek gradual reforms – not sudden intervention.”
This was a nod to a widespread economic and cultural reform 10 Assinale a alternativa que melhor completa as frases abaixo:
programme that Saudi Arabia is implementing, which aims to overhaul a
sclerotic public sector, create opportunities for a disenfranchised youth, I. I’m going home after class, ____________?
empower women and open up to the world. II. Answer the phone, ______________?
Trump’s address won immediate plaudits from leaders in the room, III. He’s gone to the US, _____________?
particularly his acknowledgment that Arab Muslim nations had borne the IV. Let’s have dinner, ______________?
brunt of the killing in the age of Islamic extremism.
(A) am not I – will you – didn’t he – isn’t we
“Terrorism has spread across the world. But the path to peace begins
(B) isn’t I – don’t you – hasn’t he – will we
right here, on this ancient soil, in this sacred land. America is prepared
(C) aren’t I – did you – isn’t he – will we
to stand with you – in pursuit of shared interests and common security.
(D) aren’t I – will you – hasn’t he – shall we
“But the nations of the Middle East cannot wait for American power (E) don’t I – will you – hadn’t he – shall we
to crush this enemy for them. The nations of the Middle East will have to
decide what kind of future they want for themselves, for their countries,
and for their children.”

INGLÊS UNIT
Conjunctions
16
As conjunções na língua inglesa podem receber vários nomes 1.3 Conjunctive adverbs
como words of transition, words of connection, logical connectors,
transition devices, cohesive devices, linking words, discourse markers ou Essas conjunções unem orações independentes na ideia. Os advérbios
conncective adjuncts, mas são usadas sempre com o mesmo propósito – abaixo são usados frequentemente como conjunções:
fazer uma conexão lógica entre as frases e os elementos de ideia.
Entretanto, não somente as conjunções assumem esse papel de after all furthermore in other words nonetheless
coesão no texto. Há também vários advérbios e preposições que podem also hence instead on the contrary
exercer essa função. Nosso papel aqui não será distinguir entre conjunções,
advérbios e preposições, nem mesmo entre subordinadas e coordenadas. as a result however likewise on the other hand
Precisamos sim entender o uso e a função de cada um desses termos besides in addition meanwhile otherwise
coesivos para que possamos reconhecê-los e, se necessário, substituí-los
consequently incidentally moreover then
por outro apropriado.
finally indeed nevertheless therefore
©Supphachai/iStock
for example in fact next thus
We didn’t have any food at home. Therefore, we called the pizza place.
It was a very hot day. Nevertheless, the construction workers continued
doing their job.
©Planet Flem/iStock
1. Kinds of conjunctions
1.1 Coordinating conjunctions
São conjunções que unem dois termos iguais e completos em ideia
como palavras com palavras, frases com frases e orações com orações.
FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO
I went to the market to buy cookies and milk.
He has go to Sandra’s house or Tina’s work. 1.4 Subordinating conjunctions
Denis was hungry, so he ate the whole pie. As conjunções subordinadas unem duas orações, porém, ao se fazer
Diferentemente das conjunções subordinadas, as coordenadas devem isso, elas tornam uma oração dependente, ou seja, subordinada da outra.
vir entre os itens que estão sendo conectados. As conjunções subordinadas mais comuns são:
He dances ballet, but he doesn’t dance jazz.
after even if since when
1.2 Correlative conjunctions although even though so as to whenever
Essas conjunções são usadas para unir duas ideias paralelas. as if so that where
EITHER...OR; NEITHER...NOR; BOTH...AND; NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO
as far as in case (that) supposing (that) wherever
Artists want not only money but also fame.
as soon as in order (that) than whether
Both Tony and Denis are going to help you today.
as if no matter how though while
as though now that till why
because (of) once unless
before provided (that) until

Conjunctions INGLÊS
Unit 16
I am on a diet. (oração independente) He will pass if he studies. (se ele estudar)

I didn’t eat ice cream. (oração independente) He will pass as long as/provided that he studies. (desde que ele estude)
I didn’t eat ice cream because I am on a diet. (oração dependente) He will pass only if he studies. (somente se ele estudar)
Because I am on a diet, I didn’t eat ice cream.
Essas três construções, apesar de formadas com conjunções de
mesma ideia, possuem um significado diferente com relação à condição
2. Conjunctions and their ideas apresentada.
Podemos também estudar as conjunções por meio das ideias que elas
©ThomasVogel/iStock
convêm. Abaixo segue uma listagem com algumas conjunções agrupadas
em categorias de ideias. Vale a pena ressaltar que não somente existem
essas categorias, assim como essas não são as únicas conjunções
existentes. Essa é somente uma listagem para facilitar o estudo.
2.1 Addition
As conjunções abaixo são usadas para adicionar ideias, dar mais
informação.
also either...or... likewise on top of that

equally
and moreover or
importante
as well as further neither...nor... plus
at the same
time
furthermore next similarly 2.4 Contrast
not only...but together A listagem a seguir é uma das mais importantes em nossos estudos.
besides in addition (to) Apesar de todas as conjunções abaixo apresentarem a mesma ideia, o uso
also... with
delas é diferenciado, o que implica mudanças gramaticais nas orações se
both...and... last but not least not to mention what’s more quisermos substituir uma pela outra.
Computer chess games are getting cheaper all the time; furthermore,
their quality is improving. by the same on the other
alternatively however
token hand
The cellar was dark. Moreover, mice nested there.
although considering that in contrast still
2.2 Cause as opposed to conversely in spite of though
Essas conjunções passam a ideia de causa. at the same time despite nevertheless unlike
as because of in order that on account of but even so nonetheless whereas
as a result of due to in view of since by contrast even though notwithstanding yet
because for now that that is because
As mais utilizadas podem ser agrupadas em maneira de uso:
Julie went to the restroom since she needed to wash her hands
 Conjunção + oração + oração
before dinner.
Although he is hungry, he is not eating that food.
Due to bad weather, the school trip was cancelled. Even though he is hungry, he is not eating that food.
2.3 Condition  Conjunção + frase + oração

Apesar de todas as conjunções abaixo possuírem a ideia de condição, Despite being hungry, he is not eating that food.
cada uma delas possui uma ideia específica. Por causa disso, devemos In spite of being hungry, he is not eating that food.
não somente estudar a sua ideia, mas também o que cada uma significa. Notwithstanding being hungry, he is not eating that food.
 Oração + pausa + conjunção + pausa + oração

as long as in case of on condition that provided (that) He is hungry. However, he is not eating that food.
even if in case (that) only if providing (that) He is hungry; nevertheless, he is not eating that food.
He is hungry. Nonetheless, he is not eating that food.
if in the event of or (else) unless
if not in the event (that) otherwise whether  Oração + pausa + conjunção + oração
He is hungry, but he is not eating that food.
He is hungry, yet he is not eating that food.

INGLÊS
Unit 16
2.5 Emphasis 2.10 Result

above all in particular naturally the basic cause accordingly for this reason so much (so) that then
definitely mainly particularly the chief factor as a consequence for which reason so that thereby
especially more primarily the key point as a result hence such... that... therefore
important(ly) consequently in short that is why thus
even more most principally unquestionably
important(ly) They heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route.
indeed most of all specifically without a doubt We have failed. Thus, we have to take the consequences.
It was handmade and hence expensive.
Double ovens are a good ideia, especially if you are cooking several
meals at once.
Building up your vocabulary
The people in the audience were mainly from Senegal or Mali.
Thinking and Feeling
2.6 Example appreciate follow mislead put utter
for example including in this manner take the case of express imply plead spot wonder
for instance in particular namely that is 1. I don’t know how to __________ this, but I’m afraid the money
in another case in this case such as to illustrate has gone!
2. Could you say that again? I didn’t quite ____________ you.
There were seventeen Western hostages, including three Britons. 3. I would _____________ it if you could help me with this job.
4. I was so flabbergasted that I couldn’t _______________ a single
One group of people seems to be forgotten, namely pensioners.
word.
5. I simply said we had lost the order. I didn’t ____________ that
2.7 Generalizing it was your fault.
all in all basically generally on the whole 6. I was so overwhelmed that I just couldn’t ______________ my
feelings.
as a rule essentially in general overall 7. Whenever I ask you about damage to the car, you always
____________ ignorance.
Overall, I was disappointed with the result. 8. I _____________ that you can get up at 6.00 after what you did
We can expect sunny weather, on the whole. last night.
9. Most of the clues in a detective story are there to ______________
2.8 Ordering the reader.
10. Did you _____________ the deliberate mistake on page two?
first in the first place third later
firstly second following after that
first of all secondly then finally
First of all, we need to get together in order to set the deadline. After that, 01 People usually try to get advanced degrees ________ get a better job.
we should start organizing the groups. Then, we start writing the project.
(A) that’s why
2.9 Purpose (B) therefore
(C) in order to
As conjunções abaixo indicam um propósito. Muitas vezes acabamos (D) so
usando essas mesmas conjunções com ideia de causa.
Solução: Letra C.
A ideia que precisamos é a de propósito – as pessoas tentam graus
in an effort to in return for to with this in mind
universitários mais elevados para conseguir um emprego melhor.
in order that so as to to the purpose of with this purpose
in order to so that to this end 02 ________ my parents are not going to be home for a week, I’m gonna
throw the biggest party ever.
He went to the market so that he could buy some fruit.
(A) Because of
They called me so as to remind me of their party. (B) Since
(C) Therefore
(D) So that

Unit 16
Solução: Letra B. 02 Reescreva as orações abaixo usando as conjunções dadas.

A razão pela qual ele dará uma grande festa é porque seus pais não
estarão em casa, por isso usamos SINCE, já que BECAUSE OF não pode a. The movie was boring. I left early. (BECAUSE)
ser seguido de uma oração. b. I ate a hamburger. I was really hungry. (SO)
c. Cars are very convenient. People use them more than they should.
03 The access to the concert site was closed _________ the traffic jam. (THEREFORE)
d. He is really smart. He failed his tests. (HOWEVER)
(A) since e. I won’t go to the party. I’m tired. (SINCE)
(B) because
(C) so that 03
(D) because of ‘It’s “weird” he muses, ‘we’re getting more comfortable playing live,
and we’re playing more consistently every night. Yet sometimes it’s more
Solução: Letra D. difficult to get in that state of mind where you can just lose yourself to
Também a necessidade de usar um conector com ideia de razão, e the music.’
como temos um sintagma nominal logo após a lacuna, só podemos usar Stone Gossard, Pearl Jam
because of.
A palavra “Yet”, relacionada no texto, poderia ser substituída por:
04 _______ they have a car, they rarely use it.
(A) Furthermore.
(A) However (B) And. 
(B) Despite (C) Nevertheless.
(C) Although (D) Already.
(D) Because of (E) Rather.
Solução: Letra C. 04 The sentence “Though over shoppers later experience considerable
Apresentamos duas ideias diferentes: eles têm um carro – eles não usam remorse, they find shopping exciting” contains an idea of:
o carro; e para unir as mesmas devemos usar um conector de contraste.
Por causa da estrutura da sentença – conector + oração + oração, só (A) addition.
podemos usar although. (B) alternative.
(C) cause. 
05 That new restaurant is Always full, _________ being expensive. (D) condition.
(E) contrast.
(A) because
(B) despite 05 A palavra que poderia substituir a expressão AS A RESULT em “As a
(C) so as to result, Struve claims, he can halve the time required to grow a 1.5-inch
(D) therefore diameter red oak” sem alteração do significado é:
Solução: Letra B. (A) Therefore.

Por serem ideias contrastantes, devemos usar despite. (B) However.
(C) Moreover.
(D) Besides.
(E) Anyhow.
01 Complete as frases abaixo com SO, AND, BECAUSE, BUT: 06 Research shows that sunscreens may not be as effective as hoped at
preventing sunburn. Users may be spending long hours in the sun with a
a. In summer we wear light clothes ____________ the weather is hot. false sense of security, and though lotions may protect against sunburning
b. I have a toothache, ________ I must see a dentist as early as I can. UVB rays, it does little to block out the potentially more dangerous UVA
c. It is rainy _______ windy today. rays.
d. I like walking, _______ I never go to school on foot _______ it is a
10-mile walk. The word THOUGH can be replaced with:
e. My son is calm, _______ my daughter is very moody, _______ they
never agree together. (A) but. 
f. I am British, _______ I live in the USA __________ I work at a (B) however.
company there. (C) therefore.
g. I love painting _______ fishing __________ they both teach me (D) besides.
concentration. (E) yet.
h. Jane hates swimming, _______ she spends her summer holidays on
the beach _______ she loves sunbathing.
i. It is always rainy in winter, _______ you should always take an umbrella
with you.
j. Fast foods are delicious, __________ usually unhealthy, ________
people should avoid them.

INGLÊS
Unit 16
07 The idea that executives need to fly on business class __________ 13 A lacuna é corretamente preenchida pela alternativa:
they can work is bogus. __________ he is lazy, he makes a lot of money.
Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna do texto: (A) But 

(B) Thus
(A) though (C) Due to
(B) so (D) Unless
(C) for  (E) Although
(D) until
(E) since 14 Freedom, however, poses its own problems. The biggest advantage
is that you are in charge of everything. And the biggest disadvantage is
08 The new economic order was supposed to bring rapid growth for the that you are in charge of everything. Typical problems include a sense of
industrialized nations, as emerging capitalist countries joined a global free isolation, lack of motivation, and, conversely, the feeling that you can never
trade system __________ brutal competition from the Third World and get away from your work.
the Soviet block has stalled the developed nations.
The word CONVERSELY means:
A palavra que preenche melhor a lacuna do texto é:
(A) on the other hand.
(A) Because. (B) additionally.
(B) Instead. (C) firstly. 
(C) Moreover. (D) especially.
(D) Therefore. (E) even though.
(E) While.
15 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentences:
09 We don’t believe your needs should have to wait just because it’s
2o’clock in the morning. I. Study harder; __________ you’ll fail. 
II. I know nothing about it; __________, I can’t help you. 
A palavra because, em destaque no texto, poderia ser substituída por: III. The editors continue to publish, __________ irregularly, two journals. 
IV. __________ being a good actor, he is also an excellent soccer player.
(A) while.
(B) how. (A) I. otherwise; II. thus; III. albeit; IV. Besides 
(C) like. (B) I. although; II. therefore; III. for; IV. And 
(D) since. (C) I. so; II. so that; III. but; IV. Moreover 
(E) for. (D) I. or else; II. consequently; III. besides; IV. Also
(E) I. also; II. as a consequence; III. then; IV. In addition
10 Yes, I know Mario quite well; __________, I __________ to see him
at the club last weekend. 16 The word SO in “So despite the extent to which loneliness affects
nearly everyone at various times, it presents a challenge to researchers”
(A) furthermore – had
expresses:
(B) thus – wanted 
(C) in fact – happened (A) comparison.
(D) whereas – waited (B) consequence.
(E) despite – liked (C) purpose. 
(D) contrast. 
11 Corporations can no longer afford lifetime employment and the seniority (E) cause.
system, whereas young workers do not consider company life the most
important. 17 I don’t know __________ she is a optimist or a pessimist.
The meaning of whereas in the text is:
(A) each 
(B) how many
(A) sufficiently.
(C) weather
(B) theoretically.
(D) like that
(C) at present.
(E) whether
(D) intensely. 
(E) while.
18 Mark the word that can appropriately be used to fill the blank and
expand the sentence “Men not only cry less frequently, __________ they
also do it somewhat differently”.
He had a headache; __________, he __________ the invitation.
(A) yet 
(A) hence – declined
(B) but 
(B) then – dismissed 
(C) and 
(C) otherwise – refused
(D) although
(D) so – quit 
(E) however
(E) however – failed

Unit 16
19 At present, neither offers full access to the Internet – they are linked 05 And can understand nothing
by a “gateway” through which e-mail can be sent and received, but which
denies access to many of the delights the Net has to offer. __________, But the unusual laughter – “But” means:
both companies are widening the gateways in the near future.
(A) however.
A alternativa que melhor preenche a lacuna é: (B) also. 
(C) although.
(A) Besides.  (D) because.
(B) In addition. (E) except.
(C) However. 
(D) Furthermore. 06 __________ all the conquests already achieved by women, a lot still
(E) Finally. remains to be done.
20 __________ subdue the new territory, Americans had to face severe (A) In spite of
conditions. (B) Because of
(C) Although
(A) So as (D) In order to
(B) In order that (E) Supposing
(C) As for 
(D) In order to 07 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence:
(E) By order that She cleaned the house __________ she ironed the clothes.
(A) whatsoever
(B) and after that
(C) nevertheless
01 Reescreva as frases abaixo, substituindo a conjunção sublinhada por (D) so
uma de mesma ideia e valor. (E) and after
a. He is not going out as he is tired. 08 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence:
b. Although he studied a lot, he did not pass. He is very mature__________.
c. John has never been to Hawaii. However, he always dreams about
this place. (A) spite of his age
d. He is tired. So, he is not going out. (B) despite his age
e. Because I’m a good student, I’m not worried about the test. (C) instead of his age
(D) despite of his aging
02 The word BUT in the sentence “But she’s the only one” indicates: (E) in spite his age
(A) cause.  09 Leia o recado de Ho Chi Minh aos franceses, em 1946:

(B) contrast. “You can kill 10 of my men for everyone I kill of yours, yet even at
(C) addition. those odds, you will lose and I will win.”
(D) conclusion.
Assinale a opção cuja conjunção tenha significado semelhante ao de “yet”:
03 The word AS in “And as stress begins to ebb you may find that it’s
replaced by a renewed sense of possibility and optimism” expresses the
(A) therefore
idea of:
(B) despite
(C) thus 
(A) consequence.
(D) moreover
(B) comparison.
(E) however
(C) purpose. 
(D) contrast.
10 Of course the programmers who created this system could foresee
(E) time.
this would cause a problem, but AS WELL AS a degree of short-termism
there was a widespread disbelief that anyone would be using the same
04 Na frase “Moreover, PCs and telecommunications technologies have
computers and programs nearly thirty years later.
enabled more women and men to work at home, increasing employment
options and bringing the perennial kids-and-career battle to an end”, a
The expression “as well as” indicates:
palavra MOREOVER pode ser substituída por:
(A) conclusion.
(A) However. 
(B) condition.
(B) Such as. 
(C) contrast.
(C) In addition to that.
(D) addition.
(D) Provided that. 
(E) Notwithstanding.

INGLÊS
Unit 16
11 The explosive growth in these regions is DUE not only TO high birth 16 A single conjunction may express multiple meanings. In “Short of trying
rates but to the young age at which mothers have their children, telescoping to collect every book in existence, as the ancient library did”, the word AS
the time between generations. conveys the idea of:
The expression DUE TO could be replaced by: (A) cause. 

(B) comparison.
(A) since.  (C) simultaneity.
(B) towards. (D) contradiction.
(C) from. 
(D) because of. 17 Na sentença “Carr, HOWEVER, thought of a way to spot them”, a
(E) during. palavra HOWEVER poderia ser substituída por:
12 The new phones can be programmed to dial only a few numbers, LIKE (A) nevertheless.
home, or a parent’s office. (B) also. 
(C) since. 
A palavra em destaque indica uma relação de: (D) never.
(E) but.
(A) oposição. 
(B) comparação. 18 Besides providing clues to understanding human biology, learning
(C) exemplificação. about nonhuman organisms’ DNA sequences can lead to an understanding
(D) adição. of their natural capabilities that can be applied toward solving challenges
(E) causa – efeito. in health care, energy sources, agriculture, and environmental cleanup.
13 In the sentence “If you wrote about the international banking systems A palavra BESIDES, sublinhada no fragmento acima, indica uma relação de:
for bankers, your language and information would be more technical”, the
author intends to transmit an idea of: (A) adição. 
(B) oposição. 
(A) conclusion. (C) consequência.
(B) addition.  (D) exemplificação.
(C) condition. (E) finalidade.
(D) comparison.
(E) contrast. 19 Through Lisbon flowed not only the gold of Brazil and West Africa and
the spices of the East Indies, but new treasures of knowledge, new maps,
14 The teenager believes that __________ Camden has a bad reputation, accounts of different peoples and societies, new animal and botanical
it can change for the better. species.
The option which completes correctly and meaningfully the sentence A expressão correlativa not only... but indica:
above is:
(A) adversidade.
(A) in spite. (B) exclusividade.
(B) even though. (C) negação. 
(C) because.  (D) adição.
(D) unless. 
(E) however. 20 __________ it rained hard, the plane took __________.
15 Speech is natural, __________, we learn to speak before we learn to (A) In spite of – on

read and write. (B) Unless – out of
(C) If – out 
The item which completes the sentence above in a meaningful way is: (D) Although – off
(E) But – over
(A) but. 
(B) although. 
(C) however. 
(D) nevertheless.
(E) therefore. Although robots have made great strides in manufacturing, where tasks
are repetitive, they are still no match for humans, who can gr asp things
and move about effortlessly in the physical world.
Designing a robot to mimic the basic capabilities of motion and
perception would be revolutionary, researchers say, with applications
stretching from care for the elderly to returning overseas manufacturing
operations to the United States (albeit with fewer workers).

Unit 16
Yet the challenges remain immense, far higher than artificial intelligence Study author Delores Albarracin, a professor of psychiatry at the
obstacles like speaking and hearing. “All these problems where you want university, suspects that the exercise posters simply inspired the students
to duplicate something biology does, such as perception, touch, planning to do something — and because food was available, eating became the
or grasping, turn out to be hard in fundamental ways,” said Gary Bradski, thing to do. What this means, she says, is that we need to be careful
a vision specialist at Willow Garage, a robot development company based about when and where we encourage people to work out. We shouldn’t
in Silicon Valley. “It’s always surprising, because humans can do so much be showing ads touting the benefits of exercise when people are sitting in
effortlessly.” front of the TV with a bag of chips in their hands.
The study brings up the intriguing possibility that these ads could be
01 Segundo o texto, um grande desafio da robótica é: doing more harm than good if they’re not targeted correctly, says Dr. Louis
Aronne, clinical professor of medicine and director of the Comprehensive
(A) não desistir da criação de robôs que falem e entendam o que ouvem.  Weight Control Program at the New York - Presbyterian Hospital/Weill
(B) melhorar a capacidade dos robôs para a execução de tarefas Cornell Medical Center. (...)
repetitivas.
(C) não tentar igualar as habilidades dos robôs às dos seres humanos.  03 The study described in the text shows that:
(D) voltar a fabricar robôs que possam ser comercializados pela indústria
norte-americana. (A) the more a person eats, the fatter he/she becomes.
(E) projetar um robô que imite as habilidades básicas de movimento e (B) workout ads can lead a person to eat more. 
percepção dos seres humanos. (C) diet and exercise make the brain work harder.
(D) the most famous diets show no side effects.
02 De acordo com o texto, o especialista Gary Bradski afirma que: (E) no diet can make a person get slimmer in short term.
(A) a sua empresa projetou um robô com capacidade de percepção.  04 The college students who participated in the study:
(B) os robôs já estão bem mais desenvolvidos, atualmente. 
(C) a construção de robôs que reproduzam capacidades biológicas é (A) ate more raisins after analyzing the posters that promoted exercise. 
difícil. (B) ate more raisins after analyzing the posters that promoted goals such
(D) as pessoas podem ser beneficiadas por robôs com capacidade de as joining a group.
planejamento.  (C) ate more raisins after analyzing the posters that promoted togetherness. 
(E) a habilidade das pessoas em operar robôs sofisticados é surpreendente. (D) stopped eating raisins after the results of the research were released.
(E) stopped working out after the results of the research were released.
Blow your diet? Blame your brain
Low-fat labels and encouraging exercise can backfire 5 WaysTo Turn Fear Into Fuel
Ever make a resolution to go out and exercise and end up grabbing a Editor’s note: This is a guest post from Jonathan Fields, author of
gooey chocolate cupcake instead? Uncertainty: Turning Fear and Doubt Into Fuel for Brilliance.
No matter how good our intentions are, sometimes it seems like our Uncertainty. It’s a terrifying word.
stomachs are out to sabotage us. Scientists are now starting to understand Living with it, dangling over your head like the sword of Damocles,
why this happens. day in day out, is enough to send anyone spiraling into a state of anxiety,
As it turns out, the issue is often not insatiable stomachs, but diet- fear and paralysis.
undermining brain chemistry. At labs around the country, researchers are Like it or not, though, uncertainty is the new normal. We live in a
finding that our brains behave in just the opposite way we would expect time where the world is in a state of constant, long-term flux. And, that’s
them to when it comes to diet and exercise. not all. If you want to spend your time on the planet not just getting-by,
Researchers recently discovered that public service announcements but consistently creating art, experiences, businesses and lives that truly
exhorting the fat and flabby among us to get more exercise might have matter, you’ll need to proactively seek out, invite and even deliberately
an unfortunate and unexpected side effect: They can inspire people to eat amplify uncertainty. Because the other side of uncertainty is opportunity.
more, according to a study published in the journal Obesity. Nothing great was ever created by waiting around for someone to tell
To learn a little more about the impact of campaigns designed to get you it’s all going to be okay or for perfect information to drop from the
couch potatoes moving, scientists from the University of Illinois rounded up sky. Doesn’t happen that way. Great work requires you to act in the face
53 college students and asked them to judge a series of posters promoting of uncertainty, to live in the question long enough for your true potential to
exercise. After they rated the exercise posters, the students were then asked emerge. There is no alternative.
to evaluate some raisins. They were told they could eat as many raisins as When you find the strength to act in the face of uncertainty, you till
they needed to make the evaluation. the soil of genius.
The researchers then ran the same experiment but substituted posters Problem is, that kills most people. It leads to unease, anxiety, fear and
that promoted goals such as joining a group or togetherness for the doubt on a level that snuffs out most genuinely meaningful and potentially
exercise posters. Again, the students were asked to rate some raisins revolutionary endeavors before they even see the light of day. Not because
after scoring the posters. The students scarfed down more raisins after they wouldn’t have succeeded, but because you never equipped yourself
scrutinizing posters that promoted exercise than after looking over the to handle and even harness the emotional energy of the journey.
other set of posters.
But, what if it didn’t have to be that way?

INGLÊS
Unit 16
What if there was a way to turn the fear, anxiety and self-doubt that 07 Escolha a opção que apresenta a mesma ideia da afirmação a seguir:
rides along with acting in the face of uncertainty – the head-to-toe butterflies “Your ability to lean into the unknown isn’t so much about luck or genetics,
– into fuel for brilliance? rather it’s something entirely trainable.”
Turns out, there is. Your ability to lean into the unknown isn’t so much
about luck or genetics, rather it’s something entirely trainable. I’ve spent the (A) Your ability to deal with the unknown isn’t a matter of genetics but luck. 
past few years interviewing world-class creators across a wide range of (B) Your ability to deal with the unknown has nothing to do with genetics
fields and pouring over research that spans neuroscience, decision-theory, or luck but training.
psychology, creativity and business. (C) Your ability to deal with the unknown rather than being simply about
genetics is equally a matter of luck and training. 
Through this work, a collection of patterns, practices and strategies
(D) Your ability to deal with the unknown, instead of being simply a matter
have emerged that not only turbocharge insight, creativity, innovation and
of luck and genetics, is mainly something trainable.
problem- solving, but also help ameliorate so much of the suffering so
(E) Your ability to deal with the unknown, instead of being entirely trainable,
often associated with the pursuit of any creative quest.
is mainly a matter of luck and genetics.
05 De acordo com a ideia central do texto, a incerteza: 08 A expressão The head-to-toe butterflies, no contexto em que se insere,
significa:
(A) é comum nos dias de hoje e leva a um estado de ansiedade e medo
paralisante.  (A) incertezas que confundem a mente. 
(B) é normal nos dias de hoje e impede o desenvolvimento das (B) autoquestionamentos que imobilizam o corpo da cabeça aos pés. 
potencialidades. (C) aflições que acabam interferindo no bom funcionamento do organismo. 
(C) é normal nos dias de hoje, mas também pode proporcionar (D) sensação de formigamento nas extremidades do corpo.
oportunidades.  (E) medos e anseios que dão a sensação de “frio na barriga”.
(D) embora natural nos dias de hoje, pode até levar à morte.
(E) embora seja objeto de estudo de diversas áreas de conhecimento, 09 No contexto em que se insere, a afirmação “turns out, there is” pode
nenhuma desenvolveu mecanismos para sua total superação. ser entendida como:
06 No trecho “Problem is, that kills most people”, o pronome relativo that (A) é possível transformar medo e ansiedade em algo construtivo. 
refere-se a: (B) o medo e a ansiedade levam à inação. 
(C) a incerteza transforma o medo em ansiedade e dúvida.
(A) falta de alternativas.  (D) temores estão geralmente associados à incerteza. 
(B) longos questionamentos.  (E) há um caminho no qual temores e incertezas andam juntos.
(C) dificuldade para agir diante da incerteza. 
(D) incapacidade de descobrir o verdadeiro potencial. 10 A expressão “Like it or not” no texto:
(E) falta de informações precisas.
(A) refere-se à espada de Damocles. 
(B) significa sendo ou não sendo como descrito no texto. 
(C) refere-se à normalidade da incerteza nos dias atuais. 
(D) significa goste disso ou não goste. 
(E) refere-se aos sentimentos desencadeados pela incerteza.
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INGLÊS UNIT
Conditionals
17
Uma condicional expressa uma ação que para ser completa precisa A abreviação ‘ll pode ser usada ao invés de will para todas as pessoas
que outra ação seja real. Frequentemente usamos a palavra if que passa a e shall pode ser usado no lugar de will para I e we. Também podemos usar
ideia da se, sendo que a consequência dela está sempre implícita: a abreviação ‘d no lugar de would para todas as pessoas e should pode
Ex.: If the rain stops, (then) we’ll be able to go for a walk. ser usado ao invés de would para I e we.
As condicionais também podem ser expressas através de outros
As condicionais com if não são sobre eventos que tenham ocorrido, verbos modais além de will, shall, should ou would:
mas sobre eventos que podem ou não ocorrer ou podem ou não ter We could have had a good time. (if we had had the money)
ocorrido.
Ex.: If the price of the oil comes down, more people will buy it.
1.1 Type 1 conditionals
A forma mais comum para a First Conditional é:
Algumas vezes tratamos de condicionais com consequências If + Simple Present → Future
impossíveis:
Ex.:
Ex.: If my horse had won, I would have won a lot of money.
If it rains, we will stay at home.
As condicionais são frequentemente introduzidas por if, mas podem Janet won’t come if she doesn’t have money.
também ser introduzidas por palavras como as long as, provided that,
unless assim como também podem ser implícitas: Entretanto, podemos usar qualquer tempo verbal no presente para formá-la:
Ex.: I wouldn’t (or shouldn’t) go that way. (if I were you)
Be If I am better tomorrow, I will get up.
©ChiccoDodiFC/iStock
Have If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin.

Simple Present If she finishes early, she will go home.
If he is standing in the rain, he will catch
Present Continuous
a cold.
If she has arrived at the station, she will
Present Perfect
be here soon.
If he has been traveling all night, he will
Present Perfect Continuous
need a rest.
Can, must If I can afford it, I will buy it.
Assim como podemos usar outros tempos no presente, podemos

fazer o mesmo com os tempos do futuro:
Ex.:
If he gets the job, he’ll be going abroad.
1. Types of conditional sentences If I don’t run, the train will have left.
As condicionais são frequentemente divididas em três tipos básicos: If I stay till May, I will have been working here for 20 years.
Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. Cada uma delas possuem variações específicas,
mas os elementos básicos são os seguintes: 1.1.2 Usage
Usamos a Type 1 Conditional
©DaLiu/iStock
para descrever o que irá ou não

Type 1: What will you do if you lose your job? acontecer se um evento futuro for
Asking/talking about something that is quite possible: provável.
‘if’ + present + ‘will’ Ex.:
If I lose my job, I will go abroad.
If the weather clears, we’ll go
Type 2: What would you do if you lost your job? for a walk.
Asking/talking about imagined situations with consequences now: If the weather doesn’t clear, we won’t go out for a walk.
‘if’ + past + ‘would’
If I lost my job, I would go abroad. A condição descrita é real, possível: o tempo pode melhorar e se melhorar,
Type 3: What would you have done if you had lost your job? haverá um efeito real. É por isso que essas orações são frequentemente
Asking/talking about imagined situations with consequences then: chamadas de condicionais possíveis ou reais.
‘if’ + past perfect + ‘would have’
If I had lost my job, I would have gone abroad.

INGLÊS
Unit 17
1.1.3 Variations 1.2.1 Usage

• Variation 1: If + present → modal verb As condicionais tipo 2 falam sobre situações imaginárias na oração
Quando usamos will na oração principal expressamos uma certeza ou com if e especulam sobre as consequências imaginárias na oração
“quase” certeza. Se não quisermos expressar tal certeza, podemos usar principal. Apesar de usarmos o Passado, ele não é a referência. Na
outros verbos modais, assim como se quisermos expressar uma ideia de realidade, a Second Conditional é chamada de Imaginary Conditional.
necessidade ou conselho: Ex.: If I had longer legs, I’d be able to run faster.
Como não tenho pernas mais longas, não consigo correr mais rápido.
we can (we are free to) go out.
we could (we would be able to) go out. 1.2.2 Variations
• Variation 1: if + were/was → would/should
we may (it’s possible to) go out.
If everything is fine Podemos usar were no lugar de was quando tratamos de I, he,
we might (it’s possible to) go out. she, it. Não há uma diferença em significado, apesar de were ser usado
tomorrow,
we should (it’s advisable to) go out. em situações mais formais, principalmente quando se trata de alguma
we ought to (it’s advisable to) go out. afirmação duvidosa:
Ex.: If I was/were better qualified, I’d apply for the job.
we must (it’s necessary to) go out.
Entretanto, usamos were quando a situação é puramente imaginária:
• Variation 2: if + should → imperative
A oração condicional usando should em vez do Present Tense torna Ex.: If I were the Queen of Shebba, you’d be King Solomon.
a condição duvidosa, não tão provável de acontecer.
Ex.: Além disso, usamos If I were quando tratamos de um conselho, como
em If I were you/If I were Jane:
If he calls, tell him I’ll ring back.
Ex.:
If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back.
If I were you, I’d accept their offer.
Nem sempre precisamos usar o imperativo: If I were Jane, I’d walk out on him.
Ex.: If I should see him, I’ll ask him to ring you.
Há também a possibilidade de haver inversão quando se trata da
Second Conditional, mas somente com o uso do WERE:
Quando usamos should, podemos omitir o if ao fazermos uma inversão
na oração condicional: Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.
Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us. Were the government to cut Value Added Tax, prices would fall.
Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.
• Variation 2: if + past → modal
Assim como na First Conditional, também podemos substituir o verbo
• Variation 3: imperative + conjunction + clause
modal would por outros modais.
O imperativo pode ser usado no lugar de uma oração condicional (If
Clause) para fazer um comentário, pedido, oferecer conselho, ameaçar e
outras funções que demandam mais urgência do que uma condicional: If he were here, he could help us. (ability)
Ex.: If he were here, he might help us. (possibility)
Fail to pay and they’ll cut off the electricity. (comment) If he failed, he ought to/should try again. (duty)
Tell us what to do and we’ll get on with it. (request) Há ainda a possibilidade de usarmos os tempos contínuo e perfeito com
Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner. (threat) os modais:
Take a taxi, otherwise you will miss your train. (advice) If she were here now, she could be helping us.
If he was in New York, he could have met my sister.
1.2 Type 2 conditionals
If they were in the army, they would have been fighting in the jungle
A forma mais comum para a Second Conditional é: most of the time.
if + simple past → would
Ex.: If we had money, we would travel to London. 1.3 Type 3 conditionals
A forma mais comum da Third Conditional é:
©Choreograph/iStock
If + past perfect → would have

If it had rained, we would have stayed at home.
1.3.1 Usage
As condicionais do tipo 3 tratam de algo puramente imaginário, tanto
na oração da condicional quanto na consequência. A diferença dessa
condicional para a do tipo 2 é que enquanto a Second Conditional trata

Conditionals INGLÊS
Unit 17
de consequências imaginárias no presente, a Third Conditional trata de Apesar de podermos fazer várias combinações usando as condicionais,
consequências imaginárias no passado, ou seja, que não podem se tornar a mais comum ainda é a mistura da Type 3 com Type 2. Nesse contexto,
concretas nunca. É por isso que são conhecidas como Hypothetical queremos expressar que uma condição imaginária do passado poderia
Conditionals. trazer consequências imaginárias no presente:
Ex.: Ex.:
If I had worked harder at school, I’d have got a better job. If I hadn’t brought some snacks, I would be really hungry now.
(Como eu não me esforcei na escola, não consegui um emprego melhor.) If she had studied more, she would have to repeat this grade.
If I hadn’t been wearing a raincoat, I would have got wet. 1.5 ‘If…not’ e ‘unless’
(Como eu estava usando uma capa de chuva, eu não me molhei.) Muitas vezes podemos usar tanto If...not quanto Unless sem mudança
de sentido. Porém, existem momentos em que essa troca é impossível.
©marekuliasz/iStock
1.5.1 When ‘if...not’ and ‘unless’ are interchangeable
Tanto if...not quanto unless podem ser usados em uma condicional
do tipo 1 negativa, sem muita mudança de ideia:
Ex.:
If you don’t change your mind, I won’t be able to help you.
Unless you change your mind, I won’t be able to help you.
Entretanto, unless possui uma ideia mais forte do que if...not, sendo
preferido quando o contexto se refere a um ultimato.
Ex.: Unless the management improve their offer, there’ll be a strike.
1.5.2 When we cannot use ‘unless’ in place of ‘if…not’
Unless não poderá substituir if...not na First Conditional em orações
1.3.2 Variations como:
I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t win.
• Variation 1: if + past perfect → modal
Assim como a segunda condicional, também podemos substituir Isso acontece porque unless sempre significa ‘exceto na condição de’:
would por outros modais. He won’t get a prize unless he wins.
1.6 WILL e WOULD depois de IF
If he had been here yesterday, he could have told us. (ability)
1.6.1 ‘Will’ and ‘would’ to emphasize willingness and
If he had been here yesterday, he might have told us. (possibility) unwillingness
If he had received a present, he should have thanked her. (duty) • Ao pedir que alguém faça algo ou para responder a ofertas de ajuda:
Shall I hold the door open for you? – Yes, if you will/would.
Além dessas duas formas, também podemos ter a inversão na Third If you will/would wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money.
Conditional:
Had the management acted sooner, the strike wouldn’t have happened. • Quando nos referimos a outra pessoa:
Had it not been for the unusually bad weather, the rescue party would If he will/would only try harder, I’m sure he’d do well.
have been able to save the stranded climber.
• Em contextos formais:
1.4 Mixed conditionals I’d be grateful if you will/would let me know soon.
Existem várias combinações possíveis dos tipos das condicionais, If you will/would follow me, I’ll show you the way.
desde que haja sentido e que o contexto permita: Give me a moment, if you would. (if you will – menos frequente)
Type 1 Type 3 • Em referência direta a boa vontade ou má vontade

If I am as clever as you think, I should have been rich by now. If you will/would agree to pay us compensation, we will/would agree
Type 2 Type 3 not to take the matter any further.
If you knew me better, You wouldn’t have said that. If you won’t stop smoking, you can only expect to have a bad cough.
Type 3 Type 2
If I had had your advantages, I’d be better off now.
Type 2 Type 1
If he missed the bus, He won’t be here on time.

INGLÊS
Unit 17
1.6.2 ‘If’ + ‘will’ in Type 1 conditionals

Não é comum usarmos o future após if, porém, apesar de raro, é
possível fazê-lo quando queremos enfatizar a ideia de ‘não agora, mais 01 Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb to meet:
tarde’. If you had come earlier, you _____________ her.
Ex.:
If it suits you, I’ll change the date of our meeting. (A) will meet
(B) met
If it will suit you, I’ll change the date of our meeting.
(C) will have met
(D) would have met
1.7 Zero conditional (E) meeting
If + simple present → simple present/imperative
Usamos a Zero Conditional para expressar a ideia de que algo é Solução: Letra D.
Trata-se da Third Conditional pois menciona o que teria acontecido se
costumeiro ou lógico:
tivéssemos chegado mais cedo, ou seja, todas as ações estão no passado.
Ex.: If it rains, we play football indoors instead.
02 I knew he ________ his driving test if he ________ hard enough.
Ou quando queremos expressar uma condição que seja uma verdade:
Ex.: If you need money, talk to your parents. (A) can pass / had a try
(B) would pass / tried
Muitas vezes usamos a Zero Conditional para expressar verdades (C) passed / would try
da natureza: (D) could not pass / will try
(E) will pass / had not tried
Ex.: If you heat water, it boils at about 100°C.
Solução: Letra B.
at Trata-se de uma Second Conditional: Eu sabia que ele passaria no seu
up continue with something exame de motorista se ele tentasse com afinco.
maintain a continuous difficult
action, persist 03 If he is a good typist, he _______ how to type well.
away
not allow someone near
something (A) would know
to
stay within limits (B) knew
back (C) know
KEEP
maintain a safe
(D) does know
distance
out (E) none
not allow someone
to enter from Solução: Letra D.
control yourself,
off restrain
A oração da condicional já nos mostra qual será a consequência. Como
not talk about temos if + Simple Present, a consequência pode estar no Simple Present/
Imperative (Zero Conditional) ou Simple Future (First Conditional), sendo
assim só podemos ter como resposta does know, ou seja, a forma enfática
do Simple Present na terceira pessoa do singular.
Building up your vocabulary 04 Had I known you were in town, I ___________ you to have dinner
Phrasal Verbs: keep with me.
1. She has already lost 10 kilos. She should keep _____ exercising
and lose more! (A) would have invited
2. The police kept the demonstrators ______ of the building. (B) would had invited
3. He had kept _____ from the river when he could. (C) would invite
4. She found the course hard but she kept __________ it and (D) had invited
completed it with honours. (E) have invited
5. I couldn’t keep ______ arguing with her, she says too many
stupid things! Solução: Letra A.
6. Please, keep _____ the path. Trata-se de uma condicional na forma de inversão, sendo nesse caso a
7. Medicines should be kept _____ from children. Terceira Condicional.
8. It was too much for her, so she kept ______ the subject of her
divorce.

Unit 17
05 If she had gone to the movies, __________.
(A) she might be sick now

01 Choose the most suitable verb forms in each sentence: (B) Jane would be busy
(C) she would like to call Jane
a. If the machine stops – will stop, you press – will press this button. (D) she would have met Jane
b. I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats – will treat – (E) Jane will be happy
treated me like that, I am – will be – would be extremely angry!
c. If you help – helped me with this exercise, I will – would do the same 06 If I __________ my raincoat, I __________ a cold.
for you one day.
d. According to the timetable, if the train leaves – left on time, we will – (A) had worn – wouldn’t have gotten
would arrive at 5.30. (B) wear – would have get
e. If it is – will be fine tomorrow, we go – will go to the coast. (C) didn’t wear – wouldn’t have get
f. If we find – found a taxi, we will get – would get there before the play (D) am wearing – would have gotten
starts. (E) hadn’t wear – couldn’t have get
g. It’s quite simple really. If you take – will take – took these tablets every
day, then you lose – will lose – lost – would lose weight. 07 If senior citizens __________ more pessimistic toward technology,
h. I don’t like this flat. I think I am – will be – would be happier if I live – Web developers and marketers __________ to emphasize two things:
will live – would live – lived in a house in the country. ease of use and value.
i. I don’t know how to play baseball, but I’m sure that if I will do – did,
I play – will play – would play a lot better than anyone in this awful (A) became – have
team! (B) become – have
j. If I phone – will phone – phoned you tonight, are you – will you be – (C) became – would have
would you be in? (D) became – will have
(E) became – had
02 Put each verb in bracket into a suitable verb form:
08 If some anti-terrorist commentators __________ the causes of
a. Why didn’t you phone? If I (know) ___________________ you were terrorism, they __________ justifications for it.
coming, I (meet) ____________________ you at the airport.
b. It’s a pity you missed the party. If you (come)___________________, (A) accept – also accepted
you (meet) ________________ my friends from Hungary. (B) don’t refuse – wouldn’t refuse
c. If I (have) _______________ my phone here with me, I (be able) (C) accepted – would also accept
_______________ to call a taxi now, but I left it at home. (D) wouldn’t refuse – didn’t refuse
d. If you (not help) _____________ me, I (not pass) ___________ the (E) accepted – won’t refuse
exam.
e. It’s a beautiful house, and I (buy) ________________ it if I (have) 09 If the snow cover __________ longer, it __________ the plants and
________________ the money, but I can’t afford it. __________ the water cycle.
f. I can’t imagine what I (do) __________________ with the money if
I (won) _______________ the lottery. (A) lasted – would damage – will disturb
g. If Mark (train) ______________ harder, he (be) ______________a (B) would last – would damage – disturb
good runner. (C) lasts – will damage – disturb
h. If Claire (listen) _____________ to her mother, she (not marry) (D) will last – damages– disturbs
________________David in the first place. (E) lasts – will damage – disturbed
03 The alternative that does not finish the sentence “If it rains we...” 10 If he loses election, he __________ from public life.
correctly is:
(A) retired
(A) couldn’t go out. (B) retire
(B) won’t go out. (C) going to retire
(C) mustn’t go out. (D) will retire
(D) shouldn’t go out. (E) has retired
(E) can’t go out.
11 I’d have gone to that party if they __________ me.
04 Candidates who get a poor result always regret:
If I had studied more before sitting for the test, I __________ it. (A) have invited
(B) had invited
(A) would pass (C) will invite
(B) passed (D) are inviting
(C) have passed
(D) would have passed
(E) had passed

INGLÊS
Unit 17
12 They felt as if they _____________ on thin ice. 19 If the pension deposit __________ earlier, the lady __________ in
trouble.
(A) are walking
(B) have walked (A) arrived – would haven’t been
(C) were walking (B) had arrived – wouldn’t be
(D) will walk (C) had arrived – wouldn’t have been
(D) arrives – wouldn’t be
13 If my boss had not phoned the police on the spot, the thief __________. (E) has arrived – would be not
(A) would get away with it 20 Select the best alternative to complete the sentences below:
(B) got away with it
(C) should got away with it I. If they __________ money, they will build a big house.
(D) would have gotten away with it II. If you __________ out more, you would meet a few people.
(E) has gotten away with it III. If he __________ his restaurant, he would have got more customers.
IV. If she __________ so fast, she wouldn’t have crashed her car.
14 The loan __________ back if they hadn’t been held up last week. V. If we __________ a car, we wouldn’t have to spend all our time waiting
for buses.
(A) would have paid
(B) would pay (A) have; went; had cleaned; hadn’t been driving; had
(C) would have been paid (B) have; go; cleaned; wasn’t driving; have
(D) will have paid (C) had; went; was cleaned; hadn’t driven; has
(E) will be paid (D) have had; have gone; had cleaned; hadn’t been driven; have had
(E) have; have gone; has cleaned; hadn’t driven; have
15 Mark the item that shows the correct ending to the following sentence:
If the process happens each time we eat sugar, we:
(A) will have dental problems.

(B) would have dental problems. 01 Circle the most suitable verb forms in each sentence:
(C) would have had dental problems.
(D) could have dental problems. a. Why didn’t you tell me? If you told – had told me, I had helped – would
(E) may have had dental problems. have helped you.
b. If Bill didn’t steal – hadn’t stolen the money, he wasn’t – wouldn’t
16 Lady Astor MP: “If you _______ my husband I ________ poison your be – hadn’t been in prison now.
coffee”. c. If Ann wasn’t driving – didn’t drive – hadn’t driven so fast, her car
Churchill: “If you _________ my wife I __________ drink it.” didn’t crash – wouldn’t crash – wouldn’t have crashed.
d. Let me give you some advice. If you smoked – would smoke – had
Os termos que melhor preenchem as lacunas, respectivamente, são: smoked less, you didn’t feel – wouldn’t feel – wouldn’t have felt so
tired.
(A) were, would, were, had. e. What bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall – hadn’t fallen – wouldn’t fall over, he
(B) was, would, was, would. won – would win – would have won the race.
(C) were, had, were, had. f. If you invited – had invited me last week, I was able – had been able
(D) was, could, was, would. – would have been able to come.
(E) were, would, were, would. g. I’m sure your letter hasn’t arrived yet. If it came – had come, I’m sure
I noticed – had noticed – would have noticed it.
17 Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence: h. We have a suggestion to make. How do you feel – would you feel if we
If you had taken my advice, you __________. offered – would offer – had offered you the job of assistant manager?
i. If you lent – had lent us the money, we paid – would pay – had paid
(A) would learned the lesson you back next week.
(B) would have learnt the lesson j. Terry never catches anything when he goes fishing. And if he catches
(C) should learned the lesson – caught – had caught a fish, he throws – would throw it back!
(D) would learn the lesson
(E) should understand the lesson 02 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb in
parentheses:
18 Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna da frase a
seguir: a. If we _________________ the news sooner, we’d have written to
If he put it this way, everybody __________ with him. George. (receive)
b. I’m sure they __________________ Maria the information if they had
(A) would agree it. (give)
(B) should have agreed c. If a policeman ___________________ an accident, he would have
(C) will agree taken the driver’s name. (see)
(D) would has agreed
(E) agreeded

Unit 17
d. If you call the party off, ________________ Maria not to come. (tell) 08 John’s birthday is tomorrow.__________ I known about it, I would
e. We’re going to buy the furniture if we _________________ some have bought him a gift.
money. (borrow)
f. If Maria ________________ so careless, she wouldn’t have lost her (A) Would
good job. (not be) (B) Did
g. Water ________________ if the temperature falls below zero. (freeze) (C) Could
h. You would probably understand the instructions if you ____________ (D) Had
them again. (read) (E) Have
i. If you don’t find the new pen, ______________ another one. (buy)
j. If he’s angry, his face always ________________ bright red. (go) 09 Were he not busy, he __________ your cousin.
03 Complete meaningfully the following sentence: Had they studied hard, (A) will accompany
they __________. (B) can accompany
(C) would accompany
(A) would pass (D) had accompanied
(B) wouldn’t have passed (E) should accompany
(C) would have passed
(D) would have pass 10 Fill in the sentences correctly:
(E) would haven’t passed
I. I wish you __________ all the water! I’m thirsty.
04 __________ they __________ harder, they __________. II. If you hadn’t helped me, I __________ the task so easily.
III. If you __________ me back, I wouldn’t have to borrow money from
(A) Unless – had studied – wouldn’t have failed my parents.
(B) Unless – hadn’t studied – would have failed IV. If it __________ for the goalkeeper, our team would have lost.
(C) If – had studied – would have failed
(D) Unless – had studied – would have failed (A) didn’t drink / wouldn’t finish / had paid / weren’t
(E) If – hadn’t studied – wouldn’t have failed (B) hadn’t drunk / wouldn’t finish / had paid / hadn’t been
(C) hadn’t drunk / wouldn’t have finished / have paid / wasn’t
05 “Earthquakes don’t kill — they don’t create damage — __________,” (D) didn’t drink / wouldn’t have finished / paid / weren’t
said Eric Calais, a Purdue University geophysicist studying the Haiti quake. (E) hadn’t drunk / wouldn’t have finished / paid / hadn’t been
A lacuna presente no excerto acima deve ser preenchida por: 11 Love Among the Laundry
(A) unless there’s nothing to be damaged. When Sally found a man’s striped sock curled among her clothes at
(B) unless there’s nothing to damage. the launderette she returned it to the tall dark young man with a shy smile.
(C) if there’s little to damage. They met there every week for several months, then were seen no more.
(D) if there’s nothing to damage. One of their wedding presents had been a washing machine.
(E) if there’s almost nothing to be damaged. Molly Burnett.
06 Choose the correct alternative to complete the following sentence: If they had not got married, they would probably have:
“If she hadn’t been so bad-tempered, I __________ her.”
(A) changed their dirty clothes.
(A) shall have married (B) lost their socks forever.
(B) ought to have married (C) rented a washing machine.
(C) might have married (D) returned to the launderette.
(D) will have married (E) sold their striped socks.
(E) must have married
12 __________ just call our 24-Hour Card Replacement, and we’ll have
07 The conditions expressed in the sentences “If they had known a new one in your hands usually by the end of the next business day.
the outcomes, they would have taken different measures” and “you
should know people better, if you really want to make more friends” are, No texto acima omitiu-se uma oração. Preencha-a com a opção que
respectively: representa a melhor redação:
(A) unlikely / unlikely (A) If you need a lost or stolen card replaced
(B) impossible / unlikely (B) If you need replace a lost or stolen card
(C) likely / unlikely
(C) If a lost or stolen card needs to replace
(D) impossible / likely
(D) If it is needed to replace a lost or stolen card
(E) likely / impossible
(E) If a lost or stolen card needs to be replaced by us

INGLÊS
Unit 17
13 Assinale a letra correspondente à alternativa que preenche corretamente 17 The sentence “Had he made Patch Adams, Salles would have focused
as lacunas da frase apresentada: on the medical profession” could be rewritten, without change in meaning,
as:
– “Frederick, what’s the matter with you? This is the third assignment
you haven’t turned in!” (A) If Salles focused on the medical profession, he would have made
– “I know, Mr. Dwarf. I would have turned them in __________ but I’ve “Patch Adams”.
been extremely busy.” (B) Salles would focus on the medical profession if he would have made
– “But that’s no excuse. You must understand that I’ll have to fail you if you “Patch Adams”.
don’t complete your requirements.”– “Yes, I know. I’ll try to catch up.” (C) If Salles had focused on the medical profession, he would have made
“Patch Adams”.
(A) when I have time (D) If Salles made “Patch Adams”, he would focus on the medical
(B) if I had time profession.
(C) if I had had time (E) Salles would have focused on the medical profession if he’d made
(D) if I will have time “Patch Adams”.
(E) when I would have time
18 Had they been born just a few years earlier, they would have been part
14 If you don’t go, __________ very angry. of that powerful and long-lasting generation that entered the military during
World War II and filled the universities immediately after the war.
(A) I feel
(B) I am Assinale a opção que contém uma expressão equivalente a: “Had they been
(C) I was born”, em “Had they been born just a few years earlier...” e que, portanto,
(D) I’ll be poderia vir a substituí-la no texto:
(E) I have been
(A) They had been born...
15 A frase sublinhada em “if you are otherwise healthy, just call your (B) When they had been born...
doctor” seria melhor traduzida como: (C) As they had been born...
(D) Whether they had been born...
(A) se você não é saudável de outras maneiras. (E) If they had been born...
(B) se você tiver pouca saúde.
(C) se você for saudável e esperto. 19 Diana had been hoping to get away by five, so she could be at the
(D) se você não tem outras doenças. farm in time for dinner. She tried not to show her true feelings when at
(E) se você tem um plano de saúde. 4.37 her deputy, Phil Haskins, presented her with a complex twelve-page
document that required the signature of a director before it could be sent
16 Amelia’s Letter out the client. Haskins didn’t hesitate to remind her that they had lost two
similar contracts that week.
Dear Members of the UNICEF,
Choose the item which best completes the sentence, according to the
I am an eleven-year-old girl and come from a small village. I left home
passage:
to come to the city and to work to send money to my family. Now I make
Diana wouldn’t be at the farm in time for dinner unless she __________
T-shirts in a factory. I work twelve hours a day for very little money. The
by five.
factory is very dirty and hot. The boss is very mean and often beats us.
He makes us work very hard without breaks. My friends and I want to
(A) would get away
leave but we know that working in the factory is better than begging in the
(B) gets away
streets. The boss tells us this every single day...
(C) got away
Could you please tell us what to do? (D) had got away
Voices of Youth. (E) can get away
Available in: <http://www.unicef.org/> (adapted).
20 If you __________(I) a friend or relative for his or her favorite awards-
Choose the option that correctly completes the sentence: If Amelia show moment, you __________(II) about the kiss between Madonna and
__________, she __________. Britney Spears at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards.
(A) had left her family behind – could have gotten a job Mark the correct alternative to fill in blanks I and II:
(B) hadn’t come from a small village – wouldn’t be eleven years old
(C) worked less than 12 hours a day – wouldn’t be beaten by her boss (A) were asked about – can tell
(D) hadn’t gotten a job in a factory – might have worked with her mean (B) asked – have been told
boss (C) could have asked – should tell
(E) weren’t afraid of ending up begging in the streets – would have already (D) were to ask – might be told
left the factory (E) must ask – have to be told

Unit 17
05 When the author says that “Children are enthusiastic planetarium

audiences”, he implies that children:
(A) reveal man’s curiosity and tendency to learn all about the universe he
Man, a comprehensive comprehender
lives in.
All universities have been progressively organized for finer (B) enjoy being taken outdoors.
specialization. Society assumes that specialization is natural, inevitable, and (C) know that the planetarium is an apparatus to imitate the motion of the
desirable. Yet in observing a little child, we find it is interested in everything stars at any time.
and spontaneously apprehends, comprehends, and coordinates an ever- (D) like to see the enthusiasm of planetarium audiences.
expanding inventory of experiences. Children are enthusiastic planetarium (E) have the ability to listen to the stars.
audiences. Nothing seems to be more prominent about human life than
man’s desire to understand all and put everything together.
06 The first paragraph presents a contradiction between:
One of humanity’s prime drives is to understand and be understood.
All other living creatures are designed for highly specialized tasks. Man (A) children’s behavior and the way society and universities act.
seems unique as a comprehensive comprehender. If the total scheme of (B) universities and modern sophisticated societies.
nature required man to be a specialist, she would have made him so by (C) a few universities and the interests of a little child.
having him born with one eye and a microscope attached to it. (D) all universities and students, on the one hand, and society on the other.
What nature meant man to be was adaptive in many if not any direction; (E) all universities and the demands of finer specialization.
therefore, she gave man a mind as well as a coordinating brain. The mind
apprehends and comprehends the general principles governing flight and 07 Humanity’s prime drives means humanity’s:
deep sea diving, and man can put on his artificial wings or lungs, then
take them off when not using them. The specialist bird is greatly impeded (A) chief gifts.
by the wings to walk; the fish cannot come out of the sea and walk upon (B) primitive customs.
land. Birds and fish are specialists. (C) principal ways.
(D) first ideas.
Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, by R. Buckminster Fuller, (E) basic impulses.
Southern Illinois University Press, 1970, p. 13 (adapted).
08 When the author says that “The fish cannot come out of water”, he wants
01 The first sentence affirms that all universities have been progressively to say that:
organized:
(A) Fish are fond of it.
(A) In a view of the vocation of the students to become specialists. (B) Fish are not able to leave it.
(B) To promote a more and more refined degree of specialization. (C) Fish take water very seriously.
(C) With a view to specializing students for industry. (D) Fish hate it.
(D) For specialization in remarkably fine fields of science. (E) Fish are not able to live in it.
(E) In order that progress may continue forever.
09 If the author had to sum up his view of the ultimate result of the work
02 To assume something means: of universities, he might say that they:
(A) to deny something. (A) are adequately preparing young people for the needs of life.
(B) to pretend to do something. (B) are supplying the only kind of intellectual formation man really wants.
(C) to disagree with something. (C) are actually training men to be like birds and fish.
(D) to take something for granted. (D) are promoters of progress and of man’s happiness.
(E) to call something to mind. (E) help man get an ever-ampler view of the world he lives in.
03 The highlighted word in “We find it is interested in everything and 10 Man is a comprehensive comprehender because:
spontaneously apprehends, comprehends, and coordinates an ever
expanding inventory of experiences” means:
(A) He can understand things and his understanding is vast.
(B) He is clever and specialized by nature.
(A) suppose.
(C) He is intelligent and capable of giving love.
(B) imagine.
(D) His mode of understanding and comprehension is limited to certain things.
(C) learn.
(E) He was trained to store and produce information.
(D) prove.
(E) think.
04 Yet, highlighted in the text, means:
(A) since.
(B) however.
(C) already.
(D) unless.
(E) in spite of.

INGLÊS UNIT
Wish and causative form

18
1. Wish 1.3 Wishes about the future
Usamos wish quando queremos expressar ideias sobre desejos • Quando queremos expressar nossos desejos sobre algo que queremos
ou arrependimentos sobre nós mesmos ou sobre outras pessoas. que mude para o futuro, usamos wish + could
Basicamente, temos três tipos: presente, passado e futuro. Ex.: I wish June could meet me next week.
Podemos usar a mesma estrutura para nos referir a algo que é
©BrianAJackson/iStock
geralmente difícil ou impossível.
Ex.:
I wish I could drive.
I wish I could contact him, but I don’t have my mobile with me.
Também podemos usar wish + didn’t have para falar sobre um

evento futuro.
Ex.: I wish I didn’t have to get up early tomorrow.
• Wishes using would

Quando queremos criticar ou reclamar com relação a um hábito ruim,
usamos wish + would.
1.1 Wishes about the present Ex.: I wish Peter wouldn’t chew gum all the time.
Quando queremos falar sobre desejos relacionados ao presente, ou
Também usamos wish + would quando desejamos que algo aconteça
seja, algo que gostaríamos que fosse diferente do que é, usamos wish
no futuro.
+ Simple Past.
Ex.: I wish the police would do something about the traffic!
Ex.:
I wish I knew the answer to the question. (Eu não sei a resposta)
©ChristinLola/iStock
I wish I didn’t have so much work to do. (Eu tenho muito trabalho
a fazer)
• Wish with be + complement

Após wish, podemos usar:
O passado simples do verbo be
Ex.: I wish Tessa was here.
O subjuntivo do verbo be para todas as pessoas

Ex.: I wish Tessa were here now.
Também podemos usar o passado contínuo:

Ex.: I wish the Sun was (were) shining at this moment. Atenção!
Quando usamos wish + would temos uma ideia parecida com o
• Wish + other verbs imperative, mas de uma maneira mais amena:
Ex.: Ex.:
I wish I had one million dollars. I wish you would be quiet.
I wish I didn’t have to work for a living. I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise.
1.2 Wishes about the past Devemos usar could com I e we, pois o mesmo expressa habilidade,
enquanto would expressa vontade:
Usamos wish + Past Perfect quando queremos falar sobre
arrependimentos ou críticas sobre algo do passado. Ex.:
Ex.: I wish I could be you.
I wish I had studied more for the test. (Eu não estudei tanto.) I wish we could be together.
I wish she hadn’t been so cruel to me. (Ela foi cruel comigo.) I wish he would come tomorrow. (Não se ele gostaria de vir.)
I wish he could come tomorrow. (Eu sei que ele não pode.)

Wish and causative form INGLÊS
Unit 18
1.4 If only
©Erstudiostok/iStock
Podemos substituir wish por if only para ênfase.
Ex.:
If only I knew the answer to the questions!
If only I had gone to your party next week!
1.5 It’s (high) time and it’s about time

As construções It’s (high) time e It’s about time são usadas com o
Simple Past ou Subjunctive e tem ideia similar a da Second Conditional.
Ex.: Sorry, it’s time we went home.= If we went home, it would be A causative form é similar à voz passiva, já que o foco da minha oração
better. é no que é feito para alguém ou algo e não o que alguém faz. Muitas vezes
usamos a causative form por não sabermos quem faz a ação ou, talvez, por
High pode ser adicionado para ênfase:
não ser relevante. O exemplo citado anteriormente preenche esse quesito,
Ex.: It’s high time you learned to look after yourself. já que não é relevante saber quem faz as unhas, e sim que elas são feitas.
Além dessa ideia sobre a irrelevância de quem faz a atividade, ainda
1.6 Hope há um aspecto importante com relação à estrutura da causative form,
A estrutura “I hope...” pode ser usada de uma maneira similar a que é o fato de que fazemos (“cause”) que alguém faça o serviço por
“I wish...”, porém hope é usados somente para desejos que são na nós. Por causa disso, verbos como build, check, clean, decorate, deliver,
realidade possíveis e frequentemente é usado com verbos no presente develop, mend, photocopy, presse, print, repair e service são usados
ou no futuro. Wish não pode ser usado dessa maneira. nessa estrutura.
Ex.:
I hope you have a good time.
2.1 Form
There’s a lot to see. I hope you won’t be late. A estrutura principal de uma causative form é a seguinte:
have + object + past participle
Também podemos usar “I hope...” com infinitivo. Essa estrutura faz com que a causative form seja conhecida como
Ex.: I hope to see you next week. have something done.
Podemos usar “I wish...” com infinitivo, porém com uma ideia diferente Ex.:
de todas as estruturas de wish e também de hope. É uma maneira formal I have just had my car repaired.
de dizer “I’d like to” (I want to).
I’m going to have my hair cut.
Ex.: I wish to interview you for the job next week.
2.2 Get something done
2. Causative form Podemos usar get em vez de have na causative form.
• Get é mais “forte” que have, sugerindo dificuldade.
Quando comparamos a língua inglesa à nossa língua materna, algumas
diferenças aparecem, sejam elas lexicais, funcionais ou gramaticais. Uma Ex.:
delas é a causative form. Essa estrutura não existe na língua inglesa em I must get this car serviced soon.
sua completude e por isso tantos estudantes dessa língua enfrentam I finally got my roof repaired.
dificuldades quando precisam estudá-la. Observe-se a frase abaixo, em • Get soa mais natural do que have no imperativo.
português, como exemplo:
Ex.: Get your hair cut!
Ex.: Eu faço minhas unhas toda semana. • Em sugestões com Why don’t you...?, get é mais enfático do que
Uma pergunta simples pode surgir já que essa oração gera have.
ambiguidade. Quem faz as minhas unhas: eu mesma ou outra pessoa? Ex.:
Quando se trata da língua inglesa, perdemos essa ambiguidade já Why don’t you have your hair cut? (sugestão neutral)
que temos uma maneira de expressar quando alguém faz algo ou quando
Why don’t you get your hair cut? (quase uma ordem)
algo é feito.
Ex.: 2.3 Non-causative get and have
I do my nails every week. (Eu faço minhas unhas toda semana.)
Podemos usar a mesma estrutura para falar sobre acidentes, desastres,
I have my nails done every week. (Eu tenho minhas unhas feitas ou seja, situações que fogem ao nosso controle. Não podemos dizer que as
toda semana, ou seja, não sou eu quem faço, mas elas são feitas mesmas se tratam de causative forms, pois falta o elemento da causalidade.
toda semana.)
Ex.:
Don’t join in their argument or you might get your nose punched.
She had her house destroyed in an earthquake.

INGLÊS
Unit 18
2.4 Other forms 02 My wisdom tooth hurts, so I’ll go to the dentist ______________.
2.4.1 Have someone do something (A) to have it remove.

(B) to remove it.
Diferentemente de have something done, essa estrutura pretende (C) to have it removed.
dizer quem faz a ação. (D) to have it to be removed.
Ex.: I have Janet do my nails every week.
Solução: Letra C.
2.4.2 Get someone to do something Have something done, sendo que o verbo have deve estar conjugado no
Além da introdução do agente da ação, há uma ideia de persuasão tempo ou modo verbal apropriado, que no caso seria o infinitivo.
implícita nessa estrutura.
Ex.: I got Janet to do my nails for the second time this week. She was 03 He likes to swim. He wishes he _________ near the ocean.
busy, but I could convince her.
(A) lives
2.4.3 Make someone do something (B) lived
(C) had lived
Muito mais enfático do que have ou get, a estrutura com make traz a
(D) would live
ideia de que alguém foi obrigado a fazer algo.
Ex.: I made Janet do my nails again. I paid good money for them and Solução: Letra B.
they were all broken in less than a week! A ideia é de que ele não mora perto do oceano, ou seja, wish sobre o
presente, sendo a estrutura wish + Simple Past.
Building up your vocabulary
World issues 04 I wish I _________ help you.
burdened estimated lying populated rated
(A) can
crowded joyed nourished privileged simplified
(B) could
(C) will
1. Many countries with high birth rates are seriously over ______.
(D) would
2. I’m afraid I think President Lawson’s contribution to reducing
global famine has been over _______________.
Solução: Letra B.
3. When the United Nations relief supplies arrived, the people were
Lembrando que quando usamos wish com I ou we, só poderemos usar
over _______________.
could.
4. The government has seriously under _____________ the gravity
of the situation in drought-stricken areas.
5. Those who say that developing countries simply need more
money have over _____________ the problem.
6. Most of the children in the camp were seriously under
01 Choose the most appropriate verb form in each sentence.
_________________.
7. Most third world economies are already over ____________
a. I wish Peter doesn’t live – didn’t live – wouldn’t live so far away from
with foreign debt.
the town centre. We’ll have to take a taxi.
8. Those of us who live in prosperous countries should try and help
b. I feel rather cold. I wish I brought – had brought my pullover with me.
the under ____________ peoples of the developing world.
c. What a pity! I wish we don’t have – didn’t have – wouldn’t have to
9. The refugee camps are now seriously over ________________
leave.
and more blankets and food are needed.
d. I wish you tell – told – had told me about the test. I haven’t done any
10. Sending aid to countries may help in the short term, but the
revision.
under _________________ causes of the problem must also
e. I wish the people next door hadn’t made – wouldn’t make – couldn’t
be tackled.
make so much noise. I can’t hear myself think!
f. Darling, I love you so much! I wish we are – had been – could be –
would be together always!
g. I’m sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come – came –
had come – would come.
01 Sally’s going to have Sam _________ her washing machine to see h. I like my new boss but I wish she gave – would give – could give me
what the problem is. some more responsibility.
i. Having a lovely time in Brighton. I wish you are – were – had been
(A) look at here.
(B) looked at j. This car was a complete waste of money. I wish I didn’t buy – hadn’t
(C) to look at bought it.
(D) looks at
Solução: Letra A.
Have someone do something, ou seja, precisamos de uma estrutura com
o verbo no infinitivo, mas sem o to.

Unit 18
02 Put each verb in brackets into a suitable verb form. 06 Read the following dialogue:
a. What can we do to get in touch with Robert? If only we __________ “This floor is very dirty, Ferdinand. It needs sweeping.”
his phone number. (know) “Yes, sir. Don’t worry. I will tell someone to do it at once.”
b. Come on children! It’s time you ________________ in bed. (be)
c. I’m so annoyed about breaking my leg. If only I ____________ more
The highlighted sentence is equivalent in meaning to:
careful! (be)
d. It’s high time you __________________ working more seriously.
(A) I will clean it by myself.
(start)
(B) someone should have cleaned.
e. I’ve no idea where we are! If only we ________________ a map.
(C) I will have it done.
(have)
(D) you should clean it.
f. Your hair is rather long. Don’t you think it’s time you _______________
(E) I will get him to do it.
a haircut? (have)
g. This train journey seems endless! I wish we _________________ by
07 Fill in the blanks correctly:
car. (go)
h. I wish I _________________ the money to buy some new clothes,
I. Paulson and Patrick __________ hurt during the game yesterday.
but I can’t afford any at the moment. (have)
II. Chris __________ a terrific necklace during her birthday party last
weekend.
03 Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à frase: Preciso mandar fazer
III. Do you think I look prettier? I have had my nose __________.
um terno para o casamento.
IV. It __________ said that the price of oil will go again.
V. Will the meeting __________ at noon or after the coffee break?
(A) I must have a suit made for the wedding.
(B) I have to have a suit done for the wedding.
Now, mark the correct sequence:
(C) I have to tell to do a suit for the marriage.
(D) I need to order to make a suit for the wedding.
(A) were got – was given – straightened – has been – be realized
(E) I must send to do a suit for the marriage.
(B) got – was given – straighten – had been – have been realized
(C) have got – were given – straightened – is – can be realized
04 Choose the correct alternative to complete the following sentence:
(D) got – was given – straightened – is – be realized
Since I haven’t got __________, I will __________.
(E) gotten – were given – straighten – was – be realized
(A) enough time – have the cake made
08 We can’t go along here because the road is __________.
(B) time enough – get someone to make the cake
(C) enough time – bake the cake myself
(A) been repaired
(D) any time – make the cake
(B) being repaired
(E) time enough – ask somebody to bake the cake
(C) repair
(D) repaired
05 Assinale a letra correspondente à alternativa que preenche corretamente
(E) be repair
as lacunas da frase apresentada:
09 Tomorrow I’m going to __________ at the hairdresser’s.
“Hi, Jane!”
“Hi, Susan. How have you been?” (A) have cut my hair
“Oh, just fine. What have you done? You look so different!” (B) have cutting my hair
“Me? Different? I don’t know.” (C) cutting my hair
(D) have my hair cut
“Maybe it’s your hair.” (E) my haircut
“Oh, that maybe; __________.”
“It looks quite nice.” 10 I don’t understand this point of grammar. I wish I ________ it better.
“Thank you. Well, I’ve got to go. See you around.”
(A) understood
“See you. Bye.” (B) would understand
(C) had understood
(A) I’m cutting my hair (D) understand
(B) I just cut your hair
(C) I’m going to have a haircut 11 It never stops raining here. I wish it ______ raining.
(D) You had a haircut
(E) I just had my hair cut (A) stopped
(B) stops
(C) would stop
(D) had stopped

INGLÊS
Unit 18
12 I should never have said that. I wish I ___________ that. 20 Their trip to China was very interesting. I wish I ________ there with
them.
(A) didn’t say
(B) wouldn’t say (A) could go
(C) hadn’t said (B) might go
(D) couldn’t say (C) could have gone
(D) might have gone
13 I miss my friends. I wish my friends ________ here right now.
(A) were
(B) was
(C) would be 01 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains a form of have something
(D) had been done. Do not include the agent.
14 I speak terrible English. I wish I _________ English well. a. A painter painted our house last month.
b. The hairdresser is cutting my hair this afternoon.
(A) spoke c. Someone has stolen my motorcycle.
(B) speak d. The dentist has taken out all of Ricky’s teeth.
(C) would speak e. My car hasn’t been washed for a long time.
(D) had spoken f. The men are coming to put in the new central heating on Saturday.
g. Someone broke Harry’s nose in a fight.
15 I cannot sleep. The dog next door is making too much noise. I wish it h. Isn’t it time someone fixed your television?
________ quiet.
02 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb in
(A) kept parentheses.
(B) would keep
(C) had kept a. I wish the government _________________ something about the
(D) would kept pollution here. (do)
b. I’m getting really soaked! I wish I ________________ my umbrella.
16 Can you help me _______ my living room next weekend? (not forget)
c. I wish you ______________ that! It’s a really annoying habit. (not do)
(A) to paint d. That was a lovely meal, but I wish I ________________ so much.
(B) painting (not eat)
(C) painted e. I wish I ______________ harder for my exams. I’m not going to pass.
(D) paint (study)
f. I wish you _______________ your dirty shoes in your bedroom! (not
17 My mom always makes me ______ my room on Saturday mornings. leave)
g. I’m afraid I have no idea where Pat has gone. I wish I _______________.
(A) to clean up (know)
(B) cleaning up h. I really enjoyed our trip to the theater. I wish we ________________
(C) cleaned up more often. (go)
(D) clean up
03 Our picnic was a lot of fun. I wish the weather ______ warmer, though.
18 My little girl wants us to let her ______ overnight at her friend’s place.
(A) was
(A) to stay (B) were
(B) staying (C) had been
(C) stayed (D) would have been
(D) stay
04 He enjoyed talking to them. He wished they ________ so quickly.
19 Her new car consumes a lot of gas. She wishes she _______ a different
car. (A) left
(B) had left
(A) has bought (C) did not leave
(B) bought (D) had not left
(C) had bought
(D) would buy 05 Several companies had vacancies for college graduates. He wished
he __________ to college.
(A) went
(B) was going
(C) had gone
(D) had been going

Unit 18
06 They disagree on everything and fight all the time. They wish they 14 We’ve got to get our neighbours ________ having loud parties every
________ married. weekend.
(A) didn’t get (A) stopping

(B) hadn’t got (B) to stop
(C) wouldn’t get (C) stop
(D) wouldn’t have got (D) stopped
07 He didn’t visit her yesterday, but he wished he _______. 15 She had her hair ________ at QuickCuts for only $25.
(A) has (A) cutting

(B) did (B) to cut
(C) had (C) cut
(D) would (D) cutted
08 He did it again, but I wish he _______. 16 I can’t believe they allow their dog _______ on their bed.
(A) hasn’t (A) sleep

(B) didn’t (B) sleeps
(C) hadn’t (C) to sleep
(D) wouldn’t (D) slept
09 She didn’t come to his birthday party yesterday. He wished she 17 I had to have my digital camera _______ after I dropped it in the water.
______.
(A) fix
(A) has come (B) to fix
(B) came (C) fixed
(C) had come (D) had fixed
(D) would come
18 I think you should have your doctor _______ at that cut on your arm.
10 We had our landlord ________ the broken window. It looks serious.
(A) to fix (A) looks

(B) fixing (B) look
(C) fixed (C) to look
(D) fix (D) looked
11 We got the computer guy ______ the new software for us. 19 Where did you get your car ________? We need some work done on
our Toyota and we’re looking for a good mechanic.
(A) to install
(B) installing (A) to repair
(C) installed (B) repair
(D) install (C) repaired
(D) repairing
12 I can help you ______ into your new apartment if you want.
20 The students got the teacher _________ their test until the following
(A) to move week.
(B) moving
(C) moved (A) to postpone
(D) move (B) postpone
(C) postponed
13 Your car engine is making some strange sounds. Why don’t you have (D) will postpone
a mechanic _____ at it?
(A) to look
(B) looking
(C) looked
(D) look
His wife’s deceased sister
Five years ago, a very unusual thing happened to me. The event so
colored my life that I decided to write an account of it, believing that its
lessons may be of advantage to persons whose situation in life is similar to
my own. When I was quite a young man, I adopted literature as a profession

INGLÊS
Unit 18
and having passed through the necessary steps of preparation, I found 04 The sentence “...the stories I sold provided me with enough money...”
myself, after a good many years of hard and often unprofitable work, in means:
possession of what you might call a fair literary practice. My articles and
stories – grave, gay, practical, or fanciful – were finally considered with (A) The writer’s stories told about money.
favor by the editors of the various magazines for which I wrote, and I (B) The writer’s stories were supplied with money.
found in time that the stories I sold provided me with enough money for a (C) The writer was supplied with stories.
comfortable living. My productions gave ma no great literary reputation nor (D) The writer had already sold enough stories.
great wealth; but they were always accepted, and my receipts from them (E) The writer made enough money with his stories.
were as regular as a salary and more than enough for my everyday needs.
It was at this time that I married. I had been engaged for more than a 05 The event which colored the author’s life was:
year, but I had not been willing to take responsibilities of supporting a wife
until I felt I could do so with full satisfaction to my own conscience. There (A) something that never happens.
was not no doubt concerning this position, either my mind or in that of (B) something that doesn’t happen often.
my wife. I worked with steadiness and regularity; I knew exactly where to (C) something that happens quite often.
sell the production of my open, and I knew, with a fair amount of certainty, (D) something that happens all the time.
what money I would receive for them. We were by no means rich, but we (E) something that had always occurred.
had enough, and we were thoroughly satisfied and content.
06 When still a young man, the author of this story:
Those of you who have wives or husbands will have no difficulty in
remembering the peculiar happiness of the first few weeks of married life.
(A) had a profitable job.
It is then that the flowers of this world appear the most beautiful; the air is
(B) called himself a fair worker.
the most delightful; the clouds are the scarcest; the sun is the brightest;
(C) took writing as a profession.
fruits are the sweetest; the soul rises to a higher level and enjoys a wider
(D) was a literary character by profession.
range of experiences.
(E) prepared the necessary steps to become a professional.
This was how the world seemed to me. While in this extremely happy
state of mind, I wrote a story. The idea for a story that came to me was 07 “I worked with steadiness and regularity.” Which item contains the
indeed unusual; it interested me very much and I went to work on it with same as the corresponding words?
great delight and eagerness. I finished my story in a short time and gave
it the title “His Wife’s Deceased Sister”. (A) He worked firmly and regularly.
(B) He worked weakly and continuously.
01 Choose the correct statement according to the text: (C) He worked with courage and regularity.
(D) He worked with satisfaction and without interruption.
(A) His articles and stories of all kind were accepted by various editors. (E) He worked lazily and continuously.
(B) The editors chose only the sad, the gay, the practical and the imaginative
stories to publish. 08 The sentence “We are by no means rich” means:
(C) Only the sad, gay, objective or fantastic stories were accepted by the
editors. (A) We don’t have any means.
(D) All the stories were accepted only because they were grave, gay, (B) We meant to be rich.
objective and imaginative. (C) We are very rich.
(E) The editors accepted some of the stories when they were brutal, gay, (D) We are nothing but rich.
practical or fantastic. (E) We aren’t rich at all.
02 The writer says that in the first few weeks after the wedding: 09 Choose the correct ending for this sentence:
(A) people are much more sensible. “If I had been engaged to her...”
(B) people watch nature with a keen eye.
(C) there aren’t any clouds in the sky because the sun is always shining. (A) I had not told you.
(D) people are more sensitive to the beauty in nature and to their own new (B) I would have told you.
experience. (C) I won’t tell you.
(E) people search for the beauty in nature. (D) I will to tell you.
(E) I would be going to tell you.
03 The writer thought that there were lessons in his life that:
10 The title of the story “His Wife’s Deceased Sister” means that:
(A) may have been of little advantage to some people.
(B) were certain to be of great advantage to everybody. (A) someone had a sister in law who was sick.
(C) might have been of advantage to everybody. (B) a man had a wife whose sister was a deceitful person.
(D) might be of advantage to some people. (C) someone had a sister who was ill.
(E) may be of little advantage to some people. (D) a man had a sister in law who was dead.
(E) a man had a deceitful sister in law.

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INGLÊS UNIT

Articles and numbers

• Artigo indefinido com ideia de medida

1.1 The Indefinite article: A/AN

• Artigo definido para oceanos, mares, rios, desertos

• Artigo definido para grupos de ilhas e cadeias de montanhas

• Artigo zero usado como algo geral 2. Numbers

2.2 Ordinal numbers

2nd second 10th tenth 18th eighteenth 40th fortieth

3rd third 11th eleventh 19th nineteenth 50th fiftieth

4th fourth 12th twelfth 20th twentieth 60th sixtieth

5th fifth 13th thirteenth 21st twenty-first 70th seventieth

6th sixth 14th fourteenth 22nd twenty-second 80th eightieth

7th seventh 15th fifteenth 23rd twenty-third 90th ninetieth

8th eighth 16th sixteenth 24th twenty-fourth 100th a hundredth

2.3 Fractions and decimals

¼ a quarter 2¼ two and a quarter 2.25 two point two five

03 ______ Brazil is ______ big country. 02 Complete with A/AN, THE or - :

(A) The – a a. Tom has got _____ new leather coat.

(A) – / the / an / – / the / the (A) The – the – the

(A) Ø – an – Ø – an – the – the (A) help people avoid difficult subjects.

(A) contrast 13 Assinale a alternativa na qual os numerais estão corretamente escritos

16 Choose the alternative in which the definite article is used correctly:

(A) The Brazilians are very friendly.

(A) couldn’t rise. (A) tell everyone everything they knew.

(A) are impelled by rockets.

Indefinites and there be

There remains one matter still to be discussed.

Há também a possibilidade de combinar there com appear, seem.

As formas diferenciadas singular e plural ocorrem quando o verbo está

2.2.1 Important notes

(A) is, is, are, are

05 Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna da frase a

a. ____________________ someone at the door. (A) has

(A) something I. I want __________ more tea, please.

19 __________ has locked this door on purpose. 02 De acordo com o texto:

08 Afirma-se, no texto, que, diferentemente da TV, na publicidade online

Rejoinders and tag questions

100 AFA-EN-EFOMM – Vol. 3

1.3 Subjects other than “I” • both of + object pronoun

Bela: I didn’t clean the room. • auxiliary verbs + both

• neither + noun + nor + noun

• neither + singular noun

• both of + determiner + plural noun

AFA-EN-EFOMM – Vol. 3 101

• either of + determiner + plural noun 3.1 Form

John was annoyed, wasn’t he?

O último detalhe com relação à formação das Tag Questions é que,

They will travel next year, won’t they?

Joana is watching TV, isn’t she? Joana isn’t sleeping, is she?

She was working a lot, wasn’t she? I wasn’t cheating, was I?

102 AFA-EN-EFOMM – Vol. 3

AFA-EN-EFOMM – Vol. 3 103

after Solução: Letra E.

01 After class we went _________ to the movies ______ to the theater.

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14 Isn’t Julia __________?

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11 There were many things to do, _________________?

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03 Mark the only option which is false according to the text:

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03 Brazil is big country. 02 Complete with A/AN, THE or - :

01 After class we went ___ to the movies to the theater.

Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna do texto: (A) But 

(A) cause.  09 Leia o recado de Ho Chi Minh aos franceses, em 1946:

The expression DUE TO could be replaced by: (A) cause. 