Sistema digestivo

Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Outras Efeitos secundarios

Condição Toxicidade
Interacoes
Amido extraído de The polysaccharides are hydrolysed in the
Arroz, Milho ou Batata GI tract; the resulting sugars are absorbed
thus actively shift the balance of Na+
towards the mucosal side, enhance the
absorption of water and provide the body
with energy
Diarreia Opioides fracos
Muito comum nos Vários Fibra Forma bulk
paises menos GreaterBurnet, Taninos Adstringente
desenvolvidos Sangisorba,
BlackCatechu,
Acacia catechu, Oak
bark, Quercus robur,
Tormentil, Potentilla
erecta
Chá, Café
Aloes Antraquinonas (emodin, aloe-emodin), antronas, Estimulante (purgante) atuam na mucosa Cólicas
Cassia senna (sene) antranols) do GI tract, ativam o peristaltismo e a Perda de eletrólitos: perda de
Rhamnus (frangula, produção de acido cloridirco K+ pode agravar obstipação e
cathartica, danificar tubulos renais e
purshiana(cascara- exacerbar a toxicidade dos
sagrada)) cardiotónicos
Mutagenicas
Escurecimento do colon
Obstipação
Leite Lactulose ou lactose, feno-grego Osmótico: atraem agua para o lumen do I
Alimentação, falta de
Microbiota digere a galactose e produz
exercício, medicação
acido latico e acetico, que tem efeito
(opioides)
osmótico e aumenta a atividade da
Investigar potencial
microbiota
problema mais grave
subjacente
Plantago ovata Fibra faz bulk Bulk-forming: efeito fisico-quimico Farelo: acido fitico pode levar
(sementes de Polisacáridos que alimentam microbiota [MELHOR MÈTODO] nutrientes tomados ao mesmo
tanchagem) tempo
Plantago pysillium Flatulencia (gas produzido
(cascas da semente de pelas bacterias)
physalis)
Linhaça (sementes)
Farelo de trigo
Algas castanhas: Alginato obtido das celulas de algas castanhas Forma goma viscosa que protege mucosa
Laminaria, Ascophylum

Matricaria chamomilla Components of the essential oil levomenol (a- Acção na inflamação ou espasmos
ou recutita (flor de bisabolol), its oxides, chamazulene, some unusual
Inflamação: gastrite e camomila) spiro ethers and the flavonoids (especially
úlceras apigenin)
Glycyrrhiza glabra (raiz Glyicirrizina (saponina terpenica de sabor doce) Era usada na inflamação gástrica da ulcera Expectorante, Contraindicada em casos de
de alcaçuz) Glycirretina (genina sabor amargo) peptica ou duodenal, mas devido aos mucolítica, anti-tússica Colestase, cirrose,
Flavonoides mineralcorticoides deixou de ser usada hipertensao, hipokalaemia,
Cumarinas falha renal, gravidez
Polisacáridos
Cynara scolymus (folha Cynaropicrina (lactona terpénica amarga) Inibe biosintese do colesterol => Anti- Melhora intolerancia a
de alcachofra) Flavonóides hepatotoxico, colagoga, redução de gordura, inchaço,
Derivados do ac cafeoylquimico (cynarina) colesterol e TGs flatulência, obstipação,
vómito
Aumenta produção de bílis IRRITABLE BOWEL
SYNDROME
Gentiana lutea (raiz de Terpenoides(gentiopicrosido iridoide, Estimulates gastric secretion
Dispepsia, biliousness genciana) amarogentina hiper amarga) Suppress chemically and immunologically
(azia, não conseguir The normally white inner part of the rootstock induced liver damage in rats
fazer bem a digestao) turns yellow during fermentation, due to the
formation of xanthones, including gentisin.
Artemisia absynthum Tuiona, azulenes, Bitter tonic, a choleretic and also as an Oleo essencial toxico pela
(herba de absinto, Sesquiterpene lactones, especially absinthin anthelmintic. tuiona
wormwood) (responsible
Losna for the intensive bitter taste), anabsinthin,
artemetin, artabsinolides A, B, C and D, artemolin
and others, and flavonoids.
ZINGIBER OFFICINALE OE: Zingiberene and b-bisabolene. carminative, anti-emetic, spasmolytic, Enjoo matinal da
(rizoma de gengibre) Gingerols, gingerdiols, gingerdiones, antiflatulent, gravidez
dihydrogingerdiones: fenólicos dão o sabor antitussive, hepatoprotective, antiplatelet Alivia dor de cabeça
NAUSEA AND pungente aggregation and hypolipidaemic Efeito moderado na
VOMITING Shogaols: secagem dos gingerols, são o dobro Oleo volatil => anti-ulcera condição reumática
pungentes Gingerols (fresco) => hepatoprotetor Aquece (estimula
Enjoo de viagem: Anti-oxidante recetores térmicos)
labirinto do ouvido Zingerone induces catecholamine secretion
from the
adrenal medulla
 MENTHA Essential oil: menthol, menthone, menthylacetate cha: digestivo, refrescante
PIPERITA (folhas e and menthofuran. Non-volatile polyphenolics oil: well-diluted with water or as an
oleos de hortelã- rosmarinic acid and derivatives, flavonoids and emulsion for colic and GI cramps, or enteric-
pimenta) triterpenes. coated capsules for IBS
Ca2+ antagonist => anti-espasmódico
CARUM CARVI Oe: Carvone and (þ)-limonene Carvones => espasmolitico
(semente de Alcarávia Antimicrobial
(cominho arménio, Dyspepsia, minor GI cramps and flatulence.
IRRITABLE BOWEL
caraway)
SYNDROME,
FOENICULUM trans-anethole (doce) carminative, for indigestion Very safe
BLOATING
VULGARE ('sementes' fenchone (amarga) and colic in children.
AND FLATULENCE
de funcho)
Variantes mais
doce/mais amrga
Tb:
Pimpinella anisum,
Anisi stellata, Illicium
verum, Coriandrum
sativum.
LIVER DISEASE SILYBUM MARIANUM Silymarin (flavolignan) Silymarin: antihepatotoxic effect in animals
(frutos do cardo) The active constituents of the extract silymarin are against a variety of poisons, particularly
flavolignans, mainly silybin (=silibinin), with those of the death cap mushroom Amanita
isosilybin, phalloides; Partially active against hepatitis
dihydrosilybin, silydianin, silychristin and B virus; Hipolipidaemic and lowers fat
others. deposits in the liver

ANDROGRAPHIS Liver protective effects against a variety of Immune stimulant Caution with antithrombotic
PANICULATA hepatotoxins drugs
A constituent desensitizes hepatocytes to
TNF-alphainduced
signalling of apoptosis
BERBERIS SPECIES, Berberina Berberine => antibacterial and amoebicidal Interfere com meds anticancer
Sanguinaria canadensis => dysentery and liver disease e ciclosporina
(blood root), Hydrastis
canadensis
(goldenseal), Coptis
chinensis, Chelidonium
majus (celandine)

SCHISANDRA dibenzocyclooctene lignans, schisandrins liver protectant effects

CHINENSIS (frutos) (schizandrins) and gomisins
CURCUMA DOMESTICA Curcuminoides Hepatoprotective against various toxins,
(rizoma de curcuma, including paracetamol (acetaminophen),
turmeric) aflatoxin and cyclophosphamide;
Protect against stomach ulcers
Antispasmodic
Hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic
Antibacterial and antiprotozoal in vitro.
Sistema cardiovascular
Lifestyle and diet, hereditary; should be treated by doctors; minor forms of respond well to changes in diet, exercise, phytotherapy
aspirin: antiplatelet derived from salicin; warfarin: anticoagulant derived from dicoumarol
verapamil: calcium channel antagonist used to treat hypertension and angina is based on the opium alkaloid papaverine
nifedipine: calcium channel antagonist and amiodarone: anti-arrhythmic, were both developed from khellin, the active constituent of Ammi visnaga
procaine and lignocaine:antiarrhythmics derived from cocaine
Synthetic diuretics are used as antihypertensives, but phyto diuretics are not sufficiently potent to reduce blood pressure

Condição Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos Notas

secundario
s
Toxicidade
Interacoes
HEART FAILURE AND DIGITALIS PURPUREA / Cardenolides, which are glycosides of the Digoxin increases the force of myocardial Nausea,
ARRHYTHMIAS LANATA (folhas de steroidal aglycones digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin contractility and reduces conductivity within the vomiting and Can be treated with cardiac
Digitalis, Foxglove) and gitaloxigenin atrioventricular node. Slows the heart rate when anorexia, glycosides (cardenolides and
atrial fibrillation is present. especially in the bufadienolides)
elderly
CRATAEGUS Flavonoids(vitexin, vitexin-4-rhamnoside, Cardiac tonic, hypotensive, coronary and peripheral Inotropic effect, but emetic and
oxycanthoides / quercetin e quercetin-3-galactoside, vasodilator, anti-atherosclerotic and anti- toxis in large doses => not used
monogyna (folhas e hyperoside, rutin, vicentin, orientin) arrhythmic. anymore:
flores e frutos de Fruit: flavonoids, procyanidins, catechins and Inhibits myocardial Na+, K+-ATPase and exerts a Digoxin, isolated from the foxglove.
Espinheiro, Hawthorn) epicatechin dimers, phenolic acids such as positive inotropic effect and relaxes the coronary Convallotoxin from Lily of the valley
chlorogenic and caffeic acids. artery. (Convallaria majalis)
Amines such as phenethylamine and its Blocks the repolarizing potassium current in the Scillaren A and proscillaridin from
methoxy derivative, as well as dopamine, ventricular muscle and so prolongs the refractory Squill (Drimys maritima)
acetylcholine and tyramine, have also been period => anti-arritmic. Ouabain from Strophanthus spp in
isolated. Regulates Akt and HIF-1 signalling and reduces emergency cases
oxidative stress => Protect the heart muscle
Adjuvante no tratamento da hipertensao Arritmias: tratadas com:
LEONORUS CARDIACA Prods sintetitcos
(folhas de Agripalma, Quinidine (from Cinchona)
Motherwort)
Quinine, like quinidine, is a
chincona alkaloid that has anti-
VENOUS VACCINIUM Anthocyanosides: galactosides and glucosides Traditionally : antidiabetic, and astringent and pode levar a haemorrhoids,
INSUFFICIENCY AND MYRTILLUS (frutos de of cyanidin, delphidin and malvidin antiseptic for diarrhoea varicose veins, impaired visual
CIRCULATORY Mirtilo, Bilberry, Vitamin C and volatile flavour components Anthocyanosides: antioxidant and free radical acuity and memory enhancement,
DISORDERS Blueberry, such as trans-2-hexenal and ethyl-2- and -3- scavenging => improve blood circulation in venous retinopatia da diabetes
Huckleberry) methylbutyrates. insufficiency
Unlike other Vaccinium spp., does not contain Antiplatelet and anti-atherosclerotic, gut
arbutin or other hydroquinone derivatives spasmolytic, inhibit certain proteolytic enzymes
Anti-inflammatory, antiulcer

RUSCUS ACULEATUS Saponin glycosides: ruscine and ruscoside, anti-inflammatory, for varicose veins and
(Rizoma de aculeosides A and B(based on ruscogenin (1b- haemorrhoids.
Gilbardeira, Butcher's hydroxydiosgenin) and neoruscogenin) Ruscogenin => reduces vascular permeability,
Broom) improves in retinopathy and lipid profiles of diabetic
patients
Used as decoction (internal), ungento (external) or
supository (hemorroidas)
Saponins => inhibit elastase activity in vitro =>
widely used in cosmetics
GINKGO BILOBA *ver em Sistema Nervoso Improves blood circulation, can alleviate symptoms
(folha) of tinnitus, intermittent claudication and altitude
sickness.
Ginkgolides inhibit effects produced by PAF (plaquet
ativation factor), including platelet aggregation and
cerebral ischaemia
AESCULUS Aescin ou Escin, complex mixture of saponins Escin => chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), bruising High dose =>
HIPPOCASTANEUM / based on protoescigenin and barringtogenol-C and sports injuries; internal or topic gastrointestinal
VULGARE (Sementes More than 30 saponines For deep vein thrombosis (DVT), including after upset
de Castanheiro-da- Sterols and other triterpenes such friedelin, surgery, varicose veins (including those of
Índia, Horse taraxeroland spinasterol , coumarins (e.g. pregnancy), prevention of oedema during a long
Chestunut) esculin) and fraxin, flavonoids and flights, cerebral oedema following road accidents
anthocyanidins. Venotonic effects, and improvement in capillary
resistance in healthy people
Reduce edema, decrease capillary permeability,
increase venous tone
Contract both veins and arteries in vitro, with veins
being the more sensitive.
Reduced ADP-induced human platelet aggregation
Antagonizes some of the effects of bradykinin,
produces increase in plasma levels of
adrenocorticotrophin, corticosterone and glucose in
animals.

SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA Tanshinones (diterpene quinones) Protects heart muscle from ischaemia, improves Interaction with
(Raiz da Salva microcirculation, Dilate blood vessels, Inhibit other CV drugs
Vermelha, Red Sage, platelet aggregation
Dan Shen) Reduce fever and inflammation
Aid urinary excretion of toxins
Helps in ischaemic stroke and acute myocardial
infarction
 VITIS VINIFERA (Folha Polyphenols (quercetin-glucuronide and
da Videira, Red Vine) isoquercetrin), Anthocyanins, Oligomeric
proanthocyanidins, catechin, epicatechin
monomers and dimers, gallic acid and
astilbine.
Trans-resveratrol (stilbene), organic acids
(malic and oxalic acid)
ANTIPLATELET AND ALLIUM SATIVUM Sulphur compounds => flavour and odour,
ANTI (bolbo do Alho, Garlic) medicinal effects:
ATHEROSCLEROTIC Alliin, which on crushing undergoes enzymatic
DRUGS hydrolysis by alliinase to produce allicin =>
allylmethyltrisulphide,
diallyldisulphide, ajoene, etc (many volatile)
Sulphur-containing peptides (glutamyl-S-
methylcysteine, glutamyl-S-methylcysteine
sulphoxide, etc)
Improve objective symptoms of CVI and prevents Minor gastro-
further CVI deterioration intestinal
Improve the microcirculation, aids wound healing effects
Inhibit platelet aggregation
Inhibits hyaluronidase
Reduces edema (by reducing capilar permeability?)
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
Capilar wall thickening
S-Allylcysteine inhibits NF-kB synthesis and low- <= sedentary lifestyle and high
density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation=> prevent sugar and fat consumption.
atherosclerosis
Allicin antioxidant => protect endothelial cells from => antiplatelet drugs as preventive
oxidized LDL damage (Aspirin)
Ajoene: a potent antithrombotic Olive oil (monounsaturated fats),
Antithrombotic, antiplatelet red wine (antocyanidins)
Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal Several foods, mediterranean
Chemopreventative against carcinogenesis paradox
Diallylsulphide inhibits carcinogen activation via Gingko biloba
cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative metabolism High fibre (eg Physilium husk) lower
Garlic rich diet => lower cancer risk plasma lipid levels
Protect liver from paracetamol (acetaminophen) Oat bran and Guar gum lower
damage cholesterol levels by binding to
cholesterol
Sistema respiratório
For severe infections, antibiotic therapy may be needed (although most antibiotics are natural products)
Colds and flu-like virus infections => decongestants (e.g. menthol and eucalyptus), broncholytics and expectorants (e.g. ipecacuanha, thyme and senega), demulcents (e.g. mallow), antibacterials and
antivirals (e.g. linden and elder flowers, pelargonium) and immune system modulators (e.g. echinacea, andrographis)
Hay fever => butterbur, petasites and a compound of garlic and echinacea

ASTHMA: Asthma is best treated aggressively with inhaled steroids and bronchodilators
Many bronchodilators are either of natural origin (e.g. theophylline and ephedrine) or have been developed from natural products. Isolated ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are contraindicated in
asthma because they can precipitate an attack, but ephedra herb has a long history of use without apparent ill-effects; Antimuscarinic drugs (e.g. atropine), which have bronchodilator effects and also
dry up secretions, have largely been superseded by derivatives such as ipratropium. Gingko: PAF antagonists (e.g. the ginkgolides) have anti-allergic effects, which may be useful in asthma; Leukotriene
antagonists (e.g. quercetin); epidemiological studies suggest that an increase in flavonoid intake is beneficial for asthma.

Os anti-tússicos mais importantes (codeína e outros opióides) foram obtidos da papoila do ópio

Condição Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos secundarios

BRONCHODILATO EPHEDRA SPP. Efedrina (alcalóide)
RS (Herba) Ma Pseudoephedrine is now used more as it has
AND Huang fewer SNC stimulatory properties
DECONGESTANTS Pseudoephedrine, norephedrine,
norpseudoephedrine, ephedroxane, N-
methylephedrine, maokonine, transtorine,
ephedradines.
Catechin derivatives, diterpenes
(ephedrannin A, mahuannin A)
Toxicidade
Interacoes
Bronchodilator, sympathomimetic, CNS and cardiac stimulant. Has been abused in slimming and ergogenic
Anti-inflammatory aid in sports, but is dangerous
Efedrine (nasal drops): heart rate accelerator in the treatment of Altas doses => Hipertensão e problemas CV,
some types of bradycardia piora da Hepatite
Anti-allergic : induces immunoglobulin A in Peyer’s patches and A erva é absorvida mais lentamente do que
blocks complement activation by both the classical and alternative efedrina isolada, e contem hipotensivos, mas
pathways. requer cuidado a mesma
Não usar em hipertensao, tirotoxicose,
galucoma e retenção urinária.

Cocoa THEOPHYLLINE (natural xathine) Indicated in reversible airways obstruction

(Theobroma
cacao), coffee
(Coffea spp.) and
tea (Camellia
sinensis)

EUCALYPTUS OIL The oil contains: Oil: Irritante externo

(from 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol)
EUCALYPTUS spp) Terpineol, a-pinene, pcymene, ledol,
aromadendrene and viridoflorol
Aldehydes, ketones and alcohols.
Antiseptic, antispasmodic, expectorant, stimulant Seguro como inalação
Insect repellent and larvicidal Usar com muito cuidado em uso interno
Taken internally in small doses (0.05–0.2 ml), as an ingredient of
cough mixtures, sweets and pastilles, or as an inhalations and steam
inhalations; applied externally in the form of a liniment, ointment or
‘vapour rub’.
Flavouring
Leaf extract and oil: antiseptic against a variety of bacteria and
yeasts

MENTHOL (from Colds and influenza Irritant and toxic in overdose

Mentha spp. or Colic
synthetic)
CAMPHOR Antiseptic, secretolytic and decongestant Overdose causes vomiting, convulsions and
(derivada de palpitations, and can be fatal. Camphorated
Cinnamomum oil was taken off the market since, camphor
camphora) - may be absorbed through the skin causing
Inalação systemic toxicity.

ANTI-ALLERGICS PETASITES Sesquiterpene lactones (eremophinolides):
HYBRIDUS petasins and derivatives
(Butterbur) Flavonoids: isoquercetin glycosides
Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (senecionine,
integerrimine, senkirkine, petasitine and
neopetasitine) - more in the root
Trad: asthma, colds, headaches and urinary tract disorders. Toxic alcaloids! Use special extracts without
Antihistamine for seasonal allergic rhinitis these.
Butterbur extract is as potent as cetirizine ©
Petasin => anti-inflamatory
Inhibits leukotriene synthesis and are spasmolytic
Inhibits production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and RANTES =>
reduces allergic airway inflammation => use in asthma
Prophylactic treatment for migraine

AMMI VISNAGA Furanocoumarins: khellin, visnagin, visnadin Khellin, visnadin and visnagin : vasodilators, with calcium channel
(KHELLA, and khellol glucoside blocking and spasmolytic activity
Paliteira) Khellin : origem de sodium cromoglycate (prophylactic treatment for
asthma, hay fever and other allergic conditions), nifedipine (a
calcium channel antagonist and vasodilator) used in heart disease,
and amiodarone , a cardiac antiarrhythmic.
EXPECTORANTS Bálsamo de Phenolic glycosides salicin (salicyl alcohol Expectorant, stimulant, antipyretic and analgesic Sensibilidade ao salicilato
AND MUCOLYTICS POPULUS (Buds glucoside) and populin (benzoyl salicin) Used in herbal cough mix
de Choupo de Volatile oil: a-caryophyllene, cineole, Used in rehumatic and muscular pain ointments
Gilead, Poplar) bisabolene and farnesene Phenolic glycosides (e.g. salicin) and volatile oil constituents =>
Flavonoids (pinocembrin and pinobanksin) antiseptic and expectorant
P. nigra: lignans, based on isolariciresinol Casca: anti-reumática (tal como a do Salgueiro)

THYMUS Volatile oil: Thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, Carminative, antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant and spasmolytic => Thymol irritant, toxic in overdose
VULGARIS / borneol, thymol methyl ether and a-pinene coughs, bronchitis, sinusitis, whooping cough, etc Uso interno do oleo < 0.3ml
Serpyllum Flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, thymonin, Thymol: expectorant and highly antiseptic
(Tomilho, Thyme, etc.) and polyphenolic acids (labiatic, Thymol and carvacrol: spasmolytic
Wild Thyme) rosmarinic and caffeic) Thymol, flavonoids, polyphenolic acids => anti-inflammatory and
antimicrobial
 SALVIA Volatile oil: 50% thujone, cineole, borneol, Infusion as gargle => pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sore gums, mouth ulcers
OFFICINALIS camphor, methyl-methylene-heptene Anitmicrobial
(Folhas de Salva, Spanish sage does not contain thujone. Flavonoids and phenolic acid derivatives => antiviral and anti-
Sage) Greek sage contains only small amounts. inflammatory
Diterpene bitters picrosalvin (carnosol), Anti-cholinesterase, Enhances memory
carnosolic acid, royleanones (abietane
derivatives )
Flavonoids (salvigenin, genkwanin, luteolin
and derivatives)
Polyphenolic acids (salvianolic, rosmarinic
and caffeic acids)

POLYGALA Senegin: triterpenoid saponins (based on Chronic bronchitis, catarrh, asthma and croup Saponins are Irritant and haemolytic, but do
SENEGA / aglycones (presenegenin, senegenin, Saponins: mucolythic, immunopotentiating to protein and viral not pose serious problems
Tenuifolia (Raiz hydroxysenegin, polygalacic acid and antigens, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic Nausea and vomiting
de Polígala, senegnic acid, senegins and Senegasaponins: hypoglycaemic, inhibitors of alcohol absorption
Senega) senegasaponins)) Senegins: hypoglycaemic, anticancer and antiangiogenic effects in
vitro

HEDERA HELIX Saponins based on oleanolic acid, bayogenin For bronchitis and catarrh, expectorant Very few gastrointestinal disorders
(Folhas de Hera, and hederagenin, hederosaponins (or Saponins and sapogenins => expectorant and antifungal Saponins, falcarinol: irritant
Ivy) hederacosides), hederin Saponin and flavonoid => spasmolytic and allergenic
Falcarinol (polyyne) Hederacoside => a-hederin, hederagenin => b2-adrenergic receptors
Flavonoids of epithelial lung cells=> indirect b2-sympathomimetic effect
Saponins => antileishmanial, molluscicidal, antimutagenic,
antithrombin, anticlastogenic
Treats cellulite

MYROXYLON Cinnamic and benzoic acids, benzyl benzoate Expectorant, demulcent, stimulant and antiseptic Like all resins, can cause allergic reactions
BALSAMUM and cinnamyl cinnamate, and esters with Cough mixtures and pastilles
(Resina de Tolu) resin alcohols (coniferyl and hydroconiferyl Ingredient in Friar’s balsam: steam inhalations, skin protectant
benzoates) Benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamate : antimicrobial
CEPHAELIS Isoquinoline alkaloids: emetine, cephaeline, expectorant, emetic (?), Large dose: vomiting
IPECACUANHA psychotrine Alkaloids: amoebicidal (rarely used, because emetic) Alkaloids: cytotoxic
(Raiz de
Ipecacuanha)
COUGH CODEINE from Sedating and constipating May cause respiratory depression
SUPPRESSANTS Papaver Should not be used in hepatic or renal
somniferum impairment
(papoila do ópio) Liable to abuse

DEMULCENTS Cetraria islandica Mucilage

AND EMOLLIENTS (Icelandic Moss)

TUSSILAGO Mucilage: acidic polysaccharides, flavonoids, Pulmonary complaints, irritating or spasmodic coughs, whooping Pyrrolizidine alkaloids may cause
FARFARA (Folhas triterpenes and sterols cough, bronchitis, laryngitis and asthma hepatotoxicity, do not use samples
de Tussilagem, Little pyrrolizidine alkaloids (senkirkine, Polysaccharides: anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating, containing high doses
Coltsfoot) tussilagine and isotussilagine) demulcent
Flavonoids: anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic
SAMBUCUS Triterpenes: ursolic and oleanolic acid Flowers: diaforetic (induce perspiration); In vitro activity against Berries contain lectins (gastrointestinal
NIGRA (Flor e derivatives, flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, several strains of influenza virus disturbances) which are destroyed by heat
bagas de nicotoflorin, hyperoside) Berries: reduction in the duration of flu symptoms (increase in Related species are toxic (e.g. Danewort, S.
Sabugueiro, Phenolic acids: chlorogenic acid inflammatory cytokine production as well as a direct antiviral action) ebulus)
Elderflower and Flowers: essential oil Antioxidant and anti-viral
Elderberry)

TILIA SPP (Flor de Flowers: volatile oil (linalool, germacrene,
Tília, Linden) geraniol, 1,8-cineole, 2-phenyl ethanol and
others), flavonoids (hesperidin, quercetin,
astralagin, tiliroside), a mucilage (arabinose,
galactose and rhamnose polysaccharides),
polyphenolics (chlorogenic and caffeic acids),
GABA
Feverish colds, catarrh, coughs and influenza
Diaforetic
Polysaccharides: soothing, adhere to epithelial tissue => demulcent
For nervous disorders (activates the peripheral benzodiazepine
receptor), aqueous extract of the flowers bind to GABA receptors
Mild sedative

MALVA Mucilages, sulphated flavonol glycosides Demulcent and pectoral

SYLVESTRIS (gossypin-sulphate, hypolaetinglucoside- Mucilage from the leaves: anti-inflammatory with anticomplement
(Folha e flor de sulphate), anthocyanins (malvin, malvidin activity
Malva, Mallow) diglucose, delphinidin)
ALTHEA Mucilage: polysaccharides (L-rhamnose, D- Demulcent, expectorant and emollient
OFFICINALIS galactose, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic Coughs and bronchial complaints
(Folhas e Raix de acid) Root polysaccharides: antitussive
Alteia, Flavonoids, sp derivatives of kaempferol and Used occasionally for gastric and urinary inflammation, cystitis
Marshmallow) quercetin Externally: soothing poultice and vulnerary
Mucilages: biological activity, incl stimulation of phagocytosis in vitro
Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory
Used in confectionary
 PELARGONIUM Hydrolysable tannins, (þ)-catechin, gallic acid
SIDOIDES / andmethyl gallate, a unique series of O-
RENIFORME (Raiz galloyl-C-glucosylflavones
de Pelargónio) Flavonoids including myricetin and quercetin-
Obeta-glucoside, coumarins incl scopoletin,
umckalin, trimethoxycoumarin and
dihydroxy-dimethoxycoumarin
P. sidiodes: benzopyranones
P. reniforme: pelargoniins (a type of
ellagitannin) and reniformin (diterpene)
IMUNOSTIMULAN ECHINACEA Complex situation regarding species, quality
TS PALLIDA / of products and method of production
PURPUREA / Numerous compounds have been identified,
ANGUSTIFOLIA but the most pharmacologically relevant
(Herba, Raiz) ones are not known
Caffeic acid derivatives: echinacoside (E.
pallida root), cichoric acid (E. purpurea aerial
parts, etc)
Alkylamides (in all parts of the 3 spp) -
complex mix of unsaturated fatty acids
derivatives
ASTRAGALUS Triterpenoid saponins, astragalosides and
MEMBRANACEUS their acetyl derivatives, agroastragalosides,
(Raiz) (Huang Qi) astramembranins;
Isoflavones incl formononetin and
kumatakenin
Astrogaloglucans (polysaccharides )
ANDROGRAPHIS
PANICULATA
(Herba)
© German extract EPs7630:
Acute bronchitis; For respiratory infections: antiviral, antibacterial,
immunomodulatory and cytoprotective; Increases frequency of
ciliary beats=> helps to remove pathogens for the upper resp tract,
inhibits interaction between bacteria and host cells; Interferes with
the replication of respiratory viruses incl seasonal influenza A virus
strains, RSV, human coronavirus, parainfluenza virus and coxsackie
virus; help strengthen the immune system debilitated by extreme
exercise;
Increases production of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva,
decreases levels of interleukin-15 and interleukin-6 in serum =>
strong modulating influence on the immune response associated
with the upper airway mucosa
Often combined with garlic, for the treatment of colds and allergic
rhinitis
Prevention and therapeutic of common cold
Aerial parts of E purpurea: early treatment of cold
Mechanism may be several alkylamides in synergy bind to
canabinoid receptor => anti-inflamatory and imunomodulatory;
inhibit LPS-induced inflamation in blood
Topical: healing wounds
In colds and upper respiratory infections: immunostimulant , Prob should be avoided in autoimune
prophylactic diseases
In treatment of cancer: potentiates the effects of interferon
Antioxidant, hepatoprotective
Antiviral
Enhances cardiovascular function
Immune stimulant
Antihepatotoxic, antimicrobial, antithrombogenic, antiinflammatory
and anticancer
Andrographolide => increase in proliferation of lymphocytes and
production of interleukin-2 => immunostimulatory
Inhibition of NFB, nitric oxide, PGE2, IL-1b, IL-6, LTB4, TXB2 and
histamine => antiinflammatory
Drying effect on the nasal secretions of cold
Treatment for uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infection
Sistema Nervoso Central
Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções para as quais já há alguns estudos Efeitos secundarios
Toxicidade
Interacoes
HYPNOTICS HUMULUS Bitter principles found in the oleo-resin: Used traditionally for insomnia, neuralgia and excitability.
AND LUPULUS (Flor humulone, lupulone, and their Modern use: sleep disturbances and restlessness.
SEDATIVES femininas do degradation products. Sedative and hypnotic in vivo
Lúpulo, Hops) Flavonoids, chalcones, tannins and + Valeriana: hipnótico
volatile oils. Alguns componentes: Antibacterial and antifungal
MELISSA Monoterpenes (aldehydes: citronellal, Trad: sedative, gastrointestinal Anti-thyroid
OFFICINALIS geranial and neral) and Sesquiterpenes Sedative, antispasmodic (in vivo)
(Folhas de (ex:. b-caryophyllene). +Valeriana e lupulo: hipnotico
Cidreira, Flavonoids, (quercetin, apigenin and Anti-thyroid
Lemon balm) kaempferol) Colinergica (in vivo)
Polyphenols (e.g. hydroxycinnamic acid Anti-viral: Herpes simplex labialis (HSV-1)
derivatives)
Hydroxycinnamic derivatives, expressed
as rosmarinic acid

PIPER Kavalactones (ou kavapyrones): kavain,
METHYSTICUM dihydrokavain, methysticin, yangonin
(Rizoma de and desmethoxyyangonin
Kava)
Estudos in vitro contraditorios em relacao as interacoes com os
recetores
Potenciação recetor GABAª (recetor benzodiapepínico)?
Anxiolytic and antidepressant (equally effective in
anxiety+depression) [CT]
Reductions in anxiety after 4–12 weeks of treatment with
equivalent to
60–240 mg of kavalactones daily.
Cases of liver damage due to bad quality of raw material.
Some evidence for:
Toxic metabolites +
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes + Depletion
of liver glutathione + Pharmacogenomic
effects in CP450 --> hepatotoxicity, provocada pelos
componentes ou pelos seus metabolitos

PASSIFLORA Compostos ativos são desconhecidos.
INCARNATA Flavonoids: chrysin e relacionados
(Herba, Passion (schaftoside, isoschaftoside, orientin,
flower) homoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin,
kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, rutin,
saponaretin and saponarin) [efeito
sedativo]
Possivelmente: harmine, harmaline,
harmol and harmalol
>1.5% flavonoids (vitexin)
Trad: insomnia, hysteria, nervous tachycardia and neuralgia. Nausea, taquicardia, vasculite (casos isolados)
Modern: nervous restlessness and insomnia due to nervous
tension, stress and mild anxiety
CNS-sedative, anxiolityc (in vivo)
Modulation of GABA
Tão eficaz como oxazepam, com menor job impairment.
Para opiate withdrawal

VALERIANA Volatile oil (monoterpenes and
OFFICINALIS sesquiterpenes (b-bisabolene,
(Raiz) caryophyllene, valeranone,
valerianol, valerenol, valerenal, valerenic
acid and derivatives))
Valepotriate compounds (valtrate,
idrovaltrate and isovaltrate) -->
decompoem-se em baldrinal and
homobaldrinal
Alkaloids (valerianine and valerine)
Amino acids (arginine, gaminobutyric
acid (GABA), glutamine, tyrosine)
ANTIDEPRESS HYPERICUM Naphthodianthrones (hypericin,
ANTS PERFORATUM pseudohypericin,
(Herba de phloroglucinols(hyperforin,
Hipericão, St adhyperforin))
John's Wort) Flavonoids, etc
Essential oil [b-caryophyllene,
caryophyllene oxide spathulenol,
tetradecanol, viridiflorol, a- and b-
pinene, and a- and b-selinene]
Trad: hysterical states and hypochondriasis, as well as in
insomnia.
Bem documentada como sedativa
Volatile oil e valepotriates: CNS-depressant
Valerenic acid: aumenta concentração do GABA
Interação com recetores benzodiazepinicos
Efeitos na qualidade subjetiva e objetiva do sono [nalguns
estudos]
+ Melissa e Hummulus: hipnotica
US: ‘for slightly low mood and mild anxiety’
Hypericin + hyperforin (instavel): anti-depressant [outros
possivelmente tb envolvidos]
Inhibits synaptosomal uptake of neurotransmitters ( serotonin (5-
HT), dopamine and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and GABA
May have dopaminergic activity and effects on cortisol --> effects
on neurotransmitter concentrations
Inhibits monoamine oxidase?
As effective as conventional anti-depressants in moderate
depression [few weeks]
Should not be taken < 2 hours before driving a car or
operating machinery
Effect may be enhanced by alcohol consumption.
Isolated reports of hepatotoxicity associated with
valerian-containing products
Some reports of gastrointestinal symptoms, dizziness,
confusion and tiredness and, rarely, photosensitivity
Safer than conventional antidepressants.
Interactions: anticonvulsants, cyclosporin, digoxin, HIV
protease inhibitors, oral contraceptives, selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors, theophylline,
triptans and warfarin.
Do not use in pregnancy or lactation

STIMULANTS CAFFEINE Methylxanthine derivative found in tea, Mild stimulant, added to many analgesic preparations to enhance High doses --> insomnia and a feeling of anxiety
coffee and cocoa activity (no scientific basis) Can induce withdrawal syndrome in severe cases
COLA SPP (Noz Caffeine, with traces of theobromine Included in tonics for depression and tiredness, and to stimulate
da Cola) and theophylline. the appetite
Tannins Caffeine: mild stimulant
Phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, kolatin, Tannins: astringent and antidiarrhoeal
kolatein, kolanin)
Amines (dimethylamine, methylamine,
ethylamine and isopentylamine)
Thiamine and other B vitamins.

PAULLINIA Guaranine (caffeine) Semelhante a Cola

CUPANA Tannins
(Sementes de
Guaraná)
 COCAINE Not used, except for local anaesthetic in eye surgery
(from
Erythroxylum
coca/novagrate
nse)
ANALGESICS PAPAVER Alkaloids (morphine, codeine and ‘Papaveretum’ = total alkaloidal extract: used for pre-operative All the opioid analgesics have side effects: which include
(via CNS) SOMNIFERUM thebaine, also narceine, narcotine, analgesia (with the narcotine removed due to its reported nausea, constipation and drowsiness;
(latex da papaverine, salutaridine, oripavine and genotoxicity). Respiratory depression
planta) sanguinarine) Morphine: very potent analgesic, for severe short term pain (ex Potential for dependence
kidney stone),
or terminal illness; [Heroine = Diamorphine]
Codeine: less potent, for moderate to severe pain (migraine,
dental and gynaecological pain)

MIGRAINE ERGOTAMINE For severe migraine (contracts blood vessels) Can cause severe adverse reactions
(Alkaloid
extracted from
ergot
(Claviceps
purpurea)
(fundo esporão-
do-centeio)

TANACETUM Sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide, Prophylactic and treatment for migraine Dermatitis, and soreness or ulceration of the mouth.
PARTHENIUM santamarine, etc). Further studies needed Also, contact dermatitis
(Herba de Small amounts of essential oil (a-pinene Inhibit secretion of serotonin from platelet granules --> for
Tanaceto, and derivatives, camphor, etc) migraine
Feverfew) Inhinits proteins from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) -->
for rheumathoid arthritis
Inhibits NF-kB (fatror de trasncricao)
Inhibits prostaglanding production
Inhibits arachidonic acid release
--> anti-platelet, anti-febrile, anti-inflamatory

COGNITIVE GINKGO
ENHANCEME BILOBA
NT AND IN (Folhas)
DEMENTIA
Diterpene lactones: Ginkgolides A, B and
C, and bilobalide
Biflavone glycosides (ginkgetin,
isoginkgetin
and bilobetin )
Ginkgolic acids (in the fruit )
Reduce or prevent memory deterioration, due to ageing and
milder forms of dementia, including early Alzheimer
Improving blood circulation to the brain and antiinflammatory
and antioxidant effect --> enhancement of cognitive processes
Effects on neurotransmitter uptake, neurotransmitter receptor
changes during ageing, cerebral ischaemia and neuronal injury
Inhibition of nitric oxide
Alzheimer: Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting drugs (have
side effects):
Rivastigmine: inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase: derived
from na alkaloid in Physostigma venenosum (Calabar)
Galatamine: alkaloid from from Galanthus nivalis
Gingko: dermatitis and gastrointestinal disturbances in
large doses, although rarely.
Doenças Infecciosas
Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos
secundarios
Toxicidade
Interacoes
BROAD-SPECTRUM PELARGONIUM
ANTIMICROBIAL SIDOIDES /
AGENTS RENIFORME (Raiz de
Pelargónio,
UMCKALOABO)

MELISSA OFFICINALIS
(Folhas de Cidreira,
Lemon balm)

ALLIUM SATIVUM
(Bolbo de Alho, Garlic)

MELALEUCA
ALTERNIFOLIA (Óleo de
Tea Tree)

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS
UVA-URSI (Folha de
Uva ursina, Bearberry)

VACCINIUM
MACROCARPON (Sumo
de Arando, Cranberry)

SINGLE CHEMICAL
ENTITY (SCE) AND
NOVEL PLANT
ANTIBACTERIALS

ANTIPROTOZOAL CINCHONA SPP. (Casca

AGENTS da Quina)
TABEBUIA SPP. (Casca
interna de Pau d'Arco,
Lapacho)
ARTEMISIA ANNUA
(QingHaou, Artemisia
doce, Sweet
Wormwood)

INSECTICIDAL AGENTS CHRYSANTHEMUM

SPP. (Flor do Piretro
(um insecto),
Pirethrum)

PICRASMA EXCELSA /
QUASSIA AMARA
(Madeira de Qássia)
Sistema Endócrino

Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos

secundarios
Toxicidade
Interacoes
HYPOGLYCAEMIC CYAMOPSIS
AND ANTIDIABETIC TETRAGONOLOBUS
HERBS (Goma de Guar, Guar
Gum)

GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE
(Gurmar, Gymnena)

MOMORDICA
CHARANTIA (Melão-
amargo, Karela, Bitter
lemon)

PHYTOESTROGENS TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE

(Trevo vermelho, Red
clover)

GLYCINE MAX (Soja,

Soya)
HORMONAL CIMICIFUGA
IMBALANCE IN RACEMOSA / ACTEIA
WOMEN RACEMOSA (Rizoma de
Cimicifuga ou Acteia,
Black cohosh)
VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS
(Fruto de Anho-casto,
Vitex, Chasteberry)

BENIGN PROSTATIC URTICA DIOICA (Raiz

HYPERPLASIA de Urtiga, Nettle)

PRUNUS AFRICANA
(Casca da Cerejeira-
africana, Pygeum)
SERENOA SERRULATA
(Frutos da Serenoa,
Saw palmetto)
Sistema Reprodutor

Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos

secundarios
Toxicidade
Interacoes
PHYTOMEDICINES IN ERGOMETRINE
CHILDBIRTH

RUBUS IDAEUS (Folha

de Framboeseira,
Raspberry)

MALE SEXUAL EPIMEDIUM

DYSFUNCTION BREVICORNUM / SPP
(IMPOTENCE)

PAPAVERINE

PAUSINYSTALIA
YOHIMBE (Casca de
Pau-de-Cabinda,
Yohimbe)
Sistema Musculo-Esqueletico
Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos sec
Toxic, Interac
ARTHRITIS, Ananas comosus BROMELAINE
RHEUMATISM (Ananás)
AND MUSCLE PAIN HARPAGOPHYTUM
PROCUMBENS (Raix de
Garra-do-Diabo, Devil's
Claw)
ROSA CANINA
(Pseudofrutos de Rosa
Canina, Rosehip)

CURCUMA
DOMESTICA (Rizoma
de Curcuma, Turmeric)

SALIX SPP (Casca de

Salgueiro, Willow bark)

GOUT Colchicum autumnale COLCHININE

(Cólquico, açafrão-do-
campo, Autumn
crocus, Meadow
saffron)

TOPICAL ANTI- ARNICA MONTANA

INFLAMMATORY (Flor de Arnica)
AGENTS CAPSICUM CAPSACAIN
FRUTESCENS /
ANNUUM, SPP)
GAULTHERIA
PROCUMBENS,
BETULA LENTA : Oil
(Wintergreen Oil)
NOCTURNAL LEG Cinchona SPP (Quina) QUININE
CRAMPS
Pele
Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos sec
Toxic, Interac
DRY/ITCHY SKIN ARACHIS HYPOGAEA
CONDITIONS (Óleo de Amendoin,
AND ECZEMA Peanut)
AVENA SATIVA
(Semente de Aveia,
Oats)
INFLAMMATORY SKIN ALOE BARBADENSIS /
CONDITIONS VERA

OENOTHERA BIENNIS /
SPP (Óleo de Onagra,
Evening primrose)

CALENDULA
OFFICINALIS (Flor de
Calendula, Marigold)
HAMAMELIS
VIRGINIANA (Casca,
Folha e Flor de
Hamamelis, Amieiro-
mosqueado, Witch
Hazel)
WOUND HEALING CENTELLA ASIATICA
(Herba de Gotu Kola,
Brahmi,
Mandukaparani)
Olhos
Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos sec
Toxic, Interac
INFLAMMATION OF EUPHRASIA
THE EYE OFFICINALIS /
ROSTKOVIANA (Herba
de Eufrásia, Eyebright)

GLAUCOMA PILOCARPUS PILOCARPINE

microphyllus / spp

ANTERIOR UVEITIS Atropa belladona ATROPINE

Otorrinolaringe
Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos sec
Toxic, Interac
OUVIDO PRUNUS AMYGDALUS
(Óleo de Amêndoa,
Almond oil)

OLEA EUROPEA
(Azeite, Olive Oil)

ORTHOPHARNYX Thymmus SPP (Óleo de THYMOL

Tomilho, Thyme)

MENTHA PIPERITA
(Óleo de Hortelã-
Pimenta,
PEPPERMINT)
SALVIA OFFICINALIS
(Folhas de Salva, Sage)

SYZYGIUM
AROMATICUM /
EUGENIA
CARIOPHYLLATA (Flor
do Cravinho, Clove)
ADAPTOGENEOS ETC
Classe Fitoterapico Compostos ativos Acções Efeitos sec
Toxic, Interac
EUTERPE OLERACEA
(Baga de Açaí)

WITHANIA
SOMNIFERUM (Raiz de
Ashwaganda)

CENTELLA ASIATICA
(Herba)

PANAX GINSENG
(Koreano/Chines)
ELEUTHEROCOCCUS
SENTICOSUS
(Siberiano)
PANAX
QUINQUEFOLIIUM
(Americano)
GANODERMA SPP.
(Reishi ou Lingzhi
Cogumelo)

RHODIOLA ROSEA
(Rizoma de Rodiola,
Rosenroot)

SCHISANDRA
CHINENSIS (Frutos de
Schizandra)

Scutellaria baicalensis
(Raiz de Escutelária,
Skullcap)

CAMELLIA SINENSIS
(Chá, Tea)