Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Classificação científica
Domínio: Eukaryota
(sem Opisthokonta
classif.)
Reino: Fungi
(L., 1753) R.T. Moore,
1980[1]
Subreinos/Filos/Subfilos[7]
Opisthosporidia
Aphelidea (Aphelidiomycota)[2]
Rozellidea (Rozellomycota)[3]
Microsporidia (Microsporidiomycota)[4]
Eumycota[5]
Blastocladiomycota
Chytridiomycota
Neocallimastigomycota
Amastigomycota[6]
Glomeromycota
Mucoromycota
Mucoromycotina
Mortierellomycotina
Zoopagomycota
Entomophthoromycotina
Kickxellomycotina
Zoopagomycotina
Dikarya
Entorrhizomycota
Ascomycota
Pezizomycotina
Saccharomycotina
Taphrinomycotina
Basidiomycota
Agaricomycotina
Pucciniomycotina
Ustilaginomycotina
Caraterísticas partilhadas:
Caraterísticas únicas:
Diversidade
Estruturas microscópicas
Estruturas macroscópicas
Armillaria ostoyae.
Crescimento e fisiologia
O crescimento dos fungos como hifas
em substratos sólidos ou como células
singulares em ambientes aquáticos, está
adaptado para a extração eficiente de
nutrientes, pois estas formas de
crescimento têm uma razão entre a área
superficial e o volume bastante alta.[53]
As hifas estão especificamente
adaptadas ao crescimento sobre
superfícies sólidas e à invasão de
substratos e tecidos.[54] Podem exercer
grandes forças mecânicas penetrativas;
por exemplo, o patógeno vegetal
Magnaporthe grisea forma uma estrutura
chamada apressório que evoluiu de
forma a perfurar tecidos vegetais.[55] A
pressão gerada pelo apressório, dirigida
contra a epiderme da planta, pode
exceder os 8 MPa (80 bar).[55] O fungo
filamentoso Paecilomyces lilacinus, usa
uma estrutura semelhante para penetrar
os ovos de nemátodos.[56]
Bolor cobrindo um pêssego em decomposição. As imagens foram obtidas a intervalos de aproximadamente 12 horas
ao longo de seis dias.
Reprodução
Polyporus squamosus.
Amanita muscaria.
Evolução
Em contraste com os dados conhecidos
sobre a história evolutiva das plantas e
animais, o registo fóssil antigo dos
fungos é muito escasso. Entre os fatores
que provavelmente contribuem para a
sub-representação das espécies de
fungos no registo fóssil incluem-se a
natureza dos esporocarpos, que são
tecidos moles, carnosos, e facilmente
degradáveis, bem como as dimensões
microscópicas da maioria das estruturas
fúngicas, as quais não são, portanto,
muito evidentes. Os fósseis de fungos
são difíceis de distinguir daqueles de
outros micróbios, e são mais facilmente
identificáveis quando se assemelham a
fungos atualmente existentes.[91] Muitas
vezes recuperadas de um hospedeiro
vegetal ou animal permineralizado, estas
amostras são tipicamente estudadas
usando preparações em lâmina delgada
que podem ser examinadas com o
microscópio ótico ou por microscópio
eletrónico de transmissão.[92] Os fósseis
de compressão são estudados por
dissolução da matriz circundante com
ácido e usando os meios de microscopia
já indicados para examinar os detalhes
da sua superfície.[93]
Fungi
Aphelidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
Neocallimastigomy
Bla
Grupos taxonómicos
Micorriza arbuscular vista ao microscópio. Células corticais da raiz de linho contendo arbúsculos emparelhados.
Os Neocallimastigomycota estavam
antes colocados no filo Chytridomycota.
Os membros deste pequeno filo são
organismos anaeróbicos, vivendo no
sistema digestivo de grandes mamíferos
herbívoros e possivelmente em outros
ambientes terrestres e aquáticos. Não
têm mitocôndrias mas contêm
hidrogenossomas de origem
mitocondrial. Como os quitrídios, os
neocallimastigomicetes formam
zoósporos que são posteriormente
uniflagelados ou poliflagelados.[42]
Diagrama de um apotécio (a estrutura reprodutora em forma de taça típica de Ascomycetes) mostrando tecidos
estéreis além de ascos maduros e em desenvolvimento.
Os membros de Basidiomycota,
vulgarmente chamados fungos de
bastão ou basidiomicetes, produzem
meiósporos chamados basidiósporos
em estruturas chamadas basídios. A
maioria dos comuns cogumelos
pertence a este grupo, bem como as
ferrugens e os carvões (como o carvão-
do-milho, Ustilago maydis),[131] espécies
comensais humanas do género
Malassezia,[132] e o patógeno oportunista
humano, Cryptococcus neoformans.[133]
Simbiose
Com os insetos
O patógeno vegetal Aecidium magellanicum causa uma ferrugem, vista aqui num arbusto de Berberis no Chile.
Uso humano
Antibióticos
Usos alimentares
Amanita phalloides é responsável pela maioria das mortes por envenenamentos por cogumelos que ocorrem em todo
o mundo.
Os cogumelos comestíveis são
exemplos bem conhecidos de fungos.
Muitos são cultivados comercialmente,
mas outros têm de ser colhidos no
estado selvagem. Agaricus bisporus,
vendidos como champignon enquanto
pequenos e como cogumelos Portobello
quando maiores, é uma espécie bastante
consumida, usada em saladas, sopas e
outros pratos. Muitos fungos asiáticos
são cultivados comercialmente e são
cada vez mais populares no Ocidente.
Estão frequentemente disponíveis
frescos em mercearias e mercados,
incluindo o cogumelo-de-palha
(Volvariella volvacea), cogumelo-ostra
(Pleurotus ostreatus), shiitake (Lentinula
edodes), e enokitake (Flammulina
spp.).[201]
Controlo de pragas
Biorremediação
Organismos modelo
Outros
Micotoxinas
Ergotamina, uma das principais micotoxinas, produzida por espécies de Claviceps, que ingerida, pode causar
gangrena, convulsões, e alucinações.
Muitos fungos produzem compostos
biologicamente ativos, vários dos quais
são tóxicos para animais ou plantas, os
quais são designados micotoxinas.
Particularmente relevantes para os
humanos são as micotoxinas produzidas
pelos bolores que causam a
deterioração de alimentos, e os
cogumelos venenosos (ver acima).
Particularmente dignas de nota são as
amatoxinas de alguns cogumelos
Amanita, e ergotaminas, as quais têm
uma longa história de causarem sérias
epidemias de ergotismo em pessoas que
consomem centeio e cereais
relacionados contaminados com
esclerócios de Claviceps purpurea.[235]
Outras micotoxinas notáveis são as
aflatoxinas, as quais são toxinas
hepáticas insidiosas e metabolitos
altamente carcinogénicos produzidos
por certas espécies de Aspergillus, que
muitas vezes se desenvolvem em cereais
ou em nozes consumidas por humanos,
ocratoxinas, patulina, e tricotecenos (por
exemplo, micotoxina T-2) e fumonisinas,
as quais têm um impacto significativo
sobre as reservas alimentares e no
gado.[236]
Micologia
A micologia é um ramo da biologia que
se ocupa do estudo sistemático dos
fungos, incluindo as suas propriedades
genéticas e bioquímicas, a sua
taxonomia, e a sua utilidade para os
humanos como fontes de
medicamentos, alimento, substâncias
psicotrópicas consumidas com
propósitos religiosos, bem como os seus
perigos, como o envenenamento e
infecção. O campo da fitopatologia, o
estudo das doenças das plantas, está
estreitamente relacionado com a
micologia, pois muitos dos patógenos
vegetais são fungos.[240]
História
Notas de rodapé
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4. Microsporidiomycota Mycobank (htt
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5. Eumycota Mycobank (http://www.my
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4&Fields=All)
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Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido,
total ou parcialmente, do artigo da
Wikipédia em inglês cujo título é
«Fungus», especificamente desta
versão (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde
x.php?title=Fungus&oldid=347273401) .
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59) . Enciclopédia da Vida (em inglês)
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