Livro 3 - Confidence - 2023 PDF

Licenciado para - MARCO AURELIO SILVA RODRIGUES JUNIOR - 72062916191 - Protegido por Eduzz.
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Licenciado para - MARCO AURELIO SILVA RODRIGUES JUNIOR - 72062916191 - Protegido por Eduzz.com
Welcome
Seja muito bem-vindo ao terceiro estágio da metodologia Beway, o livro Confidence.
Agora que você já possui conhecimento acerca das principais estruturas da língua
inglesa e bom vocabulário, está na hora de colocar tudo isso em prática de forma mais
aprofundada.
Você perceberá que suas lições agora são completamente voltadas ao uso de todas as
ferramentas da língua que você tem aprendido desde o livro Words.
Você também verá que os temas das lições são contemporâneos e voltados ao que
usamos no nosso dia a dia.
No fim deste livro, você terá plena condição de usar a língua inglesa de forma fluente
e natural.
Desejamos a você um ótimo ano com muito aprendizado!
Page 3
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)

(Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil)
Bressan, Jonas
Confidence
Confindence : book 3 / Jonas Bressan. -- 1. ed. --
Orleans, SC : Ed. do Autor, 2022.
ISBN 978-65-00-38430-7
1. Inglês - Estudo e ensino I. Título.
22-99238 CDD-420.7
Índices para catálogo sistemático:
1. Inglês : Estudo e ensino 420.7
Aline Graziele Benitez - Bibliotecária - CRB-1/3129

Rua Aristiliano Ramos, 203, Ed. Dom Rodrigo, Sala 303, 2º e 3º Andar
Centro | 88870-000 | Orleans | Santa Catarina | +55 48 3466.3152
@bewayidiomas | bewayidiomas.com.br
Lesson 1
The Movie Industry
Related vocabulary
Movies – cinema Studio – estúdio

Cinema – cinema Subtitle – legenda
Movie theater – sala de cinema Actor – ator
Movie – filme Actress – atriz
Film – filme Cast – elenco
Picture – filme, pintura, quadro, foto Character – personagem
Genre – gênero Role – papel
Filmmaker – cineasta Lead role – papel principal
Producer – produtor Secondary role – papel secundário
Director – diretor Main actor – ator principal
Cameraman – operador de câmera Supporting actor – ator coadjuvante
Plot – trama, enredo Stuntman – dublê
Scene – cena Voice actor – dublador
Screenwriter – roteirista Performance – atuação, desempenho
Script – roteiro Performer – artista
Sequel – sequência, continuação Award – prêmio
Trilogy – trilogia Nomination – indicação, nomeação
Set – cenário Nominee – indicado, nomeado
Soundtrack – trilha sonora Instead – em vez disso
Special effects – efeitos especiais footage – cenas, imagens
Movie genres:
Action – ação Martial arts – artes marciais

Animation – animação Musical – musical
Cartoon – desenho animado Romantic – romântico
Comedy – comédia Science fiction (sci-fi) – ficção científica
Documentary – documentário Silent movie – filme mudo
Drama – drama Thriller – suspense
Educational – educacional War – guerra
Horror – terror Western – faroeste
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Related verbs and expressions
To shoot, shot, shot – filmar

To film, filmed, filmed – filmar
To record, recorded, recorded – gravar
To dub, dubbed, dubbed – dublar
To release, released, released – lançar
To perform, performed, performed – representar, atuar
To choose, chose, chosen – escolher
To pick, picked, picked – escolher
Directed by – dirigido por

Produced by – produzido por
Starred by – estrelado por
Starring – estrelando
Featuring – Participação especial de
Coming soon – em breve, em breve nos cinemas
Practice and conversation
1- Do you enjoy cinema?

2- What's your favorite movie genre?
3- Who is your favorite director?
4- Who is your favorite actor or actress?
5- Do you prefer to watch movies or series?
6- What's your favorite series?
7- What's your favorite TV show?
Notes
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Text
Previous vocabulary
To judge(d) – julgar Royalty – realeza
To pick(ed) – escolher Entertainment – entretenimento
To survey(ed) – pesquisar Initially – inicialmente
To publish(ed) – publicar Thrilled – emocionado, empolgado
To declare(d) – declarar Creator – criador
To participate(d) – participar Equivalent – equivalente
To reject(ed) – rejeitar Attorney – advogado
To rhyme(d) – rimar Commercial – comercial
To send in – enviar Critics – críticos
After all – afinal de contas Shocking – chocante
Production house – produtora Omission – omissão
Party-size – tamanho família Dozens – dúzia
Picture – filme Undeniably – inegavelmente
Studio – estúdio Divides – divisões
Publicity – publicidade Cinematographer – cineasta
Winner – vencedor
Hollywood's 100 Favorite films
Who better to judge the best movies of all time than the people who make them? Studio chiefs,
Oscar winners and TV royalty all were surveyed as THR publishes its first definitive entertain-
ment-industry ranking of cinema's most superlative.
Is it wrong to already declare this the No. 1 movie list of all time?
After all, there are other movie lists. Lots and lots of others. So many lists, you couldn't list them
all. But this is the first to ask the entertainment industry itself to pick its choices for the best pic-
tures ever made. In May, THR sent an online ballot all over town — to every studio, agency, publi-
city firm and production house on either side of the 405. Not everybody was initially thrilled to
participate.
"I reject the idea," Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan told THR. "To me, it's the equivalent of
having a party-size bag of Nacho Doritos, then being told to eat only five." In the end, though, he
sent in his favorites (one of which is 1961's Yojimbo), as did a total of 2,120 industry members,
including Fox chief Jim Gianopulos, Disney's Alan Horn, director Gary Ross, producer Frank Mar-
shall, Warners' Sue Kroll, agent Robert Newman, attorney John Burke, filmmaker John Singleton
and many more. These are the results: the greatest movies ever made, according to Hollywood.
There are some surprises here. It's a far more commercial list than the usual critics' picks. Who
knew, for instance, that Back to the Future would get more love than Lawrence of Arabia? There
also are shocking omissions — The 400 Blows, La Dolce Vita, The Gold Rush and dozens of other
undeniably great films. And there are interesting differences of opinion along professional divi-
des: Directors, writers and agents all agreed on their choice for the greatest movie ever (hint: It
rhymes with "Schmodfather"), while cinematographers chose 2001: A Space Odyssey and enter-
tainment lawyers, the big softies, picked The Shawshank Redemption.
Adapted from hollywoodreporter.com

www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/100-best-films-ever-hollywood-favorites-818512/item/seven-samurai-hollywoods-100-favorite-818479
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Here we bring you the first 20 on the list:
20 – It's a Wonderful Life, directed by Frank Capra in 1946, with James Stewart and Donna Lee;
19 – The Goodfellas, directed by Martin Scorsese in 1990, with Robert De Niro, Ray Liotta and Joe Pesci;
18 – Annie Hall, directed by Woody Allen in 1977, with Woody Allen himself and Diane Keaton;
17 – Apocalipse Now, directed by Francis Ford Coppola in 1979, with Martin Sheen, Marlon Brando and
Robert Duvall;
16 – To Kill a Mocking Bird, directed by Robert Mulligan in 1962, with Gregory Peck and Robert Duvall;
15 – Gone with the Wind, directed by Victor Fleming in 1939, with Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh;
14 – Forrest Gump, directed by Robert Zemeckis in 1994, with Tom Hanks;
13 – Raiders of the Lost Ark, directed by Steven Spilberg in 1981, with Harrison Ford and Karen Allen;
12 – Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis in 1985, with Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd;
11 – Star Wars, directed by George Lucas in 1977, with Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher and Harrison Ford;
10 – Schindler's List, directed by Steven Spilberg in 1993, with Liam Neeson, Ralph Fiennes and Ben Kin-
gsley;
9 – 2001: a Space Odyssey, directed by Stanley Kubric in 1968, with Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood and
William Sylvester;
8 – E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial, directed by Steven Spilberg in 1982, with Henry Thomas and Drew Barry-
more;
7 – The Godfather, Part II, directed by Francis Ford Coppola in 1974, with Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, Ro-
bert Duvall and Diane Keaton;
6 – Casablanca, directed by Michael Curtiz in 1942, with Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman;
5 – Pulp Fiction, directed by Quentin Tarantino in 1994, with John Travolta, Uma Thurman, Samuel L. Jack-
son and Bruce Willis;
4 – The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont in 1994, with Tim Robbins and Morgan Free-
man;
3 – Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles in 1941, with Orson Welles himself, Joseph Cotten and Doro-
thy Comingore;
2 – The Wizard of Oz, directed by Victor Flemingin 1939, with Judy Garland;
And finally:
1 – The Godfather, directed by Francis Ford Coppola in 1972, with Marlon Brando, Al Pacino and Robert
Duvall.
Questions:
1- When was The Godfather released?

2- When was Back to the Future released?
3- Who directed Casablanca?
4- Who directed Pulp Fiction?
5- Who was Forest Gump's main actor?
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1- Which movies from the list have you already watched?

2- Do you agree with the list?
3- Why do you think The Godfather was chosen the best movie ever?
4- Is there any other movie you would pick instead?
5- What is your favorite movie ever?
6- What movie won the Oscar for best picture last year?
7- Who won the Academy Award for best actor last year?
8- Who won the Academy Award for best actress last year?
9- Do you enjoy watching the Oscar Awards?
Notes
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Homework
1 – Write a text about one of your favorite movies. Write about the characters and the
plot. Finally, tell us why you like this movie:
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Lesson 2
The Music Industry
Related vocabulary
Music – música Player – tocador, instrumentista

Song – canção Singer – cantor
Tune – música, canção Vocalist – vocalista
Chorus – refrão Lead vocal – vocal principal
Label – selo, gravadora Backing vocal – vocal de apoio
Copyright – direitos autorais Drummer – baterista
Cover – cover, capa Guitarist – guitarrista
Demo – demo Bassist – baixista
Digital – digital Pianist – pianista
Distribution – distribuição Keyboard player – tecladista
Single – single Microphone (mic) – microfone
EP – EP Amplifier (amp) – amplificador
Indie – independente Cable – cabo
Manager – gerente, empresário Stand – suporte, pedestal
Royalties – royalties Gig – show
Style – estilo Show – show
Feature – característica Concert – concerto
Featuring – com a participação de Fan – fã
Musical instrument – instrumento musical Festival – festival
Drums – bateria Streaming service – serviço de streaming
String – corda Media – mídia
Guitar – guitarra, violão Cassette – fita cassete
Electric guitar – guitarra elétrica Records – discos
Acoustic guitar – guitarra acústica CD – CD
Wind instruments – instrumentos de sopro CD player – aparelho de CDs
Saxophone – saxofone Cassette player – toca-fitas
Trumpet – trompete Turntable – toca-discos
Trombone – trombone Cheesy – brega
Musician – músico, musicista Tacky – cafona
Genius – gênio Lyrics – letra
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Music genres:
Pop Trance
Rock'n'roll Easy listening
Punk – punk Electronic
Folk – folk Drum & bass
Hard rock Hip-hop
Indie rock Rap
Blues Jazz
Classical R&B
Country Soul
Dance Reggae
Techno
Related verbs
To perform, performed, performed – tocar, executar

To impress, impressed, impressed – impressionar
To touch, touched, touched – tocar, encostar
To inspire, inspired, inspired – inspirar
To record, recorded, recorded – gravar
To sign, signed, signed – assinar
To feature, featured, featured – participar, conter

1- Do you enjoy music?
2- How do you listen to music? Do you have any streaming services?
3- What music style is your favorite?
4- What are your favorite bands or singers?
5- What songs and artists have you been listening to nowadays?
6- Would you rather listen to national or international music?
7- What do you think of Brazilian music?
8- Is there any musician that has impressed you lately?
9- Do you play any instruments?
10- What instrument would you like to learn how to play?
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Text
Previous vocabulary
To revive(d) – reviver Root – raiz
To hand(ed) – entregar Jealous – ciumento, com ciúme
To impress(d) – impressionar Audience – audiência, plateia
To touch(ed) – tocar, encostar Teleprompter – teleprompter
To wonder(ed) – imaginar Basically – basicamente
To top(ped) – superar Thrill – emoção, sensação
To twist(ed) – torcer, tocar Technique – técnica
To dig, dug, dug – cavar, escavar Overblown – exagerado
To break, broke, broken – quebrar Gymnastics – ginástica
To open up – abrir, fazer a abertura Stuff – coisas
To put across – transmitir, expressar Tasty – de bom gosto
To put it another way – em outras palavras Fairly – bastante
Let out of the cage – solto da jaula Unstoppable – imparável
Have got – ter Gang – gangue
Mic stand – suporte para microfone Forward – para frente
Chorus lines – frases do refrão Chord – acorde
Opposed to – ao contrário de Rebellious – rebelde
Copy – cópia
Guns'n'Roses
By Joe Perry
Guns n' Roses revived our kind of rock. I remember someone handing me a copy of Appetite
for Destruction and saying, "You've got to hear these guys — they're the new big thing." Bands
like Bon Jovi and Whitesnake were big then, but Guns n' Roses were different. They dug down a
little deeper into rock's roots. I heard a lot of Aerosmith in them, which meant I also heard a lot
of bands that came before us. And I remember being a little jealous, because they were really
hitting the nail on the head.
They opened up for us in 1988, and one of the things that impressed me was how much perso-
nality they put across, even when they weren't playing. Axl knew how to work an audience. They
used to have to go out there and tape foam rubber around everything that Axl could touch —
from his teleprompter to his mic stand — to make sure he wouldn't break anything, or hurt him-
self. I think people saw that he was basically just let out of the cage. Part of the thrill was wonde-
ring what he was going to do next.
They were called metal at the time, but they weren't: Metal isn't sexy, but rock is. To put it ano-
ther way: You can have the rock, but you need the roll. Songs like "Paradise City" and "Welcome
to the Jungle" were just simple enough; the chorus lines came right when you wanted them.
Slash plays what's needed for the song, as opposed to trying to make the tune a showcase for
his technique. Guns n' Roses' music wasn't full of the overblown gymnastics that a lot of guys
were doing then — their stuff is just very tasty. Duff McKagan is like the bass player in AC/DC:
His parts were fairly simple, but they made the band an unstoppable force. Izzy Stradlin was also
important. Guns n' Roses played as a gang, which is just what you want.
Guns n' Roses are still an example of how a band can move rock forward. Sometimes you think,
"How can you top anything by the Yardbirds, or Zeppelin, or the Stones?" And then you hear
Guns n' Roses, and it's inspiring. You can think that it's all been written, but it hasn't. There's ano-
ther way to twist those three chords around, to make it sound new, fresh and rebellious.
www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-artists-147446/guns-n-roses-9-82042/
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Questions:
1- When did Guns'n'Roses open up for Aerosmith?

2- What instrument did Slash play?
3- Why was Joe Perry jealous of Guns'n'Roses?
4- Why did they tape foam rubber around everything Axl could touch?
Notes
1- Have you ever listened to Guns'n'Roses?

2- Can you name some of their most famous songs?
3- What do you think of Guns'n'Roses?
4- In your opinion, what are the best Rock'n'roll bands of all time? Why?
5- And, also, who are the best music artists of all time, in your opinion?
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Homework
1- Write a text about one of your favorite singers or bands. Write a little about their story
and their best tunes. Also, tell us why you like them.
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Lesson 3
The Pop Culture
Related vocabulary
Trend – tendência Superficial – superficial

Tendency – tendência Commonplace – lugar-comum
Fad – moda passageira Quality – qualidade
Fashion – moda Standard – padrão
Classic – clássico Low – baixo
Enduring – duradouro High – alto
Art – arte Poor – pobre, baixa qualidade
Modern – moderno Genius – gênio
Empty – vazio Celebrity – celebridade
Value – valor Icon – ícone
Beauty – beleza Personality – personalidade
Taste – gosto Attitude – atitude
Materialistic – materialista Entertainment – entretenimento
Consumerism – consumismo Mainstream -corrente dominante
Urban – urbano Ordinary – comum
Shallow – raso
Related verbs
To tend, tended, tended – tender

To consume, consumed, consumed – consumir
To influence, influenced, influenced – influenciar
To desire, desired, desired – desejar
To copy, copied, copied – copiar, imitar

1- What is pop culture?
2- Do you believe pop culture is something inferior or of a low standard?
3- Why do you think people love pop culture?
4- Who are the main icons of pop culture in the world nowadays?
5- And in Brazil?
6- How do celebrities influence people?
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Text
Previous vocabulary
To deride(d) – zombar Symbol – símbolo

To reflect(ed) – refletir Box office – bilheteria
To appear(ed) – parecer Taste – gosto
To concern(ed) – preocupar Materialistic – materialista
To depict(ed) – retratar Survey – pesquisa
To plague(d) – atormentar Urban – urbano
To appeal(ed) – apelar Indeed – de fato
To rent(ed) – alugar Concerned – preocupado
To maintain(ed) – manter Shallow – raso
To capture(d) – capturar Superficial – superficial
To channel(d) – canalizar Anxiety – ansiedade
To go against the grain – remar contra a maré Self-doubt – dúvida sobre si mesmo
To be left out – ser deixado de fora Successful – bem-sucedido
Baby boomer – nascido logo após a Segunda Heyday – auge, ápice
Guerra Sitcom – série de comédia
Well-paying job – emprego bem remunerado Fashion – moda
Blockbuster – “arrasa quarteirão”, grande suces- Hairstyle – corte de cabelo
so Icon – ícone
Moviegoers – espectadores, frequentadores de Forum – fórum, local de encontro
cinemas Ideal – ideal
Self-centered – egocêntrico Frustration – frustração
Cable network – rede de TV a cabo Sense – senso, sentido, sentimento
VCR – vídeo cassete Malaise – mal-estar
Revolutionary – revolucionário Particularly – particularmente
Debut – estreia Popularity – popularidade
Broadcast – transmissão Arena – arena
Respects – aspectos Dissatisfaction – insatisfação
Conservatism – conservadorismo Throughout – por todo
The 1980s: Popular Culture

In some respects, the popular culture of the 1980s reflected the era's political conservatism. For
many people, the symbol of the decade was the "yuppie": a baby boomer with a college educa-
tion, a well-paying job and expensive taste. Many people derided yuppies for being self-cente-
red and materialistic, and surveys of young urban professionals across the country showed that
they were, indeed, more concerned with making money and buying consumer goods than their
parents and grandparents had been. However, in some ways yuppiedom was less shallow and
superficial than it appeared. Popular television shows like “thirtysomething” and movies like
“The Big Chill” and “Bright Lights, Big City” depicted a generation of young men and women who
were plagued with anxiety and self-doubt. They were successful, but they weren't sure they were
happy.
At the movie theater, the 1980s was the age of the blockbuster. Movies like “E.T.: The Extra-
-Terrestrial,” “Return of the Jedi,” “Raiders of the Lost Ark” and “Beverly Hills Cop” appealed to
moviegoers of all ages and made hundreds of millions of dollars at the box office. The 1980s was
also the heyday of the teen movie. Films like “The Breakfast Club,” “Some Kind of Wonderful”
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and “Pretty in Pink” are still popular today.

At home, people watched family sitcoms like “The Cosby Show,” “Family Ties,” “Roseanne” and
“Married...with Children.” They also rented movies to watch on their new VCRs. By the end of the
1980s, 60 percent of American television owners got cable service–and the most revolutionary
cable network of all was MTV, which made its debut on August 1, 1981. The music videos the
network played made stars out of bands like Duran Duran and Culture Club and made megastars
out of artists like Michael Jackson (1958-2009), whose elaborate "Thriller" video helped sell
600,000 albums in the five days after its first broadcast. MTV also influenced fashion: People
across the country (and around the world) did their best to copy the hairstyles and fashions they
saw in music videos. In this way, artists like Madonna (1958-) became (and remain) fashion icons.
As the decade wore on, MTV also became a forum for those who went against the grain or were
left out of the yuppie ideal. Rap artists such as Public Enemy channeled the frustration of ur-
ban African Americans into their powerful album “It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back.”
Heavy metal acts such as Metallica and Guns N' Roses also captured the sense of malaise among
young people, particularly young men. Even as Reagan maintained his popularity, popular cultu-
re continued to be an arena for dissatisfaction and debate throughout the 1980s.
www.history.com/topics/1980s/1980s
Questions:
1- What is a yuppie?
2- How do some people deride yuppies?
3- What was the most revolutionary TV network in the 80's?
4- Who was the most popular American president in the 80's?
5- Were yuppies more consumerist than their parents and grandparents?
1- How old were you in the 80's?

2- Do you remember the movies and TV shows from the 80's?
3- Have you ever watched MTV shows? What's your opinion about them?
4- What do you think of the 80's?
5- Can you name some movies from the 80's?
6- Can you name some celebrities from the 80's?
7- What do you think of fashion in the 80's?
8- Was Ronald Reagan a celebrity?
9- What was happening in Brazil in the 80's?
10- What was happening in the world in the 80's?
Page 20
Homework
1- Write a text about a pop culture celebrity or personality. Write about his/her story and
tell us whether or not you like him/her.
Page 21
Lesson 4
The Book industry
Related vocabulary
Content – conteúdo Plot twist – reviravolta
Literature – literatura Unexpected – inesperado
Information – informação Title – título
Author – autor Chapter – capítulo
Writer – escritor Foreword – prólogo
Reader – leitor Preface – prefácio
E-book – livro eletrônico Introduction – introdução
E-reader – leitor eletrônico Illustration – ilustração
Tablet – tablet Acknowledgement – reconhecimento, agra-
Retail – varejo decimento
Bookstore – livraria Index – índice
Shipment – envio, frete Glossary – glossário
Bible – bíblia Page – página
Hardcover – capa dura Bookmarker – marcador de livros
Paperback – brochura Edge – ponta
Plot – trama, enredo
Book genres:
Fiction – ficção Dystopian – distópico
Novel – romance Nonfiction – não ficção
Classic – clássico Biography – biografia
Tragedy – tragédia Autobiography – autobiografia
Science fiction (sci-fi) – ficção científica Memoirs – memórias
Fantasy – fantasia Self-help – autoajuda
Fairytale – conto de fadas Narrative – narrativa
Adventure – aventura Bibliography – bibliografia
Crime and mystery – crime e mistério Dictionary – dicionário
Historical fiction – ficção histórica Thesaurus – glossário, tesauro
Humor – humor Almanac – almanaque
Fictional diaries – diários ficcionais Encyclopedia – enciclopédia
Satire – sátira Technical – técnico
Romance – romance Educational – educacional
Horror – terror
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Related verbs
To acknowledge, acknowledged, acknowledged – reconhecer

To publish, published, published – publicar
To illustrate, illustrated, illustrated – ilustrar
To print, printed, printed – imprimir
To ship, shipped, shipped – transportar, enviar
To mark, marked, marked – marcar
To highlight, highlighted, highlighted – destacar
To underline, underlined, underlined – sublinhar
To fold, folded, folded – dobrar
1- Do you use to read?

2- What do you enjoy reading?
3- Have you read any books recently?
4- Do you have any favorite authors?
5- Do you use to underline or highlight parts of the book?
6- Do you use a bookmarker or fold the edge of a page to continue reading?
7- Do Brazilians, in general, use to read a lot?
8- Do you like to write?
9- Would you like to publish a book someday?
Page 23
Text
Previous vocabulary
To accomplish(ed) – realizar, alcançar Increasingly – crescente

To predict(ed) – prever Interactive – interativo
To touch(ed) – tocar, encostar Active – ativo
To introduce(d) – introduzir, apresentar Discussion – discussão
To interact(ed) – interagir Fiction – ficção
To coincide(d) – coincidir Fantasy – fantasia
To adore(d) – adorar Commonplace – lugar comum, normal
To combine(d) – combinar Surprisingly – surpreendentemente
To suggest(ed) – sugerir Novel – novela, romance
To appreciate(d) – apreciar Boom – explosão, sucesso
To immerse(d) – mergulhar, imergir Courtesy – cortesia
To become, became, become – tornar-se Crossover – cruzamento, convergência
Boarding school – colégio interno Acceptable – aceitável
Plenty of – muito, de sobra Ostensibly – ostensivamente
Grown person – adulto, pessoa crescida Critics – críticos
First and foremost – em primeiro lugar Worrisome – preocupante
As though – como se Development – desenvolvimento
Single-mom – mãe solteira Dull – monótono, estúpido
All-encompassing – abrangente Intricate – intrincado, complexo
Edition – edição Plotting – enredo, trama
Phenomenon – fenômeno Epic – épico
Scope – escopo Intimacy – intimidade
Fandom – conjunto de fãs Purely – puramente
Unknown – desconhecido Pleasurable – prazeroso
Stuck – preso Mythology – mitologia
Press – imprensa Amazing – fantástico
Undoubtedly – indubitavelmente Joy – alegria
Measurable – mensurável Structure – estrutura
Effect – efeito Warm – aconchegante, caloroso
Model – modelo Familiar – familiar
Entire – inteiro Charming – charmoso
Generation – geração Eventual – certo, inevitável
Literally – literalmente Trauma – trauma
Geek – nerd, geek Affecting – comovente
Generally – geralmente Deeply – profundamente
Isolation – isolamento Enormously – enormemente
Cool – legal Appealing – atraente
Pattern – padrão Narrative – narrativa
Rise – ascensão Description – descrição
How Harry Potter Changed the World

On September 1, 1998, Scholastic published Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, the first US
edition of the UK's Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
Harry Potter has since became such an all-encompassing phenomenon that from this vanta-
ge point, it's hard to see the full scope what it accomplished: It feels as though publishing and
fandom and children's literature and all of pop culture have always been the way we know them
today. But Harry Potter changed the world.
Page 24
Author J.K. Rowling was an unknown single mom when she first got the idea for her story while
stuck on a train; the small UK children's press that ultimately took a chance on it undoubtedly
couldn't have predicted that it would have a measurable effect on everything it touched. Harry
Potter made YA book-to-movie franchises into one of the biggest forces in pop culture. It chan-
ged the business model for publishing books for kids. And it introduced an entire generation to
the idea that it's possible to interact with the pop culture you love — to write about it and with
it, to make music and art about it, and to build a business around it.
Harry Potter has literally changed the world. First and foremost, the series helped make it cool to
be a geek. People generally didn't read the Harry Potter books in isolation; they wanted to talk
about it with their friends, and then find more friends who loved the books as much as they did.
This pattern coincided with the rise of “Web 2.0” — that is, an increasingly interactive and so-
cial internet. As more Harry Potter fans became more active online, they made discussion of YA
fiction, fantasy, and science fiction seem commonplace.
Surprisingly, a 2012 study found that 55 percent of YA novels are bought by adults. In large part,
that boom is courtesy of Harry Potter, which became a surprise crossover hit adored by both
children and adults, and which made it acceptable for adults to read books that are ostensibly for
children.
For some critics, that's a worrisome development, suggesting that adults are too dull and stupid
to appreciate books actually written for adults. But there are plenty of reasons for a grown per-
son to enjoy Harry Potter.
The Harry Potter books combine the intricate plotting of a mystery with the scope of epic fantasy
and the intimacy and character development of a classic boarding school narrative. The result is
purely pleasurable to read at any age; the fantastic mythology gives this amazing world magic
and joy, and the boarding school structure makes the characters warm and familiar and char-
ming. It also makes their eventual death (for some) and trauma (for all) deeply affecting.
If you are an adult who can imagine reading for more than one reason (the pleasures of story, the
joy of immersing yourself in another world), the Harry Potter books become enormously appea-
ling.
Adapted from:
www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/26/15856668/harry-potter-20th-anniversary-explained
Questions:
1- Who wrote the Harry Potter books?

2- Did the first Harry Potter book have the same name in England and in the U.S?
3- Did People use to read Harry Potter books in isolation?
4- What is Web. 2.0?
5- Are there adults who read the Harry Potter books?
6- What do some critics say about adults who read them?
7- What do the Harry Potter book combine?
1- Have you ever read any of the Harry Potter books?

2- What do you think of them?
3- Have you ever watched any of the Harry Potter movies?
4- What do you think of them?
5- Can you name other YA books or movies?
6- Which is your favorite one?
7- Do you believe the Harry Potter and other YA books helped children start reading?
Page 25
Homework
1- Write a text about a book or an author you like. Tell us a little about the book's plot or
the authors life. And finally, let us know why you like the book or the author.
Page 26
Lesson 5
Series and Reality Shows
Related vocabulary
Streaming – streaming Showrunner – produtor

Production – produção Spoiler – informação
Sitcom – série de comédia Hiatus – hiato, pausa
Singing competition – competição de canto Websodes – episódio disponível apenas na
Cartoon – desenho animado internet
Season – temporada Crossover – quando o universo de uma série
Episode – episódio se encontra com o de outra
Pilot – piloto Teaser – espécie de trailer que provoca a
Premiere – estreia atenção do espectador
Final – final (adjetivo) Breathtaking – de tirar o fôlego
Story – estória Official – oficial
Screen – tela Promotion – promoção
Reality – realidade Franchise – franquia
Spin-off – episódio fora da série original Version – versão
Cliffhanger – gancho (para o próximo episó- Line – fala
dio) Storyline – enredo
Hype – expectativa Actually – na verdade
Season finale – episódio final da temporada Literally – literalmente
Running time – tempo de duração
Page 27
Related verbs
To cancel, canceled, canceled – cancelar

To screen, screened, screened – televisionar
To premiere, premiered, premiered – estrear
To debut, debuted, debuted – debutar, estrear
To launch, launched, launched – lançar
To deliver, delivered, delivered – entregar, apresentar, proporcionar
To last, lasted, lasted – durar
To appear, appeared, appeared – aparecer, parecer
To keep, kept, kept – manter, guardar
To mind, minded, minded – importar-se
Whether you like it or not – quer você goste ou não
to name after – nomear em homenagem a alguém

Ex: I was named after my grandfather – eu recebi meu nome em homenagem a meu avô.
To binge-watch(ed) – maratonar (assistindo a séries)

Ex: I spent my weekend binge-watching my favorite series. – Eu passei o fim de semana
assistindo (maratonando) minha série favorita.
In which – no qual
Ex: The scene in which she appears is breathtaking. – A cena na qual ela aparece é de tirar
o fôlego.
(the) whole – inteiro

Ex: The whole episode was fantastic – o episódio inteiro foi fantástico.
1- Dou you enjoy watching series? What's your favorite?

2- Are you hyped to watch any new seasons or episodes?
3- Has any of your favorite series been canceled?
4- What about reality shows? Do you have a favorite one?
5- Do or did you use to watch cartoons? Which ones?
6- How do you feel about cliffhangers?
7- Do you mind if people give you spoilers?
Page 28
Text
Previous vocabulary
To predict(ed) – prever Back to back – um atrás do outro
To appear(ed) – aparecer Couch gag – piada do sofá
To count(ed) – contar Running time – tempo de duração
To name(d) – dar nome Crudely – imperfeitamente, defeituosamente
To substitute(d) – substituir Animated – animado
To worship(ed) – adorar, cultuar Shots – episódios de curta duração
To resemble(d) – ter semelhança, fazer lembrar Dysfunctional – disfuncional
To share(d) – compartilhar Birth – nascimento
To add(ed) – adicionar Phenomenon – fenômeno
To quote(d) – citar Donut – rosquinha
To inspire(d) – inspirar Creator – criador
To invent(ed) – inventar Own – próprio
To voice(d) – dar voz, dublar Anagram – anagrama
To release(d) – lançar Brat – pivete
To provide(ed) – prover, fornecer Instead – em vez disso
To require(d) – requerer, exigir Instead of – em vez de
To contain(ed) – conter Middle name – nome do meio
To ban(ned) – banir Fluently – fluentemente
To compose(d) – compor Arabic – árabe
To shape(d) – dar forma, modelar Sausage – salsicha
To adjust(ed) – ajustar Originally – originalmente
To grant(ed) – conceder Resemblance – semelhança
To star(red) – estrelar Satirical – satírico
To guest-star(red) – aparecer como convidado Conceit – ideia, presunção
To draw, drew, drawn – desenhar Clown – palhaço
To stand out – destacar-se Exactly – exatamente
To turn down – recusar Toast – brinde
To “embigger” – “engrandalhecer” Similar – similar
To enlarge(d) – engrandecer Mannerism – jeito, maneira
Flipping through TV channels – trocando de Storyline – enredo, estória
canal Signature – assinatura
Half-hour – meia hora Frequently – frequentemente
And counting – e contando Alcohol – álcool
Secret identity – identidade secreta Scholarly articles – artigos acadêmicos
Opening sequence – sequência de abertura Cromulent – aceitável
At the time – naquele tempo, naquela vez Chalkboard – quadro negro
Background vocals – backing vocals Generic- genérico
Lead single – single Anywhereness – qualquer lugar
Worldwide – no mundo todo Geography – geografia
Co-produced – coproduzido Distinctive – distinto
Law degree – diploma em direito Influential – influente
Opening theme song – canção de abertura Brew – cerveja
Page 29
Ride – brinquedo Validity – validade

Heyday – auge Cosmologist – cosmólogo
Principal – diretor Coherent – coerente
Role model – modelo de comportamento Length – duração, comprimento
Contactual – contatual Particularly – particularmente
Reason – razão Literally – literalmente
Mental institution – manicômio Arrival – chegada
Embassy – embaixada Pageant – festival
Asylum – asilo Loop – loop
Comment – comentário
30 random facts about 'The Simpsons'

When crudely drawn animated shorts about a dysfunctional American family began appearing
on Fox's "The Tracey Ullman Show" in 1987, nobody predicted the birth of a cultural phenome-
non.
The show debuted as a half-hour sitcom on December 17, 1989. That's more than 700 episodes
and counting -- and a lot of D'ohs! and donuts.
Whether you like it or not, here are 30 random facts about the show:
1- Creator Matt Groening named the characters after his own family members but substituted
"Bart" for his own name. Matt's parents are named Homer and Marge, and his sisters are named
Maggie and Lisa. Bart was going to be named after Matt, but instead Bart was chosen as it is an
anagram of "brat".
2- Bart's full name is Bartholomew Jojo Simpson;
3- Milhouse's middle name is Mussolini. He has an Italian grandmother and speaks Italian
fluently;
4- Comic Book Guy's real name is Jeff Albertson;
5- Homer's email address is ChunkyLover53@aol.com;
6- In the Arabic version of The Simpsons, Homer is called Omar Shamshoom. In such episodes
Homer drinks soda instead of beer, and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. The
show is known as al-Shamshoon;
7- Smithers was originally drawn as African-American. Writers thought it was too much having a
character who was both gay and black, so changed his skin colour but kept him gay;
8- Of Krusty the Clown's resemblance to Homer, Groening once said: "The satirical conceit that
I was going for at the time was that 'The Simpsons' was about a kid who had no respect for his
father but worshiped a clown who looked exactly like his father";
9- Originally, Krusty was going to be Homer's secret identity – that's why the two look similar
and share mannerisms. However, it was decided that was too complex a storyline to write into
the show.
10- Homer's signature "D'oh!" has been added to the Oxford English Dictionary, and an expres-
sion he frequently uses has inspired a much-quoted toast: "To alcohol! The cause of, and solution
to, all of life's problems."
Page 30
11- Both "enbigger" and "cromulent" are words invented by The Simpsons, and have now been
used in scholarly articles and are in the dictionary;
12- Bart is voiced by a woman, Nancy Cartwright. In an opening sequence during the show's se-
cond season, Bart wrote on the chalkboard, "I am not a 32-year-old woman" (Cartwright's age at
the time).
13- Apart from working at the nuclear power plant, Homer has had 187 other jobs over the cour-
se of the show.
14- The Simpsons released an album in 1990 and the lead single “Do the Bartman” was a worl-
dwide hit. It Was co-produced by Michael Jackson, who also provided background vocals and was
a big fan of the show.
15- Bart's locker combination is 36-24-36, the numbers from AC/DC's "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt
Cheap"
16- Lionel Hutz says he has a law degree from Princeton, a university that does not, in fact, offer
law degrees.
17- The town of Springfield was named for its generic Anywhereness (there are Springfields in
30 U.S. states). Over various episodes, the town's geography has contained rivers, deserts, far-
mland, mountains or whatever the story requires.
18- The characters' distinctive yellow hue was chosen in part to make the show stand out when
someone was flipping through TV channels for something to watch.
19- Time Magazine named it the best TV show of the 20th century and in 1998, it named Bart
Simpson one of the most influential people of the century;
20- An official version of Duff beer, Homer's favorite brew, is sold in three variations near The
Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios.
21- In the show's early-'90s heyday, school principals around the country banned Bart Simpson
T-shirts, fearing he was a bad role model.
22- . It took Danny Elfman three days to compose the show's opening theme song. He's called it
the most popular piece of music of his career.
23- Michael Jackson guest-starred as a mental patient during a third-season episode, "Stark
Raving Dad," in which Homer Simpson is sent to a mental institution. For contractual reasons, he
was credited as John Jay Smith.
24- Exiled WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange guest-starred as himself on an episode in the
show's 23rd season. He recorded his lines over the phone from the Ecuadorian embassy in Bri-
tain, where he has been granted asylum.
25- Among the celebrities who have turned down guest-starring roles on the show, according
to creators' comments on the DVDs, are Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan, Michael Caine, Tom Cruise,
Clint Eastwood, Anthony Hopkins, Quentin Tarantino and Prince.
26- Homer once had a theory that the universe was shaped like a donut. The theory has some
validity, according to cosmologists.
27- Fox owns the rights to the show until 2082.
28- When all the McBain scenes from the show are played back to back, they form a coherent
movie;
29- The couch gag is a way to adjust the show's running time to the necessary length. If it's a
particularly short episode, they make a longer couch gag, like that extra-long circus-themed one
that literally everybody remembers.
30- Showrunner Al Jean wants to end the final episode of The Simpsons with the arrival at a
Christmas pageant. This is how the first episode started, and would make the entire show one
continuous loop;
Adapted from:
www.edition.cnn.com/2014/12/17/showbiz/tv/the-simpsons-25-years-feat/index.html
www.buzzfeed.com/jemimaskelley/al-shamshoon
www.factslides.com/s-The-Simpsons
Page 31
Questions
1- Who created The Simpsons?
2- Who were the characters named after?
3- What's Bart's full name?
4- What's Milhouse full name?
5- What's Homer's name in the Arabic version of the show?
6- Why does Krusty the Clown resembles Homer so much?
7- Has the show ever contributed to English dictionaries?
8- Why do The Simpsons live in a city called Springfield?
9- Can you name some famous people who have guest-starred the show?

1- Have you ever watched The Simpsons?
2- What do you think about the show?
3- Who is your favorite character?
4- Do you have a favorite episode?
5- Do you think The Simpsons is an influential TV show?
6- Do you think Bart is a bad role model?
Page 32
Homework
1- Write a text about your favorite series, cartoon or reality show. Tell us a little about the
characters and also the reasons why you like it.
Page 33
Lesson 6
Videogames
Related vocabulary
Game – jogo Console – console

Gamer – jogador Joystick – controle
Platformer – jogo em plataforma 2D, como Monitor – monitor
Mario, por exemplo. Keyboard – teclado
Shooter – jogo de tiro Button – botão
Fighting game – jogo de luta Level – nível
Beat'em up game – jogo de briga de rua Power – força, poder
RPG – RPG Strength – força
Racing games – jogos de corrida Gauge – medidor
Sports game – jogo de esporte Challenge – desafio
Simulator – simulador Stage – fase
Simulation – simulação Speed – velocidade
Developer – desenvolvedor
To press, pressed, pressed – apertar

To hit, hit, hit – bater
To miss, missed, missed – errar
To increase, increased, increased – aumentar
To develop, developed, developed – desenvolver
To conquer, conquered, conquered – conquistar
To resume, resumed, resumed – retomar
To quit, quit, quit – sair, desistir
To conquer the game – fechar o jogo
Page 34
1- Do you play or used to play video games?

2- What kind of games do/did you like the most?
3- Can you name famous video game characters?
4- Can you tell me a little bit about these games?
5- Do/did you have a video game console?
6- Have you ever played video games at an arcade?
7- Do you play games on your smartphone? Which ones?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To mention(ed) – mencionar Grossing – arrecadação
To learn(ed) – saber Figures – números
To match(ed) – corresponder, estar à altura Major – maior
To earn(ed) – ganhar Hype – atenção, exaltação
To estimate(d) – estimar Release – lançamento
To generate(d) – gerar Category – categoria
To reach(ed) – alcançar Mobile – móvel
To premiere(d) – estrear Mobile phone – telefone celular
To be worth – valer Segment – seguimento
To surpass(ed) – ultrapassar Respectively – respectivamente
To outperform(ed) – superar Snake – cobra, serpente
To classify(ied) – classificar Addicting – viciante
To account(ed) – contabilizar Pre-installed – pré-instalado
To interrupt(ed) – interromper Trend – tendência
To switch(ed) – mudar Console – console
To pave(d) – pavimentar Development – desenvolvimento
To describe(d) – descrever Connectivity – conectividade
To pave the way – pavimentar o caminho Advancement – avanço
To rake in – arrecadar Accessible – acessível
Top-grossing – maior receita Niche – nicho
Gross revenue – receita bruta Understatement – eufemismo
Cloud gaming – jogo em nuvem Booming – em crescimento
Augmented reality – realidade aumentada Room – espaço
Niche Market – mercado de nicho, segmentado Wide room – amplo espaço
Over the years – com o passar dos anos Growth – crescimento
Glitz and glamour – brilho e glamour Continuous – contínuo
Coupled with – junto com Innovation – inovação
As a matter of fact – aliás Offering – oferta
By comparison – em comparação Bright – brilhante
Revenue – receita Bright future – futuro brilhante
Surprised – surpreso Rapid – rápido
Although – embora Rise – ascensão
Sector – setor Realm – reino, domínio
Page 35
Video Game Industry Silently Taking Over Entertainment World
When one mentions the entertainment industry, most people would think about films and music.
Many people watch the Oscars, Grammys, Golden Globes, MTV Video Music Awards, BRIT Awards,
etc.
Of course, there is a lot of glitz and glamour in the film and music industries. But would you be
surprised to learn that these two are not the Top-grossing sectors in entertainment?
As a matter of fact, these two put together do not even match half the revenue the video game
industry is earning. According to the latest figures, the video game business is now larger than
both the movie and music industries combined, making it a major industry in entertainment.
This year, the global games market is estimated to generate US$152.1 billion from 2.5 billion ga-
mers around the world. By comparison, the global box office industry was worth US$41.7 billion
while global music revenues reached US$19.1 billion in 2018.
Consider the top blockbuster movie to date, Avengers: Endgame. When it premiered on April 16,
it raked in over US$858,373,000 during its opening weekend. It even surpassed last year's Aven-
gers: Infinity War, which generated US$678,815,482 in gross revenue.
But while these films received so much attention and hype from the general public, they failed
to outperform the highest-grossing entertainment launch in history, Grand Theft Auto V's release
back in 2013, which earned US$1 billion in just over three days. Glitz and glamor, after all, don't
directly translate to bigger profits.
The video game industry can be classified into three main categories – PC, mobile, and console
gaming.
Mobile gaming, which includes smartphone and tablet gaming, is the largest segment, accoun-
ting for US$68.5 billion of the total estimated revenue this year, up by 10.2 percent from 2018.
Console gaming is estimated to generate US$47.9 billion in revenues, up 13.4 percent from last
year, while PC gaming is seen earning US$35.7 billion, up 4 percent.
Mobile gaming is expected to take up 59 percent of the global video game market by 2021, whi-
le console and PC gaming will have 22 percent and 19 percent respectively.
Clearly, mobile gaming has gone a long way since its birth in 1997 when the addicting Snake was
pre-installed in over 400 million Nokia phones.
Although mobile gaming was interrupted for several years when the trend switched back to what
was known as the “console wars”, over the years, the development of the smartphone, coupled
with advancements in the internet and connectivity, has paved the way for more exciting gaming
experience with the RPG (role-playing game) and MMORPG (massively multiplayer online role-
-paying game) becoming more accessible to mobile phones.
Page 36
Gaming is no longer just a hobby, and to describe it as a niche market is an understatement. It's a
booming industry with very wide room for growth. And with continuous innovation and the laun-
ching of more game offerings, we can only envision a very bright future for the gaming industry.
The rapid rise of technology will bring the industry to other realms such as cloud gaming, VR
(virtual reality) gaming, and AR (augmented reality) gaming.
Adapted from:
www.ejinsight.com/20191022-video-game-industry-silently-taking-over-entertainment-world/
Questions:
1- What is the Top-grossing sector in entertainment?

2- How large is the video game business nowadays?
3- What is the top blockbuster movie to date?
4- What is the highest-grossing entertainment launch in history and how much did it earn?
5- What are the three categories the game industry can be classified into?
6- Is gaming just a hobby?
7- What is the future of the gaming industry?
1- Do you believe people will still buy game consoles in the future?
2- Do you think more people will play video games in the future?
3- Would you say video games are children stuff?
4- What do you think of vintage video games?
5- Do you believe people can learn playing video games?
6- What are the effects video games have on children?
7- Do you think violent games can lead to violence in real life?
Notes
Page 37
Homework
1- Write a text about the games you use to play – or used to play when you were a child.
Tell us a little about the plot and the characters. Tell us why you like these games.
If you have never played video games, write a text telling us what you think about them and
whether they are good or bad to people in general:
Page 38
Lesson 7
Social networks
Related vocabulary
App – aplicativo Community – comunidade
Video – vídeo Troll – provocador
Post – postagem Hater – odiador
Podcast – Podcast Vlogger – blogueiro de vídeo
Live – ao vivo Meme – meme
Check-in – registro de entrada Mash-up – mistura
Message – mensagem Filter – filtro
Private – privado Hashtag – símbolo jogo-da-velha
Public – público Lens – lente
Group – grupo Impression – impressão
Blog – blog Story – estória
Vlog – Vlog Ephemeral – efêmero
Channel – canal Blogosphere – blogosfera
Campaign – campanha Engagement – engajamento
Cloud – nuvem AMA (ask me anything) – pergunte-me qual-
Crowdfunding – financiamento colaborativo quer coisa
Crowdsourcing – rede aberta Clickbait – isca
Feed – abastecimento Stalker – perseguidor
Flash mob – aglomeração rápida Fingertip – ponta dos dedos
Moblog – blog de conteúdo gerado no smar- Advantage – vantagem
tphone Disadvantage – desvantagem
Trending – popular Addiction – vício
Topic – assunto Addicted (to) – viciado (em)
Viral – viral, famoso Addict – viciado (substantivo)
Profile – perfil
Social media abbreviations
LOL – laughing out loud

ICYMI – in case you missed it
TL;DR – too long, didn't read
FOMO – fear of missing out
PRT – please, retweet
FBF and TBT – flashback Friday and Throwback Thursday
Page 39
To share, shared, shared – compartilhar

To block, blocked, blocked – bloquear
To accept, accepted, accepted – aceitar
To follow, followed, followed – seguir
To unfollow, unfollowed, unfollowed – deixar de seguir
To stalk, stalked, stalked – perseguir
To participate, participated, participated (in) – participar (de)
To check in – dar entrada

To check out – indicar saída
Pros and cons – prós e contras
friend request – pedido de amizade
To get in touch – entrar em contato
To be in touch – estar em contato
To go viral – tornar-se viral
Ex: This video went viral – este vídeo tornou-se viral.
1- Do you participate in social media?
2- Which social network is your favorite?
3- Do you remember any videos that went viral on the internet?
4- What do you use to post on social media?
5- What do you like to see in social media?
6- Do you think social media is important for business?
Page 40
Text
Previous vocabulary
To refer(ed) (to) – referir-se (a) Update – atualização
To compel(led) – compelir, obrigar Profile – perfil
To interfere(d) – interferir Excess – excesso
To check(ed) – verificar Excessive – excessivo
To stalk(ed) – seguir, perseguir Dependency – dependência
To conclude(d) – concluir Fondness – afeição, gosto
To record(ed) – gravar, anotar Random – aleatório
To follow(ed) – seguir Stranger – estranho
To rank(ed) – classificar Cigarette – cigarro
To scan(ned) – escanear Alcohol – álcool
To stimulate(d) – estimular Booze – álcool
To observe(d) – observar Experimente – experimento
To cause(d) – causar Cravings – desejo
To consider(ed) – considerar Ahead – à frente
To theorize(d) – teorizar Self-disclosure – falar de si mesmo
To impair(ed) – prejudicar Functional – funcional
To add(ed) – adicionar Pleasure – prazer
To spread, spread, spread – espalhar Center – centro
To lead, led, led – levar Clinicians – clínicos
To cross the line – cruzar a linha, passar dos Symptoms – sintomas
limites Anxiety – ansiedade
Back then – naquela época Disorder – problema, desordem
To hook up – colocar Lack – falta
For hours on end – por horas a fio Data – dados
Addiction – vício Phenomenon – fenômeno
Addicted – viciado (adjetivo) Performance – desempenho
Addict – viciado (substantivo) Relationship – relacionamento
Harmful – prejudicial Pathological – patológico
Damaging – danoso, prejudicial Bible – bíblia
Context – contexto So far – até agora
Compulsion – compulsão As of – até
What Is Social Networking Addiction?
Addiction usually refers to compulsive behavior that leads to negative effects. In most addic-
tions, people feel compelled to do certain activities so often that they become a harmful habit,
which then interferes with other important activities such as work or school.
In that context, a social networking addict could be considered someone with a compulsion to
use social media to excess — constantly checking facebook status updates or "stalking" people's
profiles, for example, for hours on end.
But it's hard to tell when fondness for an activity becomes a dependency and crosses the line
into a damaging habit or addiction. Does spending three hours a day on Twitter reading random
Page 41
tweets from strangers mean you're addicted to Twitter? How about five hours?
Researchers at Chicago University concluded that social media addiction can be stronger than
addiction to cigarettes and booze following an experiment in which they recorded the cravings
of several hundred people for several weeks. Media cravings ranked ahead of cravings for ciga-
rettes and alcohol.
At Harvard University, researchers actually hooked people up to functional MRI machines to scan
their brains and see what happens when they talk about themselves, which is a key part of what
people do in social media. They found that self-disclosure communication stimulates the brain's
pleasure centers much as sex and food do.
Plenty of clinicians have observed symptoms of anxiety, depression and some psychological
disorders in people who spend too much time online, but little hard evidence has been found
proving that social media or Internet use caused the symptoms. There's a similar lack of data
about social networking addiction.
Some people consider excessive use of social networks simply the latest form of "Internet Addic-
tion Disorder," a phenomenon people first began writing about in the 1990s when Internet use
was starting to spread. Even back then, people theorized that heavy use of the Internet might
impair people's performance at work, in school, and in family relationships.
Nearly 20 years later, there is still no agreement that excessive use of the Internet or social ne-
tworking services is pathological or should be considered a medical disorder. Some have asked
the American Psychological Association to add Internet addiction to the official medical bible of
disorders, but the APA has so far refused (at least as of this writing).
Adapted from:
www.lifewire.com/what-is-social-networking-addiction-2655246
Questions:
1- What is an addiction?
2- What would a social networking addict be like?
3- What did researchers from Chicago University conclude?
4- What did researchers from Harvard University do?
5- What symptoms have clinicians observed in people who spend too much time online?
6- When did people start writing about internet addiction disorder?
7- Has the American Psychological Association added internet addiction to the oficial medical
bible of disorders?
1- What are the pros and cons of using social media?

2- Do you believe you spend too much time online?
3- Have you ever procrastinated because of social medias?
4- How many times a day do you check your smartphone due to social media?
5- Do you believe children should make use of social media?
6- How do you think social networking influences our relationships?
Page 42
Page 43
1- Write a text about the pros and cons of social networking:
Homework
Lesson 8
Generations
Related vocabulary
Gap – lacuna Revolution – revolução
Clash – choque, conflito Dissatisfaction – insatisfação
Peers – pares, iguais Arrogance – arrogância
Pressure – pressão Arrogant – arrogante
Tradition – tradição Conceited – pretencioso
Experience – experiência Pride – orgulho
Knowledge – conhecimento Proud – orgulhoso
Over-protective – super-protetores Humble – humilde
Hardworking – trabalhador Ideal – ideal
Diligent – diligente Supportive (of) – solidário (a)
Ease – facilidade Conscious – consciente
Convenience – conveniência Courage – coragem
Convenient – conveniente Courageous – corajoso
Innovation – inovação Contempt – desprezo
Technology – tecnologia Aspect – aspecto
Rebellious – rebelde (adjetivo) Characteristic – característica
Rebel – rebelde (substantivo) Main – principal
Cause – causa Against – contra
Common Generational names in the U.S.
G.I. Generation – born from 1900 to 1924

Traditionalists or silent generation – born from 1925 to 1945
Baby boomers – born from 1946 to 1964
Generation X – born from 1965 to 1979
Millennials or generation Y – born from 1980 to late 90's
Generation Z or Centennials – born from late 90's to 2010's
Page 44
To differ, differed, differed (from) – diferir (de)

To despise, despised, despised – desprezar, menosprezar
To agree, agreed, agreed – concordar
To disagree, disagreed, disagreed – discordar
To fight, fought, fought (for, against) – lutar (por, contra)
To be aware – estar ciente

To fit in – encaixar-se, adaptar-se
At all – de forma alguma, mesmo (ênfase em frase negativas)

Ex: He has no money at all – ele não tem dinheiro algum.
To be likely – estar propenso a, provavelmente

Ex: She is likely to come home tonight. – Ele provavelmente virá para casa hoje à noite.
1- In what aspects does your generation differ from that of your parents?
2- Which of the generations do you belong to?
3- Do you believe younger generations despise what older generations did?
4- What do you think are the main characteristics of the newest generations?
5- When you were a teenager, did you have problems to fit in?
6- Do you believe the new generations are more or less hardworking?
7- Do you think the youngest generations are more or less rebellious?
8- Do you think the newest generations are aware of the real problems in the world?
Page 45
Text
Previous vocabulary
To tend(ed) – tender Rural – rural

To move(d) – mudar-se Pastoral – interior, rural
To migrate(d) – migrar Unlike – diferentemente
To offer(ed) – oferecer Report – relatório
To aspire(d) – aspirar Perks – vantagens, benefícios
To compare(d) – comparar Diversity – diversidade
To motivate(d) – motivar Safety – segurança
To matter(ed) – ter importância Status – status
To define(d) – definir Ability – habilidade
To consider(ed) – considerar Impact – impacto
To demand(ed) – demandar, exigir Wherever – onde quer que
To decline(d) – declinar, diminuir Survey – pesquisa
To drop(ped) – cair Poll – pesquisa
To reflect(ed) – refletir Candidate – candidato
To drive, drove, driven – guiar Potential – potencial
To rewrite, rewrote, rewritten – reescrever Growth – crescimento
To put off – adiar Promotion – promoção
To pay off – pagar Overall – geral
To be all about – só querer saber de Workforce – trabalhadores
To be credited – levar o crédito Previous – prévio, anterior
En masse – em massa Independently – independentemente
To get more out of work – conseguir mais do Meanwhile – enquanto isso
trabalho Loyalty – lealdade
To be likely – ser, estar propenso Likely – provável
On the other hand – por outro lado Period – período
Health-conscious – preocupado com a saúde Taste – gosto
More than ever – mais do que nunca Consumer – consumidor
Locally sourced – de produção local Predecessor – antecessor
Due to – devido a Proper – apropriado
As a whole – no geral Weight – peso
When it comes to – quando se trata de Height – altura
Instead of – em vez de Habit – hábito
Instead – em vez disso Recente – recente
Member – membro Shift – mudança
Mostly – majoritariamente Preference – preferência
Yet – no entanto Rise – ascensão
Cohort – coorte Gluten-free – sem glúten
Employment – emprego Vegan – vegano
Suburb – subúrbio All natural – cem por cento natural
Cost – custo Grocery – mercado, venda
Educated – educado Aisle – corredor
Especially – especialmente Age – idade
Urban – urbano Demographic – demográfico
Suburban – suburbano Tastemaker – formador de opinião
Page 46
Transparency – transparência Crisis – crise

Sustainable – sustentável Price – preço
Practice – prática Lift – carona
Option – opção Gadget – aparelho eletrônico
Percentage – percentual Savings account – poupança
Homeowner – proprietário de casa Majority – maioria
Renter – locador Mere – mero
Steadly – firmemente Range – raio, alcance
Earnings – ganhos Rate – taxa
Income – renda Annual – anual
Assets – ativos Unmarried – não casado
Wealth – riqueza Recession – recessão
Eviction – evicção, perda do bem Trend – tendência
Foreclosure – execução de hipoteca Increase – aumento
Mortgage – hipoteca Decline – declínio
Loan – empréstimo Religiousness – religiosidade
Notice – aviso
5 major differences between the lives of millennials and baby boomers
Millennials are America's biggest generation, with 95 million members in their 20s and 30s.
They're mostly the children of baby boomers — now America's second largest generation. Yet
millennials differ from their parents in several key ways, and the cohort is rewriting the rules for
everything from marriage to employment to the food industry.
Here are five of the biggest ways millennials live differently than their parents' generation.
1 – Millennials are more happy in cities than in suburbs.
Millennials are all about big city living and the cost of living that comes with it.
Educated millennials especially tend to move to more expensive urban centers. Unlike baby
boomers and their parents, who migrated to the suburbs en masse, millennials find happiness in
cities, according to a Regional Studies report. Larger, more urban environments offer millennials
the perks of diversity, economic opportunities, entertainment, safety, and a feeling of status.
When baby boomers were in their 20s and 30s, on the other hand, they aspired more to live in
suburban homes in smaller, pastoral regions. Today, millennials are the first generation to be
more happy with urban life than rural life. Unlike baby boomers, they are least happy in places
with fewer than 8,000 people. And millennials are the only generation that's happier living in
places with 250,000 or more people.
2 – Millennials want to get more out of work.
Compared to baby boomers, millennials are more motivated by their ability to make an impact
wherever they work. According to a Global Report survey, 74% of millennial job candidates want
a job where they feel like their work matters.
They also want the potential for growth and promotion: The Addison Group found that more than
67% of millennials want to reach manager status, compared to just 58% of the overall workfor-
ce. They're also less afraid than previous generations to change jobs or work independently.
Page 47
Baby boomers, meanwhile, are driven more by loyalty, and they're more likely to work for the
same company for long periods of time — a 2016 poll found 40% of boomers stayed with an
employer for at least 20 years, and 18% stayed for 30 years or more.
3 – Millennials are more health-conscious — and they're driving tastes in the food industry.
Millennials are more health-conscious consumers than their predecessors.

A 2013 Aetna poll found baby boomers were most likely to define “healthy” as not falling sick
and being the proper weight for your height. Meanwhile, millennials were the more likely gene-
ration to consider good eating habits and physical activity in their definitions of healthy.
Millennials can be credited for several recent shifts in food preferences, including the rise of
gluten-free, vegan, and all-natural options in the grocery aisle.
As the largest US age demographic, millennials are the key tastemakers in the food industry right
now. More than ever, millennials are demanding transparency from the food industry, as well as
sustainable food practices and locally sourced, natural options.
4 – They have less money than their parents, and they're slower to buy homes.
In the last decade, the percentage of millennial homeowners and renters has steadily declined.
This may be due to the fact that as a whole, millennials have less money than their parents did
at the same age. According to the Federal Reserve, millennials have lower earnings, fewer assets,
and less wealth compared to baby boomers.
A study by the Pew Research Center found that “millennial households are earning more than
previous generations did at their age nearly any time in the past 50 years.” So what does this
mean? Overall, as individuals, millennials are making less money, but income for married cou-
ples (household incomes) is up.
When it comes to spending, millennials are slower to own homes than previous generations.
Growing up through the evictions and foreclosure notices of the 2008 financial crisis, millennials
spend more money than their predecessors on high rent prices and paying off student loans.
Research from a Charles Schwab report found that instead of mortgages, millennials are more
likely to spend their paychecks on transportation like Ubers and Lifts, coffee, gadgets, clothes,
and live entertainment and sports.
But millennials are less likely to have money in the bank, as well. A 2015 GoBankingRates survey
found that a majority of millennials have less than $1,000 in their savings accounts, and many
have nothing at all.
5 – And they're putting off marriage.
America's youngest generations are less likely to marry during their 20s. Nearly 50% of baby
boomers were married between the ages of 18 to 32, while a mere 26% of millennials are mar-
ried in the same age range.
From 1970 to 2012, the U.S. marriage rate dropped 60% — from 74 annual marriages for every
1,000 unmarried women down to 31. The decline in marriage rates among millennials reflects a
number of cultural and economical shifts, including the recession of the late 2000s. Other trends
like the increase in women in the workforce and the decline in religiousness have also shaped
millennials' views of marriage.
Adapted from:
www.businessinsider.com/difference-millennials-baby-boomers-2019-4
Page 48
Questions:
1- What is America's biggest generation nowadays?

2- What's the second one?
3- Do millennials prefer to live in big cities or in the suburbs?
4- What do millennials want from work?
5- What do millennials think of health?
6- Do millennials have more or less money than their parents?
7- How old are millennials likely to get married?
1- Are you a millennial?
2- What characteristics do you share with the millennials?
3- Why do you think millennials put off marriage?
4- Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson once said the newest generations, before trying to
change the world, should first start cleaning up their own rooms. Do you think he is right?
Page 49
Homework
1- Do some research and write a text about the main characteristics of the six generations
cited in the lesson. Finally, tell us in which of them you fit better:
Page 50
Lesson 9
Education
Related vocabulary
Educational – educacional Test – teste
System – sistema Exam – exame
Index – índice Evaluation – avaliação
Goal – objetivo Assessment – avaliação, análise
Fail – falha Daily – diário, diariamente
Success – sucesso Task – tarefa, serviço
Successful – bem-sucedido, de sucesso Homework – tarefa de casa
Auspicious – auspicioso, propício Text – texto
Background – experiência Report – relatório
Knowledge – conhecimento Report card – boletim escolar
Information – informação Summer school – recuperação durante as
Curriculum – currículo, grade férias
Subject – matéria Major – formação principal
Lesson – lição Minor – formação secundária
Explanation – explicação Labor – trabalho
Course – curso Conditions – condições
Graduate – graduado Resource – recurso
Degree – grau Access (to) – acesso (a)
Needs – necessidades Framework – estrutura, enquadramento
Strategy – estratégia Structure – estrutura
Literacy – alfabetização Infrastructure – infraestrutura
Literate – alfabetizado Classroom – sala de aula
Illiterate – analfabeto Crowded – lotado, cheio de gente
Functional illiterate – analfabeto funcional Industrious – dedicado
Basic – básico Persistent – persistente
Elementary education – educação primária Bold – ousado
Secondary education – educação secundária Effort – esforço
Higher education – educação superior Elementary school – primário
Freshman – calouro Junior high – escola média, ginásio
Sophomore – segundanista High school – ensino médio, segundo grau
Senior – veterano College – faculdade
Grade – nota, série University – universidade
Score – pontuação
Attendance – presença, frequência
Page 51
To enroll, enrolled, enrolled – matricular-se

To attend, attended, attended – frequentar
To excel, excelled, excelled – sobressair
To pass, passed, passed – passar (verbo transitivo direto)
To succeed, succeeded, succeeded – ter sucesso
To fail, failed, failed – falhar, rodar (verbo transitivo direto)
To score, scored, scored – pontuar
To repeat, repeated, repeated – repetir
To remain, remained, remained – permanecer
To show, showed, shown – mostrar
To demonstrate, demonstrated, demonstrated – demonstrar
To explain, explained, explained – explicar
To contribute, contributed, contributed – contribuir
To explore, explored, explored – explorar
To rank, ranked, ranked – figurar
To extend, extended, extended – estender
To be able to – ser capaz de

Ex: He is not able to read complex texts. – ele não é capaz de ler textos complexos.
To pay attention (to) – prestar atenção (em, a)

Ex: Pay attention to your teacher. – Preste atenção no seu professor.
1- Are or were you a good student at school?

2- Do or did you have good grades?
3- Have you ever failed at school?
4- Do or did you study in a public or in a private school?
5- Do you believe you had access to good education?
6- Do or did you have good teachers?
7- Who is or who was the best teacher you ever had at school?
8- Does or did your school have good infrastructure?
Page 52
Text
Previous vocabulary
To transform(ed) – transformar Recent – recente
To praise(d) – louvar, parabenizar Rapidly – rapidamente
To publish(ed) – publicar Expansion – expansão
To succeed(ed) – ter sucesso Growth – crescimento
To extend(ed) – estender Access – acesso
To perform(ed) – executar, fazer Attendance – frequência, comparecimento
To involve(d) – envolver Effort – esforço
To remain(ed) – permanecer Basic – básico
To release(d) – lançar, soltar Progress – progresso
To demonstrate(d) – demonstrar Despite – apesar de, a despeito de
To focus(ed) (on) – focar (em) Overall – geral
To nurture(d) – nutrir Literacy – alfabetização
To neglect(d) – negligenciar Illiteracy – analfabetismo
To place(d) – colocar Functional illiteracy – analfabetismo funcional
To correlate(d) – correlacionar-se Rate – taxa
To contain(ed) – conter Understanding – compreensão
To highlight(ed) – enfatizar, destacar Daily – diário
To translate(d) – traduzir Task – tarefa
To assume(d) – presumir Numeracy – números
To face(d) – encarar Persistent – persistente
To misappropriate(d) – empregar indevidamen- Shadow – sombra
te Assessment – teste, avaliação
To explore(d) – explorar Sufficient – suficiente
To contribute(d) – contribuir Proficiency – proficiência
To monitor(ed) – monitorar Findings – descobertas
To include(d) – incluir Numerical – numérico
To misreport(ed) – prestar informações erradas Mathematical – matemático
ou falsas Subtraction – subtração
To grow, grew, grown – crescer Sum – soma
To show, showed, shown – mostrar Digit – dígito
To pay attention (to) – prestar atenção (em) Skill – habilidade
To play a role – desempenhar um papel While – enquanto
To leave many behind – deixar muitos para trás Desirable – desejável
Middle-income country – país de renda média Level – nível
Primary school – escola primária Able – capaz
Early childhood – primeira infância Additionally – adicionalmente
Extra-curricular activity – atividade extracurri- Continued – continuado
cular Trend – tendência
According to – de acordo com High – alto
Unaccounted for – inexplicado, não contabiliza- Distortion – distorção
do Appropriate – apropriado
NGO – ONG Age – idade
Later on – mais tarde Alike – da mesma forma
In turn – por sua vez Curriculum – currículo
Period – período Creativity – criatividade
Report – relatório Culture – cultura
Research – pesquisa Arts – artes
Rapid – rápido Score – pontuação
Page 53
Poor – pobre, ruim Domestic – doméstico

Subject – matéria Respectively – respectivamente
Area – área Governance – governança
Science – ciência Specifically – especificamente
Meanwhile – enquanto isso Mayor – prefeito
Typically – tipicamente Imminent – iminente
Full – inteiro Re-election – reeleição
Responsibility – responsabilidade Horizon – horizonte
Fundamental – fundamental Element – elemento
Development – desenvolvimento Lack – falta
Within – dentro, dentre Accountability – responsabilidade fiscal
Inequality – desigualdade Inefficiency – ineficiência
Neighborhood – bairro, vizinhança Financial – financeiro
Income – renda Contribution – contribuição
Race – raça Machanism – mecanismo
Mixed – misturado, miscigenado Leakage – vazamento
Resident – residente Pervasive – disseminado
Huge – enorme Pupil – aluno
Resource – recurso Fund – fundo
Discrepancy – discrepância, diferença Destruction – destruição
Rural – rural Archive – arquivo
Directly – diretamente Diversion – desvio
Adult – adulto Bonus – bônus
Founder – fundador
Brazil's failed educational system creates illiterate students
Over a fifteen-year period, Brazil “transformed its education system”, according to a 2010 OECD
report praising the country's rapid expansion of public education. The growth of access to edu-
cation and school attendance grew rapidly over those fifteen years: by the time the OECD pu-
blished its 2010 report, state efforts had succeeded in extending access to basic education to 95
percent of the population using public administration frameworks.
But despite progress in getting children into schools and its status as a middle-income country,
Brazil's schools are still leaving many behind. While overall literacy rates are high – 92.6 percent,
according to UNESCO's 2015 report – functional illiteracy, where students don't have enough
understanding to perform basic, daily tasks involving numeracy, reading, and writing, remains a
persistent shadow. Brazil's 2016 National Literacy Assessment (ANA), released this week, showed
that just 55 percent of 8-year-old students demonstrated ‘sufficient' proficiency in reading and
writing.
The same report showed similar findings when it came to numerical literacy. Only 45 percent
had ‘sufficient' mathematical skills, while just 27 percent demonstrated ‘desirable' levels, able
to perform tasks like subtraction with three-digit numbers. Additionally, recent findings demons-
trate a continued trend of high distortion rates, where students show a literacy or mathematical
level lower than appropriate for their age. According to the ANA, just 45 percent of 8-year-old
students were able to read and write at the level appropriate for their age.
And while students and teachers alike focus on reading, writing and mathematical sums, UNES-
CO's most recent research showed that primary schools in Brazil are “paying little attention to
other parts of the curriculum nurturing creativity, culture, and the arts”. This results in poor sco-
res in other subject areas later on: Brazil's 15-year-old students were among some of the poorest
performers in some OECD science tests. Meanwhile, families typically place full responsibility
Page 54
for children's education on the schools themselves, neglecting extra-curricular help that is fun-
damental to early childhood development.
Within cities, educational inequality correlates with neighborhood incomes – which in turn
correlates with race. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, poorer neighborhoods contained the highest
levels of black and mixed-race residents, in addition to higher functional illiteracy and distortion
rates.
But UNESCO's report highlighted the huge resource discrepancies existing between schools in
Brazil's cities and its rural areas: 90 percent of computers in schools in cities are connected to
the internet, compared to 60 percent in rural areas. This directly translated to adult life, accor-
ding to the founder of NGO Education For All, Priscila Cruz, who writes: “In the rural economy, in
domestic services and in construction, we find the highest rates of functional illiteracy: respecti-
vely, 70, 42, and 41 percent.”
Governance plays a larger role than some may assume, according to UNESCO's research. Spe-
cifically in Brazil, local mayors facing imminent re-election “misappropriated 27 percent fewer
resources” than those whose elections were a little further away on the horizon. But other ele-
ments explored in the report showed that a lack of accountability within the system could be
contributing to its inefficiency.
While all levels of government made financial contributions to public education systems, “with
no systematic monitoring mechanism, leakage became pervasive, including cases of misrepor-
ting of the number of pupils enrolled, funds unaccounted for, destruction of archives and diver-
sion of teacher salaries and bonuses”.
Adapted from:
www.brazilian.report/society/2017/10/27/brazil-educational-system-illiteracy-stats/
Questions:
1- How did Brazil transform its educational system?

2- What are the numbers for functional illiteracy among Brazilian students?
3- What are distortion rates?
4- According to UNESCO's report, what aspects are Brazilians primary schools paying little atten-
tion to? What does it result in?
5- What do Brazilian families typically neglect?
6- What is educational inequality correlated with?
7- Is there any educational discrepancies between urban and rural areas in Brazil?
8- Do elections influence education in Brazil?
9- Is there proper educational governance in Brazil?

1- Brazil always ranks among the last placed in PISA. Why do you think it happens?
2- The report above says Brazil has been creating illiterate students for decades, do you
think you are one of them?
3- Do you believe you have any educational deficiency?
4- Do you believe teachers in Brazil may be illiterate?
5- Does or did your school English teacher speak English?
6- Why do you think you needed to enroll in an English course once you had English classes
at school?
7- Do you believe there is a solution to Brazil's educational problem?
Page 55
Homework
1- Write about your years in school. Tell us about the things you liked and the ones you
didn't. Also, tell us whether you had or not a good education. If you are still in school, write
about things you like and dislike. Tell us who your best teachers are and what you intend to
do in the future and why:
Page 56
Lesson 10
Media & Public opinion
Related vocabulary
Media – mídia Fake – falso
Press – imprensa Secrecy – sigilo
News – notícia Filter – filtro
Streaming – streaming Confidenciality – confidencialidade
Podcast – podcast Credibility – credibilidade
Newspaper – jornal (de papel) Independent – independente
Daily – diário Reliable – confiável
Website – site Trustworthy – confiável
Tabloid – tabloide Privacy – privacidade
Magazine – revista Discretion – discrição
TV – TV Special – especial
Radio – radio Especially – especialmente
Broadcast – transmissão Amid – em meio a
Information – informação Alleged – alegado, suposto
Entertainment – entretenimento Involvement – envolvimento
Documentary – documentário Engagement – envolvimento, engajamento
Source – fonte Participation – participação
Journalist – jornalista Investigation – investigação
Reporter – repórter Degree – grau
Commentator – comentarista Under – sob
Column – coluna Case – caso
Editorial – editorial Effect – efeito
Columnist – colunista Mentality – mentalidade
Headline – manchete Herd effect – efeito manada
Article – artigo Immunity – imunidade
Report – reportagem Mass – massa
Feature – reportagem especial Authoritative – oficial
Content – conteúdo Censorship – censura
Fact – fato Sponsor – patrocinador
Factual – factual Ad – anúncio
True – verdadeiro Advertisement – anúncio, propaganda
Truth – verdade Commercial – comercial
Misinformation – desinformação Publicity – publicidade
Hoax – farsa, embuste Campaign – campanha
Lie – mentira Leak – vazamento
Liar – mentiroso
Shame – vergonha Propaganda – (termo pejorativo, normal-
Falsehood – falsidade mente utilizado para se referir a falsa propa-
Bias – viés ganda governamental)
Biased – tendencioso
Unbiased – imparcial
Page 57

To inform, informed, informed – informar
To base, based, based – basear
To publish, published, published – publicar
To broadcast, broadcast, broadcast – transmitir
To transmit, transmitted, transmitted – transmitir
To report, reported, reported – reportar, relatar
To disseminate, disseminated, disseminated – disseminar
To discredit, discredited, discredited – desacreditar
To compromise, compromised, compromised – comprometer
To control, controlled, controlled – controlar
To advertise, advertised, advertised – anunciar
To sponsor, sponsored, sponsored – patrocinar
To subscribe, subscribed, subscribed (to) – assinar
To censor, censored, censored – censurar
To google, googled, googled – pesquisar no google
To trust, trusted, trusted – confiar
To rely, relied, relied (on) – confiar
Free speech – liberdade de fala

Freedom of speech – liberdade de expressão
Freedom of expression. – liberdade de expressão
Fake news – notícia falsa
TV network – rede de TV
Social networking – redes sociais
Press release – nota, comunicado de imprensa
Public opinion – opinião pública

Social network – rede social
Search engine – ferramenta de busca
To get in touch (with) – entrar em contato (com)

To be in touch (with) – estar em contato (com)
To keep in touch (with) – manter contato (com)
Page 58

1- What are the main TV networks in Brazil?
2- What are you favorite TV channels?
3- What are your favorite TV shows?
4- What kind of shows does the Brazilian TV broadcast?
5- How do you keep yourself informed?
6- Do you read the newspaper? Which one?
7- Do you use to listen to the radio?
8- Is there any journalist, reporter or commentator you like best?
9- Do you prefer to read the news on-line or in a paper or magazine?
10- Do you subscribe to any magazines or papers?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To release, released, released – lançar, publicar Decision – decisão
To compare, compared, compared (to) – compa- Skepticism – ceticismo
rar (a) Skeptical – cético
To interview, interviewed, interviewed – entre- Throughout – por toda a extensão
vistar Whether – se
To lack, lacked, lacked – carecer de Debate – debate
To round, rounded, rounded – arredondar Legitimate – legítimo
One-third – um terço Confident – confiante
Poll – pesquisa Danger – perigo
Reporting – reportagem, informação Democracy – democracia
According to – de acordo com Overwhelmingly – esmagadoramente
Release – publicação Lack – falta
How often – com que frequência Candidate – candidato
Often – frequentemente Policymaker – aquele que faz políticas públicas
Each – cada Each other – um ao outro
Trust – confiança Margin – margem
Distrust – desconfiança Error – erro
Rarely – raramente Plus – mais
Policy – política (política pública, por exemplo) Minus – menos
Politicians – políticos In danger – em perigo
Campaign – campanha Margin of error of plus or minus – margem de
Lawmaker – legislador erro para mais ou para menos
Page 59
Almost One Third of Americans Don't Trust the Media: Poll
Around one-third of Americans don't trust that the media's reporting is based on factual informa-
tion, according to a new poll from The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research
and USAFacts.
The poll, released Nov. 20, asked Americans “how often” they think each of the questions asked
“are based on factual information.” It found that about two in 10 – or less – Americans trust that
the media's reporting is based on facts. Only 21% of Americans always or often trust the me-
dia and 47% sometimes have that trust. 31% said that they rarely or never believe that media
reports based on facts, the poll found.
This distrust was even bigger when Americans were asked if they believe that the decisions
made by policy makers are fact-based. The poll found that 55% of those polled only sometimes
believe in their lawmakers decisions, and only 14% always or often trust them.
The trend of skepticism continued throughout the questions, with many Americans expressing
doubt about whether their fellow Americans vote based on facts. Americans also doubted whe-
ther political candidates' campaign messages are fact-based and if debates between candidates
are legitimate, according to the poll. Only 9% always or often trusted in politicians' campaign
messages.
Republicans are more skeptical of Democrats and baby boomers are less confident in what politi-
cians say compared to millennials, the poll also found.
“Democracy is in danger when Americans so overwhelmingly lack trust in the candidates, the
policymakers, the news media, and each other,” USAFacts President Poppy MacDonald said ac-
cording to a press release.
October's poll saw 1,032 U.S. adults interviewed between Oct. 15-28, Axios reported. There is a
margin of error of plus or minus 4.2% and the final numbers were rounded.
www.nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/almost-one-third-americans-dont-trust-media-poll-98697
Questions:
1- Do all americans believe the media's reporting is based on factual information?

2- What percentage of Americans believe the decisions made by policy makers are fact-based?
3- What percentage of Americans trust politician's campaign messages?
4- Who are more skeptical, Republicans or Democrats?
5- What did USA Facts President Poppy MacDonald say about the poll?

1- Do you believe media influences people's opinion?
2- What's the difference between media and public opinion?
3- Why do you think so many people don't trust the mainstream media?
4- Do you trust the mainstream media? Why or why not?
5- Do you believe alternative media? Why or why not?
6- Can you name journalists or communication medias you trust?
7- Can you name journalists or communication medias you don't trust?
Page 60
Homework
1- Write a text about how you stay up-to-date and what kind of information you like to
know about. Tell us your favorite websites or communication channels. Finally, tell us
why these are your favorites.
Page 61
Lesson 11
Hip-hop
Related vocabulary
Slang – gíria Cipher – círculo de pessoas reunidas
Yo – olá Hood – vizinhança, “quebrada”
Ya – você Ghetto – gueto
Lil' – pequeno Crib – casa
Boo – namorado, namorada Place – casa, lar
Wheels – carro Fly – legal, ótimo
Ride – carro Ill – bom, ótimo
Ice – joias Cool – legal
Shawty – menina Loose – animado
Dime – garota bonita Dough – dinheiro
Nigger – negro (termo pejorativo) Punk – punk, pivete, imprestável
Nigga – negro (termo pejorativo) Beat – batida
Gang – gangue Rhyme – rima
Gangster – criminoso Beatboxing – percussão vocal
Gangsta – Bandido, criminoso Rap – rap
O.G. (original gangsta) – bandido respeitado, Graffiti – grafite
à moda antiga Down – juntos, juntamente
Thug – bandido Culture – cultura
Thug life – vida bandida Urban – urbano
Criminal – criminoso Streetwear – roupas urbanas, “de rua”
Crime – crime Style – estilo
Criminality – criminalidade Slacks – calças largas
Prejudice – preconceito Backwards – de trás para frente
Role model – exemplo a ser seguido, modelo Inside out – do avesso
Behavior – comportamento Fool – tolo
Worshipping – adoração Moron – imbecil
Homie – amigo, “mano” Dirty words – palavrões
Crew – galera, pessoal
Page 62
To hustle, hustled, hustled – fazer “rolo”, “trabalhar”

To grind, ground, ground – trabalhar (de verdade)
To flex, flexed, flexed – ostentar
To rap, rapped, rapped – fazer rap
To rhyme, rhymed, rhymed – rimar
To chat, chatted, chatted – conversar
To cross, crossed, crossed – cruzar, matar
To induce, induced, induced – induzir
To encourage, encouraged, encouraged – encorajar
To commit, committed, committed – cometer
To worship, worshipped, worshipped – adorar, venerar
Holla at – chamar
To pull up (on) – chegar em algum lugar, ir para cima (de forma violenta)
Thick and thin – bons e maus momentos
To keep it real – ser verdadeiro
It got me – isso me fez

Television watching got me chasing dreams – assistir TV me fez perseguir sonhos
Ain't – negativo de “to be”, “to have”, “there to be”.
He ain't my homie – ele não é meu amigo

I ain't seen her ‘round here – eu não a vi por aqui
Ain't got no – não há, não tem

Ain't got nobody here – não há ninguém aqui
He ain't got no money – ele não tem dinheiro
Page 63
1- Do you like to use slang?

2- What do you use to chat about with your “homies”?
3- What is your opinion on people who enjoy flexing what they have?
4- Do you believe graffiti is a form of art?
5- What do you think of hip-hop?
6- What do you think of the use of dirty words?
7- Do you like the hip-hop clothing style?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To blast(ed) – detonar Pistol – pistola

To deserve(d) – merecer Smoke – fumaça
To treat(ed) – tratar As – enquanto
To line(d) – marcar, desenhar Fool – tolo, trouxa
To trip(ped) – tropeçar, “viajar”, enganar-se Kinda (kind of) – tipo de
To croak(ed) – agonizar, coaxar On my knees – de joelhos
To chase(d) – perseguir Prayer – oração
To arouse(d) – atiçar, provocar Ten – pistola de dez tiros
To front(ed) – fingir, enganar Gleam – brilho
To set tripping – atacar outras gangues Locked out – “aloprado”, trancado do lado de
What's going on – o que está acontecendo fora
What's cooking – o que “tá rolando” Banger – bandido
Unheard of – desconhecido, não se ouviu falar Anger – ódio
Paradise – paraíso Heartbeat – batida do coração, instante
Valley – vale Away – distante
Shadow – sombra Blind – cego
Chalk – giz Out of – sem
Loc – cara, louco Luck – sorte
Page 64
Gangsta's Paradise
As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death

I take a look at my life and realize there's nothing left
'Cause I've been blasting and laughing so long
That even my momma thinks that my mind's gone
But I ain't never crossed a man that didn't deserve it

Me be treated like a punk, you know that's unheard of
You better watch how ya talking and where ya walking
Or you and your homies might be lined in chalk
I really hate to trip but I gotta, loc

As they croak, I see myself in the pistol smoke
Fool, I'm the kinda G that little homie's wanna be like
On my knees in the night saying prayers in the street light
Been spending most their lives 4x

Living in a gangsta's paradise
Forget the situation they got me facing

I can't live a normal life, I was raised by the state
So I gotta be down with the 'hood team
Too much television watching got me chasing dreams
I'm an educated fool with money on my mind

Got my ten in my hand and a gleam in my eye
I'm a locked out gangsta, set tripping banger
And my homies is down so don't arouse my anger
Fool, death ain't nothing but a heartbeat away

I'm living life do or die, what can I say?
I'm twenty-three now, will I ever live to see twenty-four?
The way things is going I don't know.
Tell me why are we so blind to see

That the ones we hurt are you and me?

Living in a gangsta's paradise
Page 65
Power in the money, money in the power

Minute after minute, hour after hour
Everybody's running, but half of them ain't looking
what's going on in the kitchen
But I don't know what's cooking
They say I gotta learn but nobody's here to teach me

If they can't understand it, how can they reach me?
I guess they can't, I guess they won't
I guess they front
That's why I know my life is out of luck, fool

Living in a gangsta's Paradise
Tell me why are we so blind to see 2x

That the ones we hurt are you and me?
Coolio – Gangsta's Paradise (feat. L.V.)
1- What do you think of this song? What is it about?

2- Do you believe those involved in the “hip-hop culture” suffer any kind of prejudice?
3- Do you think rappers are a good role model to children?
4- Do you think “gangsta rap” encourages people to commit crimes?
5- Is there any hip-hop artist you admire? Who?
Page 66
Homework
1- Write a text about the influence people have from the hip-hop culture nowadays:
Page 67
Lesson 12
Parenting
Related vocabulary
Baby – bebê Stroller – carrinho de bebê
Baby boy – menino Carrycot – moisés
Baby girl – menina Babywalker – andador
Twins – gêmeos Pot – penico
Triplets – trigêmeos High chair – cadeira de bebê
Quadruplets – quadrigêmeos Car seat – cadeira de bebê (no automóvel)
Couple – casal Lullaby – canção de ninar
Toddler – criança pequena Soothing – calmante, que acalma
Childhood – infância Naughty – levado
Teenagehood – adolescência Polite – educado
Teenager – adolescente Spoiled – mimado
Diapers – fralda Pregnant – grávida
Poop – cocô Pregnancy – gravidez
Pee – xixi Womb – útero
Pacifier – chupeta Normal delivery – parto normal
Baby bottle – mamadeira Cesarean section – cesariana
Bib – babador Joy – alegria
Baby powder – talco Heritage – herança
Baby lotion – creme, loção Education – educação
Ointment – pomada Legacy – legado
Cotton swabs – cotonetes Teaching – ensinamento
Baby wipes – lenços umedecidos Advice – conselho
Crib – berço Values – valores
Cradle – berço que balança Memory – memória
Mobile – móbile Empathy – empatia
Rattles – chocalho Development – desenvolvimento
Teddy bear – ursinho de pelúcia Tantrum – birra
Toy – brinquedo Homeschooling – educar os filhos em casa
Games – brincadeiras
Page 68
Children's toys
Action figure – bonequinho de super-herói
Doll – boneca
Toy car – carrinho
Puzzle – quebra-cabeça
Cards – cartas
Board games
Checkers – damas Backgammon – gamão
Monopoly – banco imobiliário Battleship – batalha naval
Scrabble – palavras cruzadas
The game of life – o jogo da vida
Clue – detetive
Children's games
Blind man's bluff – cabra-cega Tag – pega-pega
Chinese whispers – telefone sem fio Tic-tac-toe – jogo da velha
Cops and robbers – polícia e ladrão Rock, paper, scissors – pedra, papel e tesou-
Dodgeball – queimada ra
Freeze tag – estátua Hopscotch – amarelinha
Hide-and-seek – esconde-esconde To jump rope – pular corda
To raise, raised, raised -criar

To long, longed, longed – ansiar, esperar
To educate, educated, educated – educar
To advise, advised, advised – aconselhar
To teach, taught, taught – ensinar
To learn, learned, learned – aprender
To spoil, spoiled, spoiled – mimar, estragar
To bathe, bathed, bathed – banhar, dar banho
To hush, hushed, hushed – silenciar-se, acalmar-se
To feed, fed, fed – alimentar
To breastfeed, breastfed, breastfed – dar de mamar
To cradle, cradled, cradled – ninar
To crawl, crawled, crawled – engatinhar
Page 69
To pee, peed, peed – fazer xixi

To poop, pooped, pooped – fazer cocô
To get pregnant – engravidar

To deliver a baby – ter um bebê
To give birth (to) – dar à luz
To put the baby to bed – colocar o bebê para dormir
To change diapers – trocar as fraldas
To pass on – passar adiante
To throw up – vomitar
To throw a tantrum – fazer birra
Pot training – aprender a usar o vaso sanitário
To come (go) out and play – sair para brincar
1- What are the best memories you have of your childhood?

2- Did you have any favorite toy when you were a child?
3- What were your favorite games when you were a child?
4- Did you use to play board games? Which ones?
5- Do children nowadays play the same games?
6- Are you a parent? If not, would you like to have children?
7- Tell us about your experience as a parent.
Page 70
Text
Previous vocabulary
To move(d) – mover-se Indulgence – indulgência

To incorporate(d) – incorporar Leniency – leniência
To trigger(ed) – desencadear Over-protection – superproteção
To shape(d) – moldar Issue – problema, questão
To determine(d) – determinar Hug – abraço
To strengthen(ed) – fortalecer Hormone – hormônio
To sculpt(ed) – esculpir Neuron – neurônio
To offer(ed) – oferecer Cell – célula
To laugh(ed) – rir Neurochemicals – neuroquímicos
To solve(d) – resolver Warm – quente, caloroso
To carry(ied) – carregar Warmth – calor
To remain(ed) – permanecer Contentment – contentamento
To avoid(ed) – evitar Resilience – resiliência
To enforce(d) – reforçar, aplicar Firm – firme
To punish(ed) – punir Relatively – relativamente
To support(ed) – dar suporte Basically – basicamente
To accept(ed)- aceitar Through – através
To explore(d) – explorar Across – pelo, através
To integrate(d) – integrar Silly – idiota
To coordinate(d) – coordenar Tickle – cócegas
To maintain(ed) – manter Marathon – maratona
To function(ed) – funcionar Attitude – atitude
To describe(d) – descrever Punitive – punitivo
To provide(d) – prover Measure – medida
To mean, meant, meant – significar Limit – limite
To ride, rode, ridden – andar, passear Consistent – consistente
To set, set, set – estabelecer Rule – regra
To strive, strove, striven – empenhar-se, lutar Rather than – em vez de
To thrive, throve, thriven – prosperar, crescer Haven – refúgio
To make sense – fazer sentido Responsive – responsivo, compreensivo
When it comes to – quando se trata de Sensitive – sensível
Walk the walk – dar exemplo pelas ações Signal – sinal
Walk the talk – fazer o que se diz Need – necessidade
To follow suit – seguir o exemplo Individual – indivíduo
Interest – interesse Consistently – consistentemente
Expectation – expectativa Outcome – resultado
Towards – para com, em direção a Carefully – cuidadosamente
Standard – padrão Integration – integração
Role model – modelo de comportamento Harmoniously – harmoniosamente
Tip – dica As a whole – como um todo
Effective – efetivo Fewer – menos, menos número
Skill – habilidade Cooperative – cooperativo
Even though – muito embora Troubling – problemático
Human – humano Experience – experiência
Species – espécie Solution – solução
Imitation – imitação Clarifying – esclarecedor
Carefully – cuidadosamente
Page 71
What makes a good parent?
A good parent strives to make decisions in the best interest of the child. A good parent doesn't
have to be perfect. No one is perfect. No parent is perfect. No child is perfect either … keeping this
in mind is important when we set our expectations.
But it doesn't mean that we shouldn't work towards that goal.
Set high standards for ourselves first and then our children second. We serve as a role model for
them.
Here are some tips on learning effective parenting skills. Many of them are not quick nor easy. And
probably no one can do all of them all of the time. But if you can keep working on them, even thou-
gh you may only do part of these some of the time, you will still be moving in the right direction.
1 – Be a good role model:
Walk the walk. Don't just tell your child what you want them to do. Show them.
Human is a special species in part because we can learn by imitation. We are programmed to copy
other's actions to understand them and to incorporate them into our own. Children, in particular,
watch everything their parents do very carefully.
So, be the person you want your child to be — respect your child, show them positive behavior and
attitude, have empathy towards your child's emotion — and your child will follow suit.
2 – Show your love.
There is no such thing as loving your child too much. Loving them cannot spoil them.
Only what you choose to do (or give) in the name of love can — things like material-indulgence,
leniency, low expectation, and over-protection. When these things are given in place of real love,
that's when you'll have a spoiled child.
Loving your child can be as simple as giving them hugs, spending time with them and listening to
their issues seriously.
Showing these acts of love can trigger the release of feel-good hormones such as oxytocin, opioids,
and prolactin. These neurochemicals can bring us a deep sense of calm, emotional warmth and
contentment, from these the child will develop resilience and not to mention a closer relationship
with you.
3 – Practice kind and firm positive parenting:
Babies are born with around 100 billion brain cells (neurons) with relatively little connections.
These connections create our thoughts, drive our actions, shape our personalities and basically
determine who we are. They are created, strengthened and “sculpted” through experiences across
our lives.
Give your child positive experiences. They will have the ability to experience positive experiences
themselves and offer them to others.
Give your child negative experiences and they won't have the kind of development necessary for
them to thrive.
Sing that silly song. Have a tickle marathon. Go to the park. Laugh with your child. Ride through an
emotional tantrum. Solve a problem together with a positive attitude.
Not only do these positive experiences create good connections in your child's brain, but they also
form the memories of you that your child carries for life.
When it comes to discipline, it seems hard to remain positive. But it is possible to practice Positive
Discipline and avoid punitive measures.
Being a good parent means you need to teach your child the moral in what is right and what is
wrong. Setting limits and being consistent are the keys to good discipline. Be kind and firm when
enforcing those rules. Focus on the reason behind the child's behavior. And make it an opportunity
to learn for the future, rather than to punish for the past.
4 – Be a safe haven for your child:
Page 72
Let your child know that you'll always be there for them by being responsive to the child's signals
and sensitive to their needs. Support and accept your child as an individual. Be a warm, safe haven
for your child to explore from.
Children raised by parents who are consistently responsive tend to have better emotional develo-
pment, social development, and mental health outcomes.
5 – Talk with your child:
Most of us already know the importance of communication. Talk to your child and also listen to
them carefully.
By keeping an open line of communication, you'll have a better relationship with your child and
your child will come to you when there's a problem.
But there's another reason for communication — you help your child integrate different parts of
his/her brain.
Integration is similar to our body in which different organs need to coordinate and work together
to maintain a healthy body.
When different parts of the brain are integrated, they can function harmoniously as a whole, which
means fewer tantrums, more cooperative behavior, and more empathy.
To do that, talk through troubling experiences. Ask your child to describe what happened and how
he/she felt.
You don't have to provide solutions. You don't need to have all the answers to be a good parent.
Just listening to them talk and asking clarifying questions will help them make sense of their ex-
periences and integrate memories.
https://www.parentingforbrain.com/how-to-be-a-good-parent-10-parenting-tips/
Questions
1- Why is it important to be a good role model?

2- Can loving our children spoil them?
3- Why is it important to give children positive experiences?
4- When it comes to discipline, how should a parent behave?
5- Why is it important to be responsive to children?
6- Why is it important to communicate with children?
1- In your opinion, what's the most difficult thing about being a parent?
2- What are the most important values you want to pass on to your children?
3- What do you think of homeschooling?
4- What do you think one should do when their child throws a tantrum?
5- Many people say that children are too spoiled nowadays. What do you think of it?
6- Do you believe it's harder to deal with a child or a teenager?
7- If you could go back in time and talk to yourself as a child, what would you say?
Page 73
1- Write a text about your childhood or about your experience as a parent.
Homework
Page 74
Lesson 13
The universe
Related vocabulary
Universe – universo Longitude – longitude
Multiverse – multiverso Parallel – paralelo
Space – espaço Meridian – meridiano
Empty – vazio Horizon – horizonte
Matter – matéria Horizontal – horizontal
Dark matter – matéria escura Vertical – vertical
Gravity – gravidade Diagonal – diagonal
Galaxy – galáxia Degree – grau
Star – estrela Eclipse – eclipse
Neutron star – estrela de nêutrons Season – estação do ano
Hole – buraco Calendar – calendário
Black hole – buraco negro Sphere – esfera
Constellation – constelação Spherical – esférico
Moon – lua Flat – chato, achatado
Satellite – satélite Form – forma
Asteroid – asteroide Curvature – curvatura
Comet – cometa Telescope – telescópio
Shooting star – estrela cadente Observatory – observatório
Northern lights – aurora boreal Astronaut – astronauta
Sky – céu Crew – tripulação
Planet – planeta Settlement – colonização
Mercury – Mercúrio Colonization – colonização
Venus – Vênus Orbit – órbita
Earth – Terra Atmosphere – atmosfera
Mars – Marte Station – estação
Jupiter – Júpiter Space station – estação espacial
Saturn – Saturno Light-year – ano-luz
Uranus – Urano Speed of light – velocidade da luz
Neptune – Netuno Speed of sound – velocidade do som
Rocky planet – planeta rochoso Ship – nave
Gas planet – planeta gasoso Aircraft – aeronave
Rotation – rotação Spacecraft – nave espacial
Translation – translação Spaceship – nave espacial
Axis – eixo Rocket – foguete
Tilt – inclinação Space probe – sonda espacial
Equinox – equinócio Human – humano
Solstice – solstício Humanity – humanidade
Equator – equador Mankind – humanidade
Tropic – trópico Giant – gigante, gigantesco
Latitude – latitude Step – passo
Page 75
Leap – salto E.T. – extraterrestre

Quote – frase U.F.O. – óvni
Relativity – relatividade Debate – debate
Dinosaur – dinossauro Astronomy – astronomia
Extinction – extinção If so – se este é o caso, se sim
Mass extinction – extinção em massa If not – se este não é o caso, se não
Alien – alienígena
Phases of the moon

New moon – lua nova Waning gibbous – lua balsâmica
Waxing crescent – crescente Third quarter – quarto minguante
First quarter – quarto crescente Waning crescent – minguante
Waxing gibbous – lua gibosa, convexa Dark moon – lua negra
Full moon – lua cheia
To explore, explored, explored – explorar

To observe, observed, observed – observar
To discover, discovered, discovered – descobrir
To tilt, tilted, tilted – inclinar
To rotate, rotated, rotated – rotacionar
To colonize, colonized, colonized – colonizar
To extinguish, extinguished, extinguished – extinguir
Solar eclipse – eclipse solar

Lunar eclipse – eclipse lunar
Regarded as – considerado
An equinox is regarded as the instant of time when the plane of Earth's equator passes
through the center of the Sun
Tropic of Cancer – trópico de Câncer

Tropic of Capricorn – Trópico de Capricórnio
Leap year – ano bissexto
To get in touch with – entrar em contato com

U.F.O. – unidentified flying object
Flat Earth – terra plana

Flat Earther – pessoa que acredita que a terra é plana
Conspiracy theory – teoria da conspiração
Page 76
1- Do you enjoy observing the moon and the stars?

2- Have you ever observed a lunar or a solar eclipse?
3- What are, in your opinion, the most fascinating things about astronomy?
4- What are the effects we can observe due to the rotation and translation movements?
5- Who said the famous quote: “that's a small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”?
6- Do you believe man has stepped on the moon in 1969?
7- Do you believe man will some day colonize other planets?
8- Would you travel to space if you had the chance?
9- Do you belive there is more than one universe?
10- Do you believe an asteroid was the cause for the extinction of dinosaurs around sixty-five
million years ago?
11- Have you ever studied the theory of relativity?
12- Do you believe the Earth is flat or spherical?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To view(ed) – ver, visualizar to leak(ed) – vazar

To reveal(ed) – revelar to emerge(d) – emergir
To fund(ed) – financiar to shoot, shot, shot – atirar, acelerar
To provide(d) – prover, fornecer to break a hole – fazer um buraco
To research(ed) – pesquisar To get ready – ficar pronto, aprontar-se
To ignite(d) – acender To date – até hoje
To marvel(ed) – maravilhar Employee – funcionário
To cause(d) – causar Saucer – pires, disco voador
To claim(ed) – alegar Lieutenant (Lt.) – tenente
To corroborate(d) – corroborar Ace – às
To note(d) – notar, anotar Commander – comandante
To notice(d) – notar, perceber Squadron – esquadrão
To report(ed) – reportar Credible – crível
To track(ed) – rastrear Incredible – incrível
To appear(ed) – aparecer, parecer Believable – crível
To plummet(ed) – despencar Unbelievable – inacreditável
To hover(ed) – pairar Sighting – avistamento, visualização
To indicate(d) – indicar Sight – visão
To attempt(ed) – tentar Visible – visível
To intercept(ed) – interceptar Several – diversos
To accelerate(d) – acelerar Existence – existência
to spot(ted) – detectar Threat – ameaça
to investigate(d) – investigar Investigation – investigação
to estimate(d) – estimar Investigators – investigadores
to span(ned) – abranger Program – programa
To deny(ied) – negar Sign – signo, sinal
to decline(d) – declinar, negar Aerial – aéreo
Page 77
Phenomenon – fenômeno Craft – nave

Phenomena – fenômenos Aircraft – aeronave
Revelation – revelação Coast – costa
Actively – ativamente Crew – tripulação
Below – abaixo Churning – agitado
Above – acima Shadow – sombra
Over – em cima Oval – oval
Turnpike – pedágio Underneath – embaixo
Metro-area – área metropolitana Surface – superfície
Resident – residente Marking – marca, marcação
Citizen – cidadão Engine – motor
Townspeople – moradores Wing – asa
Alongside – ao longo Infrared – infravermelho
Toward – em direção a Monitor – monitor
Upward – para cima Exhaust – saída, escapamento
Downward – para baixo Plume – tubo
Formation – formação Tarmac – asfalto, alcatrão
Waterway – canal, via fluvial Metallic – metálico
Bridge – ponte Gate – portão
Witness – testemunha Hole – buraco
As well as – assim como Enough – suficiente
Marveled – maravilhado Cloud – nuvem
Air traffic – tráfego aéreo News report – reportagem
Controller – controlador Most read – mais lido
Initially – inicialmente Dairy farm – fazenda de gado leiteiro
Jet – jato Dozen – dúzia
Fighter jet – caça Unique – único, especial
Flight – voo Strobe light – luz estroboscópica
Mysterious – misterioso Wide – largo
Known as – conhecido como Reminiscent – reminiscente, que faz lembrar
Unknown – desconhecido Technologically – tecnologicamente
Radar – radar Advanced – avançado
Data – dados, informações Current – atual
Encounter – encontro Ability – habilidade
Carrier – porta-aviões Along with – junto com
Strike – ataque Simultaneously – simultaneamente
Vehicle – veículo
The five most credible moderns UFO sightings
In 2017, several news organizations revealed the existence of the Advanced Aviation Threat Iden-
tification Program (AATIP), a U.S. government-funded investigation into unidentified flying objects
from 2007 to 2012. This secret $22 million program, however, was not the first of its kind. Official
government UFO studies began in the late 1940s with Project Sign, providing some of the most
credible videos of aerial phenomena to date. The 2017 revelation that the U.S. government was
actively researching UFOs re-ignited world interest in UFOs and aliens. Below are five of the most
believable UFO sightings of the 21st century.
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1. The Lights Above the New Jersey Turnpike (2001)

It takes a lot for motorists to stop alongside a highway to look toward the sky, but on July 14, 2001,
drivers on the New Jersey Turnpike did just that. For around 15 minutes just after midnight, they
marveled at the sight of strange orange-and-yellow lights in a V formation over the Arthur Kill Wa-
terway between Staten Island, New York, and Carteret, New Jersey. Carteret Police Department's
Lt. Daniel Tarrant was one of the witnesses, as well as other metro-area residents from the Throgs
Neck Bridge on Long Island and Fort Lee, New Jersey near the George Washington Bridge.
Air-traffic controllers initially denied that any airplanes, military jets or space flights could have
caused the mysterious lights, but a group known as the New York Strange Phenomena Investi-
gators (NY-SPI) claimed to receive FAA radar data that corroborated the UFO sightings from that
night.
2. The USS Nimitz Encounter (2004)
On November 14, 2004, the USS Princeton, part of the USS Nimitz carrier strike group, noted an
unknown craft on radar 100 miles off the coast of San Diego. For two weeks, the crew had been
tracking objects that appeared at 80,000 feet and then plummeted to hover right above the Pacific
Ocean.
When two FA-18F fighter jets from the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz arrived in the area, they first
saw what appeared to be churning water, with a shadow of an oval shape underneath the surface.
Then, in a few moments, a white Tic Tac-shaped object appeared above the water. It had no visible
markings to indicate an engine, wings or windows, and infrared monitors didn't reveal any exhaust.
Black Aces Commander David Fravor and Lt. Commander Jim Slaight of Strike Fighter Squadron 41
attempted to intercept the craft, but it accelerated away, re-appearing on radar 60 miles away. It
moved three times the speed of sound and more than twice the speed of the fighter jets.
3. O'Hare International Airport Saucer (2006)
Flight 446 was getting ready to fly to North Carolina from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport,
when a United Airlines employee on the tarmac noticed a dark grey metallic craft hovering over
gate C17. That day, November 7, 2006, a total of 12 United employees—and a few witnesses out-
side the airport—spotted the saucer-shaped craft around 4:15 p.m.
The witnesses say it hovered for about five minutes before shooting upward, where it broke a hole
in the clouds—enough that pilots and mechanics could see the blue sky. The news report became
the most-read story on The Chicago Tribune's website to that date and made international news.
However, because the UFO was not seen on radar, the FAA called it a “weather phenomenon” and
declined to investigate.
4. The Stephenville Sightings (2008)
The small town of Stephenville, Texas, 100 miles southwest of Dallas, is mostly known for its dairy
farms, but in the evening of January 8, 2008, dozens of its residents viewed something unique in
the sky. Citizens reported seeing white lights above Highway 67, first in a single horizontal arc
and then in vertical parallel lines. Local pilot Steve Allen estimated that the strobe lights “span-
ned about a mile long and a half mile wide,” traveling about 3,000 miles per hour. No sound was
reported.
Witnesses believed the event was reminiscent of the Phoenix Lights sightings of 1997. While the
U.S. Air Force revealed weeks later that F-16s were flying in the Brownwood Military Operating
Areas (just southwest of Stephenville), many townspeople didn't buy that explanation, believing
Page 79
that what they saw was too technologically advanced for current human abilities.
5. East Coast GO FAST Video (2015)
Leaked in 2017 along with the news of the Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program, was
a video that revealed an encounter between an F/A-18 Super Hornet and an unidentified flying
vehicle. Seen along the East Coast on a Raytheon Advanced Targeting Forward-Looking Infrared
(ATFLIR) Pod, the craft was similar to that spotted off San Diego in 2004: a fast-moving white oval
about 45-feet-long without wings or exhaust plume.
The pilots tracked the object at 25,000 feet above the Atlantic Ocean as it flew away and simulta-
neously rotated on its axis. No explanation ever emerged.
https://www.history.com/news/ufo-sightings-credible-modern
Questions:
1- What is the AATIP?

2- When did official governmental studies on UFO's begin?
3- What were the famous “Lights Above the New Jersey Turnpike”?
4- What was “the USS Nimitz encounter”?
5- What happened in the O'Hare International Airport on November the 7th, 2006?
6- What were “the Stephenville Sightings”?
7- What's the “East Coast Go Fast Video”?
1- Which, in your opinion, is the most interesting case of UFO sightings?

2- Do you believe the cases above are truly credible? Why or why not?
3- Do you believe there is life on other planets?
4- Do you believe aliens have visited our planet?
Page 80
Homework
1- Write a text about the possibilities of deep space exploration. Let us know your opinion
about it.
Page 81
Lesson 14
The occult
Related vocabulary
Belief – crença Elf (ves) – elfo(s)
Unknown- desconhecido Faun – fauno
Dark – escuro Mermaid – sereia
Darkness – escuridão Unicorn – unicórnio
Folk – povo, popular, pessoas do povo Shape-shifter – criatura que muda de forma
Folklore – folclore Psychic – vidente
Symbol – símbolo Witch – bruxa
Symbolic – simbólico Wizard – bruxo
Symbolism – simbolismo Sorcerer – feiticeiro
Pentagram – pentagrama Witchcraft – bruxaria
Pagan – pagão Sorcery – feitiçaria
Paganism – paganismo Voodoo – vudu
Supernatural – sobrenatural Magic – mágica, magia
Myth – mito Spell – feitiço
Mythical – mítico Wand – varinha mágica
Monster – monstro Broom – vassoura
Creature – criatura Corpse – defunto, corpo
Beast – besta, criatura Coffin – caixão
Evil – mal, maligno Fangs – presas, dentes
Good – bom, bem Cobweb – teia de aranha
Headless – sem cabeça Skeleton – esqueleto
Giant – gigante Skull – crânio
Werewolf – lobisomem Candle – vela
Zombie – zumbi Chain – corrente
Demon – demônio Shape – forma
Ghoul – carniçal, espírito (folclore oriental) Divination – adivinhação
Vampire – vampiro Soothsayer – adivinho
Ghost – fantasma Fortune teller – adivinho, cartomante
Spirit – espírito Fortune – destino
Fairy – fada Astrology – astrologia
Boggart – espírito da floresta Realm – reino
Boogeyman – bicho-papão Exorcism – exorcismo
Ogre – ogro Exorcist – exorcista
Gnome – gnomo Scary – assustador
Goblin – duende Spooky – assustador
Dwarf (ves) – anão Nightmare – pesadelo
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Halloween
Costume – fantasia To go trick or treating – ir de porta em porta
Costume party – festa à fantasia pedindo doces
Trick or treat – doce ou travessura Jack-'o'-lantern – abóbora iluminada
Zodiac
Sign – signo Libra – libra
Aries – áries Scorpio – escorpião
Taurus – touro Sagittarius – sagitário
Gemini – gêmeos Capricorn – capricórnio
Cancer – câncer Aquarius – aquário
Leo – leão Pisces – peixes
Virgo – virgem
To believe, believed, believed – acreditar

To exist, existed, existed – existir
To haunt, haunted, haunted – assombrar
To cast, cast, cast – lançar
To summon, summoned, summoned – invocar, convocar
To expel, expelled, expelled – expulsar
To appear, appeared, appeared – aparecer
To disappear, disappeared, disappeared – desaparecer
To shift, shifted, shifted – mudar trocar
To transform, transformed, transformed – transformar
To foretell, foretold, foretold – predizer
To foresee, foresaw, foreseen – prever
To be afraid (of) – ter medo (de)
The unknown – o desconhecido

The dead – os mortos
The living – os vivos
Haunted house – casa mal-assombrada

To cast a spell – lançar um feitiço
To be a virgo – ser de virgem

She is an aries – ela é de áries
He is a leo – ele é de leão
Page 83
1- What do you think of Brazilian folklore?

2- What are the most famous creatures of Brazilian folklore?
3- Do you know anything about European or American folklore?
4- What are the most famous creatures of European and American folklore?
5- Do you believe in the existence of such creatures?
6- Do you use to celebrate halloween?
7- Do you believe in divinations?
8- Do you believe in witchcraft?
9- Do you believe in spirits?
10- Is there any haunted house you know about?
11- Have you ever heard any stories about ghosts or exorcisms? Do you believe them?
12- Are you afraid of this kind of thing?
13- Do you believe in astrology? What's you sign?
14- Do the characteristics of your sign match your true personality?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To lurk(ed) – espreitar To fight, fought, fought – lutar
To scream(ed) – gritar To close in – se aproximar
To freeze(d) – congelar Close at hand – próximo, ao alcance
To paralyze(d) – paralisar In search of – a procura de
To slam(med) – bater To hold you tight – te abraçar apertado
To realize(d) – dar-se conta, perceber Right between the eyes – bem entre os olhos
To wonder(ed) – imaginar, ficar imaginando All the while – enquanto isso
To hope(d) – esperar, ter esperança Thriller – suspense, terror
To possess(ed) – possuir Sight – visão
To cuddle(d) – abraçar-se, acariciar Killer – assassino
To thrill(ed) – emocionar, empolgar Inside – dentro
To share(d) – compartilhar Imagination – imaginação
To crawl(ed) – engatinhar Outta (out of) – sem
To terrorize(d) – aterrorizar Masquerade – disfarce, baile de máscaras
To face(d) – encarar Escaping – escapatória
To rot(ted) – apodrecer Jaw – mandíbula
To seal(ed) – selar Open wide – completamente aberto
To shiver(ed) – tremer Unless – a menos que
To resist(ed) – resistir Dial – discagem
To stand, stood, stood – ficar de pé, permanecer Screen – tela
To fall, fell, fallen – cair Across – através, por todo
To get, got, gotten – pegar Blood – sangue
To creep, crept, crept – rastejar Y'all's – de todos vocês
To strike, struck, struck – atacar Neighborhood – vizinhança
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Whom – quem (oblíquo de “who”) Foul – sujo

Whomsoever – quem quer que Funk – funk
Soul – alma (música negra americana) Grisly – medonho
To get down – dançar, se divertir, partir para a Tomb – túmulo, tumba
ação Doom – desgraça, condenação
Hound – cão, cão de caça Mere – mero
Shell – concha, casca Mortal – mortal
Stench – fedor Immortal – imortal
Thriller
It's close to midnight and something evil's lurkin' from the dark
Under the moonlight you see a sight that almost stops your heart
You try to scream but terror takes the sound before you make it
You start to freeze as horror looks you right between the eyes,
You're paralyzed
'Cause this is thriller, thriller night

And no one's gonna save you from the beast about to strike
You know it's thriller, thriller night
You're fighting for your life inside a killer, thriller tonight
You hear the door slam and realize there's nowhere left to run
You feel the cold hand and wonder if you'll ever see the sun
You close your eyes and hope that this is just imagination, girl
But all the while you hear a creature creepin' up behind
You're outta time

There ain't no second chance against the thing with the forty eyes, girl
Thriller, thriller night
You're fighting for your life inside a killer, thriller tonight
Night creatures call

And the dead start to walk in their masquerade
There's no escaping the jaws of the alien this time (they're open wide)
This is the end of your life
They're out to get you, there's demons closing in on every side

They will possess you unless you change that number on your dial
Now is the time for you and I to cuddle close together
All through the night I'll save you from the terror on the screen,
I'll make you see
That this is thriller, thriller night

'Cause I can thrill you more than any ghoul could ever dare try
So let me hold you tight and share a killer, thriller, chiller
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Thriller here tonight

Girl, I can thrill you more than any ghoul could ever dare try
So let me hold you tight and share a killer, thriller
I'm gonna thrill you tonight
Darkness falls across the land

The midnight hour is close at hand
Creatures crawl in search of blood
To terrorize y'all's neighborhood
And whomsoever shall be found
Without the soul for getting down
Must stand and face the hounds of hell
And rot inside a corpse's shell
I'm gonna thrill you tonight...
The foulest stench is in the air

The funk of forty thousand years
And grisly ghouls from every tomb
Are closing in to seal your doom
And though you fight to stay alive
Your body starts to shiver
For no mere mortal can resist
The evil of the thriller
1- What do you think of this song?

2- Have you ever watched Thriller's vídeo clip?
3- What do you think of Michael Jackson?
4- Do you like to watch horror movies?
5- Do you have nightmares when you watch them?
6- What's the most terrifying horror movie you have ever watched?
Page 86
Homework
You can choose to write a text about: 1) the celebration of halloween in America; 2) the
aspects of your astrological sign; 3) horror movies; or 4) witchcraft.
Page 87
Lesson 15
Natural environment
Related vocabulary
Environment – ambiente Woods – bosque
Environmental – ambiental Vegetation – vegetação
Nature – natureza Plain – planície
Natural – natural Swamp – pântano
Sun – sol Bog – brejo, lodaçal
Sunrise – nascer do sol Rock – rocha
Sunset – pôr do sol Stone – pedra
Earth – terra Hill – colina
Planet – planeta Hillside – encosta
Fauna – fauna Mountain – montanha
Flora – flora Mountainside – encosta
Ocean – oceano Top – topo
Shore – costa Peak – pico
Seashore – beira-mar Summit – cume, cúpula
Beach – praia Cliff – penhasco
Coast – costa Valley – vale
Coastline – litoral Gorge – ravina
Island – ilha Canyon – cânion
Tide – maré Steep – íngreme
Wave – onda High – alto
Iceberg – iceberg Landscape – paisagem
Seaweed – alga marinha View – vista, visão
Sand – areia Protection – proteção
Dune – duna Animal – animal
River – rio Wild – selvagem
Bank – margem Insect – inseto
Riverbed – leito do rio Snake – cobra, serpente
Brook – riacho Danger – perigo
Stream – riacho, ribeirão Dangerous – perigoso
Waterfall – cachoeira, queda d'água Safe – seguro
Canal – canal (artificial) Progress – progresso
Channel – canal (natural) Thunder – trovão
Aquifer – aquífero Lightning – raio
Lake – lago Rain – chuva
Lagoon – lagoa Snow – neve
Reservoir – represa, reservatório Storm – tempestade
Pond – pequeno lago, açude Repellent – repelente
Shallow – raso Sunscreen – protetor solar
Deep – profundo Tan – bronzeado (substantivo)
Jungle – selva Tanned – bronzeado (adjetivo)
Forest – floresta Sunburn – queimadura de sol
Rainforest – floresta tropical
Page 88
To shine, shone, shone – brilhar

To rise, rose, risen – subir, nascer
To set, set, set – descer, se pôr
To blow, blew, blown – soprar
To flow, flowed, flowed – fluir
To survive, survived, survived – sobreviver
To hunt, hunted, hunted – caçar
To collect, collected, collected – coletar, recolher
To protect, protected, protected – proteger
To preserve, preserved, preserved – preservar
To thrive, thrived, thrived – prosperar
To struggle, struggled, struggled – lutar
Natural resources – recursos naturais
Mother Nature – Mãe Natureza
To be in touch – estar em contato

I love to be in touch with nature – Eu adoro estar em contato com a natureza.
At the top of – no topo de

They are at the top of the mountain – Eles estão no topo da montanha.
At the bottom of – no fundo de

These animals live at the bottom of the ocean – Estes animais vivem no fundo do oceano.
1- Do you enjoy being in touch with nature?

2- What's the most beautiful landscape you have seen?
3- What natural places do you enjoy being at?
4- Would you like to get to the top of a very high mountain?
5- Would you like to get to the bottom of the ocean?
6- Is nature a safe place to be in?
7- What are the greatest dangers of being in touch with nature?
8- Is it possible to preserve nature without stopping progress?
Page 89
Text
Previous vocabulary
To demonstrate(d) – demonstrar To undergo, underwent, undergone – submeter-
To describe(d) – descrever -se
To recognize(d) – reconhecer To mean, meant, meant – ter a intenção
To ensure(d) – garantir, certificar-se To grow, grew, grown – crescer
To compile(d) – compilar To look forward to – aguardar ansiosamente
To span(ned) – abranger Last, but not least – último, mas não menos
To dispute(d) – disputar, causar discussão importante
To situate(d) – situar To wreak havoc – causar estragos
To measure(d) – medir To put in place – colocar
To form(ed) – formar To set apart – separar
To estimate(d) – estimar To go quiet – aquietar-se
To speculate(d) – especular Wonder – maravilha
To stipulate(d) – estipular Attraction – atração
To reinvogorate – revigorar Astonishing – surpreendente, espantoso
To execute(d) – executar Impressive – impressionante
To expect(ed) – esperar, ter expectativas Breathtaking – de tirar o fôlego
To remain(ed) – permanecer Dazzling – deslumbrante
To carve(d) – esculpir, entalhar Statue – estátua
To prevent(ed) – prevenir, evitar Ancient – antigo
To approach(ed) – aproximar-se, abordar Masterpiece – obra-prima
To observe(d) – observar Temple – templo
To document(ed) – documentar Hanging – suspenso, pendurado
To witness(ed) – testemunhar Proof – prova, evidência
To erupt(ed) – entrar em erupção At all – de qualquer modo
To refer(red) (to) – referir-se (a) Talented – talentoso
To view(ed) – ver Height – alturas
To charge(d) -carregar Depth – profundidade
To enter(ed) – entrar Lesser-known – menos conhecido
To interact(ed) – interagir Well-known – bem conhecido, famoso
To cross(ed) – cruzar, atravessar Site – local
To name(ed) – nomear, dar o nome Feature – elemento
To rename(d) – renomear Sight – visão
To thunder(ed) – trovejar Truly – verdadeiramente
To announce(d) – anunciar Awe-inspiring – inspirador
To consider(ed) – considerar Canyon – cânion
To qualify(ied) – qualificar-se Path – caminho
To stretch(ed) – esticar, estender Measure – medida
To host(ed) – hospedar, abrigar Long – longo, comprimento
To stablish(ed) – estabelecer Wide – largo, largura
To wreak(ed) – causar Deep – profundo
To manage(d) – conseguir Broad – amplo
To capture(d) – capturar Unstoppable – imparável
To rank(ed) – classificar Safety – segurança
To record(ed) – gravar, registrar edge – beirada
To scale(d) – escalar glimpse – vislumbre
To climb(ed) – escalar Majestic – majestoso
To reach(ed) – alcançar Lifetime – uma vida toda
Page 90
Entry – entrada, registro Diverse – diverso

Landmark – ponto de referência Ecosystem – ecossistema
Near-perfect – quase perfeito Peril – perigo
Cinder – cinzas Urbanization – urbanização
Cone – cone Havoc – estrago
Volcano – vulcão Thankfully – reconhecidamente, agradecida-
Stage – estágio mente
Lifespan – vida útil Requirement – requerimento
Creation – criação Attempt – tentativa
Extinction – extinção Former – ex, passado, antigo
Throughout – por toda a extensão Glory – glória
Fissure – fissura Doubt – dúvida
Cornfield – milharal Whether – se
Mountainous – montanhoso Local – local
Northern lights – Aurora Boreal Ecologist – ecologista
Both – ambos Hopeful – esperançoso
Aptly – apropriadamente Ahead – à frente
Unlike – diferentemente Barrier – barreira
Aurora – aurora Reef – recife
Likely – provável Coral – coral
Charged – carregado Polyp – pólipo
Cosmic – cósmico Mistakenly – erroneamente
Particle – partícula Visible – visível
Atmosphere – atmosfera Globally – globalmente
Vivid – vívido Pride – orgulho
Endlessly – infinitamente Minuscule – minúsculo
Cause – causa Organism – organismo
Night-time – noturno Effort – esforço
Display – exibição Protective – protetivo
Norse – nórdico Designation – designação
Mythology – mitologia Within – dentro, dentre
Source – fonte Mount – monte
Medieval – medieval Certainly – certamente
Border – fronteira Point – ponto
Explorer – explorador Iconic – icônico
Reigning – reinante Globe – globo
Monarch – monarca Amongst – entre
Government – governo Elevation – elevação
As such – dessa forma Prominence – proeminência
Attribute – atributo Mountaineer – montanhista
Smoke – fumaça Summit – cume
Indigenous – indígena Unassailable – indisponível, inatingível
Harbor – porto, enseada Venture – aventura
Bay – baía Feat – feito, proeza
Stretch – trecho Hugely – grandemente
Car-free – livre de carros Challenge – desafio
Vibrant – vibrante Mettle – coragem, valor
Page 91
The Seven Natural Wonders of the World

The Seven Natural Wonders of the world are a list of the world's most astonishing natural attrac-
tions.
The Seven Wonders of the World demonstrate humanity's most impressive creations such as the
Taj Mahal and the statue of Christ the Redeemer. In the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,
ancient masterpieces such as the Temple of Artemis and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are re-
membered. However, the Seven Wonders of the Natural World are proof — if needed at all— that
Mother Nature is just as talented as an architect. Compiled by CNN and Seven Natural Wonders in
1997, this list spans all 7 continents and includes some of the greatest heights of the Earth and
depths of the oceans, some lesser-known sites, and some well-known features that you may have
already visited yourself. While the locations of the world's most breathtaking wonders are often
disputed, these seven locations are generally agreed upon as being among the best natural sights
anywhere in the world.
The Grand Canyon
Situated in Arizona in the USA, the 277-mile long Grand Canyon is truly awe-inspiring. The canyon,
which measures up to a mile deep and some 18 miles wide at its broadest, was formed over time
by the unstoppable course of the Colorado River. Scientists estimate that the river first carved out
its path more than 17 million years ago. In recent years, increased safety measures have prevented
visitors from approaching the edge of the canyon. Still, the Grand Canyon site continues to be a
popular tourist destination. A distant glimpse of this powerful and majestic canyon is enough to
give memories of a lifetime.
Parícutin
One of the lesser-known entries on this list, Parícutin is just as impressive as many more well-
-known landmarks. It is an example of a near-perfect cinder cone volcano located in Michoacán,
Mexico. One thing sets Parícutin apart from the many others of its kind around the world. Modern
scientists were able to observe and document every stage of its lifespan – from creation to ex-
tinction – as it happened. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, visiting experts and residents of the
region were able to witness the volcano growing from a fissure in a cornfield to a mountainous
height of 1,391 ft. after erupting for 19 years, the volcano went quiet in 1952. It is not expected
to erupt again.
Northern Lights
Seen in both the polar regions of the planet, this dazzling light show is aptly referred to as the
Northern (or Southern) Lights. Unlike most of the entries on this list, you can view an aurora from
many different locations around the world. The higher the latitude, the more likely you are to see
them. The Northern Lights effect is brought on by charged cosmic particles entering and interac-
ting with the Earth's atmosphere. It causes vivid colors to be painted across the night sky.
For centuries, humans have speculated endlessly about the cause of this night-time display of
colors. References to the lights have been found in texts from Ancient Greece, stories from Norse
Mythology, and sources from Medieval England.
Victoria Falls
As the Zambezi River crosses the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, its waters descend 355
feet to form the astonishing Victoria Falls. The waterfall was named in 1855 by Scottish explorer
David Livingstone after Queen Victoria, the then reigning English monarch. The indigenous name
Mosi-oa-Tunya or "The Smoke that Thunders" is still in use locally. In 2013, the government of
Zimbabwe announced plans to officially rename the falls as such. Victoria Falls is not the highest
or the broadest waterfall on the planet, but upon considering both attributes, it qualifies as the
largest.
Page 92
Harbor of Rio de Janeiro

Guanabara Bay is a 19-mile stretch of land to the east of Rio de Janeiro, the second-largest city in
Brazil. More than 100 islands are situated around the bay, including the car-free Paquetá Island,
and Villegagnon Island, the site of the Brazilian Naval School.
In the past, the bay hosted a vibrant and diverse ecosystem. In recent decades, however, the perils
of urbanization have wreaked havoc on this once-beautiful environment. Thankfully, legislation
put in place ahead of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio stipulates a requirement for the
country's government to reinvigorate attempts to return the bay to its former glory. While there
are doubts as to whether these plans will be executed as expected, locals and ecologists around
the world remain hopeful that it is not too late to save this particular wonder.
Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is also a natural wonder of our planet. You need to see it to believe it. It fea-
tures nearly 3,000 individual reefs and almost 1,000 islands stretching for over 1,400 miles, While
the Great Wall of China is often mistakenly described as being visible from space, astronauts and
satellites have managed to capture images of the Barrier Reef.
The reef is a globally recognized landmark of Australia and a point of pride for Australians around
the globe. It is made of billions of minuscule organisms called coral polyps. Lots of work is done
each year to ensure that the delicate ecosystem of the reef is preserved for future generations.
Central to this effort is the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, a protective designation established in
1975 meant to protect the reef and the species within it.
Mount Everest
Last, but certainly not least, is the world's highest point. Known as Sagarmāthā in Nepal, and Cho-
molungma in Tibet, Mount Everest is one of the most iconic natural features of the globe. At 29,029
feet tall, it is ranked first amongst mountains for both elevation and prominence.
The first recorded attempts to scale Everest were made in the 1920s by British mountaineers.
However, it would take more than three decades until Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and New Zealander
Edmund Hilary managed to reach the summit in 1953.
Today, climbing Everest is no longer quite the unassailable goal that it once was. However, those
looking forward to doing so still have to be in peak physical condition and take great risks in un-
dergoing the venture. Climbing the mountain remains one of the greatest feats of man, and is a
hugely popular challenge for anyone looking to test their mettle.
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-seven-natural-wonders-of-the-world.html
Questions:
1- What are some of the Seven Wonders of the World mentioned in the text?
2- What are the Seven Natural Wonders of the World?
3- Where is the Grand Canyon located?
4- What is the Parícutin and where is it located?
5- What causes the Northern Lights?
6- Why do the Victoria Falls have this name?
7- What happened to the Guanabara Bay due to urbanization?
8- Which of the Seven Natural Wonders can be seen from space?
9- How is the Everest known in Nepal and in Tibet?
Page 93
1- Have you ever visited any of the Seven Natural Wonders?

2- Which of the Seven Natural Wonders would you like to visit?
3- What other sites could be among the Natural Wonders of the World?
4- What are the Seven Wonders of the World?
5- Have you ever visited any of them?
6- Which of them would you like to visit onde day?
Homework
Write a text about the most beautiful place you have visited.
Page 94
Lesson 16
The Force of Nature
Related vocabulary
Catastrophe – catástrofe Blizzard – nevasca
Disaster – desastre Hurricane – furacão
Climate – clima Tornado – tornado
Tropical – tropical Twister – ciclone
Temperate – temperado Typhoon – tufão
Polar – polar Flood – enchente, inundação
Zone – zona Drought – seca
Landslide – deslizamento de terra Earthquake – terremoto
Avalanche – avalanche Tsunami – tsunami
Crumbling – desmoronamento Volcano – vulcão
Storm – tempestade Lava – lava
Hailstorm – chuva de granizo
Climate change
Temperature – temperatura Emission – emissão
Warming – aquecimento Carbon – carbono
Global warming – aquecimento global Carbon dioxide (CO2) – dióxido de carbono
Climate – clima Fossil fuels – combustíveis fósseis
Climate change – mudança climática Carbon footprint – pegada de carbono
Greenhouse effect – efeito estufa Oil – petróleo
Ice cap – calota polar Coal – carvão
Ozone layer – camada de ozônio Gas – gás
Sustainability – sustentabilidade Deforestation – desflorestamento
Sustainable – sustentável Plastic – plástico
Disposable – descartável Straw – canudinho
Clean energy – energia limpa Smoke – fumaça
Nuclear energy – energia nuclear Chemicals – produtos químicos
Dam – barragem, represa Pesticide – pesticida, agrotóxico
Level – nível Smog – mistura de fumaça com cerração
Issue – problema (smoke + fog)
Cause – causa Anthropogenic – antropogênico, causado
Extinction – extinção pelo homem
Pollution – poluição
Page 95
Renewable energy
Solar energy – energia solar Tidal energy – energia oceânica
Wind energy – energia eólica Hydrogen – hidrogênio
Hydroelectric power – energia hidroelétrica Biomass – biomassa
Geothermal energy – energia geotermal
To slide, slid, slid – deslizar

To crumble, crumbled, crumbled – desmoronar
To harm, harmed, harmed – danificar, fazer mal
To emit, emitted, emitted – emitir
To melt, melted, melted – derreter
To preserve, preserved, preserved – preservar
To protect, protected, protected – proteger
To pollute, polluted, polluted – poluir
To destroy, destroyed, destroyed – destruir
To disappear, disappeared, disappeared – desaparecer
To cause, caused, caused – causar
To happen, happened, happened – acontecer
Endangered species – espécies ameaçadas de extinção
1- What are the most frequent natural disasters in Brazil?

2- Have you ever been involved in a natural disaster?
3- What, in your opinion, is the scariest natural phenomenon?
4- Are humans a threat to environment? Why or why not?
5- What do you think people should do in order to preserve environment?
Page 96
Text
Previous vocabulary
To publish(ed) – publicar Dangerously – perigosamente
To consist(ed) – consistir Skeptic – cético
To burn(ed) – queimar Myriad – miríade, infinidade
To heat(ed) – aquecer Input – fator, contribuição
To provide(d) – prover, fornecer Fully – completamente
To blame(d) – culpar Dominant – dominante
To grab(bed) – agarrar, apanhar Following – seguinte
To drown(ed) – afogar Ice Age – Era do Gelo
To drown out – abafar Slightly – ligeiramente
To waste(d) – desperdiçar Erratically – erraticamente
To scare(d) – assustar Mean temperature – temperatura média
To bury(ied) – enterrar Degree – grau
To deal(t) – lidar Sufficient – suficiente
To stand, stood, stood – estar, ficar Long-term – longo prazo
To grow, grew, grown – crescer, tornar-se Scenario – cenário
To play a role – ter importância Catastrophe – catástrofe
Referred to as – conhecido como Assert – afirmação
Atmospheric – atmosférico Indeed – de fato
Physicist – físico Panic striken – apavorado
Paper – trabalho, estudo Organization – organização
Scientific – científico Confirmation – confirmação
Scientist – cientista Religious – religioso
During – durante Devotion – devoção
Remarkably – notavelmente Destructive – destrutivo
Cry – choro, grito Force – força
Shrill – agudo Ideology – ideologia
Alarmism – alarmismo Headline – manchete
Alarmist – alarmista Doomsday – dia do julgamento
Accurate – acurado, preciso Meanwhile – enquanto isso
Issue – problema, questão Bandwagon – comboio
Core – núcleo Acne – acne
Politicians – políticos Crony capitalist – capitalista clientelista (que
Environmentalists – ambientalistas quer dinheiro do governo)
Media – mídia Eagerly – ansiosamente
Primarily – primariamente Subside – subsídio
Due to – devido a Lavishly – extravagantemente
Eventually – finalmente, certamente
Climate change: what do scientists say?

I'm an atmospheric physicist. I've published more than 200 scientific papers. For 30 years I taught
at MIT, during which time the climate has changed remarkably little. But the cry of “global war-
ming” has grown ever more shrill. In fact, it seems that the less the climate changes, the louder
the voices of the climate alarmists get. So, let's clear the air and create a more accurate picture of
where we really stand on the issue of global warming or, as it is now called “climate change.”
There are basically three groups of people dealing with this issue. Groups one and two are scien-
tists. Group three consists mostly, at its core, of politicians, environmentalists and the media.
Page 97
Group one is associated with the scientific part of the United Nation's International Panel on Cli-
mate Change or IPCC (Working Group 1). These are scientists who mostly believe that recent cli-
mate change is primarily due to man's burning of fossil fuels—oil, coal and natural gas. This relea-
ses C02, carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere and, they believe, this might eventually dangerously
heat the planet.
Group two is made up of scientists who don't see this as an especially serious problem. This is the
group I belong to. We're usually referred to as skeptics.
We note that there are many reasons why the climate changes—the sun, clouds, oceans, the orbi-
tal variations of the earth, as well as a myriad of other inputs. None of these is fully understood,
and there is no evidence that CO2 emissions are the dominant factor.
But actually there is much agreement between both groups of scientists. The following are such
points of agreement:
1. The climate is always changing.
2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas without which life on earth is not possible, but adding it to the
atmosphere should lead to some warming.
3. Atmospheric levels of CO2 have been increasing since the end of the Little Ice Age in the
19th century.
4. Over this period (the past two centuries), the global mean temperature has increased sli-
ghtly and erratically by about 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit or one degree Celsius; but only since the
1960's have man's greenhouse emissions been sufficient to play a role.
5. Given the complexity of climate, no confident prediction about future global mean tempe-
rature or its impact can be made. The IPCC acknowledged in its own 2007 report that “The long-
-term prediction of future climate states is not possible.”
Most importantly, the scenario that the burning of fossil fuel leads to catastrophe isn't part of what
either group asserts. So why are so many people worried, indeed, panic stricken about this issue.
Here's where Group Three comes in—the politicians, environmentalists, and media.
Global warming alarmism provides them, more than any other issue, with the things they most
want: For politicians it's money and power. For environmentalists it's money for their organiza-
tions and confirmation of their near religious devotion to the idea that man is a destructive force
acting upon nature. And for the media it's ideology, money, and headlines. Doomsday scenarios
sell.
Meanwhile, over the last decade, scientists outside of climate physics have jumped on the ban-
dwagon, publishing papers blaming global warming for everything from acne to the Syrian civil
war. And crony capitalists have eagerly grabbed for the subsidies that governments have so la-
vishly provided.
Unfortunately, group three is winning the argument because they have drowned out the serious
debate that should be going on. But while politicians, environmentalists and media types can was-
te a lot of money and scare a lot of people, they won't be able to bury the truth. The climate will
have the final word on that.
I'm Richard Lindzen, emeritus professor of atmospheric sciences at MIT, for Prager University.
https://www.prageru.com/video/climate-change-what-do-scientists-say/
Questions:
1- Who is Richard Lindzen?

2- Does he believe in climate change? Why or why not?
3- According to Richard Lindzen, what are the three groups dealing with the issue of global war-
ming?
4- What are the points of agreement between the two groups of scientists?
5- Who asserts that the burning of fossil fuels leads to catastrophe?
6- What are the reasons why media, politicians and environmentalists make so much noise about
global warming?
7- What is “crony capitalism”?
Page 98
1- What's your opinion on Global Warming?

2- Do you believe governments should implement strict regulations to protect environment?
Why or why not?
3- What, in your opinion, could be done in order to protect nature and provide sustainable
growth?
Homework
Write a text about the issue of climate change and let us know your opinion about it.
Page 99
Lesson 17
Fairy tales
Related vocabulary
Fairy – fada Dwarf (ves) – anão
Witch – bruxa Elf (ves) – elfo(s)
Wizard – bruxo Mermaid – sereia
Potion – poção Unicorn – unicórnio
Poison – veneno Curse – maldição
Poisoned – envenenado Spell – feitiço
King – rei Magic – mágica
Queen – rainha Magical – mágico (adjetivo)
Prince – príncipe Enchanted – encantado
Princess – princesa Enchantment – encantamento
Knight – cavaleiro Cauldron – caldeirão
Dragon – dragão Wand – varinha mágica
Ogre – ogro Broomstick – cabo de vassoura
Troll – monstro, ogro Morals – moral
Giant – gigante Lesson – lição
Gnome – gnomo Summary – resumo
Goblin – duende
Famous fairy tales

Snow White – Branca de Neve
Cinderella – Cinderela
Little Red Riding Hood – Chapeuzinho Vermelho
Sleeping Beauty – A Bela Adormecida
The Little Mermaid – A Pequena Sereia
Beauty and the Beast – A Bela e a Fera
The Three Little Pigs – Os Três Porquinhos
Pinocchio – Pinóquio
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz – O Mágico de Oz
Rapunzel – Rapunzel
The Ugly Duckling – O Patinho Feio
The Ant and the Grasshopper – A Cigarra e a Formiga
Hansel and Gretel – João e Maria
Jack and the Beanstalk – João e o Pé de Feijão
Puss in Boots – O Gato de Botas
The Golden Goose – O Ganso de Ouro
The Boy Who Cried Wolf – O Pastor Mentiroso e o Lobo
The Frog Prince – O Príncipe Sapo
The Tortoise and the Hare – A Lebre e a Tartaruga
Page 100
To poison, poisoned, poisoned – envenenar

To envy, envied, envied – invejar
To save, saved, saved – salvar
To rescue, rescued, rescued – resgatar
To summarize, summarized, summarized – resumir
Once upon a time – era uma vez

And they lived happily ever after – e eles viveram felizes para sempre
Fairy godmother – fada madrinha
1- Did your parents use to tell you fairy tales when you were a child?
2- What was your favorite fairy tale?
3- Can you tell at least a part of a fairy tale?
4- Why do you think people love fairy tales?
5- What do you think people can learn from fairy tales?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To fill(ed) – cheio Straw – palha
To rape(d) – estuprar Stick – graveto, vareta
To manage(d) – conseguir Bricked house – casa de tijolos
To force(d) – forçar Glass slipper – sapatinho de cristal
To instruct(ed) – instruir, mandar Effort – esforço
To pour(ed) – servir, derramar Heel – calcanhar
To remain(ed) – permanecer Toes – dedos dos pés
To fit, fit, fit – caber Revenge – vingança
To throw, threw, thrown – jogar, arremessar Grave – túmulo
To catch, caught, caught – pegar Parental Guidance (PG) – orientação parental
To give birth – dar à luz Fairly – bastante
To try on – experimentar roupas ou sapatos Grim – sinistro, sombrio
To show up – aparecer Burning hot – ardente, que queima
Gory – sangrento Eventually – finalmente
Familiar – familiar Flesh – carne
Disney-fied – “dineyficado” Pantry – despensa
Earlier – anterior Unknowingly – sem saber
Blood – sangue Trauma – trauma
Carnage – carnificina, massacre Damage – dano
Splinter – farpa, lasca Fond – querido, bom
Page 101
The Incredibly Gory Original Versions of Modern Fairy tales

Most of the following tales are probably familiar to you in a Disney-fied version which ends “hap-
pily ever after”, but earlier editions tell another story, often filled with blood and carnage.
In case you have been living in an alternate universe where there is no such thing as Disney, or
fairytales, there will be spoilers.
1. Sleeping Beauty
In the original story, a king finds a woman sleeping and rapes her.
Still sleeping, she gives birth, and her child wakes her up by sucking a splinter from under her
finger. It eventually culminates in the King trying to kill his wife (yes, he was married) who had
attempted to trick him into eating his own children.
2. Three Little Pigs

In some versions, the first two pigs, whose houses were made of straw and sticks, get eaten by the
wolf.
In other versions, the three pigs manage to catch the wolf coming down the chimney of the third,
bricked house. Then they boil and eat him.
3. The Frog Prince

In the original Brothers Grimm version, the princess throws the frog into a wall in an effort to force
him back into a prince.
In a darker version, it isn't a kiss which transforms the frog into a prince, but cutting off his head.
4. Cinderella
Cinderella loses a glass slipper, and the prince instructs every woman to try it on. He will marry the
woman whose foot fits the slipper.
In the original Grimm version, the younger sister actually cuts off a piece of her heel in an attempt
to fit into it.
If that isn't gory enough, the eldest sister then cuts off her toes in an attempt to fit into the same
slippers.
Finally, as she is getting married to the prince, Cinderella's dead mum sends doves, who peck her
older sisters' eyes out.
Talk about revenge beyond the grave.
5. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves

The PG version of the story is still fairly dark – evil step mum pays huntsman to bring back the
heart of her stepdaughter – but the Grimm version is grimmer (sorry) still.
The evil queen shows up to the prince's wedding, not realizing her former stepdaughter will be
there.
She is quickly forced into burning hot iron shoes, and instructed to dance. Until she eventually
dies.
6 – Little Red Riding Hood

In an older version, the wolf doesn't eat the grandma whole: instead, he puts some of her flesh in
the pantry, and pours her blood in a wine bottle.
The wolf then offers Red her grandma's blood and remains to eat, which she does unknowingly.
We would like to apologize for any trauma or permanent damage that may have been caused to
fond childhood memories.
Sorry.
https://www.indy100.com/article/the-incredibly-gory-original-versions-of-nine-modern-fairytales--WkggrtJkQW
Page 102
Questions:
1- What happens in the original story of “Sleeping Beauty”?

2- What happens in other versions of “Three little Pigs”?
3- What happens in the original Grimm version of “Cinderella”?
4- What happens in the Grimm version of “Snow White”?
5- And what happens in an older version of “Little Red Riding Hood”?
1- What do you think about the original versions of fairy tales?

2- Why do you think these fairy tales used to be to dark?
3- Why do you think modern version are lighter?
4- Do you know any other darker versions of fairy tales?
5- Would you like to read these original fairy tales?
6- Would you tell your children these fairy tales' original versions?
Homework
Write a text about a famous fairy tale. Tell us a summary of the story.
Page 103
Lesson 18
Teenage life
Related vocabulary
Teen – adolescente Extraordinary – incomum
Teenager – adolescente Usual – usual, comum
Teenagehood – adolescência Unusual – incomum
Adolescent – adolescente Garment – vestimenta
Tween – pré-adolescente Popular – popular
Group – grupo Unpopular – impopular
Clique – grupo, patota Way – jeito
Bond – laço, relação Slang – gíria (s)
Smart – esperto Dance – baile, festa
Wits – esperteza, inteligência Prom – baile de formatura
Conceited – convencido, orgulhoso Underground – subterrâneo, clandestino
Shallow – raso Fair – justo
Superficial – superficial Stereotype – estereótipo
Clumsy – desajeitado Prejudice – preconceito
Misfit – desajustado Bullying – bullying
Rebel – rebelde (substantivo) Teasing – provocação
Rebellious – rebelde (adjetivo) Drugs – drogas
Bully – agressor Freedom – liberdade
Fool – tolo Lenient – leniente, permissivo
Dumb – idiota Strict – estrito, rigoroso
Moron – imbecil Harsh – severo
Pathetic – patético Suffering – sofrimento
Ridiculous – ridículo Depression – depressão
Peers – pares Void – vazio
Ordinary – comum Suicide – suicídio
Middle school cliques

Geeks – geeks Skaters – skatistas
Nerds – nerds Surfers – surfistas
Emos – emos Outsiders – alternativos
Rockers – roqueiros Hipsters – moderninhos
Cowboys – cowboys Preps – patricinhas e mauricinhos
Rappers – rappers Trendies – os que seguem todas as modas
Potheads – maconheiros Drifters – se dão bem com todos
Jocks – atletas
Page 104
To fit, fit, fit – caber, ajustar

To fill, filled, filled – encher, preencher
To relate, related, related – relacionar
To bond, bonded, bonded – criar laços
To demand, demanded, demanded – exigir, demandar
To bully, bullied, bullied – intimidar
To mock, mocked, mocked – zombar (de)
To joke, joked, joked – fazer piada
To harass, harassed, harassed – assediar
To exaggerate, exaggerated, exaggerated – exagerar
To overreact, overreacted, overreacted – exagerar, ter reação exagerada
To gather, gathered, gathered – juntar-se, reunir-se
To relate (to) – identificar-se (com), entender

I can totally relate to that – Eu entendo isso perfeitamente.
To make fun of – zombar

They are always making fun of him – Eles estão sempre zombando dele.
To ask out – convidar para sair

He asked her out – Ele a convidou para sair.
To fit in – enturmar-se
Know-it-all – CDF, sabichão
To hang out – sair, passar tempo
To make out (with) – ficar, namorar
To fill a void – preencher um vazio
1- What did you think of your teenagehood?

2- What did you use to do in your teenagehood?
3- Did you belong to any teenage cliques?
4- What kind of garment did you use to wear when you were a teenager?
5- Is there any slang words you used to say that people wouldn't understand today?
6- What do you think of bullying?
7- Did you use to be a bullying victim?
8- Can you understand slang words teenagers use nowadays?
9- How are teens today different from past generations?
10- Do you think teens usually overreact?
11- Do you believe parents today are too lenient to their teenage sons and daughters?
Page 105
Text
Previous vocabulary
To cite(d) – citar Girl scout – escoteira
To report(ed) – reportar, informar Bowling – boliche
To double(d) – dobrar Non-governmental – não governamental
To confine(d) – confinar Middle class – classe média
To collect(ed) – coletar Bourgeois – burguês
To offer(ed) – oferecer Delayed – posterior, atrasado
To provide(d) – prover, oportunizar Gratification – gratificação, retorno
To enable(d) – possibilitar, capacitar Patriotism – patriotismo
To dwindle(d) – diminuir Under attack – sob ataque
To ignore(d) – ignorar Elite – elite
To recognize(d) – reconhecer Following – seguinte
To relegate(d) – relegar Majority – maioria
Severe – severo Unmarried – não casado
Rate – taxa Birth – nascimento
Self-injury – autolesão, machucar a si mesmo High – alta
Commentator – comentarista Percentage- porcentagem
Lonely – solitário Founder – fundador
Loneliness – solidão Liberty – liberdade
Prime minister – primeiro ministro Exceptional – excepcional
Data – dados Flaw – defeito
Drug – drogas Virtue – virtude
Addiction – vício Identity – identidade
Interaction – interação Root – raiz
Fear – medo Optimism – otimismo
Widely – largamente Lack – falta
Explanation – explicação Renowned – renomado
Loss – perda Psychoanalyst – psicanalista
Values – valores Masterpiece – obra-prima
Meaning – significado Aside – com exceção
Judeo-Christian – Judaico-Cristão Dustbin – lata de lixo
Set – conjunto Decline -declínio
Affluent – rico Protestantism – Protestantismo
Chauvinism – patriotismo fanático, chauvinis- Catholicism – Catolicismo
mo Judaism – Judaísmo
Chief – principal Provider – provedor
Boy scout – escoteiro Increasing – crescente
Page 106
Why are so many young people unhappy?

To cite just one example, Reuters reported in 2019 that “Suicidal thinking, severe depression and
rates of self-injury among U.S. college students more than doubled over less than a decade.”
And unhappiness is hardly confined to Americans. As the social commentator Kay Hymowitz re-
cently wrote, “Germans are lonely, the bon vivant French are lonely, and even the Scandinavians .
. . are lonely. The British prime minister . . . recently appointed a ‘Minister of Loneliness.'”
People have more money, better health, better housing, more education, and live longer than at
any time in history, but people—especially the young—are unhappier than at any time since data
began to be collected.
Why?
There are any number of reasons: increased drug and opioid addiction, less human interaction
because of constant cellphone use, and young people's fears for their future are the most widely
offered explanations. But the biggest reason is the loss of values and meaning.
Let's begin with values, and I'll focus on America.
The United States was founded on two sets of values: Judeo-Christian and American. This combi-
nation created the freest, most opportunity-giving, most affluent country in world history. This is
not chauvinism. It is fact. That's why people from every country on Earth have wanted to emigrate
to America—and still do.
Chief among the American values was keeping government as small as possible. This enabled
non-governmental institutions—Kiwanis, Rotary and Lions Clubs; book clubs; the Boy Scouts and
Girl Scouts; bowling leagues; music societies; and, of course, churches—to provide Americans
with friends and to provide the neediest Americans with help. But as government has gotten ever
larger, many of these non-governmental groups have dwindled in number or simply disappeared.
Another set of values is referred to as middle class or bourgeois values. These include getting
married before having a child, making a family, getting a job, self-discipline, delayed gratification,
and patriotism.
All of these have been under attack by America's elites, with the following results: The majority of
births to millennials are to unmarried women. Yet, according to a 2018 Cigna study, single parents
are generally the loneliest of Americans. The percentage of American adults who have never been
married and who have no children is at an historic high.
Then there is patriotism. Until the 1960s, Americans grew up loving their country, admiring the
Founders, and believing in America's values—most especially, liberty. Americans did not ignore
the bad parts of their history, but they were wise enough to recognize that what made America
exceptional was not its flaws, which were all universal, but its virtues, which were not. This strong
American identity provided generations of Americans with roots, community, optimism, and me-
aning.
Which brings me to the most important reason for all this unhappiness: a lack of meaning. As
Victor Frankl, the renowned Austrian-American psychoanalyst, wrote in his masterpiece, Man's
Search for Meaning, aside from food, the greatest human need is meaning. And nothing has given
Americans or any other people, for that matter as much meaning as religion. But in the West since
World War II, God and religion have been relegated to the dustbin of history. The result is that
more than a third of Americans born after 1980 affiliate with no religion. This is unprecedented in
American history. And it's even worse in Europe.
Maybe, just maybe, the decline of Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism—those great provi-
ders of meaning—is the single biggest factor in the increasing sadness and loneliness among so
many young people in America and around the world. A 2016 study published in the Journal of
the American Medical Association, JAMA Psychiatry, found that American women who attended a
religious service at least once a week were five times less likely to commit suicide. And common
sense suggests this applies to men as well.
Young people have been told God is nonsense, their country is essentially evil, their past is deplo-
Page 107
rable, their future is bleak, and marriage and children are not important.
Why are so many young people depressed, unhappy, and angry? It's not capitalism, or income
inequality, or patriarchy, or even global warming. It's having no religion, no God, and no country to
believe in. And what does that leave them with? No meaning.
But there is always Instagram.
Dennis Prager.
Questions:
1- What does the author think are some of the causes of teenage unhappiness?
2- And what does he believe to be the biggest one?
3- What were the two sets of value America was founded upon?
4- What did this combination create?
5- What was the advantage of keeping government as small as possible?
6- What has been happening to these non-governmental groups?
7- What are some of the middle-class values?
8- What are the results of the attacks theses values have been suffering?
9- What used to give Americans meaning?
1- Do you believe young people nowadays lack meaning and values? Why or why not?
2- Do you believe lack of meaning can make people sad and lonely? Why or why not?
3- Do you believe religion is a good way to provide meaning and values? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe lack of religion is the reason why teenagers feel lonely? Why or why not?
5- Do you believe lack a family structure is what makes teenagers feel lonely? Why or why not?
6- What's your opinion on the text?
Page 108
Page 109
Write a text telling us a little about your teenagehood.
Homework
Lesson 19
Amusement
Related vocabulary
Celebration – celebração Game – jogo
Commemoration – comemoração Sports – esportes
Toast – brinde Ticket – bilhete
Amusement park – parque de diversões Ticket booth – bilheteria
Theme park – parque temático Day pass – passe de um dia
Carnival – parque de diversões itinerante Free pass – passe livre
Fair – feira, parque com atrações diversas Line – fila
Circus – circo Turnstile – catraca
Tent – tenda Seat – cadeira, assento
Cassino – cassino Row – fila (horizontal)
Gambling – jogo de azar First row – primeira fila
Show – show Ride – brinquedo (em que se entra)
Concert – concerto Cotton candy – algodão doce
Gig – show de música Popcorn – pipoca
Event – evento Ice cream – sorvete
Rides
Safety bar – barra de segurança Mad tea party – xícara maluca
Bumper car – carrinho de choque Merry-go-round – carrossel
Chairoplane – chapéu mexicano Pirate ship – barco viking
Ferris wheel – roda gigante Roller coaster – montanha russa
Drop tower – elevador Pedal boat – pedalinho
Ghost train – trem fantasma Claw crane – máquina de pegar bichinhos de
Hall of mirrors – casa de espelhos pelúcia
Helter skelter – tobogã, confusão
Circus
Magic – mágica Globe of death – globo da morte
Trick – truque Bizarre – bizarro
Magician – mágico Freak – aberração
Clown – palhaço Freak show – show de horrores
Trapeze artist – trapezista Lion – leão
Acrobat – acrobata Tiger – tigre
Tamer – domador Elephant – elefante
Announcer – apresentador Monkey – macaco
Human cannonball – homem-canhão Chimp – chimpanzé
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To amuse, amused, amused – divertir

To celebrate, celebrated, celebrated – celebrar
To commemorate, commemorated, commemorated – comemorar
To ride, rode, ridden – andar em um veículo ou em um brinquedo
To scare, scared, scared – assustar
To frighten, frightened, frightened – assustar
To have fun – divertir-se
1- What do you like to do for fun?

2- What kind of activity amuses you?
3- How do you usually celebrate your birthday?
4- How do you usually celebrate Christmas?
5- Where do you usually go to in order to have fun?
6- Do you like amusement parks?
7- What's your favorite theme park?
8- What's your favorite amusement ride?
9- Are you afraid of any amusement rides?
10- Do you enjoy going to the circus?
11- What's your favorite circus attraction?
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Text
Previous vocabulary
To brand(ed) – colocar uma marca Brand – marca
To diversify(ied) – diversificar Wild West – Oeste Selvagem, Velho Oeste
To spawn(ed) – gerar Ad – anúncio
To remain(ed) – permanecer Unforgettable – inesquecível
To decline(d) – recusar Comercial – comercial
To endeavor(ed) – esforçar-se Buttoned-up – com as roupas abotoadas
To indulge(d) – satisfazer Prosthetic – artificial
To tend(ed) (to) – atender Stiff upper lip – com cara de mau
To strive, strove, striven – lutar Pushback – reação negativa
To thrive, throve, thriven – prosperar Exploitative – abusivo
To stay fresh – permanecer atualizado Potential – potencial
To turn out to be – tornar-se Visitor – visitante
To take off – decolar Deliberately – deliberadamente
Outcast – banido, pária Attractive – atraente
Outlaw – fora da lei Stranger – estranho
A-list – de primeira linha On top of the bar – em cima das mesas
Appearance – aparição Dependent – dependente
The Strip – rua mais famosa de Las Vegas Change – mudança
Paradise – paraíso Skyline – horizonte
Pool – piscina Strategy – estratégia
Tag-line – slogan Renovation – renovação
Advertising – propaganda, publicidade Addition – adição
Campaign – campanha Guest – convidado, hóspede
Marketing – marketing Desire – desejo
Image – imagem Secret – segredo
What happens in Vegas Stays in Vegas

At one time, Las Vegas was a place for outcasts and outlaws. Later, the city became the place to go
for live entertainment, with A-list celebrities such as Elvis and the Rat Pack making regular appea-
rances on the Strip. Then it became the place for families to come during summer vacations, with
attractions and amusement rides at every resort. Since 2003, Las Vegas has branded itself as an
adult's paradise with its nightclubs, pool parties, and the world-famous tag line “What Happens in
Vegas, Stays in Vegas.”
Credit for the slogan belongs to the advertising company R&R Partners. The marketing campaign
began as a way to diversify Las Vegas' image and brand beyond the Wild West, gambling, and fa-
mily-friendly activities. The campaign took off, spawning years of television and print ads, inclu-
ding some unforgettable commercials involving buttoned-up businessmen and a prosthetic stiff
upper lip. The slogan has turned out to be one of the most successful marketing campaigns in the
tourism industry.
Despite initial pushback from those who thought the idea might be too exploitative, the “what
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happens here, stays here” slogan remains popular because of the message it sends to potential
visitors. The slogan deliberately communicates freedom. When you come to Las Vegas, you can do
anything and be anything you want to be. You can spend the money you work so hard to save; you
can have the extra drink you'd normally decline after dinner. You can talk to the attractive stranger
at the bar and dance on top of the bar because, no matter the end result, no one at home has to
know.
Since the economy of Las Vegas is dependent on tourism, the city thrives on change. Whether it's
the skyline of the Strip or marketing strategies, Las Vegas strives to stay fresh in the minds of its
guests. The city endeavors, with every renovation and addition, to indulge and tend to a guest's
every desire. “What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas” lets everyone know who comes to visit that
no matter what happens, your secrets will be safe.
Questions:
1- What kind of place did Vegas use to be?

2- What happened later?
3- What does the slogan “what happens in Vegas stays in Vegas” communicate?
1- Have you ever been to Vegas? If not, would you like to?
2- Would you like to visit a cassino?
3- What do you think of gambling?
4- Do you believe cassinos and gambling should be allowed in Brazil? Why or why not?
5- What are other cities in the world that are famous for offering entertainment?
6- Which of them would you like to visit and why?
Page 113
Write a text about the best places you have been to for entertainment.
Homework
Page 114
Lesson 20
Sports
Related vocabulary
Team – time Champion – campeão
Team sports – esportes coletivos Cup – copa
Individual sports – esportes individuais League – liga
Uniform – uniforme Playoffs – mata-mata
Player – jogador Attack – ataque
Coach – técnico Defense – defesa
Manager – gerente Winner – vencedor
Rush – emoção, adrenalina Loser – perdedor
Heart – coração, vontade Field – campo
Passion – paixão Court – quadra
Fan – torcedor Stadium – estádio
Supporter – torcedor Arena – arena
Soccer – futebol Locker room – vestiário
Indoor soccer – futebol de salão Match – partida, jogo
Football – futebol americano Game – jogo
Basketball – basquete Score – placar
Volleyball – vôlei Referee – árbitro
Handball – handebol Whistle – apito
Rugby – rugby Assistant referee – árbitro assistente
Baseball – beisebol Home team – time da casa
Bat – bastão Away team – time visitante
Glove – luva First half – primeiro tempo
Hockey – hóquei Second half – segundo tempo
Golf – golfe Half time – intervalo
Club – taco Injury time – acréscimos
Tennis – tênis Extra time – prorrogação
Racket – raquete Foul – falta
Championship – campeonato Rule – regra
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Soccer
Goal post – trave Wall – barreira
Cross bar – travessão Goal – gol
Goal line – linha de fundo Golden goal – gol de ouro
Goal kick – tiro de meta Own goal – gol contra
Box – pequena área Equalizer – gol de empate
Penalty area – grande área Pass – passe
Penalty spot – marca do pênalti Save – defesa
Center circle – círculo central Possession – posse de bola
Corner kick – escanteio Tackle – desarme
Kick off – início de jogo Slide tackle – carrinho
Kick – chute Throw in – lateral
Header – cabeçada Touchline – linha lateral
Offside – impedimento Linesman – bandeirinha
Foul – falta Yellow card – cartão amarelo
Free-kick – chute, tiro livre Red card – cartão vermelho
Soccer positions
Goalkeeper – goleiro Attacking midfielder – meia
Defender – zagueiro, defensor Playmaker – armador
Center-back – zagueiro Forward – atacante
Full-back – lateral Center-forward – centroavante
Left-back – lateral esquerdo Winger – ponta
Right-back – lateral direito Starting player – titular
Midfielder – meio-campista Substitute – reserva
Defensive midfielder – volante Bench – banco
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To rush, rushed, rushed – correr, apressar-se

To root, rooted, rooted (for) – torcer (para)
To support, supported, supported – dar apoio, apoiar
To whistle, whistled, whistled – apitar, assobiar
To defend, defended, defended – defender
To attack, attacked, attacked – atacar
To kick, kicked, kicked – chutar
To pass, passed, passed – passar
To cross, crossed, crossed – cruzar
To throw, threw, thrown – arremessar, lançar
To score, scored, scored – marcar, pontuar
To win, won, won – vencer
To lose, lost, lost – perder
To draw, drew, drawn – empatar
To complain, complained, complained – reclamar
World cup – copa do mundo

Fair play – jogo limpo
Friendly game – amistoso
Once again – mais uma vez
Over – acabado, finalizado

It's over – está acabado, finalizado
The game is over – o jogo acabou
Game over – fim de jogo
1- What's your favorite sport?

2- Do you practice any sports? What position do you play?
3- Do you enjoy watching soccer?
4- What's the best soccer match you have ever seen?
5- What's the most beautiful goal you have ever seen?
6- Who is the best soccer player in the world?
7- Who is the best coach in the world?
8- Who was the champion of the last World Cup?
9- How many times was Brazil champion of the World Cup?
10- What do you think of women's soccer?
Page 117
Text
Previous vocabulary
To await(ed) – aguardar Roll,- maço, pedaço, pão
To grunt(ed) – grunhir Fat – gordura
To slap(ped) – estapear Lingerie – lingerie
To squash(ed) – esmagar Genius – gênio
To combine(d) – combinar Alchemy – alquimia
To mix(ed) – misturar Bliss – felicidade
To prance(d) – empinar-se Peanut butter – manteiga de amendoim
To race(d) – correr Scantly – escassamente, insuficientemente
To tie(d) – amarrar Clad – vestido
To ban(ned) – banir Scantly clad – com pouca roupa
To kidnap(ped) – sequestrar Conference – conferência
To force(d) – forçar Expansion – expansão
To judge(d) – julgar Coverage – cobertura
To roll(ed) – rolar Muggle – trouxa
To kill(ed) – matar Quidditch – quadribol
To swirl(ed) – girar Broomstick – cabo de vassoura
To swear, swore, sworn – jurar Golden snitch – pomo de ouro
To catch, caught, caught – apanhar Since – já que
To behold, beheld, beheld – contemplar Winged – alado
To come up with – inventar Sentient – senciente
To come by – aparecer Squealing – gritalhão
To play the part – interpretar o papel Dude – cara
To make up – inventar Dwarf – anão
At gunpoint – na mira de arma Tossing – arremesso
To enjoy yourself – se divertir Suit – terno
Strict – restrito Illegal – ilegal
Perhaps – talvez Willingly – voluntariamente
Eclectic – eclético Smile – sorriso
Exotic – exótico Rolling – rolagem
Sampling – amostragem Cheese – queijo
Downright – absolutamente Wheel – roda
Odd – estranho cash and prizes – partes íntimas
Titanically – titanicamente, incrivelmente wardrobe malfunction – mostrar uma parte do
Obese – obeso corpo sem querer
Diapers – fraldas
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Craziest sports from around the world

While most of us keep to a strict diet of NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB and perhaps some PGA or NASCAR, an
eclectic menu of more exotic sports awaits sampling.
Let's take a tour around the world to see the craziest, goriest, sexiest and downright weirdest
athletic competitions mankind has come up with.
1 – Sumo Wrestling
Location: Japan. Sure, sumo wrestling may be a little more on the map than the other sports on
this list, but have you ever stopped and thought about just how odd this sport is? Titanically obese
men wear diapers, grunt, slap each other in the face and squash their rolls of fat into each other.
Can you believe these guys are rock stars in Japan?
2 – Lingerie Football
Location: USA. Back in the day, some genius of alchemy had the idea of combining chocolate and
peanut butter; bliss was born. And now it's been done again.
Mix one part football with one part scantily clad women. Behold, lingerie football. With six te-
ams in two conferences, major expansion plans in the works, and national television coverage on
MTV2, the sport is here to stay.
3 – Quidditch
Location: the Muggle world. Yeah, you read that right. Quidditch is now a real (ahem!) sport. Star-
ted at Middlebury College in Vermont (OK, first at Hogwarts) in 1997, Quidditch now has a profes-
sional league, even a world cup.
Players prance around a field with a broomstick between their legs racing to catch the golden sni-
tch. Since winged, sentient golden balls are hard to come by in the real world, a squealing dude
dressed in all yellow with a ball in sock tied to him plays the part. Snigger at will.
4 – Dwarf Tossing
Origin: Australia. Dwarf tossing was originally a sport about distance, but then some people in the
US decided to dress them in a suit and throw them onto a wall made of velcro. I am not making this
up, I swear.
This sport is now banned. I know, I can't believe it either. Personally, I don't see why it is illegal.
Do people think these dwarfs were kidnapped and then forced at gunpoint to take part in this
"sport?" Of course not. They did this willingly and judging by the smiles on their faces, they seem
to be enjoying themselves.
5 – Cheese Rolling.
Origin: Gloucester, England. Every May, competitors climb Cooper's Hill in Gloucester and roll
down a seven pound wheel of cheese. They then kill themselves to try and catch their wheel whi-
ch can reach speeds up to 70 mph.
People seriously do get hurt. They cancelled this year's event.
If I had any idea Borat was going to be a part of this competition in 2009, I would have killed a man
to get there.
But then again, would I really want to be scarred for life after inevitably seeing this man's cash and
prizes after he has a wardrobe malfunction rolling down the hill? This debate has been swirling in
my head for days now.
https://bleacherreport.com/articles/663025-craziest-sports-from-around-the-world#slide15
https://bleacherreport.com/articles/857061-the-10-absolute-craziest-sports-on-the-planet#slide6
Page 119
1- Which of these sports is the weirdest?

2- Would you practice any of them?
3- Would you like to watch any of these sports?
4- Do you think any of these sports is offensive?
5- Why do you think dwarf tossing is illegal?
6- Have you heard of any other strange sports events?
7- Why do you think people do it?
Homework
Do some research about a famous athlete; write about his or her life and let us know why
you chose to write about this person.
Page 120
Lesson 21
Olympic games
Related vocabulary
Competition – competição Canoeing – canoagem
Record – recorde Rowing – remo
Level – nível Diving – saltos ornamentais
Elite – elite Cycling – ciclismo
Award – prêmio Fencing – esgrima
Awarded – premiado Gymnastics – ginástica artística
Decorated – condecorado, premiado Gymnast – ginasta
Gold medal – medalha de ouro Golf – golfe
Silver medal – medalha de prata Handball – handebol
Bronze medal – medalha de bronze Equestrian – hipismo
Individual – individual Hockey – hóquei
Team – por equipes Judo – judô
Athlete – atleta Weightlifting – levantamento de peso
Men's – masculino Wrestling – luta olímpica
Women's – feminino Marathon – maratona
Event – evento, prova Swimming – natação
Archery – tiro com arco Water polo – polo aquático
Athletics – atletismo Taekwondo – taekwondo
Race – corrida Shooting – tiro esportivo
Sprint – corrida Triathlon – triatlo
Sprinter – corredor Tennis – tênis
Runner – corredor Table tennis – tênis de mesa
Basketball – basquetebol Volleyball – voleibol
Boxing – boxe Beach volleyball – vôlei de praia
Page 121
To symbolize, symbolized, symbolized – simbolizar

To prepare, prepared, prepared – preparar-se
To qualify, qualified, qualified – classificar-se
To practice, practiced, practiced – praticar
To compete, competed, competed – competir
To run, ran, run – correr
To jump, jumped, jumped – pular
To hold, held, held – segurar
To beat, beat, beaten – bater, vencer
To host, hosted, hosted – sediar
Hundred-meter dash – cem metros rasos

Hundred-meter hurdles – cem metros com barreira
To set a record – estabelecer um recorde
To hold the record – ter o recorde
Record holder – recordista
High-level athlete – atleta de alto nível
High performance athlete – atleta de alta performance
So far – até agora
Opening ceremony – cerimônia de abertura

Closing ceremony – cerimônia de encerramento
To light the torch – acender a tocha
1- What do you think of the Olympic Games?

2- What's your favorite olympic sport?
3- Have you ever practiced any olympic sports?
4- How hard do you think it is to compete with high level athletes?
5- Who are some of the greatest Olympic athletes?
6- Who is the most decorated olympic athlete so far?
7- Who is the current hundred-meter dash record holder?
8- Who is the most famous Brazilian olympic athlete?
9- Who hosted the last Summer Olympics?
10- Who hosted the last Winter Olympics?
11- Has Brazil ever hosted the Olympic Games?
12- Do you believe governments should spend money to host important international competi-
tions?
Page 122
Text
Previous vocabulary
To compete(d) – competir Inconsistence – inconsistência
To reserve(d) – reservar Odd – estranho
To grab(bed) – agarrar, apanhar Fluke – acaso, casualidade
To clutch(ed) – agarrar, apertar While – enquanto, ao mesmo tempo em que
To rejoice(d) – regozijar-se, alegrar-se Roast – assado
To recruit(ed) – recrutar Dove – pomba, pombo
To swear, swore, sworn – jurar Like that – assim
I swear I am not making this up – eu juro que Timeless – atemporal, eterno
não estou inventando isso Peace – paz
Tug of war – cabo de guerra Literally – literalmente
To raise awareness – chamar atenção Stands – arquibancadas
To light something on fire – tocar fogo Opponent – oponente
According to accounts – de acordo com o que Competitor – competidor
dizem Barefoot – descalço
Last but not least – por último, mas não menos Impressively – impressionantemente
importante Intruder – intruso
All the rage – muito popular Kilt – saia escocesa
Tuned in – sintonizado Kilted – usando um “kilt”
Celebration – celebração Priest – padre
Symbol – símbolo Self-proclaimed – autoproclamado
Symbolism – simbolismo Nearing – iminente, que se aproxima
Throughout – por todo, através Apocalypse – apocalipse
Courage – coragem Exclusively – exclusivamente
Bravery – bravura Battle – batalha
Dedication – dedicação Rage – fúria, raiva
Victor – vitorioso Reigning – reinante, dominante
Representation – representação Champ – campeão
Nation – nação Muddy – enlameado
Stage – palco Origin – origem
Smoothly – suavemente, facilmente Except – exceto
Groundbreaking – inovador Either way – de qualquer forma
Fail – falha Bobsled – trenó
Shocking – chocante
Some Crazy Olympic Moments

The Olympic Games. They are a great time of celebration and symbolism. Throughout the years,
the athletes who compete are symbols of courage, bravery, and dedication. They are, when they
medal, true victors of their sport, but also representations of their nation.
But even on this great international stage, not everyone is perfect and not everything always goes
so smoothly. Through the Games' history, even with all of its amazing, groundbreaking moments,
there are still some serious fails, some shocking inconsistencies, and some odd flukes. And while
we love to watch people win, we also love to see things fail a little.
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1 – 1988 Seoul roast of the doves

The opening ceremonies are one of the most watched parts of the Olympics, and it's been like that
for decades. Nothing was different during the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. Millions tuned in and
thousands watched in the stands as the ceremony went on and led to the iconic torch lighting mo-
ment. However, at this particular games, they decided to involve doves, which doesn't necessarily
seem like a bad idea, as doves are the timeless symbol of peace.
But there is a problem when you light the doves on fire. You read that right, the doves were lite-
rally roasted, marking the last time that doves were allowed at the Olympic Games.
2 – No shoes? No problem.
If you were an Olympic athlete preparing to run a marathon, you probably wouldn't think much
about the opponent without shoes on. This was the mistake of every one of Abebe Bikila's compe-
titors during the 1960 Rome Games. According to accounts, Bikila couldn't find a pair of shoes that
he preferred before the games and decided to run barefoot through the streets of Rome.
Impressively, the Ethiopian athlete not only finished the race, but finished it first, setting a world
record and becoming the first black African to win in that sport.
3 – The kilted intruder

During the 2004 Athens Games, the long-distance Brazilian runner Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima
was running a marathon when he was interrupted by Neil Horan. Also known as “The Grand Prix
Priest” or “The Dancing Priest,” he is a self-proclaimed Irish Roman Catholic priest who interrup-
ted both the 2003 British Grand Prix and the 2004 Summer Athens Olympics to raise awareness of
the nearing apocalypse. I swear I'm not making this up.
4 – Tug of war
Yes, that's right. Tug of war was—at one point—an Olympic sport. Nowadays, tug of war is almost
exclusively reserved for picnics and middle school class battles, but in the 20th century, tug of
war was all the rage. In the 1904 St. Louis Games, tug of war history was made when neither Great
Britain or Scandinavia, two of the reigning tug of war champs, grabbed the gold, but the United
States. The Milwaukee Athletic Club clutched the gold in the muddy ground and their origin city
rejoiced. Except for the fact that not one member was from Milwaukee (most were recruited from
Chicago) and that none of the members of the team were even part of the Milwaukee Athletic
Club. Either way, they still got the gold.
5 – Cool Runnings
Last but not least, Jamaica had a bobsled team to the Winter Games in 1988 in Calgary, Canada.
Really. There is even a movie about it.
https://thetempest.co/2016/08/11/entertainment/20-weirdest-moments-olympic-history/
Questions:
1- What do athletes who compete in the Olympics represent?

2- What do doves symbolize?
3- What happened to the doves involved in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in 1988?
4- Who was Abebe Bikila and what did he do in the Olympics of 1960?
5- Who was Neil Horan and why did he interrupt a marathon?
6- Is tug of war still an olympic sport?
7- Who practices tug of war nowadays?
8- When did Jamaican bobsled team participated in the Winter Olympics?
Page 124
1- Do you remember seeing any of these moments?

2- Which of them do you believe to be the most shocking?
3- Which of them do you believe to be the funniest?
4- Have you watched the movie “Cool Runnings”? What did you think of it?
5- Have you ever played tug of war?
6- Wich of the olympic sports of today you think shouldn't be in the Olympics?
7- What's a sport that should definitely be in the Olympics but it is not?
Homework
In order to accomplish this task you'll have to do some research about a famous olympic
athlete (any one). Then, with your own words, you'll need to write a small text about him
or her and let us know why you chose this person to write about.
Page 125
Lesson 22
Superpowers
Related vocabulary
Comics – gibis, revistas em quadrinho Mutant – mutante
Manga – revista em quadrinhos japonesa Super serum – super soro
Anime – anime, animação japonesa Radiation – radiação
Animation – animação Radioactive – radioativo
Universe – Universo Agent – agente
Character – personagem Secret agent – agente secreto
Hero – herói Armor – armadura
Villain – vilão Shield – escudo
Origin – origem Sword – espada
Samurai – samurai Hammer – martelo
Ninja – ninja Axe – machado
Power – poder Bow and arrow – arco e flecha
Powerful – poderoso Gun – arma de fogo
Strength – força Helmet – capacete
Strong – forte Justice – justiça
Courage – coragem Injustice – injustiça
Courageous – corajoso Revenge – vingança
Weakness – fraqueza Vengeful – vingativo
Weak – fraco Good – bom, bem
Fast – veloz Evil – mal
Slow – vagaroso Fair – justo
Invisibility – invisibilidade Just – justo
Invisible – invisível Reasonable – razoável
Visible – visível Sensible – sensato
Telekinesis – telecinesia Sensitive – sensível
Telepathy – telepatia Bravery – bravura
Teletransport – teletransporte Brave – bravo
Flying – voar Bold – ousado
Metahuman – meta humano
Page 126
DC heroes
Batman – Batman (Homem-morcego) Green Arrow – Arqueiro Verde
Superman – Super-homem Nightwing – Asa Noturna
Wonder Woman – Mulher-Maravilha Aquaman – Aquaman
Catwoman – Mulher-Gato Martian Manhunter – Caçador de Marte
Supergirl – Supergirl Black Lightning – Raio Negro
Batgirl – Batgirl Hawkman – Gavião Negro
Batwoman – Batwoman Shazam – Shazam (Já foi conhecido como
The Flash – Flash Capitão Marvel)
Cyborg – Cyborg The Atom – O Eléktron
Green Lantern – Lanterna Verde
DC villains
The Joker – Coringa Thaal Sinestro – Sinestro
Reverse-Flash – Flash Reverso Deathstroke – Exterminador
Darkseid – Darkseid Doomsday – Apocalypse
Lex Luthor – Lex Luthor
Marvel heroes
Iron Man – Homem de Ferro Thor – Thor
Spider-Man – Homem-Aranha Falcon – Falcão
Ant-Man – Homem-Formiga Punisher – O Justiceiro
Captain America– Capitão América Doctor Strange – Doutor Estranho
Captain Marvel – Capitã Marvel Star Lord – Senhor da Estrelas
Iron Fist – Punho de Ferro Gamora – Gamora
Ghost Rider – Motoqueiro Fantasma Nebula – Nebulosa
Scarlet Witch – Feiticeira Escarlate Drax, the Destroyer – Drax, o Destruidor
Black Widow – Viúva Negra Rocket Raccoon – Rocket
Winter Soldier – Soldado Invernal Groot – Groot
War Machine – Máquina de Combate Mister Fantastic – Sr. Fantástico
Black Panther – Pantera Negra Invisible Woman – Mulher Invisível
Hawkeye – Gavião Arqueiro Human Torch – Tocha Humana
Wolverine – Wolverine Thing – Coisa
Hulk – Hulk Deadpool – Deadpool
Marvel villains
Kingpin – Rei do Crime Ultron – Ultron
Green Goblin – Duende Verde Apocalipse – Apocalipse
Venom – Venom Loki – Loki
Red Skull – Caveira Vermelha Thanos – Thanos
Magneto – Magneto Doctor Doom – Doutor Destino
Page 127
Superhero teams
The Avengers – Os Vingadores

The Fantastic Four – O Quarteto Fantástico
The X-men – Os X-men
The Justice League – A liga da Justiça
Heroic professions
Nurse – enfermeira
Doctor – médico
Police officer – policial
Fireman – bombeiro
The military – os militares
To fight, fought, fought – lutar

To struggle, struggled, struggled – lutar
To bite, bit, bitten – morder
to dominate, dominated, dominated – dominar
to conquer, conquered, conquered – conquistar
to beat, beat, beaten – bater, derrotar
to avenge, avenged, avenged – vingar, punir (mias relacionado à justiça)
to revenge, revenged, revenged – vingar, retaliar (algo mais pessoal)
to cower, cowered, cowered – acovardar-se
to summon up courage – criar coragem
To read people's minds – ler a mente das pessoas

To have super strength – ter superforça
To have super speed – super velocidade
To have lasers coming off your eyes – ter laser saindo dos olhos
To breathe underwater – respirar debaixo d'água
Regenerative healing factor – fator de cura
Shared universe – universo compartilhado
The good and the evil – o bem e o mal

For the greater good – por um bem maior
Real-life hero – herói da vida real
Page 128
1- Did you use to read comics when you were a child?

2- Do you like superhero movies or comics?
3- Who is your favorite hero? Why?
4- Who is your favorite hero team? Why?
5- Do you prefer Marvel or DC? Why?
6- Are there any connections between modern heroes and Greek mythology?
7- What superpower would you like to have? Why?
8- What are the most heroic professions? Why?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To battle(d) – batalhar, enfrentar Endurance – resistência
To exemplify(ied) – exemplificar Stamina – vigor, resistência
To define(d) – definir Quote – frase, citação
To persevere(d) – perseverar Throne – trono
To roar(ed) – rugir Terrified – aterrorizado
To defeat(ed) – derrotar Scared – assustado
To expand(ed) – expandir Fool – tolo
To demand(ed) – exigir Intuition – intuição
To bear, bore, borne – suportar Somehow – de alguma forma
To bear witness – dar testemunho Secondary – secundário
To stand up for – defender, lutar Adversity – adversidade
To melt away – desaparecer, desfazer-se, derre- Ordinary – comum
ter Against – contra
To go ahead – ir em frente Selfless – altruísta
To make up your mind – decidir-se Caring – amor, cuidado
Attribute – atributo Youth – juventude
Character – caráter Will – vontade
Worthy – digno Predominance – predominância
Ancient – antigo Timidity – timidez
Myth – mito Appetite – apetite
Exemplar – exemplar Ease – facilidade, conforto
Self-sacrifice – autossacrifício Over – acima
Cowardly – covarde Suffering – sofrimento
Inspirational – inspirador Dignity – dignidade
Colorful – colorido Faith – fé
Activist – ativista Grace – graça
Entrepreneur – empreendedor Ashamed – envergonhado
Knight – cavaleiro Tear – lágrima
Reward – recompensa Circumstances – circunstâncias
Accolade – elogio
Page 129
The six attributes of courage

Courage is something that everybody wants—an attribute of good character that makes us worthy
of respect. From the Bible to fairy tales; ancient myths to Hollywood movies, our culture is rich
with exemplary tales of bravery and self-sacrifice for the greater good. From the cowardly lion in
The Wizard of Oz who finds the courage to face the witch, to David battling Goliath in the Bible, to
Star Wars and Harry Potter, children are raised on a diet of heroic and inspirational tales.
Yet courage is not just physical bravery. History books tell colorful tales of social activists, such as
Martin Luther King, who chose to speak out against injustice at great personal risk. Entrepreneurs
such as Steve Jobs and Walt Disney, who took financial risks to follow their dreams and innova-
te, are like modern-day knights, exemplifying the rewards and public accolades that courage can
bring.
There are different types of courage, ranging from physical strength and endurance to mental
stamina and innovation. The below quotes demonstrate six different ways in which we define
courage. Which are most relevant to you?
1 – Feeling Fear Yet Choosing to Act
“Bran thought about it. 'Can a man still be brave if he's afraid?' 'That is the only time a man can be
brave,' his father told him.” —George R.R. Martin, A Game of Thrones
"Fear and courage are brothers." —Proverb
"There is no living thing that is not afraid when it faces danger. The true courage is in facing danger
when you are afraid." —L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
"Being terrified but going ahead and doing what must be done—that's courage. The one who feels
no fear is a fool, and the one who lets fear rule him is a coward." —Piers Anthony
"Courage is about doing what you're afraid to do. There can be no courage unless you're scared.
Have the courage to act instead of react." —Oliver Wendell Holmes
2 – Following Your Heart
“Passion is what drives us crazy, what makes us do extraordinary things, to discover, to challenge
ourselves. Passion is and should always be the heart of courage.” —Midori Komatsu
"And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already
know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.” —Steve Jobs, Stanford com-
mencement speech, June 2005
3. Persevering in the Face of Adversity
"A hero is no braver than an ordinary man, but he is braver five minutes longer." —Ralph Waldo
Emerson
"Most of our obstacles would melt away if, instead of cowering before them, we should make up
our minds to walk boldly through them." —Orison Swett Marden
"Courage doesn't always roar. Sometimes courage is the little voice at the end of the day that says,
'I'll try again tomorrow.'" —Mary Anne Radmacher
“It's not the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight in the dog.” —Mark Twain.
4. Standing Up For What Is Right
"Sometimes standing against evil is more important than defeating it. The greatest heroes stand
because it is right to do so, not because they believe they will walk away with their lives. Such
selfless courage is a victory in itself." —N.D. Wilson, Dandelion Fire
"From caring comes courage." —Lao Tzu
5. Expanding Your Horizons;
"Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore." —Lord
Chesterfield
“This world demands the qualities of youth; not a time of life but a state of mind, a temper of the
will, a quality of the imagination, a predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for ad-
venture over the life of ease.” —Robert F. Kennedy
6. Facing Suffering With Dignity or Faith
“There is no need to be ashamed of tears, for tears bear witness that a man has the greatest of
Page 130
courage, the courage to suffer.” —Viktor Frankl

"The ideal man bears the accidents of life with dignity and grace, making the best of circumstan-
ces." —Aristotle
"Until the day of his death, no man can be sure of his courage." —Jean Anoulh
"A man of courage is also full of faith." —Marcus Tullius Cicero
https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201208/the-six-attributes-courage
Questions:
1- What does courage make us worthy of?

2- Where in our culture can we find examples of courage?
3- Is courage only related to physical bravery?
4- Who are some exemples of courageous people according to the text??
5- What are six ways by which we define courage?
1- Why does the proverb say “fear and courage are brothers”?
2- Why do you think Marcus Tullius Cicero say that “a man of courage is also full of faith”?
3- Why do you think Lao Tze said “from caring comes courage”?
4- Which of the quotes listed in the text are the most relevant to you?
5- Do you believe it's important to be courageous? Why?
6- Do you consider yourself a corageous person?
7- Where do you think courage comes from?
8- Can you give more exemples of courageous people? Why are these people corageous?
Page 131
Homework
Do some reasearch about famous acts of bravery in human history; then write about it and
also about the people involved.
Page 132
Lesson 23
Manual labor
Related vocabulary
Labor – trabalho Tire repair store – borracharia
Worker – trabalhador Welder – soldador
Blue-collar – de colarinho azul (trabalhador) Cargo – carga, frete
White-collar – de colarinho branco Trucker – caminhoneiro
Risk – risco Driver – motorista
Risky – arriscado Garbage – lixo
Safe – seguro Garbage man – lixeiro
Unsafe – inseguro, perigoso Debris – resíduos, destroços
Heavy – pesado Mason – pedreiro
Load – carga Civil construction – construção civil
Production – produção Concrete – concreto
Production line – linha de produção Cement – cimento
Shop floor – chão de fábrica Gravel – pedra brita
Machine operator – operador de máquina Farmer – fazendeiro
Technician – técnico (a pessoa) Fisherman – pescador
Cleaning – limpeza Hunter – caçador
Cleaner – limpador, faxineira Oil – petróleo
Maid – empregada doméstica Oil rig – plataforma petrolífera
Valet – manobrista Oil well – poço de petróleo
Housekeeper – arrumadeira, governanta Driller – perfurador
Cook – cozinheiro Mining – mineração
Dishwasher – lavador de pratos Miner – mineiro
Waiter – garçom Coal – carvão
Waitress – garçonete Coal mine – mina de carvão
Carpentry – carpintaria Extraction – extração
Carpenter – carpinteiro Minecart – carrinhos de transporte de miné-
Wood – madeira rio
Pipe – cano Lumberjack – lenhador
Plumbing – encanamento Timber – madeira
Plumber – encanador Trunk – tronco
Leaking – vazamento Log – tora, tronco
Tractor – trator Lumber – madeira serrada
Backhoe – retroescavadeira Longshoreman – estivador
Excavator – escavadeira Fishing net – rede de pesca
Hole – buraco Hook – anzol, gancho
Electricity – eletricidade Fishing rod – vara de pesca
Electrician – eletricista Mechanization – mecanização
Mechanic – mecânico Automation – automação
Mechanical workshop – oficina mecânica
Tire repair technician – borracheiro
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Tools
Hammer – martelo Rake – ancinho
Nail – prego Saw – serra
Pliers – alicate Handsaw – serrote
Utility knife – canivete Chainsaw – motosserra
Tape measure – fita métrica Axe – machado
Wrench – chave inglesa Broom – vassoura
Screwdriver – chave de fenda Mop – esfregão
Screw – parafuso Soap – sabão
Nut – porca Detergent – detergente
Jack – macaco Sanitary water – água sanitária
Trowel – espátula Chemicals – produtos químicos
Soapstone – pedra-sabão Hose – mangueira
Bucket – balde Beam – viga
Wheelbarrow – carrinho de mão Switch – interruptor, botão
Anvil – bigorna Outlet – tomada
Shovel – pá Wire – fio, arame
Hoe – enxada Block – bloco
To handle, handled, handled – manusear

To operate, operated, operated – operar
To serve, served, served – servir
To collect, collected, collected – coletar, recolher
To drill, drilled, drilled – perfurar
To dig, dug, dug – cavar
To leak, leaked, leaked – vazar
To fill, filled, filled – encher, tapar
To saw, sawed, sawed – serrar
To extract, extracted, extracted – extrair
To fix, fixed, fixed – consertar
To mend, mended, mended – arrumar
To weld, welded, welded – soldar
To melt, melted, melted – derreter
To load, loaded, loaded – carregar
To unload, unloaded, unloaded – descarregar
To carry, carried, carried – carregar
To measure, measured, measured – medir
To tighten, tightened, tightened – apertar
To manufacture, manufactured, manufactured – fabricar, construir, manufaturar
To cut down a tree – derrubar uma árvore

To tighten a screw – apertar um parafuso
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To do something for a living – fazer algo para viver

To get paid – ser pago
Full-time – período integral
Part-time – meio período
To put at risk – colocar em risco
To screw up – estragar, acabar

Please, don't screw up – por favor, não acabe com tudo
1- Do you know how to perform any manual labors?

2- When you need to fix anything at home, do you do it yourself or “call the guy”?
3- Do you think manual labors are hard to do?
4- In your opinion, what's the toughest manual labor?
5- Is there any manual labors you would like to learn?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To reconsider(ed) – reconsiderar Bomb – bomba
To defuse(d) – desarmar, desativar Fairly – bastante
To kill(ed) – matar Wire – fio
To erect(ed) – erguer Split – fração
To face(d) – encarar Repo person – pessoa que retoma bens que não
To endure(d) – suportar, enfrentar foram pagos.
To strap(ped) – amarrar Sultan – sultão
To smash(ed) – esmagar Cartel – cartel
The old-fashioned way – do jeito antigo Bounty Hunter – caçador de recompensas
To chase down – perseguir Fortitude – fortaleza, coragem moral
Good luck – boa sorte Enemy – inimigo
To take back – pegar de volta Criminal – criminoso
To make sense – fazer sentido Jail – cadeia
Challenging – desafiador Without – sem
Chronic – crônico Deadly – mortal
At risk – em risco Average – média
Hardship – dificuldade, sofrimento Tower – torre
Pro – profissional Bolt – parafuso
Diver – mergulhador Demand – exigência
Treasure – tesouro Comparison – comparação
Underwater – debaixo d'água Drowning – afogamento
Pearl – pérola Humongous – enorme, gigantesco
Surface – superfície
Page 135
Seven of the Toughest Jobs on the Planet

Think your job is difficult? Well, if it is not on this list, you might want to reconsider how bad you
actually have it.
The jobs on this list are considered tough for different reasons. Some of them are physically chal-
lenging, some are mentally challenging, and even more are emotionally challenging.
If you think the emotional aspect of a job doesn't matter, you should think again. Studies have
shown that chronic stress puts your health at risk, and for me, poor health is definitely a hardship.
If your job is on this list I hope you are getting paid well enough – and of course be safe!
1 – Pro diver
Diving for treasures while on vacation is one thing, but doing it for a living is another. One of the
most physically dangerous jobs on the planet is anything that involves being underwater. This in-
cludes diving for pearls, underwater manufacturing, and deep underwater drilling. And yes, there
is also the chance that you may not make it back to the surface.
2 – Bomb technician
At the top of my list for being emotionally challenging is working as a bomb technician. Although
it is fairly easy to understand why someone might want to save the world by defusing a bomb,
does anyone really want to take that risk? I mean really? I can only imagine the amount of stress
that is experienced in the split second when you do not know if you cut the right wire. No thank
you.
3 – Airplane repo person
I have a confession, I had never heard of an airplane repo man until I began researching this list.
But if you think about it, it makes a lot of sense. Someone has to go take back airplanes when the
owners don't pay. Why is this on my tough jobs list? Well, think about who buys airplanes: multi-
-millionaires, princes and sultans, drug cartels … I'm not trying to be the one who takes back their
plane.
4 – Bounty Hunter
If you have just the right amount of physical strength, mental know- how, and emotional fortitude
to make it as a bounty hunter, you may make a lot of money. However, I wouldn't wish the job on
my worst enemy. Not only are you responsible for chasing down criminals, you are also responsi-
ble for sending them to jail without killing them. Good luck with that, super hero.
5 – Communications-Tower Climber
Tower climbing was the deadliest job in the U.S. earlier in the decade. While Things have gotten
a bit safer, this job still results in 20 deaths each year on average in the US. In order to erect or
maintain communication towers, employees regularly climb towers, using fixed ladders, support
structures or step bolts, from 100 feet to heights in excess of 1000 or 2000 feet. They often have
to do this in extreme weather conditions – cause that's when things go wrong.
6 – Professional Fisherman
Recreational fishing is no comparison to what commercial fisherman in the most remote parts of
the planet endures. Besides the obvious risk of drowning, the fact that the fishing is done where
the fish are (far out in the ocean in areas humans tend to stay away from) is the reason it is so dan-
gerous. The workers face emotional stress of separation from land, as well as physical demands
of the job.
7 – Logger
So you like climbing trees? Great! Now strap on loads of equipment, make those humongous trees
come down without getting smashed and do it in terrible weather. At that point, you might have
an idea of what it takes to be a logger. Despite all of our innovations, most of logging is still done
the old fashioned way- with a man and a tree. Last time I checked, trees are a lot bigger than men.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that logging is America's most dangerous job. Workers lost
their lives at a rate of 127.8 per 100,000 full-time workers. In total, 62 loggers were killed on the
job last year in the US alone, and many, many more around the world.
https://www.lousycv.com/the-10-toughest-jobs-on-the-planet/5/
Page 136
1- Which of the professions above are the riskiest in your opinion and why?
2- And which of them are the toughest?
3- Would you like to try any of these professions?
4- What other professions are also very risky? Why?
Homework
Write a text about the riskiest professions people perform in your city or town; tell us
why they are so risky; also tell us whether or not you would like to have that profession
and why.
Page 137
Lesson 24
Looking for a job
Related vocabulary
Resume – currículo Fluently – fluentemente
Application – inscrição Polyglot – poliglota
Form – formulário Hobbies – hobbies
Attachment – anexo References – referências
Attribute – atributo Recommendations – recomendações
Skill – habilidade Teamwork – trabalho em equipe
Experience – experiência Proactive – proativo
Seasoned – experiente Proactivity – proatividade
Inexperienced – inexperiente Belief – crença
Accomplishment – realização Behavior – comportamento
Personal – pessoal, particular Compliance – conformidade, cumprimento
Professional – profissional Template – modelo, padrão
Information – informação Punctuation – pontuação
Relevant – relevante Summary – resumo
Document – documento Profile – perfil
Education – educação (formal) Interview – entrevista
Major – formação principal Interviewer – entrevistador
Minor – formação secundária Interviewee – entrevistado
Intern – estagiário Employment – emprego
Internship – estágio Employed – empregado, com emprego
Course – curso Employee – empregado, funcionário
Language – língua Employer – empregador
Bilingual – bilíngue Unemployed – desempregado
Trilingual – trilíngue Unemployment – desemprego
Fluent – fluente Self-employed – autônomo
Punctuation in English
Period – ponto final Apostrophe – apóstrofo
Comma – vírgula Hyphen – hífen
Exclamation mark – ponto de exclamação Dash – travessão
Question mark – ponto de interrogação Brackets – colchetes (parênteses)
Colon – dois pontos Parentheses – parênteses
Semicolon – ponto e vírgula Line – linha
Quotation mark – aspas Paragraph – parágrafo
Page 138
Written communication
Dear – caro Best regards – cumprimentos (usado no final
Dear sirs – caros senhores de cartas e-mails)
Find attached – encontre anexado Yours truly – atenciosamente
Looking forward to (+ verb + ing) – aguardo
ansiosamente por
To apply, applied, applied – candidatar-se, aplicar

To type, typed, typed – digitar
To attach, attached, attached – anexar
To include, included, included – incluir
To send, sent, sent – enviar
To reply, replied, replied – responder
To forward, forwarded, forwarded – encaminhar
To receive, received, received – receber
To recruit, recruited, recruited – recrutar
To hire, hired, hired – contratar
To fire, fired, fired – demitir
To dismiss, dismissed, dismissed – dispensar
To evaluate, evaluated, evaluated – avaliar
To comply, complied, complied (with) – cumprir, estar em conformidade
To retire, retired, retired – aposentar-se
Job offer – oferta de emprego

Job opening – vaga de emprego
To apply for a job – candidatar-se a um emprego

To fill out the form – preencher o formulário
Employment history – histórico de empregos
Educational background – experiência educacional
Extra curricular activities – atividades extracurriculares
Recommendation letter – carta de recomendação
Goal-oriented – orientado para objetivos
Corporate culture – cultura corporativa
1- What was your first job? How did you like it?
2- What's your current job? How do you like it?
3- What's your employment history?
4- What are you currently studying?
5- What's your educational background?
6- What are your main professional qualities?
7- Have you ever faced a job interview? How did it go?
8- Would you like to apply for a new job? Which one?
Page 139
1- What companies did Elon Musk found?

2- What award did Fortune magazine give him in 2013?
3- Can you name at least three of his skills?
4- Where is Elon Musk from?
Page 140
1- What is Jane Doe's profession?

2- Can you name at least three of her skills?
3- When did Jane Doe study at Bartlett School of Architecture?
4- What languages can she speak?
Page 141
Homework
Now it's time to create your own resumé in English.
First, you are going to write an e-mail applying for a job opening in your professional
area. Also, you are going to “attach” a resumé to it. Do you best!
Page 142
Lesson 25
Technology
Related vocabulary
Invention – invenção Breakthrough – avanço, inovação
Discovery – descoberta Tool – ferramenta
Innovation – inovação Device – dispositivo
Advancement – avanço Process – processo
Advent – advento Development – desenvolvimento
Science – ciência Obsolete – obsoleto
Scientific – científico Necessary- necessário
Modern – moderno Unnecessary – desnecessário
Modernity – modernidade Revolutionary – revolucionário
Ancient – antigo Result – resultado
Relevant – relevante Outcome – resultado
Important – importante
Famous inventions and discoveries

Fire – fogo Toilet – vaso sanitário
Agriculture – agricultura Sewer – esgoto
Wheel – roda Gun powder – pólvora
Nail – prego Penicillin – penicilina
Aqueduct – aqueduto Vaccines – vacinas
Writing – escrita Steam engine – motor a vapor
Paper – papel Internal combustion engine – motor à com-
Printing press – imprensa bustão
Compass – bússola Electric cars – carros elétricos
Optical lenses – lentes ópticas Telefone – telefone
Telescope – telescópio Power loom – tear mecânico
Electricity – eletricidade Computer – computador
Light bulb – lâmpada Internet – internet
Typewriter – máquina de escrever Contraceptive – contraceptivo
Page 143
To invent, invented, invented – inventar

To develop, developed, developed – desenvolver
To discover, discovered, discovered – descobrir
To convert, converted, converted – converter
To transform, transformed, transformed – transformar
To realize, realized, realized – dar-se conta, perceber
To evolve, evolved, evolved – evoluir
To revolutionize, revolutionized, revolutionized – revolucionar
To assemble, assembled, assembled – montar
To disassemble, disassembled, disassembled – desmontar
Cutting-edge technology – tecnologia de ponta

Way of life – modo de vida
To get rid of – livrar-se de
Out of date – desatualizado
The world as we know it – o mundo como o conhecemos
It won't be long – não falta muito
1- What, in your opinion, was the most important human discovery?

2- What, in your opinion, was the most important human invention?
3- Why was the invention of writing important?
4- Why was the invention of toilet important?
5- Why was the invention of the steam engine relevant?
6- Can you give an example of something obsolete?
7- Can you give an example of something that will probably change the world as we know it?
Page 144
Text
Previous vocabulary
To shape(d) – moldar, dar forma Earbuds – fones de ouvido
To print(ed) – imprimir Proficiency – proficiência
To simplify(ied) – simplificar Barrier – barreira
To capture(d) – capturar Fuel – combustível
To collect(ed) – coletar Liquid – líquido
To deflect(ed) – desviar Conversion – conversão
To navigate(d) – navegar Mimicking – imitação
To hook(ed) – conectar, fisgar Photosynthesis – fotossíntese
To lie, lay, lain – encontrar-se Potable – potável
To get a glance – dar uma olhada Array – conjunto
As well as – assim como Vast – vasto
Intended – com a intenção Collection – coleta
Conveniente – conveniente Atomic – atômico
Printing – impressão Molecular – molecular
Proven – provado, comprovado Level – nível
Manufacturing – produção Manipulation – manipulação
Radically – radicalmente Consultation – consulta
Pattern – padrão Wherein – em que
Enterprise – empreendimento Available – disponível
Eight Cutting-edge Technologies that will change the world

Just by looking at where we are today, we can already see how powerful technology has been in
shaping our world. Through the years, scientists have introduced innovative technology intended
to make life a lot more convenient for humans. Technological advancements happen so fast that
people's current way of life always seems out of date relative to these advancements. Are you
ready to get a glance at what the future might look like? Here is a list of eight cutting-edge tech-
nology examples you won't believe exist.
1 – 3D Metal Printing
While 3D printing has been around for a while now, printing metal has proven difficult and expen-
sive. However, now, new 3D metal printers are simplifying the process and could radically change
manufacturing as we know it, but also present many dangers, including at-home gun manufactu-
ring.
2 – Deep data mining

Deep data mining refers to the strategy of data collection that involves analyzing patterns as well
as predicting and influencing behavior. This technology will soon help commercial and govern-
ment enterprises to predict the psychological profiles of individuals, the way Pandora analyzes
internet users' personalities through their favorite movies and music. The purpose of this techno-
logy is to understand human nature more easily.
3 – Babel Fish Earbuds

Right now, Google has already developed earbuds that can translate forty languages in real-time.
It won't be long before this technology can translate even more languages with greater proficien-
cy. Once they hit the market, they may close an ancient barrier.
Page 145
4 – Solar Fuel
The idea behind the development of solar fuel lies in the direct conversion of solar energy into a
liquid fuel. The production of fuel through solar energy is much like mimicking how plants produ-
ce energy through the process of photosynthesis. This technology will make possible the creation
of fuel using just sunlight, carbon dioxide, and non-potable water.
5 – Space-Based Solar Energy

Space-based solar energy technology involves assembling and maintaining vast arrays of solar
panels in space to better capture the energy of the sun while getting rid of the Earth's atmosphere.
This technology is the solution to earth-based solar collection, which involves a great deal of solar
energy deflected by the atmosphere.
6 – Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of materials in the atomic and molecular levels for
revolutionizing computing, not just by making the process faster but also by making computing
devices a lot smaller. Scientists believe that devices as small as cells may someday navigate throu-
gh the human body to serve as artificial immune systems.
7 – Neural Interfaces
The idea behind this technology is providing humans with the ability to hook their brains directly
into the internet. The giant leap into the realm of wetware recently became possible after a bionic
eye got the approval of FDA. Neural interfaces involves brain wave mapping, which refers to the
process of controlling remote robotics directly from neural impulses.
8 – Self-diagnostic medicine
Self-diagnostic medicine is a technology that will soon provide an effective alternative to medical
consultations wherein diagnostic hardware becomes available in the comfort of people's homes.
Questions :
1- What's a danger of 3D metal printing technology?

2- What's the objective for the use of deep data mining?
3- What can Google earbuds do?
4- What natural process does the production of solar fuel try to imitate?
5- What is the main advantage of space-based solar energy?
6- What does nanotechnology refer to?
7- What do scientists believe nanotechnoloy can serve as in the future?
8- What's the idea behind neural interfaces?
9- What do neural interfaces involve?
1- Which of the listed technologies surprise you the most? Why?

2- Do you believe these technologies will be soon available to people in general? Why?
3- What would you do if you had a 3D printer at home? Why?
4- What are the dangers of deep data mining? Why?
5- Would you like to have The Google earbuds? Why?
6- Do you believe nanotechnology can be used to save lives? Why?
7- Would you like to have a bionic eye in order to hook your brain directly to the internet? Why?
8- Would you trust self-diagnostic medicine? Why or why not?
Page 146
Homework
You have two options on this exercise: you can either write about the history of a famous
invention or about some new technological advancement you are interested in. It's im-
portant to do some research about it.
Page 147
Lesson 26
Handicraft
Related vocabulary
Craft – arte, ofício Sculpture – escultura
Craftwork – artesanato Sculptor – escultor
Art – arte Statue – estátua
Artistic – artístico Architecture – arquitetura
Creative – criativo Architect – arquiteto
Creativity – criatividade Skill – habilidade
Inspiration – inspiração Technique – técnica
Inspired – inspirado Style – estilo
Equipment – equipamento Talent – talento
Mend – emenda, correção Beauty – beleza
Pottery – cerâmica Modern – moderno
Weaving – tecelagem Contemporary – contemporâneo
Tatting – tatting Romantic – romântico
Macrame – macramê Romantism – romantismo
Crochet – crochê Impressionist – impressionista
Knitting – tricô Impressionism – impressionismo
Tapestry – tapeçaria Expressionist – expressionista
Mosaic – mosaico Expressionism – expressionismo
Collage – colagem Baroque – barroco
Calligraphy – caligrafia Gothic – gótico
Painting – pintura Abstract – abstrato
Painter – pintor Classic – clássico (substantivo)
Picture – quadro, pintura Classical – clássico (adjetivo)
Coloring – colorir Renaissance – renascença
Tools
Needle – agulha Canvas – tela, lona
Thread – linha Cord – cordão
Glue – cola Wire – arame
Paint – tinta Glitter – brilho
Dye – tinta Paper – papel
Ink – tinta Crepe paper – papel crepom
Brush – pincel, escova Cardboard – cartolina
Paintbrush – pincel Rag – pano, trapo
Scissors – tesoura Fabric – tecido
Marker – pincel Chisel – cinzel
Crayon – giz de cera Hammer – martelo
Colored pencils – lápis de cor Saw – serra, serrote
Compass – compasso, bússola
Page 148
To create, created, created – criar

To paint, painted, painted – pintar
To sculpt, sculpted. sculpted – esculpir
To carve, carved, carved – entalhar
To draw, drew, drawn – desenhar
To color, colored, colored – colorir
To design, designed, designed – desenhar, projetar
To knit, knitted, knitted – tricotar
To sew, sewed, sewn – costurar
To glue, glued, glued – colar
To mend, mended, mended – reparar, emendar
To print, printed, printed – imprimir
Work of art – obra de arte

Masterpiece – obra-prima
State of mind – estado de espírito

Pastime – passatempo
Good taste – bom gosto
Sewing machine – máquina de costura

Oil on canvas – óleo sobre tela
1- Do you enjoy craftwork? Why or why not?

2- Do you have any craftwork skill? Which one?
3- Are you a creative person? Why?
4- Do you have any artistic talents? Which one?
5- What talent would you like to have? Why?
6- Do you enjoy art in general?
7- What is your favorite form of art? Why?
8- What artistic movement is your favorite?
9- Do you have any work of art at home? What is it?
Page 149
Text
Previous vocabulary
To aim(ed) – visar Desire – desejo
To reply(ied) – responder Pleasure – prazer
To disturb(ed) – perturbar Response – resposta
To reflect(ed) – refletir Except – exceto
To argue(d) – argumentar Philosopher – filósofo
To surround(ed) – rodear Trade – negócio
To persuade(d) – persuadir Civilization – civilização
To redeem(ed) – redimir Pursuit – busca
To display(ed) – mostrar Being – ser
To enter(ed) – entrar, inscrever Alienation – alienação
To shock(ed) – chocar Path – caminho
To endorse(d) – endossar, aprovar Chaos – caos
To justify(ied) – justificar Suffering – sofrimento
To go on – continuar Consolation – consolo
Just like that – de qualquer jeito, num passe de Sorrow – tristeza
mágica Affirmation – afirmação
To be worthwhile – valer a pena Joy – alegria
No longer – não mais Weary – cansado, exausto
Go for it – manda ver Sacred – sagrado
To turn your back (on) – virar as costas (para) Task – missão, tarefa
For over two thousand years – por mais de dois Randomness – aleatoriedade
mil anos Urinal – urinol
To go on and off – ligar e desligar Fictitious – fictícia
Out of touch – sem contato, sem conexão Signature – assinatura
First time round – primeira vez Exhibition – exibição
Aim – objetivo, alvo Gesture – gesto
Poetry – poesia Satirical – satírico
Point – razão, motivo Snobbery – esnobismo
Value – valor Can – lata
Goodness – bondade Excrement – excremento
Increasingly – cada vez mais Pile – pilha
Taboo – tabu Brick – tijolo
Originality – originalidade Plane – plano
Prize – prêmio Vacuous – vazio
Cult – culto Boring – chato
Ugliness – feiura Shocking – chocante
Soulless – sem alma Elaborate – elaborado
Sterile – estéril Joke – piada
Surroudings – arredores Critics – críticos
Raucous – estridente Emperor – imperador
Self-centered – autocentrado, egoísta Appropriation – apropriação
Offensive – ofensivo Label – rótulo
Profit – lucro
Page 150
Roger Scruton – Why Beauty Matters

At any time between 1750 and 1930 if you had asked educated people to describe the aim of
poetry, art or music, they would have replied, “beauty.” And if you had asked for the point of that,
you would have learned that beauty is a value – as important as truth and goodness.
Then in the twentieth century, beauty stopped being important. Art increasingly aimed to disturb
and to break moral taboos. It was not beauty, but originality, however achieved and at whatever
moral cost that won the prizes.
Not only has art made a cult of ugliness, architecture too has become soulless and sterile.
And it's not just our physical surroundings that have become ugly.
Our language, our music and our manners are increasingly raucous, self-centered, and offensive,
as though beauty and good taste have no real place in our lives. One word is written large on all
these ugly things, and that word is “me.” My profits, my desires, my pleasures. And art has nothing
to say in response to this except, “Yeah, go for it!” I think we are losing beauty and with it there is
the danger that we will lose the meaning of life.
I'm Roger Scruton, philosopher and writer. My trade is to ask questions. During the last few years I
have been asking questions about beauty. Beauty has been central to our civilization for over two
thousand years. From its beginnings in Ancient Greece, philosophy has reflected on the place of
beauty in art, poetry, music, architecture, and everyday life. Philosophers have argued that throu-
gh the pursuit of beauty we shape the world as a home.
We come to understand our own nature as spiritual beings. But our world has turned its back on
beauty. And because of that, we find ourselves surrounded by ugliness and alienation.
I want to persuade you that beauty matters. That it is not just a subjective thing. But a universal
need of human beings. If we ignore this need we find ourselves in a spiritual desert. I want to show
you a path leading out of that desert. It is a path leading home.
The great artists of the past were aware that human life is full of chaos and suffering. But they had
a remedy for this; and the name of that remedy was beauty. The beautiful work of art brings con-
solation in sorrow and affirmation in joy. It shows human life to be worthwhile.
Many modern artists have become weary of this sacred task. The randomness of modern life they
think cannot be redeemed by art. Instead, it should be displayed. The pattern was set nearly a
century ago by the French artist, Marcel Duchamp. Who signed a urinal with a fictitious signature,
R. Mutt, and entered it for an exhibition (in 1917).
His gesture was satirical; designed to mock the world of art and the snobberies that go with it. But
it has been interpreted in another way, showing us that anything could be art.
1) Like a light going on and off.
2) A can of excrement.
3) Or even a pile of bricks.
No longer does art have a sacred status raising us to a higher moral or spiritual plane, it is just one
human gesture among others, no more meaningful than a laugh or shout. “I think they are making
fun of us. It's a pile of bricks!” – says a lady.
Art once made a cult of beauty. Now we have a cult of ugliness instead. Since the world is dis-
turbing, art should be disturbing too. Those who look for beauty in art are just out of touch with
modern realities.
Sometimes the intention is to shock us. But what is shocking first time round, is boring and va-
cuous when repeated. This makes art into an elaborate joke though by now that has ceased to be
funny, yet the critics go on endorsing it, afraid to say that the emperor has no clothes.
Creative art is not achieved, just like that, simply by having an idea. Of course, ideas can be inte-
resting and amusing, but this does not justify the appropriation of the label “art.”
If a work of art is nothing more than an idea, anybody can be an artist. And any object can be a
work of art. There is no longer any need for skill, taste or creativity.
Page 151
https://orthosphere.wordpress.com/2017/09/16/roger-scruton-why-beauty-matters/
Questions
1- How would educated people between 1750 and 1930 describe the aim of art?
2- What would the same people say the point of art is?
3- What happened to art in the twentieth century?
4- What happened to architecture in the twentieth century?
5- What is happening to our language, music and manners?
6- What word is written large on these ugly things? Why?
7- Why has the author been asking questions about beauty?
8- What is the difference between the artists in the past and many modern artists?
9- What did Marcel Duchamp do a century ago? What did he mean by that?
10- What happens when an artist intends to shock people?
11- What happens if art is nothing more than an idea?
1- Do you believe our language, music and manners are increasingly raucous, self-centered, and
offensive? Why?
2- What do you think about the so-called “modern art”?
3- What do you think of modern architecture?
4- What do you think of modern music?
5- Do you agree with Roger Scruton on this issue? Why or why not?
Page 152
Homework
You can choose to write about a famous artist (painting, music, etc) or write about the
differences between modern and classical art. It's important to share your opinion.
Page 153
Lesson 27
Nations and States
Related vocabulary
West – ocidente Monarchist – monarquista
Western – ocidental Monarch – monarca
East – oriente Anarchy – anarquia
Eastern – oriental Tyranny – tirania
Civilization – civilização Oligarchy – oligarquia
Civilized – civilizado Autocracy – autocracia
State – Estado Dictator – Ditador
Empire – império Dictatorship – ditadura
Nation – nação Emperor – imperador
Nationality – nacionalidade Empress – imperatriz
People – povo King – rei
Citizen – cidadão Queen – rainha
Citizenship – cidadania Prince – príncipe
Common – comum Princess – princesa
Community – comunidade Royal – real
Culture – cultura Noble – nobre
Perspective – perspectiva Nobility – nobreza
Custom – costume President – presidente
Tradition – tradição Prime-minister – primeiro-ministro
Religion – religião Sheik – xeique
Secular – secular, laico System – sistema
Territory – território Presidentialism – presidencialismo
Border – fronteira Parliamentarism – Parlamentarismo
Autonomy – autonomia Parliament – parlamento
Sovereignty – soberania Politics – política
Law – lei, direito Politician – político (pessoa)
Right – direito Value – valor
Legitimacy – legitimidade Fair – justo
Legitimate – legítimo Freedom – liberdade
Independent – independente Equality – igualdade
Independency – independência Fraternity – fraternidade
Government – governo Representation – representação
Form – forma Representativeness – representatividade
Regime – regime Existencial – existencial
Democracy – democracia Existence – existência
Democrat – democrata Elementary – elementar
Representative – representante, deputado Element – elemento
Aristocracy – aristocracia Model – modelo
Aristocrat – aristocrata Society – sociedade
Monarchy – monarquia Revolution – revolução
Page 154
To articulate, articulated, articulated – articular

To represent, represented, represented – representar
To recognize, recognized, recognized – reconhecer
To acknowledge, acknowledged, acknowledged – reconhecer
To rule, ruled, ruled – mandar, governar
To persecute, persecuted, persecuted – perseguir
To coerce, coerced, coerced – coagir
To legislate, legislated, legislated – legislar
To execute, executed, executed – executar
To judge, judged, judged – julgar
To subdue, subdued, subdued – subjugar
Legal fiction – ficção jurídica

Police power – poder de polícia
Coercive power – poder coercitivo
Self-determination of peoples – autodeterminação dos povos

There must be – deve haver
There should be – deveria haver
There can be – pode haver
There could be – poderia haver
Royal family – família real
1- What are some of the greatest States in the Western Civilization nowadays?
2- What are some of the Greatest States in the Eastern Civilization nowadays?
3- What are some of the greatest empires in the history of the world?
4- What are some of the greatest democracies in the world?
5- Can you name any dictatorial governments in the world today?
6- What are some countries with current monarchies today?
7- Does Brazil have a royal family?
8- What's Brazil's current system of government?
9- What's Brazil's current form of government?
10- Does Brazil have good representatives?
11- Is Brazil a real democracy? Why or why not?
Page 155
Text
Previous vocabulary
To characterize(d) – caracterizar Full – cheio
To fulfill(ed) – cumprir, atender Bond – laço
To possess(ed) – possuir Possession – posse
To secure(d) – assegurar Definite – definitivo
To aspire(d) – aspirar Defined – definido
To extend(ed) – estender Fixed – fixo
To claim(ed) – alegar Requirement – requisito
To regain(ed) – reconquistar Motherland – pátria
To punish(ed) – punir Source – fonte
To order(ed) – ordenar Jews – judeus
To persuade(d) – persuadir Soul – alma
To back(ed) – ajudar, apoiar Existence – existência
To integrate(d) – integrar Association – associação
To blend(ed) – misturar Rule – governo
To play an important role – ter um papel impor- Wide – largo, grande
tante Boundary – fronteira
Usage – uso Bound – limite
Synonym – sinônimo Within – dentro
Nevertheless – não obstante Complex – complexo
Absence – ausência Ethnicity – etnia
Contrary – contrário Race – raça
Sense – senso Multinational – multinacional
Unity – unidade Stable – estável
Conciousness – consciência Conscious – consciente
Aspiration – aspiração Endeavor – esforço
Formation – formação Steadily – firmemente, constantemente
Essencial – essencial Integrity – integridade
Security – segurança Link – ligação, conexão
Welfare – bem-estar Majority – maioria
Need – necessidade Minority – minoria
Concerned – preocupado Diversity – diversidade
External – externo Plurality – pluralidade
Entity – entidade Guiding – guia
Unit – unidade Principle – princípio
United – unido
Page 156
State Vs Nation
In common usage, the terms State and Nation are often used as synonyms. For example, when we
say ‘Western nations' or ‘Asian nations' or ‘African nations', we do not mean nations but States.
Similarly, the ‘United Nations' is in reality an organization of nation-states. Each modern state
is a Nation State; nevertheless there are some important distinctions between the State and the
Nation.
1. The elements of State and Nation are different:
The State has four elements—population, territory, government, and sovereignty. In the absence
of even one element, a State cannot be really a State. A state is always characterized by all these
four elements. On the contrary, a nation is a group of people who have a strong sense of unity and
common consciousness.
Common territory, common race, common religion, common language, common history, common
culture and common political aspirations are the elements which help the formation of a nation,
and yet none of these is an absolutely essential element. The elements which go to build a nation
keep on changing.
2. State is a Political Organization while Nation is a social, cultural, psychological, emotional and
political unity:
The State is a political organization which fulfills the security and welfare needs of its people. It is
concerned with external human actions. It is a legal entity. On the other hand, a Nation is a united
unit of population which is full of emotional, spiritual and psychological bonds. A nation has little
to do with the physical needs of the people.
3. Possession of a Definite Territory is essential for the State but not for a Nation:
It is essential for each State to possess a fixed territory. It is the physical element of the State.
State is a territorial entity. But for a nation territory is not an essential requirement. A nation can
survive even without a fixed territory. Love of a common motherland acts as a source of unity. For
example, before 1948 the Jews were a nation even though they had no fixed territory of their own.
When, in 1948, they secured a definite and defined territory, they established the State of Israel.
4. Sovereignty is essential for State but not for Nation:
Sovereignty is an essential element of the State. It is the soul of the State. In the absence of so-
vereignty, the State loses its existence. It is the element of sovereignty which makes the state
different from all other associations of the people. It is not essential for a nation to possess sove-
reignty.
The basic requirement of a nation is the strong bonds of emotional unity among its people which
develop due to several common social cultural elements. Before 1947, India was a nation but not
a State because it did not have sovereignty. (State = Nation + Sovereignty).
After its independence in 1947, India became a State because after the end of British imperial rule
it became a sovereign entity. However, each nation always aspires to be sovereign and indepen-
dent of the control of every other nation.
5. Nation can be wider than the State:
The State is limited to a fixed territory. Its boundaries can increase or decrease but the process
of change is always very complex. However a nation may or may not remain within the bounds
of a fixed territory. Nation is a community based on common ethnicity, history and traditions and
aspirations.
Obviously its boundaries can easily extend beyond the boundaries of the State. For example in
a way the French nation extends even to Belgium, Switzerland and Italy because people in these
countries belong to the same race to which the French claim to belong.
6 – There can be more than one Nationality in one State
There can be two or more than two nations within a single State. Before the First World War, Aus-
tria and Hungary were one State, but two different nations. Most of the modern states are multi-
national states.
Page 157
7. Nation is more stable than State:

A nation is more stable than the State. When sovereignty ends, the State dies, but not the nation.
A nation can survive even without sovereignty. For example, after their defeat in the World War II,
both Germany and Japan lost their sovereign statuses and outside powers began to control them.
They ceased to exist as States. But they continued to live as nations, which after some months
regained their sovereign statuses and became sovereign independent states.
8. A State can be created while a Nation is always the result of evolution:
A State can be created with the conscious endeavors of the people. Physical elements play an im-
portant role in the birth of a State. For example, after the Second World War, Germany got divided
into two separate states West Germany and East Germany. But Germans remained emotionally as
one nation.
Ultimately in October 1990 the Germans again got united into a single state. In 1947 Pakistan was
created out of India as a separate State. A nation is a unity of the people which emerges slowly and
steadily. No special efforts go into the making of a nation.
9. The State uses police power (force) for preserving its unity and integrity, the Nation is bound by
strong cultural and historical links:
State has police power. Those who dare to disobey it are punished by the state. A nation does not
have police power or force or coercive power. It is backed by moral, emotional and spiritual power.
A nation survives on the power of sense of unity of the people. A nation appeals, the State orders;
a nation persuades, a States coerces; and a nation boycotts, the State punishes. State is a political
organization, while the nation is a unity.
State and Nation do not have the same boundaries, and yet there is a tendency for a Nation and
State to be one. Most of the nations today stand organized into different states. Most of the mo-
dern States are multinational States. The modern state is called a nation-state because all the
nationalities living in one state stand integrated into one.
A State continuously pursues the objective of national integration. The State tries to achieve this
objective by securing a willing blending of the majority nationality and all the minority nationali-
ties, through collective living, sharing of all the ups and the downs in common and development
of strong emotional, spiritual and psychological bonds. Unity in diversity or more really, unity in
plurality stands accepted as the guiding principle by all the modern civilized multinational states
like India, USA, Russia, China, Britain and others.
Questions:
1- What are the four elements of a State? Which of them is essencial?

2- What are the elements of a Nation? Which of them is essencial?
3- What are the needs a State fulfills?
4- What are the needs a Nation fulfills?
5- Is the existence of a Nation without a territory possible? Why?
6- Is sovereignty essencial to a State and to a Nation? Why?
7- Can a Nation be wider than a State? Why?
8- Can there be more than a Nation in a State? Why?
9- Which is more stable, a Nation or a State? Why?
10- How do a State and a Nation emerge?
11- How do a Nation and a State preserve their integrity?
12- What objective does a State continuously pursue? How does it try to do it?
13- What's the guiding principle accepted by all modern civilized multinational states?
Page 158
1- What are the possible problems of having more than one Nation in a State?
2- Is it possible to have political representativeness with different nations in a State? How?
3- Can immigration be a threat to a Nation? Why or why not?
4- In your opinion, is Brazil a single Nation? Why or why not?
5- Which of the Brazilian elements of representation (President, Parliament, etc) emerged natu-
rally as a result of evolution?
Homework
Do some research and write a text about one of the most powerful nations in the world.
Let us know why you chose this particular nation.
Page 159
Lesson 28
Modern democracy
Related vocabulary
Politics – política President – presidente
Politician – político (pessoa) Vice-president – vice-presidente
Political – político (adjetivo) Prime Minister – primeiro ministro
Representation – representação Governor – governador
Democracy – democracia Mayor – prefeito
Constitution – constituição Legislative – legislativo
Dictatorship – ditadura Senator – senador
Election – eleição Representative – deputado
Party – partido Counselor – vereador
Partisan – partidário Judicial – judiciário
Affiliated – afiliado Judge – juiz
Member – membro Appellate judge – desembargador
Democrat – democrata Justice of the Supreme Court – Juiz da Su-
Republican – republicano prema Corte
Caucus – reunião partidária Bribery – suborno, propina
Nominee – indicado Blackmail – chantagem
Candidate – candidato Fraud – fraude
Poll – pesquisa de opinião pública Embezzlement – desvio, peculato
Exit poll – pesquisa de boca de urna Leak – vazamento
Voting booth – cabine de votação Corruption – corrupção
Ballot box – urna Corrupt – corrupto
Counting – apuração Crook – criminoso
Swing – virada Honest – honesto
Majority – maioria Dishonest – desonesto
Minority – minoria Pointless – sem sentido, sem razão de ser
Debate – debate Nonsense – sem sentido, besteira
Speech – discurso Stupid – estúpido, burro
Campaign – campanha Stupidity – estupidez
Voter – eleitor Ignorant – ignorante
Mandatory – obrigatório Ignorance – ignorância
Compulsory – obrigatório, compulsório Hypocrite – hipócrita (substantivo)
Term – mandato (também “term of office”) Hypocritical – hipócrita (adjetivo)
impeachment – impedimento Hypocrisy – hipocrisia
Executive – executivo
Page 160
To run, ran, run (for) – candidatar-se (a)

To affiliate, affiliated, affiliated (with)– afiliar-se (a)
To admire, admired, admired – admirar
To elect, elected, elected – eleger
To reelect, reelected, reelected – reeleger
To vote, voted, voted – votar
To regret, regretted, regretted – arrepender-se
To depend, depended, depended (on) – depender (de)
To impeach, impeached, impeached – retirar, acusar
To debate, debated, debated – debater
To bribe, bribed, bribed – subornar
To embezzle, embezzled, embezzled – desviar
It depends (on) – depende (de)
Democratic party – partido democrata

Republican party – partido republicano
To cast a vote – votar

To cast a blank vote – votar em branco
To spoil your vote – anular o voto
Floating voter – eleitor indeciso
Swing voter – eleitor sem preferência
First round – primeiro turno
Second round – segundo turno
Landslide victory – vitória esmagadora
Overwhelming victory – vitória esmagadora
To take office – tomar posse
Head of government – chefe de governo

Head of state – chefe de estado
Crooked politician – político corrupto
Welfare state – estado do bem-estar social
The three branches of government
Executive – executivo
Legislative – legislativo
Judicial – judiciário
Page 161
1- What do you think of our current president?

2- What do you think of our current governor?
3- What do you think of our current mayor?
4- What do you think of our current representatives?
5- Who did you vote for last elections? Have you regretted your vote? Why or Why not?
6- Do you believe all politicians are corrupt? Why?
7- Who is a politician you admire? Why?
8- Who is a politician you don't like very much? Why?
9- Are you affiliated with any political party?
10- Is there a political party you like? Why?
11- Is there a political party you don't like very much? Why?
12- Do you enjoy watching political debates? Why or why not?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To fake(d) – fingir Long haul – transporte de longa distância
To gear(ed) – direcionar Repair – reparo, conserto
To sue(d) – processar Thus – então, portanto
To meld(ed) – mesclar 18-wheeler – caminhão com dezoito rodas
To review(ed) – revisar Wrongfully – ilegalmente
To atrophy(ied) – atrofiar Slip and fall – escorregar e cair (termo usado
To clap(ped) – bater palmas para pequenos acidentes)
To immerse(ed) – mergulhar, imergir Attorney – advogado
To wither away – murchar, secar Ever enlarging – que não para de crescer
To tuck in – cuidar Butt – bunda
To get off – levantar Screwed up – estragado
To let go – demitir Taxes – tributos
Level playing field – oportunidades iguais Stuff – coisas
I can handle that – eu posso resolver Plague – peste
To come apart at the seams – estar perto de um Discriminated against – discriminado
colapso Brillo head – cabelo crespo, esquisito, desarru-
To hate your guts – te odiar mado
To hit the road – pegar a estrada Land mine – mina terrestre
To make a good living – conseguir uma vida boa Barbed wire – arame farpado
Crap – porcaria Eventually – certamente
Sap – coitado, idiota Resistence -resistência
Probation – condicional A bunch of – um monte de
Junior college – faculdade Handouts – folhetos
Daytime TV – programas de TV que passam Outer space – espaço sideral
durante o dia In between – no meio de
Commercial – comercial Void – vazio
Trucking – dirigir caminhões Massive – imenso, massivo
Page 162
The Government isn't supposed to fix your life

Well I'm not here to tell you who to vote for. But I am here to tell you who not to vote for. Don't vote
for anyone who says, “I'll fight for you.” Because that person is full of crap and has no intention
of not only fighting for you, he doesn't know who you are. He or she is just moving on to the next
town where they can point at the next sap and say, “I'll fight for you.”
I'm so tired of these politicians and their town hall meetings when somebody stands up and says,
“I'm pregnant with quadruplets. I've been put on academic probation at the junior college. And my
milkman hates my guts. What are you going to do for me?”
And my answer is, “Nothing. But here's the good news. We live in the United States. You can do
something for you. Feel free to get a job and fight to keep it.”
Let me give you a really good example of people doing too much for others and us coming apart at
the seams as a society. You guys remember when you were kids and you'd fake an illness and you'd
stay home from school, and you'd sit there on your sofa and you'd watch daytime TV?
“Hey! I'm Wally Thorpe. School of Trucking! You can get into trucking too! Be a long haul trucker!
Get your license! Hit the open road! Make a good living!”
“Learn typewriter repair.” – “Learn toaster repair.”
Remember all those commercials? Every single commercial was geared to somebody who was
out of work but who wanted to work. Why? Well it's Tuesday. It's noon. Who's going to be home
watching this TV show? People who are out of work. What do people who are out of work want to
do? They want to get to work, thus they learn to drive an 18-wheeler.
Now look at every commercial that's on during daytime TV.
“Wrongfully let go by an employer?”
“Slip and fall in a supermarket?” – “You can sue. Hi, I'm attorney Lance Bassman, and I'll fight for
you.”
See? The same people that say they're going to fight for you are the same people trying to get you
free crap when you won't get off your ever enlarging butt that's now melding and becoming one
with your sofa.
Fixing your screwed up life is not the government's job. And by the way, when does the govern-
ment do a good job at fixing anything? I mean, I live in Los Angeles. We pay the most in taxes, and
we get the least in education.
I want the government to do stuff that I can't do. Stop a war, end a plague. That kind of stuff. Stuff
involving me? Stuff involving my family? Stuff involving my community? I can handle that.
Also, don't vote for the politician who says, “I know it's not a level playing field. I'm going to level
it for you.” That's impossible. It's mathematically impossible to have a level playing field.
What are we going to do about fat people being discriminated against? Some people are born with
one limb shorter than the other. Other people are born with a Brillo head.
There's nothing we can do about it. The government's job is to clear the playing field, not level the
playing field, since it's impossible for them to level the playing field. Just clear it of all the land
mines and all the barbed wire and let us get to work. And don't worry, this is a great country. The
harder you work the more you score and eventually your team goes to the Super Bowl.
So let's review. I'm not going to tell you who to vote for. I'll tell you who not to vote for. Don't vote
for the guy who says he's going to get rid of all your problems, take care of you, and tuck your kids
in at night
You see, humans need challenges to overcome, just like a muscle needs resistance to grow. In a
zero gravity environment an astronaut's muscles atrophy because there is no resistance. The go-
vernment giving you a bunch of handouts and living your life for you is basically the equivalent of
doing pushups in outer space.
“Look ma I can clap five times just like Rocky in between sets!”
Big government is like the void of space. It's massive, constantly expanding and if we immerse
ourselves in it, we'll simply wither away.
Adam Carolla for Prager University.
Page 163
1- What do you think of the author's opinion?

2- Do you believe politicians who say “I'll fight for you” are lying?
3- Do you believe the government isn't supposed to “fix our lives”?
4- What do you think the government is supposed to do?
5- Do you believe it is possible to have a level playing field?
6- Do you also think people need challenges to grow?
7- Do you think some people prefer to depend on the government?
8- What's your opinion on the welfare system?
Homework
You are going to write about what role government should play in our society. Should the-
re be more or less governmental intervention in our lives? Why? Share you opinion.
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Lesson 29
Human rights
Related vocabulary
Privilege – privilégio Individualism – individualismo
Bigotry – intolerância Power – poder
Bigot – intolerante, fanático Hierarchy – hierarquia
Partisan – partidário, tendencioso Culture – cultura
Prejudice – preconceito Cultural – cultural
Fanaticism – fanatismo Social – social
Fanatic – fanático Ethnicity – etnia
Discrimination – discriminação Race – raça
Exploitation – exploração Color – cor
Sexploitation – exploração sexual Gender – gênero
Traffic – tráfico Sex – sexo
Slavery – escravidão Sexual orientation – orientação sexual
Violence – violência Creed – crença
Violent – violento Religion – religião
Imposition – imposição Religious – religioso
Difference – diferença Suffrage – sufrágio
Different – diferente Freedom – liberdade
Equal – igual Equality – igualdade
Similar – similar Fraternity – fraternidade
Access – acesso State – Estado
Respect – respeito Secular – laico
Respectful – respeitoso Secularism – laicidade
Disrespect – desrespeito Racism – racismo
Disrespectful – desrespeitoso Racial – racial
Tolerance – tolerância Sexism – sexismo
Tolerant – tolerante Misogyny – misoginia
Intolerance – intolerância Misogynist – misógino
Intolerant – intolerante Chauvinist – machista, chauvinista
Bias – viés Feminism – feminismo
Biased – tendencioso Immigration – imigração
Unbiased – imparcial, sem preconceitos Immigrant – imigrante
Majority – maioria Asylum – asilo
Minority – minoria Refugee – refugiado
Oppression – opressão Permanence – permanência
Oppressed – oprimido Permanent – permanente
Group – grupo Underemployment – subemprego
Collectivism – coletivismo Visa – visto
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Attitude – atitude Right – direito

Superior – superior Tolerable – tolerável
Inferior – inferior Acceptable – aceitável
Democracy – democracia Demonstration – protesto
Democratic – democrático Demonstrator – manifestante
Generation – geração Protester – manifestante
Global – global Peaceful – pacífico
Frame – moldura Movement – movimento
Flaw – defeito Riot – tumulto
Quality – qualidade Mob – multidão
Fundamental – fundamental Sign – cartaz
Nature – natureza
To exploit, exploited, exploited – explorar, tirar vantagem

To respect, respected, respected – respeitar
To disrespect, disrespected, disrespected – desrespeitar
To tolerate, tolerated, tolerated – tolerar
To implement, implemented, implemented – implementar
To reach, reached, reached – alcançar
To concede, conceded, conceded – conceder
To grant, granted, granted – conceder, garantir
To concern, concerned, concerned – concernir, preocupar
To access, accessed, accessed – acessar
To accept, accepted, accepted – aceitar
To deny, denied, denied – negar
Freedom of expression. – liberdade de expressão

Freedom of thought – liberdade de pensamento
Human rights – Direitos Humanos
Civil rights – direitos civis
Human dignity – dignidade da pessoa humana
Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Declaração universal dos direitos humanos

Gender pay gap – diferença de salário entre homens e mulheres
United Nations Organization (UNO) – União das Nações Unidas (ONU)
Affirmative actions – ações afirmativas

Quotas – quotas
As far as I am concerned – até onde sei

After all – afinal de contas
Illegal alien – imigrante ilegal
Social justice – justiça social
Non-governmental organization (NGO) – organização não-governamental (ONG)
Page 166
1- What does bigotry mean?

2- What is racism?
3- What is misogyny?
4- Wat does it mean to be privileged?
5- What does it mean to be oppressed?
6- Do you believe people are naturally different?
7- Do you believe that in Brazil people receive equal treatment before the law?
8- What's the importance of equality in your opinion?
9- Is it possible to have freedom and equality?
10- What are the most common prejudices people suffer in Brazil?
11- Do Brazilians have freedom of speech?
12- Is Brazil a violent country? If so, what do you think are the causes of this violence?
13- What is your opinion on the so-called “affirmative actions”?
14- What are some famous NGO's in Brazil? What's your opinion on them?
15- Have you ever taken part in a demonstration? If so, what did you protest for?
16- Do you think immigrants should have the same rights as national citizens?
17- Have you ever been discriminated against? Do you know someone who has?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To lack(ed) – faltar, não ter Constitutional – constitucional
To state(d) – declarar Center – centro
To introduce(d) – introduzir Institution – instituição
To respond(ed) – reponder Taxes – tributos
To require(d) – requerer, exigir Prior – prévio, anterior
To guarantee(d) – garantir Approval – aprovação
To take roots – criar raízes Arrest – arresto, prisão
Proposal – proposta Confiscation – confisco
Czech – tcheco Private property – propriedade privada
Jurist – jurista Judicial procedure – procedimento judicial
Socio-economic – socioeconômico Guarantee – garantia
Norm – norma Access – acesso
Treaty – tratado Basic – básico
Convention – convenção Goods – produtos
Covenant – pacto, aliança Industrialization – industrialização
Conflictive – conflituoso Emerging – surgimento
Recognition – reconhecimento Working class – classe trabalhadora
Ruler – governante Claim – demanda, exigência
Omnipotente – onipotente Dignified – digno
Struggle – luta Recreation – recreação
Monarchic – monárquico Medical care – cuidados médicos
Absolutism – absolutismo Privacy – privacidade
Absolute – absoluto Non-discrimination – não discriminação
Policy – política, programa Housing – moradia
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Degrading – degradante Idiosyncrasy – idiossincrasia, estrutura

Detriment – detrimento Solidarity – solidariedade
Pension – pensão Sustainable – sustentável
Disability – deficiência Heritage – herança
Elderly – idosos Humanitarian – humanitário
Standard – padrão Assistance – assistência
Continuity – continuidade
The Three Generations of Human Rights

The three generations of human rights respond to the proposal made in 1977 by Karel Vasak, a
Czech jurist whose theories have primarily taken root in European legislation. There are three
types of human rights: civil and political, socio-economic and collective development.
The first two refer to the individual demands of the people against the State, they are well accep-
ted norms and regulated in various international treaties and conventions. The third type refers to
the demands of the peoples and communities against the State; It is the most conflictive and lacks
legal as well as political recognition.
1 – First generation of human rights
The first generation of human rights refers to civil and political rights. In the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries these rights were born; peoples began to recognize that the rulers should not be
omnipotent and it is recognized as the beginning of the struggle against monarchical absolutism.
It was stated that there had to be limits and things that could not be done by the government. In
addition, it was believed that the people should be able to have some influence on the policies
that affected their lives. There are two ideas as the center of the movement:
- Personal freedom.
- Protection of the individual against the State.
Philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, Hobbes and Rousseau exposed these ideas that were
later shaped in legal documents in different countries (Magna Carta of 1215, Declaration of Rights
of England in 1689, Letter of Rights of the United States 1776 and French Declaration of the Ri-
ghts of Man and the Citizen 1789).
These documents with constitutional value limited the absolute power in several aspects:
- Limits were introduced on the institution of taxes by the king, without the prior approval of the
Parliament.
- Limits were established on arrests and confiscation of property without the necessary prior ju-
dicial procedure.
- Freedom of expression and freedom of thought were proclaimed.
2 – Second generation of human rights
The second generation of human rights refers to economic, social and cultural rights. They are ri-
ghts that are based on ideas of equality and guarantee of access to basic goods, services and social
and economic opportunities.
Industrialization and the emergence of the working class brought new claims and new ideas about
what a dignified existence was. People realized that human dignity required more than non-inter-
ference by the State. This was what civil and political rights proposed.
These economic, social and cultural rights are described in the International Covenant on Econo-
mic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and also in the European Social Charter of the Council of
Europe.
Social rights
Social rights allow a total participation of life in society. They include at least the right to edu-
cation and a family, but also rights known as civil (right to recreation, medical care, privacy and
non-discrimination).
Economic rights
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Economic rights guarantee a minimum level of material security necessary for human dignity. It
is stated that the lack of employment or housing is psychologically degrading to the detriment of
human dignity.
Normally, economic rights include the right to work, housing, a pension for people with disabili-
ties and the elderly, and the right to an adequate standard of living.
Cultural rights
Cultural rights are those related to the cultural way of life. They include the right to education and
the right to participate in cultural life.
However, there are other rights not officially classified as cultural, but which are vital to guarantee
the continuity of the cultural idiosyncrasy of minority communities. Some are the right to non-dis-
crimination and equal protection of the law.
3 – Third generation of human rights
The third generation of human rights refers to solidarity rights. This includes the right to sustai-
nable development, peace or a healthy environment, to participate in the common heritage of
humanity, to communication and humanitarian assistance, among others.
Unfortunately, in much of the world, advances in human rights have been limited by the existing
conditions of extreme poverty, wars or natural catastrophes.
Some experts are against the idea of the second and third generations of human rights due to their
collective and positive nature; for the first generation of human rights is all about negative laws.
In other words, it tells what governments and people should not do. The second and third genera-
tions, on the other hand, demand action from others and from the government, making them much
harder to be achieved. Many times, by the way, second and third generations imply a necessary
disrespect to the first one.
https://www.lifepersona.com/the-three-generations-of-human-rights
Questions:
1- How many types of human rights are there? What do they refer to?
2- When was the first generation of human rights born? What does it refer to?
3- What are the two ideas in the center of the first generation of human rights?
4- What are some of the legal documents that expressed the first human rights?
5- What did these constitutional documents limit?
6- What does the second generation of human rights refer to? What ideas are they based on?
7- What are some of the social rights?
8- What are some of the economic rights?
9- What are some of the cultural rights?
10- What does the third generation of human rights refer to? What does it include?
11- Why do some experts disagree on the possibility of achievement of the second and third ge-
nerations of human rights?
1- What do you think of human rights?

2- Are human rights respected in Brazil? Why or why not?
3- Do you believe the realization of human rights is possible? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe some people take advantage of human rights?
Page 169
Homework
Write a text expressing your opinion on human rights and their realization in Brazil.
Page 170
Lesson 30
Disabilities
Related vocabulary
Individual – indivíduo Physically impaired – com deficiência física
Disorder – problema, doença Paraplegic – paraplégico
Congenital – congênito Quadriplegic – tetraplégico
Progressive – progressivo Intelectual disability – deficiência intelectu-
Cure – cura al
Dyslexia – dislexia Visually impaired – com deficiência visual
Dyslexic – disléxico Hearing impaired – com deficiência auditiva
Fibromyalgia – fibromialgia Therapy – terapia
Dyspraxia – dispraxia Psychology – psicologia
Schizophrenia – esquizofrenia Psychologist – psicólogo
Paranoia – paranoia Psychiatry – psiquiatria
Paranoid – paranoico Psychiatrist -psiquiatra
Down syndrome – síndrome de Down Physiotherapy – fisioterapia
Asperger's syndrome – síndrome de Asper- Physiotherapist – fisioterapeuta
ger Wheelchair – cadeira de rodas
Tourette's syndrome – síndrome de Tourette Crutch – muleta
Parkinson's disease – mal de Parkinson Negligence – negligência
Autism – autismo Abuse – abuso
Autist – autista Prejudice – preconceito
Cerebral palsy – paralisia cerebral Discrimination – discriminação
Epilepsy – epilepsia Improvement – melhoria, melhoramento
Hearing aid – aparelho auditivo Inclusion – inclusão
Accessibility – acessibilidade Exclusion – exclusão
Disabled – portador de deficiências Excluded – excluído
Blind – cego Victim – vítima
Deaf – surdo Moral – moral
Dumb – mudo Social – social
Stutterer – gago Measurements – medidas, ações
Non-vocal – mudo, que não consegue falar Donation – doação
Mobility disability – deficiência de mobili- Empathy – empatia
dade
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To deal, dealt, dealt (with) – lidar (com)

To move, moved, moved – mover
To suffer, suffered, suffered – sofrer
To treat, treated, treated – tratar
To cure, cured, cured – curar
To access, accessed, accessed – acessar
To neglect, neglected, neglected – negligenciar
To abuse, abused, abused – abusar
To harass, harassed, harassed – assediar
To stutter, stuttered, stuttered – gaguejar
To limp, limped, limped – mancar
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – Transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperati-

vidade (TDAH)
Cripple – aleijado (termo considerado ofensivo)

Person with special needs – pessoas com necessidades especiais
Quality of life – qualidade de vida
So that – para que

If I were in your shoes – se eu estivesse no seu lugar
1- Do you have any kind of disability?

2- Do you know someone who has any kind of physical or intelectual disability? What kind of
disability does this person have?
3- Do people with special needs in Brazil receive good treatment?
4- Are people with special needs discriminated against?
5- Do people with special needs have any kind of benefits in Brazil?
6- How can people with special needs be included in society?
7- Do you know any special needs association? What's your opinion about this association?
Notes
Page 172
Text
Previous vocabulary
To share(d) – compartilhar Researcher – pesquisador
To earn(ed) – ganhar Known – conhecido
To prevent(ed) – impedir Mathematician – matemático
To cease(d) – parar, cessar Acute – agudo
To raise(d)- levantar Aware – ciente
To star(red) – estrelar Tenor – tenor
To withdraw, withdrew, withdrawn – retirar-se Record – disco
To break the mold – quebrar os padrões (mol- Law – direito
des) Partially – parcialmente
To be named after – receber o nome em home- Blow – impacto, batida
nagem a algo ou alguém Numerous – numerosos
Inspirational – inspirador Award – prêmio
Inspiration – inspiração Prestigie – prestígio
Besides – além de Peak – pico, auge
Improvement – melhoramento Stage – palco
Precisely – precisamente Depression – depressão
Theoretical – teórico Alcoholism – alcoolismo
Physicist – físico Foundation – fundação
Astrophysicist – astrofísico Speaker – palestrante
Cosmologist – cosmólogo Motivational – motivacional
Eminent – eminente Survivor – sobrevivente
Paralysed – paralisado Limbs – membros
Synthesizer – sintetizador Ridicule – escárnio
Voice – voz Founder – fundador
Slight – ligeiro, leve Regular – assíduo
Exemplar – exemplar
Five inspirational people with disabilities

If these famous people with disabilities share something, besides their professional success, it
is their ability of self-improvement. The lives of most of them have not been easy and precisely
because of that, they are an example and inspiration.
1 – Stephen Hawkin
A theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, cosmologist, and eminent scientist, Stephen Hawking was
diagnosed with ALS at age 21: he was given 2 more years to live. He lived until he was 76-years-
-old.
He had been paralysed from head to toe for over thirty years and used a voice synthesizer to be
able to communicate, and a wheelchair that he operated through slight movements of the head
and eyes.
None of this prevented him from developing his activity as an exemplary researcher and professor,
and intense personal life that allowed him to make his illness known to the world.
2 – John Nash
Another example of a celebrity with a disability who broke the mold is John Nash, an American
mathematician whose life, marked by acute paranoid schizophrenia, is known to us thanks to the
film "A Beautiful Mind" Aware of his illness, Nash fought against it and developed a successful
Page 173
academic career that earned him the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994.
3 – Andrea Boccelli
Tenor, musician, writer and music producer of Italian origin, Andrea Boccelli has sold more than 75
million records. He also studied law.
He was born with congenital glaucoma, which left him partially blind. But that did not prevent him
from taking piano lessons until the age of 6. However, at the age 12, he suffered a blow during a
soccer game that left him completely blind.
Boccelli has received numerous awards of international prestige and even has a beach named
after him on the Adriatic.
4 – Michael J. Fox
The Back to the Future star was diagnosed with Parkinson's in 1991 when he was just 29 years old
and his career was at its peak. He was told that he should withdraw from the stage, but he did not
cease to be an actor.
Michael found it hard to accept his illness, suffering with depression and alcoholism for some
time. But, he now works to promote his foundation, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Re-
search, to help find a cure for this progressive disease.
After more than 25 years and with the condition at a very advanced stage, Michael J. Fox continues
to maintain his spirit of improvement. His foundation has already raised $233 million for Parkin-
son's research.
5 – Nick Vujicic
Nick Vujicic is an Australian motivational speaker born with tetra-amelia syndrome, a disability
where the person affected is born without arms and legs. He is one of the seven known survivors
in the world who has the syndrome.
Born in 1982 with no limbs, he claims that as a child he suffered ridicule and discrimination, and
tried to commit suicide. However, with time, he learned to see his own potential. He is the founder
of Life Without Limbs – an organization for people with physical disabilities.
He is currently giving motivational talks around the world, has written several books and is a re-
gular on talk shows and TV programs. He became very famous after starring in the short film The
Butterfly Circus.
https://disabilityhorizons.com/2017/12/top-10-disabled-celebrities-across-world/
https://www.sunrisemedical.co.uk/blog/famous-people-with-disabilities
Questions:
1- Who was Stephen Hawking? What kind of disability did he have?

2- Who was John Nash? What kind of disability did he have?
3- Who is Andrea Boccelli? How did he go blind?
4- How old was Michael J. Fox when he was diagnosed with Parkinson's?
5- Was it easy for him to accept his condition? What does he do now?
6- Who is Nick Vujicic? What kind of disability does he have?
7- What is he currently doing?
1- Why are these stories considered inspirational?

2- What would you do if you were in their shoes?
Page 174
Homework
This time, we don't want you to simply write a text on a subject. We would greatly appreciate
it if you could make a donation to a special needs association or to a person with special needs.
Then, if you decide to (and only if you decide to), write a text about this experience and be gra-
teful for everything you have.
Page 175
Lesson 31
Ideology
Related vocabulary
Truth – verdade Positivist – positivista
Fact – fato Liberalism – liberalismo, esquerdismo
Reality – realidade Liberal – liberal, esquerdista
Reason – razão Nazism – nazismo
Belief – crença Nazi – nazista
Theory – teoria Fascism – fascismo
Principle – princípio Fascist – fascista
Premise – premissa Materialism – materialismo
Fallacy – falácia Materialist – materialista (substantivo)
Controversy – controvérsia Materialistic – materialista (adjetivo)
Controversial – controverso, polêmico Progressivism – progressismo
Philosophy – filosofia Progressive -progressista
Philosopher – filósofo Progress – progresso
Ideology – ideologia Conservatism – conservadorismo
Ideologist – ideólogo Conservative – conservador
Thinker – pensador Nationalism – nacionalismo
Enlightenment – iluminismo Nationalist – nacionalista
Ideal – ideal Center – centro
Idealism – idealista Centrism – centrismo
Utopia – utopia Centrist – centrista
Dystopia – distopia Feminism – feminismo
Flawless – perfeito, sem defeitos Environmentalism – ambientalismo
Perfect – perfeito Veganism – veganismo
Imperfect – imperfeito Tradition – tradição
Gnosticism – gnosticismo Custom – costume
Eschatology – escatologia Ideals – ideais
Reality – realidade Patriotic – patriota (adjetivo)
Evolution – evolução Patriot – patriota
Revolution – revolução Partisan – partidário, fanático
Communism – comunismo Militant – militante
Communist – comunista Activist – ativista
Socialism – socialismo Influential – influente
Socialist – socialista Stupid – estúpido, burro
Marxism – marxismo Stupidity – estupidez
Marxist – marxista Nonsense – sem sentido
Positivism – positivismo
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To create, created, created – criar

To embrace, embraced, embraced – abraçar
To change, changed, changed – mudar
To end, ended, ended – acabar (com)
To eliminate, eliminated, eliminated – eliminar
To persecute, persecuted, persecuted – perseguir, oprimir
To kill, killed, killed – matar, assassinar
Abstract reasoning – pensamento abstrato

In light of – à luz de
Non sequitur – quando a conclusão não decorre das premissas
Human nature – natureza humana
Common sense – senso comum
To put into practice – colocar em prática
Politically correct – politicamente correto
And so on – e assim por diante
1- What is an ideology?
2- What's the difference between philosophy and ideology?
3- What's a utopia?
4- What's a dystopia?
5- What are the most influential ideologies in Brazil? Why?
6- Are you a partisan of any ideologies? Why?
7- Do you believe any ideology is destructive? Which one? Why?
8- What happens when ideologies are put into practice?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To replace(d) – substituir To cultivate(d) – cultivar
To elaborate(d) – elaborar To clamor(ed) – clamar
To articulate(d) – articular To desserve(d) – merecer
To secure(d) – assegurar To greet(ed) – saudar, receber
To found(ed) – fundar To rebuild, rebuilt, rebuilt – reconstruir
To sponsor(ed) – financiar To seek, sought, sought – procurar
To admit(ed) – admitir To hold, held, held – manter
To insist(ed) – insistir To overthrow, overthrew, overthrown – derru-
To impose(d) – impor bar, destituir
To skip(ped) – pular, ignorar To take place – acontecer
To promote(d) – promover To free yourself – libertar-se
To engineer(ed) – projetar To cut loose – libertar-se
To claim(ed) – alegar To pull down – derrubar
To emphasize(d) – enfatizar To pass over – passar por cima
To urge(d) – incitar To end up – acabar (fazendo algo)
Page 177
To stick close – ficar perto Dogmatic – dogmático

Checks and balances – freios e contrapesos Morality – moralidade
Private property – propriedade privada Chain – corrente
Due process – devido processo legal View – visão
Path-breaking – pioneiro Constraints – limitações
Leading figures – líderes Notion – noção
Skeptics open – livre de ceticismo Abstract – resumo, escrito
Common law – direito consuetudinário Army – exército
Market economy – economia de mercado Supposedly – supostamente
Science – ciência Contrast – contraste
Sort – tipo Skeptical – cético
Miracle – milagre Skepticism – ceticismo
Suddenly – de repente Unreliability – inconfiabilidade
Religious – religioso Idolization – idolatria
Dogma – dogma Pursuit – busca
Dogmatic – dogmático Rigid – rígido
Medieval – medieval Moderate – moderado
Claim – alegação Combination – combinação
Jurist – jurista Elite – elite
Bill – carta Fashionable – chique, na moda
Source – fonte Certainty – certeza
Statesmen – estadistas Contempt – desprezo
Credit – crédito Unenlightened – não iluminado
Modernity -modernidade Illiberal – iliberal
Universal – universal Deplorable – deplorável
Infallible – infalível Overconfidence – confiança excessiva
Extraordinarily – extraordinariamente Astray – desnorteado
What was the Enlightenment?

Modern science, medicine, political freedom, the market economy—all of them, we're told, are the
result of a sort of miracle that took place 250 years ago. That miracle is called the Enlightenment,
a moment in history when philosophers suddenly overthrew religious dogma and tradition and
replaced it with human reason. Harvard professor Steven Pinker puts it this way: “Progress is a gift
of the ideals of the Enlightenment.”
There's just one problem with this claim. It isn't really true.
Consider the U.S. Constitution, which is frequently said to be a product of Enlightenment thought.
But you only need to read about English common law—which Alexander Hamilton and James Ma-
dison certainly did—to see that this isn't so. Already in the 15th-century, the English jurist John
Fortescue elaborated the theory of “checks and balances,” due process, and the role of private
property in securing individual freedom and economic prosperity. Similarly, the U.S. Bill of Rights
has its sources in English common law of the 1600s.
Or consider modern science and medicine. Long before the Enlightenment, tradition-bound En-
glish kings sponsored path-breaking scientific institutions such as the Royal College of Physicians,
founded in 1518, and the Royal Society of London, founded in 1660.
The truth is that statesmen and philosophers, especially in England and the Netherlands, articula-
ted the principles of free government centuries before America was founded.
So why give the Enlightenment all the credit? Apparently because it doesn't look good to admit
that the best and most important parts of modernity were given to us by individuals who nearly
all held conservative religious and political beliefs.
The claim that all good things come from the Enlightenment is most closely associated with the
late-18th-century German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. For Kant, reason is universal, infallible,
Page 178
and independent of experience.

His extraordinarily dogmatic philosophy insisted that there can be only one correct answer to
every question in science, morality and politics. And that to reach the one correct answer, mankind
had to free itself from the chains of the past—that is, from history, tradition and experience.
But this Enlightenment view is not only wrong, it's dangerous. Human reason, when cut loose from
the constraints imposed by history, tradition and experience, produces a lot of crazy notions.
The abstract “Enlightenment Philosophy” of Jean Jacques Rousseau is a good example. It quickly
pulled down the French state, leading to the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror, and the Napo-
leonic Wars. Millions died as Napoleon's armies sought to rebuild every government in Europe in
light of the one correct political theory he believed was permitted by Enlightenment philosophy.
Today's cheerleaders for the Enlightenment tend to skip this part of the story. They also pass
over the fact that the father of communism, Karl Marx, saw himself as promoting universal reason
as well. His new “science” of economics ended up killing tens of millions of people in the 20th
century. So did the supposedly scientific race theories of the Nazis. The greatest catastrophes of
modernity were engineered by individuals who claimed to be exercising reason.
In contrast, most of the progress we've made comes from conservative traditions openly skeptical
of human reason. The Enlightenment's critics, including John Selden, David Hume, Adam Smith,
and Edmund Burke, emphasized the unreliability of “abstract reasoning” and urged us to stick clo-
se to custom, history, and experience in all things.
Which brings us to the heart of what's wrong with today's idolization of the Enlightenment. Its
leading figures were not skeptics open to what history and experience might teach us.
Their aim was to create their own system of supposedly infallible truths independent of experien-
ce. And in that pursuit, they were as rigid as the most dogmatic medievals.
Anglo-Scottish conservatives had a very different goal. They defended national and religious tra-
dition, even as they cultivated what they called a “moderate skepticism”—a combination that
became known as “common sense.”
I think a lot about common sense these days, as I see American and European elites clamoring for
“Enlightenment Now.” They rush to embrace every fashionable new “ism”—socialism, feminism,
environmentalism, and so on—declaring them to be universal certainties and the only “politically
correct” way of thinking. They display contempt towards those who won't embrace their dogmas,
branding them “unenlightened,” “illiberal,” “deplorable,” and worse.
But these new dogmas deserve to be greeted with some of that old Anglo-Scottish skepticism.
Enlightenment overconfidence in reason has led us badly astray too many times.
Yoram Hazony, author of The Virtue of Nationalism, for Prager University.
Questions:
1- What are we told are the result of Enlightenment?

2- Does the author agree with it?
3- Does the author consider the U.S. Constitution a product of the Enlightenment thought? Why
not?
4- Are modern science and medicine a product of Enlightenment? Why not?
5- Why does Enlightenment receive all the credit?
6- What did Kant think of human reason?
7- Why is this Enlightenment view dangerous?
8- What were the results of Rousseau's abstract “Enlightenment Philosophy”?
9- What were the results of Karl Marx's communism?
10- Where does most progress come from?
11- What's wrong with today's idolization of the Enlightenment?
12- What's Enlightenment's aim?
13- What's “common sense”?
14- What are American and European elites clamoring for?
15- What do theses elites display against those who will not embrace their dogmas?
Page 179
1- What did you learn about Enlightenment at school?

2- Do you like any Enlightenment thinker? Who? Why?
3- Do you believe human reason is infallible and independent of experience?
4- Do you believe man can build a flawless world? Why or why not?
5- What happens when man tries to build a utopia? Why?
Homework
Choose a famous ideology and write a text about it. Then, let us know your opinion about it.
Page 180
Lesson 32
Economic systems
Related vocabulary
Economic system – sistema econômico Lumpenproletariat – lumpemproletariado
Price – preço Infrastructure – infraestrutura
Value – valor Superstructure – superestrutura
Income – renda Classical – clássico (adjetivo)
Revenue – receita Scarcity – escassez
Capitalism – capitalismo Resource – recurso
Capitalist – capitalista Calculation – cálculo
Right-winger – direitista Intervention – intervenção
Conservative – conservador Taxation – tributação
Libertarianism – libertarianismo Union – sindicato
Libertarian – libertário Strike – greve
Freedom – liberdade Crisis – crise
Equality – igualdade Cycle – ciclo
Leftist – esquerdista Instability – instabilidade
Communism – comunismo Production – produção
Communist – comunista Overproduction – superprodução
Socialism – socialismo Goods – produtos
Socialist – socialista Service – serviço
Socialization – socialização Sustainable – sustentável
Centralization – centralização Long-term – de longo prazo
Power – poder Short-term – de curto prazo
Hierarchy – hierarquia Policy – política, plano
Wealthy – rico Competition – competição, concorrência
Wealth – riqueza Competitor – concorrente
Poor – pobre Consumer – consumidor
Poverty – pobreza Customer – cliente, freguês
Hunger – fome Consumption – consumo
Death – morte Consumerism – consumismo
Oppression – opressão Consumerist – consumista
Exploitation – exploração Standard – Padrão
Control – controle Equality – igualdade
Class – classe Inequality – desigualdade
Struggle – luta Benefit – benefício
Class struggle – luta de classes Beneficial – benéfico
Upper – superior, de cima Harm – dano
Lower – inferior, de baixo Harmful – prejudicial
Elite – elite Greed – ganância
Bourgeoisie – burguesia Greedy – ganancioso
Bourgeois – burguês Need – necessidade
Proletariat – proletariado Needy – necessitado
Proletarian – proletário
Page 181

To provide, provided, provided – prover, proporcionar
To consume, consumed, consumed – consumir
To pursuit, pursuited, pursuited – perseguir, buscar
To control, controlled, controlled – controlar
To exploit, exploited, exploited – explorar
To act, acted, acted – agir
To confiscate, confiscated, confiscated – confiscar
To fail, failed, failed – falhar
To prosper, prospered, prospered – prosperar
To make a point – fazer uma constatação, dizer algo

To have a point – ter razão
Free Market – livre mercado

Market economy – economia de mercado
Planned economy – economia planejada
Individual initiative – iniciativa individual
Middle class – classe média
Working class – classe trabalhadora
The wealthiest 1% – 1% mais rico

Pay gap – diferença salarial
Economic elite – elite econômica
Political elite – elite política
Surplus value – mais valia
To go on strike – entrar em greve
Social rights – direitos sociais
Health care – saúde, cuidados médicos
Means of production – meios de produção
Optimal allocation of scarce resources – alocação ótima de recursos escassos

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – Produto Interno Bruto (PIB)
To be worth – valer
Page 182
1- What is capitalism?
2- What is libertarianism?
3- What is socialism?
4- What is communism?
5- What's the difference between socialism and communism?
6- What do you think of capitalism? Why?
7- What do you think of libertarianism? Why?
8- What do you think of socialism and communism? Why?
9- Do you believe governmental intervention in the economy is beneficial or harmful? Why?
10- Do you believe the State should centralize economy? Why or why not?
11- Do you think competition is beneficial to consumers? Why or why not?
12- What's your opinion on economic inequality?
13- Do you believe the government should act to eliminate economic inequality? Why or why
not?
14- What's your opinion on gender pay gap?
15- What's your opinion on workers unions?
16- Do you believe government should maintain the so called “social rights”? Why or why not?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To prove(d) – provar Restaurant chain – rede de restaurantes

To encourage(d) – encorajar Late-stage – nos últimos estágios
To satisfy(ied) – satisfazer Pun intended – trocadilho intencional
To determine(d) – determinar Pun – trocadilho
To point(ed) – apontar Backwards – de trás pra frente, ao contrário
To praise(d)– elogiar, louvar Ultimate – final, definitivo
To criticize(d) – criticar Supply – suprimento
Beware – tenha cuidado Failure – fracasso
The less fortunate – os menos afortunados Toilet paper – papel higiênico
To sing the praises – enaltecer Ditch – vala
to take pain – sofrer Unfair – injusto
To give away – doar Scandinavian – escandinavo
To get it wrong – errar Paragon – modelo, exemplo
To get people off – tirar as pessoas de Robust – robusto
Right up until it wasn't – até que não fosse Expansion – expansão
Out of luck – sem sorte Welfare – ajuda governamental
To sum up – resumir Frustrating – frustrante
In effect – com efeito, na verdade Prospects – perspectivas
Page 183
Capitalism Vs Socialism
Capitalism versus socialism. We can sum up each economic system in one line: Capitalism is based
on human greed. Socialism is based on human need. Right?
No. Wrong. So wrong, it's exactly backwards. And I'll prove it to you.
Been on Amazon lately? Each of the thousands of products Amazon offers represents the work of
people who believe they have something you want or need. If they're right, they prosper. If they're
wrong, they don't.
That's how the free market works. It encourages people to improve their lives by satisfying the ne-
eds of others. No one starts a business making a thing or providing a service for themselves. They
start a business to make things or provide services for others.
I speak from personal experience.
When I was the CEO of the company that owns Carl's Jr. and Hardee's restaurant chains, we spent
millions of dollars every year trying to determine what customers wanted. If our customers didn't
like something, we changed it--and fast, because if we didn't, our competitors would (pun inten-
ded) eat us for lunch.
The consumer--that's you--has the ultimate power. In effect, you vote with every dollar you spend.
In a socialist economy, the government has the ultimate power. It decides what you get from a
limited supply it decides should exist.
Instead of millions of people making millions of decisions about what they want, a few people-
--government elites--decide what people should have and how much they should pay for it. Not
surprisingly, they always get it wrong. Have you ever noticed that late-stage socialist failures
always run out of essential items like toilet paper?
Of course, this isn't a problem for those who have the right connections with the right people.
Those chosen few get whatever they want. But everyone else is out of luck.
Venezuela, once the richest country in South America, is the most recent example of socialism
driving a prosperous country into an economic ditch. Maybe you think it's an unfair example. I'm
not sure why, but okay. We'll ignore the fact that leftist activists celebrated it as a great socialist
success--right up until it wasn't.
But what about Western European countries? Don't they have socialist economies? People seem
pretty happy there. Why can't we have what they have--free health care, free college, stronger
unions?
Good question. And the answer may surprise you.
There are no socialist countries in Western Europe. Most are just as capitalist as the United States.
The only difference--and it's a big one--is that they offer more government benefits than the U.S.
does.
We can argue about the costs of these benefits and the point at which they reduce individual ini-
tiative, thus doing more harm than good. Scandinavians have been debating those questions for
years. But only a free-market capitalist economy can produce the wealth necessary to sustain all
of the supposedly "free stuff" Europeans enjoy. To get the "free stuff," after all, you have to create
enough wealth to generate enough tax revenue to pay for everything the government gives away.
Without capitalism, you're Venezuela.
In a 2015 speech at Harvard, Denmark's prime minister took great pains to make this point: "I know
that some people in the U.S. associate the Nordic model with... socialism, therefore I would like
to make one thing clear. Denmark is far from a socialist planned economy. Denmark is a market
economy."
So when you point to Denmark as a paragon of socialism, you're really singing the praises of ca-
pitalism.
The more capitalism, the less "socialism" you need. Look at America since 2017. A policy of lower
taxes and less government regulation (that's more capitalism) has led to a robust economic ex-
pansion, something thought impossible just a few years earlier. Unemployment, notably among
minority groups typically most at risk for poverty, is at a generational low. Economic expansion
Page 184
gets people off welfare and into work (that's less "socialism").
None of this requires a degree in economics. Common sense is all you need. That's why it's so
frustrating to see young people praising socialism and criticizing capitalism. It's bad enough that
they're working against their own interest--better job prospects, better wages, personal freedom-
--but they are also working against the interest of the less fortunate.
Capitalism leads to economic democracy. Socialism leads to the economic dictatorship of the eli-
te. Always. And everywhere.
So beware what you ask for. You just might get it.
Andy Puzder, author of The Capitalist Comeback, for Prager University.
https://www.prageru.com/video/capitalism-vs-socialism/
Questions
1- What does free market encourage people to do?

2- What do people need to do when they start a business?
3- Who has the ultimate power in a market economy? Why?
4- Who has the ultimate power in a socialist economy? Why?
5- What happens in late-stage socialist failures?
6- Who can get whatever they want in a socialist economy?
7- Are Scandinavian countries socialist?
8- What's the big difference between West European countries and the U.S?
9- How can people get “free stuff”?
10- What did Denmark's prime minister say in a 2015 speech at Harvard University?
11- What has been happening in America since 2017?
12- What does capitalism lead to?
13- What does socialism lead to?
1- Do you agree with the author when he talks about Venezuela? Why or why not?
2- Do you agree with the author when he talks about the Scandinavian countries? Why or why
not?
3- Can you point other socialist failures?
4- Do you believe capitalism is successful? Why or Why not?
5- Do you believe there is an “alternative” to capitalism?
6- What do you think of Brazilian economy?
7- Why do you think Brazil is not a developed country?
Page 185
Homework
Write a text about your economic ideas, no matter what they are. Tell us what you think about
governmental intervention, market economy, welfare, etc.
Page 186
Lesson 33
Investments
Related vocabulary
Earnings – ganhos Profit – lucro
Income – renda Profitable – lucrativo
Revenue – receita Stock – valores
Salary – salário Share – ação
Wage – salário Shareholder – acionista
Pension – pensão High – alto
Currency – moeda (unidade monetária) Low – baixo
Coin – moeda Fair – justo
Bill – nota Unfair – injusto
Cash – dinheiro em espécie Fee – tarifa
Check – cheque Tax – tributo
Credit card – cartão de crédito Taxation – tributação
Credit – crédito Taxpayer – pagador de impostos, contribuin-
Creditor – credor te
Debt – débito, dívida Income tax – imposto de renda
Debtor – devedor Sales tax – impostos sobre a venda
Inventory – inventário Cost – custo
Asset – ativo (contábil) Charge – cobrança
Liability – passivo (contábil) Retail – varejo
Yield – rendimento Wholesale – atacado
Speculation – especulação Receipt – recibo
Interest – juro Invoice – fatura
Interest rate – taxa de juros Auction – leilão
Depreciation – depreciação Crisis – crise
Amortization – amortização Loss – perda
Percent – por cento Crash – quebra
Percentage – percentual Bankruptcy – falência
Investor – investidor Teller – caixa de banco
Fund – fundo Loan – empréstimo
Real estate – imóvel Mortgage – hipoteca
Property – propriedade Account – conta bancária
Gold – ouro Checking account – conta corrente
Silver – prata Withdrawal – saque
Page 187
To earn, earned, earned – ganhar (por merecimento)

To purchase, purchased, purchased – comprar, adquirir
To invest, invested, invested – investir
To charge, charged, charged – cobrar
To tax, taxed, taxed – tributar
To raise, raised, raised – aumentar
To lower, lowered, lowered – abaixar
To fund, funded, funded – financiar
To lend, lent, lent – emprestar
To borrow, borrowed, borrowed – pegar emprestado
To own, owned, owned – possuir
To speculate, speculated, speculated – especular
To accumulate, accumulated, accumulated – acumular
To owe, owed, owed – dever
To transfer, transferred, transferred – transferir
To withdraw, withdrew, withdrawn – sacar
To deposit, deposited, deposited – depositar
Private pension plan – previdência privada
Financial sector – setor financeiro

Crony capitalism – capitalismo clientelista
The Great Depression – a Grande Depressão
To be well off – estar rico

To be better off – estar mais rico, melhor
Insurance company – companhia de seguro

Pension funds – fundos de pensão
Hedge fund – fundo de hedge
To get a loan – pegar um empréstimo
Short-term – de curto prazo
Long-term – de longo prazo
To start from scratch – começar do zero

Purchasing power – poder aquisitivo
Automated teller machine (ATM) – caixa automático
To make a deposit – fazer um depósito
Bill of sale – nota fiscal
Legal tender – moeda corrente
Stock Market – mercado de valores
Stock Exchange – bolsa de valores
Treasury bonds – títulos do Tesouro
Central Bank – Banco Central
SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission – órgão equivalente à Comissão de Valores Mobi-
liários (CVM) no Brasil.
EBITDA – Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization

DRE – profit and loss account
Bank spread – spread bancário
Page 188
1- Where does your income come from?

2- Do you prefer to pay in cash or with credit card?
3- What's the legal tender we use in Brazil?
4- Do you like to invest in any other legal tenders?
5- What do like to invest your money in?
6- What are the best kinds of investment? Why?
7- Do you believe stock market is a good investment?
8- What's a kind of investment you wouldn't have?
9- Do you believe it's important to save money? Why or why not?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To experience(d) – experimentar Enabling parent – pai acolhedor

To assume(d) – presumir In the wee hours – nas primeiras horas da ma-
To guarantee(d) – garantir nhã
To unmoore(d) – desamarrar, desatracar Too big to fail – grande demais para quebrar
To underpin(ned) – sustentar, dar suporte It's that simple – é simples assim
To pump(ed) – bombear Meltdown – derretimento, catástrofe
To plead(ed) – pleitear Conventional – convencional
To stem(med) – conter Wisdom – sabedoria
To teeter(ed) – balançar Failure – fracasso
To threaten(ed) – ameaçar Subsequent – subsequente
To drag(ged) – arrastar Rescue – resgate
To broker(ed) – intermediar Ironically – ironicamente
To sponsor(ed) – financiar, patrocinar Unmoored – solto
To police(ed) – policiar Brief – breve
To withstand, withstood, withstood – aguentar Bondholders – detentor de títulos
To work your way around – dar um jeito em, Average – média
livrar-se de Freeze – congelamento
To set off – iniciar, provocar Dependent (on) – dependente (de)
To be able – ser capaz Primary – principal
To file for bankruptcy – declarar falência Insurer – segurador
To go belly up – falir, cair Taxpayer – pagador de impostos
To bring about – ocasionar, causar Market-oriented – que acredita no mercado
To get into trouble – ter problemas Credit-worthy – digno de crédito
To step in – entrar em jogo Edge – beira, beirada
To seize up – encalhar Panic – pânico
To go on strike – entrar em greve, não trabalhar Likely – provável
To pull out – tirar Borrower – tomador de empréstimo
To pass regulations – aprovar regulamentações Relic – relíquia
In the short run – a curto prazo Sanity – sanidade
Bail out – socorro, fiança Army – exército
Out of whack – fora de sintonia Lobbyist – lobista
Page 189
Should Government Bail Out Big Banks?

In 2008, America experienced the biggest meltdown of its financial sector since the Great Depres-
sion. The conventional wisdom is that this failure and subsequent government rescue, commonly
known as "the bailout" was brought about by three decades of bank de-regulation. There were a
lot of causes for the meltdown, but deregulation wasn't one of them. Ironically, it wasn't because
the banks had become unmoored from government control that led them into the financial storm,
it was because they had become too closely tied to government. For three decades Uncle Sam,
like an enabling parent, had always "been there" when the big banks got into trouble. The shock
in 2008 was that for one brief moment, Uncle Sam wasn't there.
In the wee hours of September 15, 2008, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. The financial in-
dustry waited for the Feds to step in and save Lehman bondholders like it saved those of Bear
Stearns some months earlier. That didn't happen. Global financial markets seized up. As the Dow
Jones Industrial average fell 498 points, or nearly 4.4 percent, financial institutions effectively
went on strike. Banks wouldn't lend money to other banks and thus, indirectly, to the public be-
cause they had no idea which financial institution might go belly up next. The economy can wi-
thstand a stock-market crash, but a credit-market freeze -- essentially a cash freeze -- can cause
a Depression, as credit underpins almost all business and personal activities. Indeed, some large
companies, including General Electric, were so dependent on these short-term credit markets that
they were in danger of not being able to pay their workers.
The financial industry pleaded with the government to act. Later in the same day, September 15,
it did. The Feds wouldn't save Lehman's but it would save AIG, the primary insurer of mortgage lo-
ans. A month later, the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), a $700 billion plan to pump taxpayer
cash into America's banks and financial institutions was approved by Congress.
Public officials generally agreed that the free market had failed. In November 2008, President Ge-
orge W. Bush came to New York to explain why he, a Republican president, had signed TARP into
law. "I'm a market-oriented guy, but not when I'm faced with the prospect of a global meltdown,"
he said.
But free-market capitalism had not melted down. Again, the problem was not that banks had been
too free, but that they had grown too dependent on government over the last few decades. Here's
a brief history.
America's first post-Depression bailout of a big bank came in 1984 when the Republican adminis-
tration of Ronald Reagan, with help from the Federal Reserve bailed out Continental Illinois, the
eighth largest commercial bank in the nation. The bailout introduced the phrase "too big to fail"
to the financial media's vocabulary.
The premise for rescuing Continental was simple: the bank had many global bondholders, big
investors, and the government feared that the bondholders might pull their money out of all Ame-
rican banks if they saw that a bank like Continental could fail. That might have stemmed a short-
-term panic, but it created a long-term monster. The government had effectively said to financial
markets: if you lend money to a big bank, it's just like lending money to the U.S. Treasury -- only it's
better because the banks will pay you more interest than you can get from your Treasury bonds.
And so money poured in from investors. The banks got bigger... and more reckless. And when the
next crisis rippled through the financial industry, there was Uncle Sam, ready with his checkbook.
In 1998 the government, this time under Democrat Bill Clinton bailed out Long-Term Capital Ma-
nagement, a hedge fund that teetered at the edge of bankruptcy and threatened to drag some big
banks down with it. The message to the banks was clearer than ever: take bigger risks. Uncle Sam
would be there, if any thing went wrong.
Indeed, as I noted, early in the crisis, in March 2008, the government brokered the purchase of the
Bear, Stearns investment bank (to JP Morgan) to save its bondholders and other creditors from su-
ffering huge losses. And that summer, Washington rescued Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the giant
government sponsored mortgage companies.
It's the fact that the government didn't rescue Lehman Brothers that set off the 2008 panic be-
Page 190
cause the financial world simply assumed that Uncle Sam would. Would we have been better off
had the government saved Lehman's? Maybe in the short run. But it's likely that crisis would have
occurred anyway. Because banks assumed that the government would always bail them out, their
risk models by 2008 were all out of whack; conservative practices, like lending only to credit-wor-
thy borrowers, a relic of the past.
What's the solution? How do we bring sanity back to the financial industry? Not by passing thou-
sands of new regulations. The banks' army of accountants, lawyers and lobbyists can always work
their way around those. The solution is that the government must stop guaranteeing the big banks'
losses. Only then will bondholders, the big investors like pension funds and insurance companies,
who lend the financial sector the money they need to operate, have an incentive to police the
industry.
It's that simple.
Nicole Gelinas, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, for Prager University.
https://www.prageru.com/video/should-government-bail-out-big-banks/
Questions:
1- What's the conventional wisdom on the 2008 financial meltdown in America?

2- What, in the author's opinion, led the banks into a financial storm?
3- What did the financial industry wait for when Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy?
4- What happened instead?
5- What happened when the financial industry pleaded with the government to act?
6- When did America's first post-Depression bailout of a bank come in?
7- What was the premise for rescuing Continental?
8- Why kind of message did the government give to the banks when Continental was saved?
9- What's the solution to this problem?
1- Do you believe governments should bail out banks? Why or why not?
2- Do you believe governments should bail out big companies? Why or why not?
3- Do you believe governments should invest in the private sector? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe governments should protect businesses? Why or why not?
5- Do you think governments should somehow intervene in the economy? Why or why not?
Page 191
Homework
Write a text about the reason why it's important to have and to save money. Also, let us know
your personal reasons to do so. Of course, if you don't save money and believe it's not impor-
tant, write about it.
Page 192
Lesson 34
The military
Related vocabulary
War – guerra Bazooka – bazuca
Ally – aliado Flame thrower – lança chamas
Enemy – inimigo Mortar – morteiro
Foe – inimigo, adversário Bayonet – baioneta
Army – exército Shot – tiro
Navy – marinha Ammunition – munição
Air force – aeronáutica, força aérea Bullet – bala
Coast guard – guarda costeira Grenade – granada
Soldier – soldado Fire – fogo
Hero – herói Hole – buraco
Marine – fuzileiro naval Trench – trincheira
Order – ordem Cannon – canhão
Discipline – disciplina Bomb – bomba
Obedience – obediência Missile – míssil
Mandatory – obrigatório Fighter jet – caça
Uniform – farda Bomber – bombardeiro
Beret – boina Helicopter – helicóptero
Hierarchy – hierarquia Chopper – helicóptero
Platoon – pelotão Fleet – frota
Salute – continência Carrier – porta-aviões
Raid – ataque Submarine – submarino
Attack – ataque Tank – tanque
Defense – defesa Unknown – desconhecido
Strategy – estratégia Territory – território
Strategic – estratégico Aggression – agressão
Peace – paz Mission – missão
Conflict – conflito Front line – linha de frente
Self-defence – legítima defesa Troop – tropa
Weapon – arma (termo geral) Battalion – batalhão
Gun – arma de fogo Convoy – comboio
Arm – arma de guerra Victory – vitória
Mine – mina Winner – vencedor
Pistol – pistola Defeat – derrota
Revolver – revolver Loser – perdedor
Rifle – rifle Against – contra
Shotgun – espingarda For – a favor
Machine gun – metralhadora Side – lado
Military suit
Boots – botas Sword – espada
Knife – faca Armor – armadura
Shield – escudo
Page 193
Military ranks
Rank – patente Commander – comandante
General – general Chief – chefe
Admiral – almirante Chief warrant officer – subtenente
Lieutenant – tenente Sergeant – sargento
Major – major Corporal – cabo
Brigadier – brigadeiro Soldier – soldado
Colonel – coronel Private – soldado raso
Captain – capitão Recruit – recruta

To enlist, enlisted, enlisted – alistar-se
To join, joined, joined – entrar, juntar-se (a)
To march, marched, marched – marchar
To attack, attacked, attacked – atacar
To shoot, shot, shot – atirar
To explode, exploded, exploded – explodir
To destroy, destroyed, destroyed – destruir
To dig, dug, dug – cavar
To kill, killed, killed – matar
To survive, survived, survived – sobreviver
To win, won, won – vencer
To lose, lost, lost – perder
To conquer, conquered, conquered – conquistar
To defeat, defeated, defeated – derrotar
To beat, beat, beaten – bater, derrotar
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD's) – armas de destruição em massa

Atomic bomb – bomba atômica
Nuclear bomb – bomba nuclear
To blow up – explodir To be in the military – estar nas forças arma-

To take over – dominar das
To go on a mission – realizar uma missão
Military service – serviço militar Peacekeeping operation – missão de paz
Attention – sentido Middle East – Oriente Médio
At ease – à vontade Concentration camp – campo de concentração
1- Have you ever served in the military?

2- Would you like to serve in the military?
3- Would you rather serve in the army, navy or air force? Why?
4- Is there anyone in your family in the military?
5- What's your opinion on the military? Why?
6- Do you think military service should be mandatory? Why or why not?
7- Do you believe military service should be mandatory to women too? Why or why not?
Page 194
Text
Previous vocabulary
To deprive(d) – privar Far from it – longe disso

To imprison(ed) – aprisionar Peaceful – pacífico
To murder(ed) – assassinar Award – prêmio
To station(ed) – posicionar Purpose – propósito
To resolve(d) – resolver Ultimately – em última análise
To ship(ped) – embarcar, transportar Domination – domínio
To skyrocket(ed) – chegar às alturas Exaggeration – exagero
To disarm(ed) – desarmar Security – segurança
To return(ed) – retornar Protection – proteção
To thwart(ed) – frustrar External – externo
To reignite(d) – reascender Victorious – vitorioso
To spring up – surgir Brutally – brutalmente
To stay out of – ficar fora de Assembly – reunião
In short – em resumo Unfree – não livre
Like it or not – goste você ou não Adversary – adversário
On the beat – de plantão, em serviço Consequence – consequência
In retreat – em retirada, diminuindo Involvement – envolvimento
Let's put it this way – vamos colocar da seguinte Soy beans – soja
forma Shipping lane – rotas de navegação
To grind to the halt – se acabar aos poucos Sheriff – xerife
To stand guard – ficar de guarda State actors – atores estatais
To this day – até este dia Islamists – islâmico
Nobel Peace Prize – Prêmio Nobel da Paz Vicious – brutal, cruel
Thanks to – graças a Dystopian – distópico
For so long – por tanto tempo Decisive – decisivo
It's not a given – não vem de graça
Who Should Win the Nobel Peace Prize?

If the Nobel Peace Prize was given out to people who truly made the world a more peaceful place,
one group would win every year: the United States military—the US Army, Air Force, Navy, and
Marines.
Now, you may be thinking, how can you award a peace prize to a group whose purpose is to fight
wars? Fair question. I'll tell you how: because the reason we are free, the reason anyone on earth
today is free, is ultimately thanks to the US military.
They saved the free world from German domination in the First World War. They saved the free
world from Japanese and German fascism in the Second World War. They saved the free world
from communism in the Cold War. And they're saving it now.
That might sound like an exaggeration, but only because they've protected us for so long. National
security—the protection of citizens from an external foe—is not a given; far from it. It's the pro-
duct of the hard work of American military men and women who stand guard 24 hours a day, 365
days a year, every year. And, they've been doing so for as long as any of us can remember.
The First World War, the Second World War, the Cold War, the Korean War, both Iraq Wars, the
Afghan War—these were all conflicts that the US tried to avoid. But they were wars that the US
fought not only for itself, but for good, decent and free people everywhere.
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Where the US military was not ultimately victorious—the Vietnam War—50 million people were
deprived of freedom of speech, of assembly, of press, of travel, and of religion. As many as two
million were brutally imprisoned and murdered.
The only reason South Korea isn't an open-air concentration camp like its northern neighbor is be-
cause America came to South Korea's defense nearly 70 years ago. To this day, we still have 30,000
troops stationed there to protect the free South from the unfree North.
And it's not just the open conflicts the American military resolves; it's the not-wars—all the con-
flicts that were never fought because our adversaries feared the consequences of American mili-
tary involvement.
Let's put it this way: The reason Iowa soybeans can be shipped from Seattle to Shanghai, or cof-
fee from Colombia to Cleveland is because the American military—specifically, the Navy—stands
guard over the world's shipping lanes. Block those lanes and the price of everything skyrockets,
and international commerce grinds to a halt.
Like it or not, the US military has been, and remains, as close to a global sheriff as exists on planet
Earth—on the beat, keeping the peace.
Don't believe me? Ask yourself this very simple question: What if China disarmed? Or Iran? Or
North Korea? Or Russia? Think the world would be a better or worse place? The question answers
itself.
Now, imagine if America disarmed. Think China stays out of Taiwan or Hong Kong? Iran out of Isra-
el? North Korea out of South Korea? Russia out of eastern Europe? And those are just state actors.
Islamists would quickly return, bolder and more vicious than ever.
In short, new conflicts would spring up and old ones reignite all over the world. Freedom would
be in retreat every single day.
That's the dystopian future of a world without the US military. And that's because across the globe
for the last 100 years and more, the bad guys have been thwarted—not only by the American mi-
litary, of course. But in every major conflict, American military force has been decisive.
Pete Hegseth, U.S. Army Major, for Prager University.
Questions:
1- What group should win the Nobel Peace Prize every year?
2- What's the reason why we are free today?
3- Who did the American Army save the free world from?
4- Is nacional security a given?
5- What happened where the US military was not ultimately victorious?
6- Why isn't South Korea an open-air concentration camp?
7- What are the not-wars?
8- What would happen if the American military didn't stand guard over the world's shipping lanes?
1- What do you think would happen if USA disarmed today?

2- Do you also believe the USA military should win the Nobel Peace Prize? Why or why not?
3- What do you think of America's influence all over the world?
4- Who was the last Nobel Peace Prize winner? What do you think of this person?
5- Do you remember any other names who won the Nobel Peace Prize? Who? What do you think
of them?
6- Who, in your opinion, should win the Nobel Peace Prize?
Page 196
Homework
You are going to write about what role government should play in our society. Should the-
re be more or less governmental intervention in our lives? Why? Share you opinion.
Page 197
Lesson 35
Law
Related vocabulary
Law – lei, direito Class action – ação coletiva
Right – direito Party – parte
Lawful – legal, legítimo Claim – reclamação
Unlawful – ilegal, ilegítimo Claimant – autor, requerente
Legal – legal Plaintiff – autor, requerente
Illegal – ilegal Defendant – réu, requerido
Legislation – legislação Lawyer – bacharel em direito, advogado
Legislative – legislativo Attorney – advogado
Decree – decreto Prosecutor – promotor de justiça
Regulation – regulamento District Attorney (D.A.) – chief prosecutor
Rule – regra, regramento Judge – juiz
Constitution – constituição Procedure – procedimento
Legal system – sistema legal Summons – citação
Common law – lei comum Subpoena – intimação
Statutory law – kei estatutária Procedural instruction – instrução processu-
Precedent – precedente al
Jurisprudence – jurisprudência Proof – prova
Public law – direito público Evidence – evidência
Constitutional law – direito constitucional Witness – testemunha
Administrative law – direito administrativo Inquiry – inquirição
Criminal law – direito penal Burden – carga, peso
Private law – direito civil, privado Burden of proof – ônus da prova
Civil law – direito civil Settlement – acordo
Commercial law – direito comercial, empre- Out-of-court settlement – acordo extrajudi-
sarial cial
Property law – direito das coisas Sentence – sentença
Contract – contrato Appeal – recurso
Lawsuit – ação judicial
Common lawsuits
Breach of contract – quebra de contrato Slip and fall – pequenos acidentes
Worker's compensation – verbas trabalhis- Product liability – falha ou defeito de produ-
tas to
Harassment – assédio Medical malpractice – erro médico
Wrongful termination – não pagamento de Libel – difamação
verbas rescisórias trabalhistas Real estate – ações referentes a imóveis
Wage law violation – violação de lei salarial Discrimination – discriminação
Tort – delito cível Foreclosure – execução de hipoteca
Car accident – acidente de trânsito
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To allow, allowed, allowed – permitir

To forbid, forbade, forbidden – proibir
To abide, abided, abided – acatar, cumprir
To sue, sued, sued – acionar, processar
To accuse, accused, accused – acusar
To try, tried, tried – julgar
To plead, pleaded, pleaded – alegar, postular
To allege, alleged, alleged – alegar
To claim, claimed, claimed – alegar
To dismiss, dismissed, dismissed – dispensar, arquivar
To convict, convicted, convicted – condenar
To declare, declared, declared – declarar
To absolve, absolved, absolved – absolver
To discharge, discharged, discharged – absolver
Law-abiding citizen – cidadão de bem, que cumpre as leis

Good Faith – boa fé
Bad Faith – má fé
Rule of law – primado do direito

Due process of law – devido processo legal
Of right – de direito
Solicitor – advogado (tribunais inferiores na Inglaterra)

Barrister – advogado (tribunais superiores na Inglaterra)
Attorney – advogado (acumula funções de solicitor e barrister nos E.U.A.)
Your honor – vossa excelência, meritíssimo

Objection – objeção
Sustained – mantido
Overruled – negado
Abuse of discretion – abuso de poder
Clearance certificate – certidão negativa
Execution proceedings – fase de execução
No + verb + ing – é proibido

No smoking – é proibido fumar
No drinking – é proibido beber
1- Have you ever studied law? What's your favorite law subject?
2- Have you ever been involved in a lawsuit?
3- What do you think of the Brazilian Judicial Branch?
4- Do you believe the Judicial Branch is the best way to resolve conflicts?
5- Would you like to work in the Judicial System? Why or why not?
Page 199
Text
Previous vocabulary
To bother(ed) – se incomodar Knowingly – intencionalmente, sabendo
To repeal(ed) – repelir, tirar de circulação Drunken – bêbado
To pass(ed) – aprovar Judgment – julgamento
To remain(ed) – permanecer Enough – suficiente
To enforce(d) – impor, forçar Moose – alce
To reinforce(d) – reforçar Flamingo – flamingo
To fork(ed) – garfar, usar um garfo Proper – apropriado
To view(ed) – ver Strictly – estritamente, rigorosamente
To lick(ed) – lamber Alligator – jacaré
To carry(ied) – carregar Whatsoever – seja o que for
To get drunk – ficar bêbado Catchy – cativante, que fica na cabeça
To kick out – chutar, colocar para fora Literally – literalmente
To stick around – ficar por perto, continuar Utensils – utensílios
To get fined – ser multado Poultry – ave, frango
To get charged – ser acusado Stunt – façanha
To recapture(d) – recapturar Cockamamie – ridículo
To honk your horn – buzinar Pocket – bolso
To oil up – engraxar, passar óleo Profanity – profanidade
To grease up – engraxar, passar gordura Corpse – corpo, cadáver
Bobbing your hair – cortar o cabelo na altura do Donkey – burro
pescoço Bathtub – banheira
Finger-lickin' – de lamber os dedos Slippery – escorregadio
Laugh all you want – ria o quanto quiser Naked – nu, pelado
Self-proclaimed – autoproclamado Junk – lixo
No longer – não mais Scrap metal – ferro velho
Let alone – quanto mais, pra não dizer Rubber – borracha
Dumb – idiota Rag – trapo, retalho
Nonsensical – sem sentido Alcohol – álcool
Quirky – peculiar Prohibited – proibir
Weird – esquisito Mine – mina
Outlandish – estranho Rabbit – coelho
Confusing – confuso Fence – cerca
Technically – tecnicamente
Misdemeanor – contravenção You could find yourself in hot water – ter pro-
Context – contexto blemas
Specifically – especificamente
Insane US laws you won't believe exist

Ah, dumb laws. Every state in the US has them, every state in the US knows they're nonsensical at
best, and yet they stick around because few states bother to repeal them, let alone strictly reinfor-
ce them. But the fact is, as quirky, weird, stupid, outlandish, and highly confusing these regulations
are, they are still technically the law in these states. Even though they were passed many years
ago and no longer make any sense in today's context. Even weirder, you can still get fined or char-
ged with misdemeanors for breaking some of them without having any idea they existed!
1. No getting drunk in bars
Where: Alaska
It's illegal to be drunk while in a bar in Alaska. Yes, a bar. You know, the one place people go speci-
fically to get drunk. People who are already drunk must not “knowingly” enter a bar to drink more
Page 200
either, nor can they remain in the bar where they got drunk in the first place. Basically, you must
use your own drunken “judgment” to decide the point at which you've had enough and kick your-
self out. Laugh all you want, but police still enforce this law.
Also illegal in Alaska: viewing moose from an airplane -- or pushing moose out of an airplane for
that matter, waking a sleeping bear to take a photo of it, and bringing flamingos into barber shops.
2. You must pronounce our state name correctly
Where: Arkansas
Before you make any plans to visit Arkansas, you better practice the proper pronunciation of the
state's name, or you could find yourself in hot water. State code strictly reinforces that “Arkansas”
is pronounced one way and one way only -- three syllables with the accent on the first and last
syllable, and a silent ‘s' at the end. They're having none of your Arkan-sass.
Also illegal in Arkansas: keeping alligators in bathtubs, getting a raise as a teacher after bobbing
your hair, killing any living creature whatsoever, and honking your horn at a sandwich shop after
9 pm.
3. No eating fried chicken with anything but your fingers
Where: Georgia
In Gainesville, Georgia, finger-lickin' chicken is not just a catchy slogan. It's literally the law. Since
1961, it has been illegal to use utensils to eat fried chicken in the self-proclaimed “poultry capital
of the world”, thanks to a publicity stunt that has remained part of the city code to this day. And
don't think they're too chicken to actually reinforce this cockamamie law nowadays. A tourist was
arrested for forking his fried chicken in 2009.
Also illegal in Georgia: carrying an ice cream cone in your back pocket on Sundays, using profanity
in front of a corpse at a funeral home, and keeping donkeys in bathtubs.
4. No greasing up pigs
Where: Minnesota
Okay, we understand that it gets a little boring in Minnesota sometimes during those long winters,
but oiling up pigs in your living room with the goal of trying to recapture the slippery swine is not
the most healthy or productive use of anyone's time. Apparently, pig greasing was so much of a
problem in the state that this ban had to be written into law in 1971.
Also illegal in Minnesota: sleeping naked, entering the state wearing a chicken or duck on your
head, driving a red car down Lake Street, eating hamburgers on Sundays, and standing around any
public building without having a reason to be there.
5. Don't buy junk from a drunk
Where: Wyoming
The fact this state regulation sounds more like a country music lyric than a law doesn't make it any
less real. Buying any kind of scrap metal or rubber, rags or paper from someone who is under the
influence of alcohol is strictly prohibited in the state.
Also illegal in Wyoming: being drunk in a mine, taking pictures of a rabbit between January and
April, shooting fish, failing to close a fence, and women standing within five feet of a bar while
drinking.
https://facty.com/network/answers/culture/insane-us-laws-you-wont-believe-exist/?style=quick&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=m-sear-
ch&utm_term=stupid%20laws%20in%20the%20us&adid=397931562907&utm_campaign=FA-USA_-_Search_-_insane_us_laws_you_wont_be-
lieve_exist_-_Mobile&gclid=Cj0KCQjw3qzzBRDnARIsAECmrypwl7ZZ6TA1yvT-S74rivGUiqMWySsSjM8N1vRqOk0YeU4Q1V23Wn4aAllqEALw_wcB
1- Why do you think it's forbidden to be drunk in a bar in Alaska?

2- Do you believe people obey this law? Why or why not?
3- Why do you think a teacher couldn't get a raise after bobbing her hair in Arkansas?
4- Why do you think people oil up pigs in Minnesota?
5- Do you believe any of the laws above make sense? Which one and why?
6- Do you remember any stupid laws we have in Brazil?
7- Do you remember any stupid laws in your city?
8- Why do you think there are so many stupid laws all over the world?
Page 201
Homework
Write a text expressing your opinion about our Judicial Branch. Do you think it is effec-
tive? Why or why not? – You can also write a text about what you think of Brazilian laws;
are they effective? Is there anything you believe should be changed in our legal system?
Page 202
Lesson 36
Criminality
Related vocabulary
Offence – infração Accusation – acusação
Offender – delinquente Snitch – dedo-duro
Crime – crime Alleged – suposto
Misdemeanor – contravenção Allegedly – supostamente
Infringement – infração Bail – fiança
Charge – acusação Court – corte, juízo
Violent – violento Tribunal – tribunal
Hideous – horroroso Judge – juiz
Suspect – suspeito Guilty – culpado
Convicted – condenado Innocent – inocente
Jailed – apenado Prosecution – acusação
Criminal – criminoso Prosecutor – promotor de justiça
Victim – vítima Defence – defesa
Police – polícia Defendant – acusado, réu
Policeman – policial Lawyer – advogado
Policewoman – policial (feminino) Evidence – evidência, prova
Police officer – policial (termo geral) Verdict – veredito
Detective – detetive Sentence – sentença
Cop – policial (tira) Punishment – punição, pena
Deliberately – deliberadamente Fine – multa
Intentionally – intencionalmente Expulsion – expulsão
Arrest – prisão (ato) Exile – exílio
Prison – prisão (local) Torture – tortura
Custody – custódia
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Common crimes
To kill, killed, killed – matar

To murder, murdered, murdered – assassinar
To poison, poisoned, poisoned – envenenar
To steal, stole, stolen – furtar, roubar (objeto)
To rob, robbed, robbed – furtar, roubar (pessoa)
To burgle, burgled, burgled – furtar, roubar (invadindo uma propriedade)
To embezzle, embezzled, embezzled – desviar
Forgery – falsificação
Misrepresentation – falsidade ideológica
Slander – difamação verbal
Libel – difamação escrita (também audiovi
sual)
Theft – furto Abortion – aborto

Thief – ladrão Murder – assassinato, homicídio doloso
Burglary – furto com invasão de propriedade Murderer – assassino
Burglar – ladrão, assaltante Manslaughter – homicídio culposo
Robbery – roubo Tax evasion – sonegação de impostos
Armed robbery – assalto à mão armada Attempt – tentativa
Embezzlement – peculato Attempted murder – homicídio tentado
Arson – incêndio doloso Drug trafficking – tráfico de drogas
Assault – lesão corporal Drug dealer – traficante
Rape – estupro
In prison
Prison – prisão, cadeia Jailer – carcereiro
Jail – prisão, cadeia Warden – guarda prisional
Cell – cela Parole – liberdade condicional
Cage – jaula Probation – liberdade vigiada, suspensão
Dungeon – calabouço condicional da pena
Page 204
To infringe, infringed, infringed – infringir

To arrest, arrested, arrested – prender
To release, released, released – soltar
To charge, charged, charged – acusar
To plead, pleaded, pleaded – alegar, postular
To allege, alleged, alleged – alegar
To claim, claimed, claimed – alegar
To try, tried, tried – julgar
To judge, judged, judged – julgar
To dismiss, dismissed, dismissed – dispensar, arquivar
To discharge, discharged, discharged – absolver
To absolve, absolved, absolved – absolver
To convict, convicted, convicted – condenar
To escape, escaped, escaped – escapar
To be charged (with) – ser acusado (de) Death penalty – pena de morte

To be under arrest – estar preso Death row – corredor da morte
To be behind bars – estar atrás das grades
Electric chair – cadeira elétrica
To do time – cumprir pena (gíria) Lethal injection – injeção letal
Hideous crimes – crimes hediondos
Prison break – fuga da prisão
1- Is the city you live in violent?

2- What are the most common crimes committed in you city, town or neighborhood?
3- What is a hideous crime? Can you give examples?
4- What, in your opinion, are the most hideous crimes?
5- Why do you think people commit crimes?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To encourage(d) – encorajar Single parenthood – pai ou mãe solteira

To entrench(ed) – entrincheirar Serial stepfatherhood – padrastos em série
To subscribe(d) (to) – filiar-se, assinar To mete out – por um fim, acabar com
To break, broke, broken – quebrar Long-held – de longa data
To uphold, upheld, upheld – Bad Faith – má fé
Broken home – lar desfeito Once more – mais uma vez
Drug-taking – uso de drogas At once – de primeira, de uma vez
Page 205
On the run – fugindo, amedrontado Removal – remoção

No use – não adianta Tumor – tumor
Of use – útil Disastrous – desastroso
Lawbreaking – descumprimento da lei Mistaking – confusão
Awakening of conscience – despertar da consci- Wish – desejo
ência Fact – fato
Cell-mate – companheiro de cela Victim – vítima
Crook – bandido Unjust – injusto
Mug – imbecil Unequally – desigualmente
Intelligentsia – intelligentsia, os intelectuais Inequitably – sem equidade
Therapeutic – terapêutico Alcoholism – alcoolismo
Protective – protetivo Norm – norma
Deterrent – dissuasão Iron filings – limalhas de ferro
Worthless – sem valor Magnet – ímã
Cruel – cruel Inanimately – sem querer, sem ter vontade
Effectiveness – efetividade Will – vontade
Utmost – máximo Inevitable – inevitável
Celerity – celeridade Product – produto
Warped – distorcido Police – polícia
Code – código Neutrality – neutralidade
Sentimentally – sentimentalmente Perpetrator – perpetrador
Sentimentalists – sentimentalistas Prospect – perspectiva
Intellectuals – intelectuais Sudden – súbito
Powerfully – poderosamente Fine – multa
Dullard – estúpido, burro severely – severamente
Dolt – idiota, pateta Doctrine – doutrina
Desirable – desejável Collective – coletivo
Wilful – intencional Responsibility – responsabilidade
Amenable – dócil, submisso
Prison may not work for them, but it works for us

Crooks who are in prison are not burgling your house. They themselves understand that perfectly
clearly: it is only sentimental mugs who don't.
The British intelligentsia and its long-held wish that the punishment imposed by the criminal
justice system should be therapeutic rather than merely protective and deterrent. According to
this view, if punishment fails to reform the criminal, then it is not only worthless but primitive and
cruel. This is so even if prison conditions are good.
However, criminals know very well the effectiveness of punishment: which is why they mete it out
to each other with the utmost celerity if one of them breaks their code.
By accepting the sentimentally therapeutic view of prison, intellectuals powerfully encourage the
bad faith of so many criminals, who know that, once more, they have society on the run. Here I am
reminded of a conversation I once had with a career burglar in prison.
‘I don't need prison, doctor,' he said. ‘I need help. Prison's no use to me.'
‘But it is of use to me,' I said.
‘What do you mean?'
‘Well, while you're in prison you're not burgling my house.'
The prisoner laughed that kind of laugh that I came to love, and that demonstrated to me that pri-
soners are by no means the dullards and dolts that they are often taken (by sentimentalists) to be.
He understood my point at once, without further explanation.
Whether it is desirable that wilful human behaviour such as criminality should be amenable to
some technical treatment or other – just like the removal of a brain tumor by surgery – is an open
Page 206
question; what is hardly in doubt is that such ‘treatment', except for general anesthesia, does not
exist.
An important feature of sentimentality — one that is disastrous in deciding policy — is the mis-
taking of a wish for the fact. We would like there to be some better method of dealing with crimi-
nals than imprisonment, therefore there is, and must be, such a method.
Criminologists tend to believe the criminal is the victim of an unjust society in which the goods
of this world were unequally, and therefore inequitably, distributed. Unemployment and poverty
cause crime, because there is a statistical association between them. Many criminals come from
broken homes, where alcoholism, drug-taking, single parenthood and serial stepfatherhood are
the accepted norm. Criminals are drawn to crime, therefore, as iron filings to a magnet: inanima-
tely, without a will of their own. And of course, it makes no more sense to punish them.
Indeed, to punish criminals would be both cruel and unjust, for they are now the inevitable pro-
ducts of their environment.
And this is the version of themselves that criminals have learned to present to doctors, social
workers, probation officers, lawyers and judges. The connection between a disastrous childhood
and lawbreaking is now so deeply entrenched in the public's mind that even the police accept it.
This often leads to a neutrality between the innocent victim and the guilty perpetrator of a crime.
Everyone knows in any case that the prospect of punishment has an effect on behaviour. The
slowing of drivers in the presence of police cameras is not caused by the sudden awakening of
conscience among them, who suddenly remember that excessive speed might kill innocents. It is
the prospect of fines that makes them slow down.
Criminals too know that punishment is effective. It is by means of punishment that prisoners
uphold their warped code of conduct in prison. Anyone who breaks that code is punished at once,
and severely; indeed, prisoners subscribe to the doctrine of collective responsibility. If for some
reason they can't punish the man himself, they'll punish his brother, cousin, friend or cell-mate.
Criminals understand the effects of punishment better than anyone else.
https://www.spectator.co.uk/2010/07/prison-may-not-work-for-them-but-it-works-for-us/
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/4251478/Criminologists-are-the-real-menace-to-society.html
Questions:
1- According to the British intelligentsia, what should the criminal justice system be like?
2- What do intellectuals encourage when embracing this sentimentally therapeutic view of pri-
son?
3- What does the author mean when he says that “prison works for us”?
4- Do criminals understand this point?
5- What do criminologists tend to believe criminals are?
6- What does this vision lead to?
7- Does prospect of punishment have any effects on criminals?
8- What happens to criminals who break their own code? Why?
1- Do you also believe punishment is necessary?

2- Do you believe criminologists encourage criminal behavior?
3- Why do you think criminals commit crimes?
4- Do you believe poor people commit crimes because they are poor?
5- Do you believe criminals are victims of an unjust society?
6- What kind of help does a victim of a crime receive from intellectuals or from the government?
7- Are you for or against death penalty? Why?
Page 207
Homework
Write a text expressing your opinions on criminality; let us know whether you are for or
against punishment for criminals and also your opinion on death penalty.
Page 208
Lesson 37
Self-defense
Related vocabulary
Safe – seguro Mixed martial arts (MMA) – MMA

Safety – segurança Boxing – boxe
Vulnerable – vulnerável Jiu-jitsu – jiu-jitsu
Dangerous – perigoso Kickboxing – kickboxing
Danger – perigo Judo – judô
Confrontation – confronto Move – movimento, golpe
Mass shooter – atirador Deterrent – meio de intimidação
Psycho – psicopata Pepper spray – spray de pimenta
Psychopath – psicopata Gun – arma de fogo
Sociopath – sociopata Firearm – arma de fogo
Criminal – criminoso Trigger – gatilho
Fight – luta Assault weapon – arma de assalto, de ata-
Fighter – lutador que
Martial arts – arte marcial Body guard – guarda-costas
Karate – karatê Right – direito
Kung-fu – kung-fu Regulation – regulamento
Muay thai – muay thai Strict – rigoroso
Krav maga – krav maga Permit – permissão
Page 209
To act, acted, acted – agir

To react, reacted, reacted – reagir
To strike, striked, striked, atacar
To shoot, shot, shot – atirar
To fight, fought, fought – lutar, brigar
To hit, hit, hit – bater
To punch, punched, punched – socar, dar socos
To kick, kicked, kicked – chutar
To conceal, concealed, concealed – ocultar
To hide, hid, hidden – esconder
To expose, exposed, exposed – expor
To allow, allowed, allowed – permitir
To grant, granted granted – garantir
To watch out (for) – tomar cuidado (com)

To break into – invadir
To run away (from) – fugir (de)
To get a gun – conseguir uma arma

Concealed carry – porte de arma oculta
Open carry – porte de arma exposta, porte ostensivo
Gun-free – livre de armas
Gun-owning – com armas
Gun control – controle de armas
National Rifle Association (NRA) – associação que luta pelo direito do cidadão comum de ter
armas
Self-defence – legítima defesa, autodefesa

Barehanded – de mãos vazias
Barefoot – descalço
With my bare hands – com as minhas próprias mãos, de mãos vazias
High crime area – área de alta criminalidade
Bad guy – cara mau
Good guy – cara do bem
To break into your home – invadir sua casa
To do you harm – te causar mal

To even the odds – igualar as condições
To equal the odds – igualar as condições
Too late – tarde demais
Page 210
1- Is your city violent? Can you go for a walk alone at night?

2- Have you ever learned any self-defense technique?
3- What's the most effective self-defense technique in your opinion?
4- How would you defend yourself if you were attacked?
5- Would you like to have a gun to protect yourself? Why or why not?
6- How is it possible to stop a bad guy who has a gun?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To protect(ed) – proteger Harm – dano

To occupy(ied) – ocupar Shooting range – estande de tiro
To add(ed) – adicionar Magnet – ímã
To fire(d) – disparar Disparity – disparidade
To brandish(ed) – brandir, mostrar Occupants – ocupantes
To assault(ed) – atacar Occupied – ocupado
To blare(d) – disparar, tocar Assailant – assaltante
To go off – disparar, tocar Whistle – apito
To push for – insistir Mail carrier – entregador dos correios
To pay the price – pagar o preço Rough – duro, difícil, violento
Let alone – quanto mais, imagine só Rare – raro
To snap up – pegar, agarrar Issue – problema, questão
To take guns away – tirar as armas Intruder – intruso
To file for – requisitar Telling – revelador
To line up – enfileirar-se Clerk – balconista
To take a step back – dar um passo atrás Handgun – arma curta
Which is why – é por isso que Co-host – co-apresentador
That's why – é por isso que Bat – bastão, taco
Equalizer – equalizador Wicker basket – cesta de vime
Premise – premissa Luckily – por sorte
Controversial – controverso Incident – incidente
Muscle mass – massa muscular
Bone density – densidade óssea I'll be dead by then – eu estarei morto até lá
Against – contra I practice what I preach – eu faço o que eu digo
Page 211
Gun Rights Are Women's Rights

Do you want equality between men and women? I do. Which is why I own a gun. My Glock 43 is
my equalizer.
Too NRA for you? Then, let's take a step back and think about this. I will start with this premise:
Men are physically stronger than women.
I know: even this is controversial these days. But men have more muscle mass and greater bone
density; they run faster, and punch harder. It's called “biology.”
If a woman is going to protect herself against a man who intends to do her serious harm, she needs
to even the odds. And what's the best way for her to do that? Own a gun — and know how to use it.
Given this, you would think that feminists would be lining up in front of gun shops, spending qua-
lity time at the shooting range, and filing for concealed carry permits. But when was the last time
you heard a feminist speak out for women owning guns? You haven't, because feminists aren't for
gun ownership. They're for taking guns away from women.
Well, you might say, if no one owned a gun, then everybody would be safer. Yes…and it would be
nice if cheesecake was a diet food.
There are over 300 million guns in the United States and that's not going to change any time
soon. But even if we could build a giant magnet, fly it across the country and snap up every gun, it
wouldn't much matter to women's safety.
In Great Britain, where it's almost impossible to get a gun, a woman is three times more likely to
be raped than in America, according to a study by David Kopel, a professor of constitutional law at
Denver University.
Here's another telling comparison between gun-free UK and gun-owning US: In the United States,
only about 13 percent of home burglaries take place when the occupants are home, but in the UK,
almost 60 percent do.
Professor Kopel explains the disparity: “American burglars . . . avoid occupied homes because of
the risk of getting shot. English burglars prefer occupied homes, because there will be wallets and
purses with cash.”
And, by the way, an assailant doesn't need a gun to be dangerous. What do you do if you're a wo-
man and a man comes at you with a knife? Or just his bare hands? If you want to depend on pepper
spray or a whistle, okay—but I think your finger on the trigger of a gun would be more effective.
Take the example of mail carrier Catherine Latta. After she had been assaulted and raped by her
ex-boyfriend, Latta tried to purchase a firearm. She was told it might take a month to get a permit.
“[I'll] be dead by then,” she recalls telling the clerk. That afternoon, she went to a rough part of
town and bought a handgun. Five hours later, her ex-boyfriend attacked her outside of her home.
She shot him in self-defense, and saved her life.
I should add that firing a gun is very rare. Just carrying it—let alone brandishing it—is a deterrent.
And, isn't that the issue? Personal safety? How is a woman supposed to defend herself? What if an
intruder breaks into her home?
Liberal TV personality Sherri Shepherd answered this question a few years ago.
“At one in the morning, the alarm in our house went off,” Shepherd told her co-hosts on the po-
pular daytime show, “The View.” As the alarm blared, her husband, Sal, went downstairs to look
around. If something happened to him, a terrified Shepherd realized, she had no way to protect
herself or her son, Jeffrey. “ ...All I had was this wicker basket…[I] don't have a bat, nothing.”
“‘We're going to get a gun,'” I told Sal. “[This] just made me realize how vulnerable you are if you
can't protect your home. And the police [were] wonderful; they came about seven minutes later,
but to me, that's seven minutes too late.”
Luckily for Shepherd, the incident was a false alarm. But there are lots of cases where the alarm
is real, especially in high crime areas. Yet every year, progressives push for more and more gun
Page 212
control without ever considering who will pay the price.

It won't be the bad guys. They always get the guns they want. It will be the good women who need
to equal the odds in a dangerous confrontation with a man.
Women owning guns shouldn't be a partisan issue. In fact, it's a women's rights issue.
I'm all for equality between the sexes. And I practice what I preach.
That's why I own a gun.
Katie Pavlich for Prager University.
https://www.prageru.com/video/gun-rights-are-womens-rights/
Questions:
1- Why does the author have a gun?

2- What physical advantages do men have over women?
3- Do feminists think women should have guns?
4- Is it possible to create a gun-free world?
5- What does the author say about crime rates in Britain and in the U.S?
6- What does Professor Kopel say about the disparity?
7- What happened to mail carrier Catherine Latta?
8- What did TV personality Sherri Shepherd say on TV?
1- Do you agree with the author's point of view? Why or why not?
2- Would you like to have a gun to protect yourself?
3- Do you think there are other ways to stop a psycho who holds a gun? If so, what ways are tho-
se?
4- Do you believe gun ownership increases violence? Why or why not?
5- Do you believe people should be allowed to have guns? Why or why not?
Page 213
Homework
Should people be allowed to have guns? Write a text expressing your opinion about it.
Page 214
Lesson 38
Religion
Related vocabulary
God – Deus Hell – inferno
Faith – fé Purgatory – purgatório
Religion – religião Soul – alma
Theology – teologia Spirit – espírito
Doctrine – doutrina Sin – pecado
Creed – credo, crença Sinner – pecador
Message – mensagem Perfect – perfeito
Morality – moralidade Imperfect – imperfeito
Values – valores Devil – diabo
Virtue – virtude Good – bem, bom
Virtuous – Virtuoso Evil – mal
Order – ordem Angel – anjo
Chaos – caos Demon – demônio
West – Ocidente Prophet – profeta
East – Oriente Church – igreja
Middle-East – Oriente médio Cathedral – catedral
Mesopotamia – Mesopotâmia Temple – templo
Christianity – Cristandade Mosque – mesquita
Christian – Cristão Sacred – sagrado
Judaism – Judaísmo Holy – sagrado, santo
Jew – Judeu Prayer – oração
Jewish – judeu (adjetivo) Mass – missa
Islam – Islã Service – culto
Muslim – muçulmano Cult – culto
Hinduism – hinduísmo Bible – Bíblia
Hindu – hindu Gospel – Evangelho
Buddhism – Budismo Quran – corão
Buddhist – Budista Connection – conexão
Buddha – Buda The Crusades – As Cruzadas
Taoism – Taoísmo Jihad – guerra santa para os muçulmanos
Taoist – taoista Infidel – infiel
Jehovah's witness – testemunha de Jeová Believer – fiel, crente
Spiritism – espiritismo Fanaticism – fanatismo
Spiritist – espírita Fanatic – fanático
Heaven – céu, paraíso
Page 215
To believe, believed, believed (in) – acreditar, ter fé

To pray, prayed, prayed – rezar, orar
To worship, worshipped, worshipped – adorar
To say a prayer – fazer uma oração

A matter of faith – uma questão de fé
Almighty – todo poderoso
Anti-religious – antirreligioso
1- Do you believe in God? Why or why not?

2- Do you have a religion? Why or why not?
3- Do you pray every day?
4- How often do you go to church?
5- Why do most people in the world have a religion?
6- Why are there so many different religions?
7- Do you believe all religions should be respected? Why or why not?
8- Is there any religion you would like to know more about? Why?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To bestow(ed) – conceder To labor(ed) – trabalhar

To endow(ed) – dar, dotar To subvert(ed) – subverter
To unite(d) – unir-se Judeo-Christian values – valores Judaico-Cris-
To demand(ed) – exigir tãos
To police(d) – policiar To play a role – ter um papel
To exalt(ed) – exaltar Self-government – autogoverno
To portray(ed) – retratar It's no wonder – não é de se admirar
To affirm(ed) – afirmar Quite the contrary – bem pelo contrário
To devolve(d) – causar, desenvolver-se In vain – em vão
To unleash(ed) – desencadear Founder – fundador
To annihilate(d) – aniquilar Foundation – fundação, fundamentação
To confound(ed) – confundir Issue – problema, questão
To substitute(d) – substituir Inextricably linked – indissoluvelmente ligado
To chastise(d) – castigar Unalienable – inalienável
To undermine(d) – minar Purpose – propósito
To claim (ed) – demandar, reclamar Compatriots – compatriotas
Page 216
Virtue – virtude Sovereign – soberano

Morality – moralidade Wholly – inteiramente
Spring – mola, propulsor Inadequate – inadequado
Merely – meramente Inseparable – inseparável
Boundary – limite Union – união
Pleasure – prazer Joint – conjunto
Bondage – servidão, escravidão Flourishing – florescente
Unrestrained – irrestrito Meanwhile – enquanto isso
Restraint – restrição Unlike – diferentemente
Variety – variação Distinction – distinção
Divines – religioso Mild – leve, suave
Statesmen – estadista Beneficent – beneficente
Rooted- enraizado Gloomy – sombrio
Conviction – convicção Desolating – desolador
Frequency – frequência Simply – simplesmente
Firm – firme Farewell – despedida, adeus
Basis – base Pillar – pilar
Secure – seguro Props – adereços
Wrath – ira Duty – dever, obrigação
Likewise – da mesma forma Secular – secular, laico
Was America founded to be secular?

What role should religion play in a free society? More and more people today would answer: none.
That would not have been the answer of the Founders of the United States – the men who fought
the American Revolution and wrote the country's Constitution.
To them the issue of religion and freedom were inextricably linked. You couldn't have freedom
without religion. In fact, the political philosophy of the Founders necessitated a divine foundation.
Thomas Jefferson makes this clear in the Declaration of Independence when he writes that “all
men…are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights.” The purpose of government,
Jefferson and his compatriots believed, was not to bestow rights; rather, it was to protect those
rights already endowed upon human beings by God.
But government isn't enough for a free society. A moral people is also required; that is, a people
moral enough to police itself. “Virtue or morality,” George Washington observed, “is a necessary
spring of popular government.” Thus, for the Founders, liberty was not merely the ability to do
what one wanted; it came with moral demands and boundaries.
They all accepted the rule of life expressed by Benjamin Franklin: “Nothing brings more pain than
too much pleasure; nothing more bondage than too much liberty.”
The Founders knew that the absolute enemy of freedom was – ironically – a freedom that was
absolute and unrestrained. And where was this restraint going to come from? Their answer was re-
ligion, which for them – because of when and where they lived – was some variety of Christianity.
“Let Divines, and Philosophers, Statesmen and Patriots unite,” Samuel Adams wrote, “[in] instruc-
ting [citizens] in the Art of self-government…in short, of leading them in the Study, and Practice of
the exalted Virtues of the Christian system.”
The Christian system to which Adams refers is composed of Judeo-Christian values – the values
rooted in the Old and New Testaments, both of which were referred to by the Founders with equal
conviction and frequency.
Jefferson – yes, the very same Thomas Jefferson who is so often portrayed as anti-religious – con-
firmed this sentiment in his Notes on the State of Virginia, when he asked: “[C]an the liberties of
a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds
of the people that these liberties are of the gift of God? [And] that they are not to be violated but
with his wrath?”
Page 217
James Madison likewise affirmed the essential connection between religion and morality: “The
belief in a God All Powerful, wise, and good is. . . essential to the moral order of the world and to
the happiness of man. . . .”
John Adams believed that “the doctrine of a supreme, intelligent, wise, almighty sovereign of the
universe,” a doctrine he credited to Judaism, was the “great essential principle of all morality, and
consequently of all civilization.” And he applied this thinking specifically to the new nation he
helped to create: “Our Constitution,” he said, “was made only for a moral and religious people. It
is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.”
As President, he replied to a letter from university students in a way that would surprise many
today: “Science, liberty, and religion . . . have an inseparable union. Without their joint influence
no society can be great, flourishing, or happy.”
Meanwhile another Founder, Alexander Hamilton, looked at the French Revolution and saw some-
thing much different. That revolution, unlike the American Revolution, had devolved into violence
and chaos. Hamilton believed he understood why. The anti-religious force it unleashed, he wrote,
“annihilates the foundations of social order and true liberty, confounds all moral distinctions and
substitutes [for] the mild and beneficent religion of the Gospel a gloomy, persecuting, and deso-
lating atheism.”
For the Founders, a free society divorced from religion simply could not work and would not sur-
vive. It is no wonder then that in his Farewell Address, George Washington chastised those who
would claim to be patriots, and yet undermine the influence of religion: “Of all the dispositions
and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports.
In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great
pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens.”
The Founders did not demand that anyone believe in any particular religion or even in God – quite
the contrary. But while they understood the value of a secular government, they feared a secular
society – one without religion.
So should we.
Joshua Charles, writer and researcher at the Museum of the Bible, for Prager University.
https://www.prageru.com/video/was-america-founded-to-be-secular/
Questions:
1- Do the Founding Fathers believe religion was important?

2- What did Thomas Jefferson write about it in the Declaration of Independence?
3- What did Jefferson and his compatriots believe to be the purpose of government?
4- Is government enough for a free society? What else is required?
5- What did the Founding Fathers believe to be the absolute enemy of freedom?
6- Where would restraint come from?
7- What did John Adams write about the American Constitution?
8- What did John Adams write about Science, liberty and religion when he was President?
9- Why did Alexander Hamilton believed the French Revolution led to violence and chaos?
10- According to the Founding Fathers, what would happen to a society divorced from religion?
11- Did the Founders demand any specific religion?
1- Is Brazil a secular State?

2- Can people express their religious beliefs in Brazil?
3- Is religion respected in Brazil? Why or why not?
4- Do you believe the existence of two or more religions in a country is possible? Why or why
not?
Page 218
Homework
Write a text expressing your opinion on religion. Let us know whether you have a religion
or not; if so, tell us something about it; if not, tell us the reasons that drive you away from
religion.
Page 219
Lesson 39
Christianity
Related vocabulary
Christ – Cristo Christmas – Natal
Jesus Christ – Jesus Cristo Easter – Páscoa
Messiah – Messias Resurrection – ressurreição
Lamb – cordeiro Cross – cruz
Sacrifice – sacrifício Purgatory – purgatório
Redeemer – redentor Catholic – Católico
Redemption – redenção Protestant – protestante
Savior – salvador Reformation – reforma
Salvation – salvação Split – cisão
Apostle – apóstolo Baptist – Batista
Christianity – Cristandade Adventist – adventista
Christian – Cristão Lutheran – luterano
Saint – Santo Calvinist – calvinista
Trinity – Trindade Methodist – metodista
Father – Pai Anglican – anglicano
Son – Filho Orthodox – ortodoxo
Holy Ghost – Espírito Santo Priest – padre
Old Testament – Velho Testamento Pastor – pastor
New Testament – Novo Testamento Minister – ministro
Gospel – Evangelho
The Ten Commandments

1- You shall have no other gods before Me.
2- You shall make no idols.
3- You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain.
4- Keep the Sabbath day holy.
5- Honor your father and your mother.
6- You shall not murder.
7- You shall not commit adultery.
8- You shall not steal.
9- You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
10- You shall not covet.
Page 220
The Twelve Apostles

Peter – Pedro Matthew – Mateus
James – Tiago Thaddeus – Tadeu
James, the younger – Tiago, o menor Philip – Filipe
John – João Simon – Simão
Andrew – André Thomas – Tomé
Bartholomew – Bartolomeu Judas Iscariot – Judas
Important Characters in the Bible

Adam – Adão Elijah – Elias
Eve – Eva Isaiah – Isaías
Noah – Noé Mary – Maria
Noah's Ark – Arca de Noé Joseph – José
Abraham – Abraão Mary Magdalene – Maria Madalena
Moses – Moisés Pilate – Pilatos
David – Davi Barabbas – Barrabás
Goliath – Golias Paul – Paulo
Important places in the Bible

Middle-East – Oriente Médio Bethlehem – Belém
The Rivers Tigris and Euphrates – os Rios Nazareth – Nazaré
Tigre e Eufrates Mount Sinai – Monte Sinai
Red Sea – Mar Vermelho Holy Sepulcher – Santo Sepulcro
River Jordan – Rio Jordão Holy Shroud – Santo Sudário
Seven Deadly Sins

Pride – orgulho Proud – orgulhoso
Envy – inveja Envious – invejoso
Gluttony – gula Glutton – glutão, guloso
Lust – luxúria Lustful – lascivo
Wrath – ira Angry – irado, bravo
Greed – avareza Greedy – avarento
Sloth – preguiça Lazy – preguiçoso
Seven Contrary Virtues

Humility – humildade Humble – humilde
Kindness – bondade Kind – bondoso
Abstinence – abstinência Abstinent – abstinente
Chastity – castidade Chaste – casto
Patience – paciência Patient – paciente
Liberality – liberalidade Generous – generoso
Diligence – diligência Diligent – diligente
Page 221
The Seven Heavenly Virtues

Faith – fé Justice – justiça
Hope – esperança Temperance – temperança
Charity – caridade Prudence – prudência
Fortitude – fortaleza
Cardinal Virtues
Prudence – prudência Courage – coragem
Temperance – temperança Justice – justiça
The Theological Virtues

Love – amor Faith – fé
Hope – esperança
Catholic Church
Clergy – clero Sacrament – Sacramento
Pope – Papa Baptism – Batismo
Cardinal – Cardeal Eucharist – Eucaristia
Bishop – Bispo Confirmation – Crisma
Archbishop – Arcebispo Reconciliation – Reconciliação
Priest – Padre Anointing of the Sick – Unção dos Enfermos
Deacon – Diácono Marriage – Casamento
Communion – Comunhão Holy Orders – Ordens
First Communion – Primeira Comunhão

To sacrifice, sacrificed, sacrificed – sacrificar
To bear, bore, borne – suportar
To resurrect, resurrected, resurrected – ressuscitar
To ascend, ascended, ascended – ascender, subir
To deny, denied, denied – negar
To condemn, condemned, condemned – condenar
To carry, carried, carried – carregar
To sin, sinned, sinned – pecar
To confess, confessed, confessed – confessar
To forgive, forgave, forgiven – perdoar
To betray, betrayed, betrayed – trair
To covet, coveted, coveted – cobiçar
Divine Providence – Divina Providência

Nailed to the cross – pregado na cruz
The Sermon on the Mount – o Sermão da Montanha
The Good Samaritan – o Bom Samaritano
Page 222
1- Are you a Christian? If so, are you a Catholic or a protestant?

2- Which is the worst of the Deadly Sins? Why?
3- Which is the most important of the Seven Contrary Virtues? Why?
4- What's the importance of Christianity to our civilization?
5- What's the relation between Christianity and human rights?
6- Why do you think Christians have been persucuted all around the world?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To mourn(ed) – lamentar Mercy – piedade

To comfort(ed) – confortar Peacemakers – pacificador, apaziguador
To inherit(ed) – herdar Hypocrite – hipócrita
To fill(ed) – satisfazer Synagogue – sinagoga
To reward – recompensar Honored – homenageado, honrado
To babble(ed) – balbuciar Truly – em verdade
To trespass(ed) – pecar, transgredir Reward – recompensa
To deliver(ed) (from) – livrar, libertar Corner – esquina
In full – por completo Unseen – não é visto
So that – para que Pagan – pagão
Crowd – multidão Hallowed – santificado
Mountainside – morro, monte Thy – vosso
Meek – manso Trespass – pecado, transgressão
Righteousness – justo, justiça Temptation – tentação
Merciful – piedoso
Introduction to the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew, 5-6)

5 Now when Jesus saw the crowds, he went up on a mountainside and sat down. His disciples
came to him, 2 and he began to teach them.
The Beatitudes
He said:
3 “Blessed are the poor in spirit,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
4 Blessed are those who mourn,
for they will be comforted.
5 Blessed are the meek,
for they will inherit the earth.
6 Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness,
for they will be filled.
7 Blessed are the merciful,
for they will be shown mercy.
Page 223
8 Blessed are the pure in heart,

for they will see God.
9 Blessed are the peacemakers,
for they will be called children of God.
10 Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
(...)
6 “Be careful not to practice your righteousness in front of others to be seen by them. If you do,
you will have no reward from your Father in heaven.
2 “So when you give to the needy, do not announce it with trumpets, as the hypocrites do in the
synagogues and on the streets, to be honored by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their
reward in full. 3 But when you give to the needy, do not let your left hand know what your right
hand is doing, 4 so that your giving may be in secret. Then your Father, who sees what is done in
secret, will reward you.
5 “And when you pray, do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the syna-
gogues and on the street corners to be seen by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their
reward in full. 6 But when you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray to your Father, who
is unseen. Then your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you. 7 And when you
pray, do not keep on babbling like pagans, for they think they will be heard because of their many
words. 8 Do not be like them, for your Father knows what you need before you ask him.
9 “This, then, is how you should pray:
“‘Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be Thy name,
10 Thy kingdom come,
Thy will be done,
on earth as it is in heaven.
11 Give us today our daily bread.
12 And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us.
13 And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
Amen
1- How should one practice righteousness?

2- How should one pray?
3- What do you think about the Sermon on the Mount?
4- What does the Sermon try to teach us?
Page 224
Homework
If you are a Christian, you are going to read a passage from the Bible and let us know what you
have learned from it.
If you are not a Christian but you have a different religion, write a text about your beliefs.
If you are an atheist, write a text on why you believe there is no God.
Page 225
Lesson 40
American Dream
Related vocabulary
God – Deus Unalienable – inalienável
Christ – Cristo Truth – verdade
Belief – crença Evident – evidente
People – povo Necessary – necessário
Democracy – democracia Government – governo
Liberty – liberdade End – fim, finalidade
Freedom – liberdade Power – poder
Free – livre Powerful – poderoso
Equality – igualdade Capitalism – capitalismo
Equal – igual Principle – princípio
Happiness – felicidade Likely – provável
Opportunity – oportunidade Version – versão
Safe – seguro Success – sucesso
Safety – segurança Upward – para cima
Security – segurança Mobility – mobilidade
Pursuit – busca, procura Chance – acaso
Prudence – prudência Sacrifice – sacrifício
Consent – consentimento Hard work – trabalho duro
Right – direito Risk-taking – tomada de riscos

To pursue, pursued, pursued – buscar
To achieve, achieved, achieved – alcançar
To fail, failed, failed – falhar
Unalienable rights – direitos inalienáveis

Rule of law – primado do direito
The pursuit of happiness – a busca da felicidade
Regardless of – independentemente de
According to – de acordo com
To cross the border – cruzar a fronteira
Page 226
1- Do you believe America is a great country? Why or why not?

2- Do you believe America is the land of opportunities? Why or why not?
3- Why do people dream of immigrating to the U.S.?
4- Why do people run away from their countries to go to America?
5- Do you believe America should receive all immigrants? Why or why not?
6- Would you like to live in the U.S.? Why or why not?
Text
Previous vocabulary
To dissolve(d) – dissolver Absolute – absoluto

To assume(d) – assumir, supor The governed – os governados
To require(d) – requerer Principle – princípio
To impel(led) – impelir, obrigar Prudence – prudência
To endow(ed) – conceder, dotar Transient – transitório
To entitle(d) – intitular, autorizar Sufferance – sofrimento
To declare(d) – declarar Sufferable – suportável
To secure(d) – assegurar Accustomed – acostumado
To institute(d) – instituir Train – sucessão
To derive(d) – derivar Abuse – abuso
To alter(ed) – alterar Usurpation – usurpação
To effect(ed) – efetuar, conseguir Invariably – invariavelmente
To dictate(d) – ditar Duty – dever
To evince(d) – evidenciar Guard – guarda
To constrain(ed) – constranger Former – anterior, antigo
To appeal(ed) – apelar General – geral
To levy(ied) – impor Assembled – reunidos
To conclude(d) – concluir, estabelecer Rectitude – retidão
To contract(ed) – contratar Authority – autoridade
To lie, lay, lain – repousar Solemnly – solenemente
To hold, held, held – sustentar Allegiance – lealdade, fidelidade
Ought to – dever Crown – coroa
To throw off – destituir Aliance – aliança
Hath shewn (has shown) – tem mostrado Commerce – comércio
Whenever – sempre que Act – ato
Course – curso, história Reliance – confiança
Bands – laços Mutually – mutuamente
Station – posto, lugar Fortune – destino, fortuna
Decent – decente Honor – honra
Destructive – destrutivo
Separation – separação We mutually pledge to each other – nós mutua-
Independence – independência mente nos comprometemos/confiamos
Colony – colônia
End – finalidade
Design – projeto
Despotism – despotismo
Page 227
The United States Declaration of Independence

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of hu-
man events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con-
nected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the sepa-
ration.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit
of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their
just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as
to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dicta-
te that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and
accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are
sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But
when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design
to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Gover-
nment, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance
of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Sys-
tems of Government.
(...)
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assem-
bled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the
Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That
these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Ab-
solved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and
the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent
States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce,
and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pled-
ge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
https://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/
Questions:
1- What does one people should when it becomes necessary to declare their independence?
2- What are some unalienable rights of every human being?
3- Why is a government instituted? Where do its powers come from?
4- What's the right of the people if a government becomes destructive to those unalienable ri-
ghts?
1- Why did Americans declare their independence from England?

2- Do you also believe that a government that attacks the people's lives, freedom and the right
to the pursuit of happiness should be thrown off? Why or why not?
Page 228
Page 229
Write a text telling us what you think of the U.S.A.
Homework
Congratulations
Você alcançou o fim de nosso terceiro módulo.
Provavelmente, você conseguiu adquirir um vasto vocabulário, além de ter praticado
estruturas linguísticas diferenciadas. Esperamos, com isso, que você já consiga se
comunicar razoavelmente em inglês.
Até lá.
Bye, see you soon.
Rua Aristiliano Ramos, 203, Ed. Dom Rodrigo, Sala 303, 2º e 3º Andar
Centro | 88870-000 | Orleans | Santa Catarina | +55 48 3466.3152
@bewayidiomas | bewayidiomas.com.br
Page 230
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Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)

1. Inglês - Estudo e ensino I. Título.

1. Inglês : Estudo e ensino 420.7

Aline Graziele Benitez - Bibliotecária - CRB-1/3129

Movies – cinema Studio – estúdio

Action – ação Martial arts – artes marciais

Related verbs and expressions

To shoot, shot, shot – filmar

Directed by – dirigido por

Coming soon – em breve, em breve nos cinemas

Practice and conversation

1- Do you enjoy cinema?

Hollywood's 100 Favorite films

Adapted from hollywoodreporter.com

Here we bring you the first 20 on the list:

1- When was The Godfather released?

Practice and conversation

1- Which movies from the list have you already watched?

Music – música Player – tocador, instrumentista

To perform, performed, performed – tocar, executar

Practice and conversation

1- When did Guns'n'Roses open up for Aerosmith?

Practice and conversation

1- Have you ever listened to Guns'n'Roses?

Trend – tendência Superficial – superficial

To tend, tended, tended – tender

Practice and conversation

To deride(d) – zombar Symbol – símbolo

The 1980s: Popular Culture

and “Pretty in Pink” are still popular today.

Practice and conversation

1- How old were you in the 80's?

To acknowledge, acknowledged, acknowledged – reconhecer

Practice and conversation

1- Do you use to read?

To accomplish(ed) – realizar, alcançar Increasingly – crescente

How Harry Potter Changed the World

1- Who wrote the Harry Potter books?

Practice and conversation

1- Have you ever read any of the Harry Potter books?

Series and Reality Shows

Streaming – streaming Showrunner – produtor

To cancel, canceled, canceled – cancelar

Whether you like it or not – quer você goste ou não

to name after – nomear em homenagem a alguém

To binge-watch(ed) – maratonar (assistindo a séries)

(the) whole – inteiro

Practice and conversation

1- Dou you enjoy watching series? What's your favorite?

Ride – brinquedo Validity – validade

30 random facts about 'The Simpsons'

Practice and conversation

Game – jogo Console – console

Related verbs and expressions

To press, pressed, pressed – apertar

To conquer the game – fechar o jogo

Practice and conversation

1- Do you play or used to play video games?

Video Game Industry Silently Taking Over Entertainment World

1- What is the Top-grossing sector in entertainment?

Practice and conversation