-Shot peening um processo importante e por razes de segurana, essencial em muitos

setores industriais, em primeiro lugar no campo aeroespacial e automotivo.

criar uma solicitao, interna de compresso aumentando assim a vida til do componente.
Os elementos propulsores, so freqentemente expostos ao processo de "shot peening" para
induzir na superfcie uma solicitao de compresso, que reduz consideravelmente o risco de
rupturas
por
fadiga
durante
o
uso.
Graas a exata adeso a todos os parmetros de jateamento, como ngulo de impacto, tempo
e presso de jateamento, fluxo de descarga de granalha das turbinas, o tempo e grau de
cobertura da superfcie, tm aumentado a vida til de muitos componentes. O fluxo de granalha
monitorado magneticamente ou mediante dispositivos de pesagem, conforme o uso granalha
metlica o no metlica.
controle de processo especial, completamente automtico, com sistema robotizado
capacidade de 200 peas/hora.
Os procedimentos de tratamento de superfcies como retificao, fresagem, conformao,
procedimentos de tratamento termico provocam esforo tnsil residual que conduz a uma
reduo dos ciclos de vida til das peas. O Shotpeening converte
O que o shot peening com granalha?
com impacto suficiente para criar na mesma uma deformao plstica , provocando mudanas
nas suas propriedades mecnicas.
O principal benefcio o retardamento ou a preveno de fissuras
Controlar o processo
O valor da tenso residual depende de mltiplas variveis, incluindo os parmetros do
processo de shot peening, e da dureza do material de que feito o componente

A Wheelabrator
O shotpeening um processo especificamente elaborado para aumentar a resistncia fadiga
de componentes sujeitos a altas tenses alternadas. Procedimentos de tratamento de
superfcies como retificao, esmerilhamento, fresagem, encurvamento ou aquecimento
causam uma Tenso de Trao Residual.
O shotpeening um processo econmico e confivel, que pode ser realizado atravs de
Jateamento de Ar ou Jateamento com turbina
. O impacto destas granalhas deformam a superfcie aumentando a dureza e deixando
uma tenso residual de compresso que benfica para pea. Essa tenso residual de

compresso, quanto mais elevada, mais ela ir mitigar o surgimento de uma trinca de
fadiga.
com o menor desperdcio de granalha e energia.

During the shot peening process, each piece of shot that strikes the material
acts as a tiny peening hammer, imparting to the surface a small indentation or
dimple. To create the dimple, the surface of the material must yield in tension.
Below the surface, the material tries to restore its original shape, thereby
producing below the dimple, a hemisphere of cold-worked material highly
stressed in compression.
resistance to fatigue failures, corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion cracking,
hydrogen assisted cracking, fretting, galling and erosion caused by cavitation.
The maximum compressive residual stress produced just below the surface of a
part is at least as great as one-half the yield strength of the material being shot
peened.
increases crack resistance. Shot peening is the most economical and practical
method of ensuring surface residual compressive stresses.
For applications that require deeper residual compressive stresses than those
provided by shot peening, Metal Improvement Company's laser peening
process imparts a layer of beneficial compressive stress that is four times
deeper than that attainable from conventional shot peening treatments

laser
An alternative process, very recently developed, is laser peening. First the surface is covered by a black
layer with a thin layer of water on it. A laser beam is pulsed through the water and the black layer
absorbs energy. As a result in the water layer a rapidly expanding plasma is generated, which causes a
shock wave in the substrate material. This generates compressive strains in the substrate, which
compared to shot peening reach a greater depth (1 to 3 mm) and a more even tension gradient.

Schematics of laser peening

Distribution of residual strain under the surface. By changing the beam

intensity the tension gradient can be influenced.
The compressive strains compensate for an external tensile strain, resulting in a lower net tensile strain
in the surface. Shot peening also leads to a redistribution of surface strains and results in a decrease of
stress concentrations as well as residual stress caused by machining and/or thermal treatment. This is
especially favourable for machined or milled surfaces which exhibit residual surface stress.

Layer formation
The shot peening effect is largely influenced by manipulation of the work piece. Complex transport
systems and positioning devices may be needed. The nozzle diameter (the nozzle will wear internally)
and the distance to the work piece need to be precisely controlled. Precise process control is also needed
in case of sensitive materials.
Local peening is possible, but requires masking of the remaining surface, e.g. using tape or other
screening materials.
After treatment
Mechanical after treatment should be avoided except in case of aluminium and magnesium alloys. These
can be shot peened to a larger depth, so that about 0.1 mm is available for machining afterwards. This

means that in many cases the surface roughening caused by peening should be accepted. Also
dimensioning using conventional methods should be avoided.
For some applications the deposition of a corrosion resistant organic layer is useful, since the clean shot
peened surface is very sensitive to chemical attack and susceptible to fingerprints.
Stainless steel should be passivated after shot peening and in cases where it has been shot peened with
steel particles a light peen treatment with glass is sufficient to remove the steel particles.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

decrease of tensile stresses in the surface and compensation for deformations without thermal
treatment.
widely applicable, easy to control
Disadvantage:

thin work pieces are susceptible to deformation

Cost
The cost of a shot peening treatment is determined by the shot material, the process conditions (which
will vary from work piece to work piece) and by the hardness, dimensions and form of the work piece.
The peening speed greatly influences the consumption of particles, but might decrease the working time.
Applications
Shot peening is especially effective in:

decreasing residual stresses as a result of mechanical treatment

preventing concentrations of tensile stress in notches, sharp angles, forging pits and other
surface defects
preventing negative effects on the strength in the heat treated zone of welds and in
decarburized surfaces after heat treatment.

Peening is very suitable for deformation of thin work pieces. This is used for various aerospace parts,
e.g. large wing panels which obtain an aerodynamic shape after shot peening. Pressing these panels in
the required shape would lead to unacceptable tensile stresses. Another application is the improvement
of contact surfaces. Extensive wear can be avoided since oil is retained in the surface pits caused by shot
peening.
In golf clubs the surface effect of shot peening leads to a better grip so that the ball can be hit with
improved effect. Shot peening is also often used for compensation of deformation, e.g. in case of large
round gears, which deform during heat treatment, or for of long thin axles or extruder screws.
Finally, peening can be used in the prevention of stress cracking corrosion in aluminium and magnesium
alloys,
brassand
stainless
steel.

Example of a shot peened surface. The original surface is completely

covered
by
overlapping
pits.

Limitations
As long as the surface can be reached by the particles there are few limitations. The chamber for
peening determines the maximum work piece dimensions, but mobile shot peening is also possible.
The peening of sharp edges and screw threads is limited to the smallest ball diameter available, normally
0.02
mm
for
glass
balls.
Cutting
edges
cannot
be
peened.

The effect of shot peening is quickly nullified by wrong after - treatment. For instance, the work piece is
more sensitive for thermal treatment, although short heating to 230oC has no influence on peened low
alloyed steel. Various aluminium alloys can only be heated up until 175oC after peening.
Shot peening does change dimensions to a certain extent. Holes in a shot peened surface can turn into
oval,
esp.
in
thin
sheets
where
the
mechanical
properties
are
not
isotropic.

Laser Peening
laser peening process imparts a layer of beneficial residual compressive stress underneath the
surface of metal components to help them better resist the detrimental effects of fatigue and
corrosion.
In our laser peening process, a unique high energy laser is fired at the surface of a metal part to
generate pressure pulses of one million pounds per square inch, which send shock waves
through the part. Multiple firings of the laser in a pre-defined surface pattern will impart a layer of
residual compressive stress that is four times deeper than that attainable from conventional
peening treatments.
Our laser peening process uses a unique high energy Nd:glass laser in conjunction with
precision robotics to provide consistent and repeatable coverage of the square laser spots in the
desired areas of the parts to be laser peened. The SAE has issued Specification AMS-2546 to
address the recommended parameters for laser peening of metal surfaces.

Laser Peening Benefits

development of a deep layer of compressive stress with only minimal cold working.
the reduced potential for thermal relaxation of the residual stresses,
because of the reduced cold work that is associated with the laser peening process.

The following charts show the effects of laser peening on the residual stress layer

near the surface of various metals:

http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1509/ML15092A415.pdf