Flight Attendants Essential English Course

:: Flight Attendant’s Essential English Course ::
:: CONTENTS ::
:: How To Use Your Brochure :: ..................................................................................................................... 3

:: Phonetic Alphabet :: .................................................................................................................................... 4
:: Cabin Crew – Job Profile :: ......................................................................................................................... 6
:: Customer Care :: ........................................................................................................................................ 11
:: Etiquette & Good Manners :: ..................................................................................................................... 22
:: Boeing Aircraft Configuration :: ............................................................................................................... 35
:: Emergency Procedures :: .......................................................................................................................... 42
:: Emergency Equipment Location :: ........................................................................................................... 57
:: General Security Procedures :: ................................................................................................................ 58
:: Cruise Level Training :: ............................................................................................................................. 62
:: Fire Fighting :: ............................................................................................................................................ 72
:: Wilderness Survival :: ................................................................................................................................ 80
:: Aviation Law :: .......................................................................................................................................... 125
:: Aerospace Medicine :: ............................................................................................................................. 132
:: First Aid Training :: .................................................................................................................................. 137
:: CPR Training :: ......................................................................................................................................... 142
:: In-Flight Childbirth :: ................................................................................................................................ 145
:: Air Navigation :: ........................................................................................................................................ 148
:: Meteorology :: ........................................................................................................................................... 158
:: Airframes & Systems :: ............................................................................................................................ 164
:: Theory of Flight :: ..................................................................................................................................... 174
:: Public Announcements :: ........................................................................................................................ 185
:: Interview Process :: ................................................................................................................................. 190
:: Flight Attendant Interview Questions :: ................................................................................................. 195
:: Assessments & Homeworks :: ................................................................................................................ 210
2
Copyright © 2010 – Fernanda Simões | Aviation English – All rights reserved.
WELCOME ABOARD, CREW!
:: HOW TO USE YOUR BROCHURE ::

[COMO UTILIZAR SUA APOSTILA]
 Ao abrir sua apostila, perceba que, ao lado direito de cada uma das páginas, há uma tabela contendo
keywords listadas alfabeticamente. Essas keywords são as traduções do inglês para o português das
palavras-chave do texto em questão, para que você consiga entender o contexto geral de cada uma das
matérias estudadas.
 Lembre-se que, as traduções ali contidas, servem somente como referência ao texto que está sendo
estudado. É de extrema importância ressaltar que, no inglês, assim como em todas as línguas, uma
única palavra poderá ter inúmeros significados e usos, dependendo tão somente do contexto ao qual
ela está sendo aplicada. Portanto, não tome as traduções ali interpretadas como únicas, pois uma
palavra em inglês pode ter muitas traduções para o português e vice-versa.
 Assim como uma única palavra em inglês pode ter muitas traduções para o português, o contrário
também ocorrerá. Existem também palavras e expressões que não contém tradução alguma em nossa
língua e nessas horas sua criatividade para improvisá-las será fundamental. Não se esqueça que o
importante, sempre, é entender o contexto geral e não tentar encontrar traduções exatas de palavra por
palavra contida no texto.
 Sendo assim, aqui vai uma dica muito importante: tente entender o texto como ele se encontra, em
inglês. Use as keywords somente em caso de extrema necessidade. Evite ao máximo tentar,
mentalmente, fazer a tradução de cada palavra para o português. Desta maneira, você estará
exercendo seu cérebro a pensar imediatamente em outra língua, o que torna seu aprendizado muito
mais rápido e proveitoso.
 Obviamente, na tabela de keywords, você não encontrará as traduções de todas as palavras contidas
nos textos. As keywords foram selecionadas com os seguintes critérios:
1. Palavras que ainda não foram estudadas, ou pouco utilizadas, ou de cunho técnico.
2. Palavras que são extremamente diferentes na escrita, se comparadas ao português.
3. Expressões idiomáticas, locuções verbais e/ou gírias e jargões.
 As keywords não se repetirão em uma mesma tabela. Se alguma palavra ou expressão desconhecida
não estiver listada na tabela das keywords:
1. Faça um esforço para entendê-la sem o auxílio de tradução. Palavras em inglês que, na escrita, se
assemelham com palavras em português, não são incluídas como keywords exatamente por este
motivo.
2. Volte algumas páginas e veja se aquela palavra já foi listada nas tabelas anteriores. As palavras
somente se repetirão nas tabelas das keywords se forem palavras de extrema importância ao conteúdo
ou de difícil memorização, ou ainda palavras que tenham contextos e traduções diferentes das listadas
anteriormente.
3. Se, mesmo assim, você sentir que necessita de ajuda com uma palavra específica, um bom dicionário
será seu melhor recurso para tal.
 Agora que você já possui as dicas necessárias de como aproveitar ao máximo seus materiais do
Aviation English Course, não perca mais tempo: hora de estudar!
Good luck!
Fernanda Simões
3
:: PHONETIC ALPHABET ::
[ALFABETO FONÉTICO]
Letter Code word Pronunciation
A Alpha Al fah
B Bravo Brah voh
C Charlie Char lee
D Delta Del tah
E Echo Eck oh
F Foxtrot Foks trot
G Golf Golf
H Hotel Ho tell
I India In dee ah
J Juliet Jew lee ett
K Kilo Key loh
L Lima Lee mah
PRONUNCIATION M Mike Mike

[PRONÚNCIA]
N November No vem ber
a = êi
b = bí O Oscar Oss cah
c = cí
d = dí P Papa Pah pah
e=í
f = éf Q Quebec Keh beck
g = djí
h = êitch R Romeo Row me oh
i = ái
j = djêi S Sierra See air rah
k = kêi
l = él T Tango Tang go
m = êm
n = ên U Uniform You nee form
o = ôu
p = píi V Victor Vik tah
q = quíu
r = ár
W Whiskey Wiss key
s = éss
t = tíi
X X-Ray Ecks ray
u = iúu
v = víi
Y Yankee Yang key
w = dâbliu
x = écs
Z Zulu Zoo loo
y = uái
z = zíi [na Inglaterra se diz Zed.]
4
: Cabin Crew Job Profile :
5
:: CABIN CREW – JOB PROFILE ::

[PERFIL DE UMA TRIPULAÇÃO]
Aboard – A bordo
Aircraft – Aeronave
Airlines – Companhias aéreas
Although – Embora
Customer – Consumidor
Employed – Empregados(as)
First aid – Primeiros socorros
Flights – Voos
Followed – Seguidos(as)
Journey – Viagem / Jornada
Known – Conhecidos(as)
Members – Membros
Overriding – Principal
Passengers – Passageiros
Pivotal – Central
Pleasant – Agradável / Prazeroso(a)
Regulations – Regulamentos
Restricted – Restrito(a)
Role – Cargo / Função
Safety – Segurança
Seats – Assentos
To ensure – Assegurar
Pilot / Captain – Piloto / Comandante

Co-pilot / First Officer – Co-piloto
Flight Engineer / Flight Mechanics – Mecânico de Voo
Flight Director / Flight Controller – Controlador de Voo
Senior Crew Member / Purser – Chefe de Cabine
Flight Attendant / Steward / Airhostess – Comissário(a) de Voo
Cabin Crew / Air Crew / Flight Crew – Tripulação
FLIGHT ATTENDANTS
[Overview]
Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as

stewards/stewardesses or air hosts/hostesses) are members of an
aircrew employed by airlines primarily to ensure the safety but also
the comfort of passengers aboard commercial flights, on select
business jet aircraft, and on some military aircraft.
The role of a flight attendant is not restricted to customer service

although it is part of ensuring that passengers have a pleasant
journey, flight attendants are also trained to have a pivotal role in
ensuring that safety and security regulations are followed as well
as being capable of administering first aid, all of which are
prioritised above customer service. The primary and overriding
responsibility of flight attendants is passenger safety.
The number of flight attendants follows from international safety

regulations. For planes with up to 19 passenger seats, no flight
attendant is needed. For larger planes one flight attendant per 50
passenger seats is needed.
6
Passenger Care Responsibilities
The main and always primary duty of a flight attendant is for safety
but they do also provide a caregiving and customer service role on
Account – Conta / Soma
board commercial flights. Customer service duties include the Amenity – Comodidade
preparation and serving or selling of on-board food and beverage. Amount – Quantia
Announcements – Anúncios
Flight attendants also offer comfort items including blankets, Besides – Além de
Beverages – Bebidas
pillows, hot towel service, handing out headsets, magazines, Blankets – Cobertores
newspapers, amenity kits, games and on certain airlines hand out Broken – Quebrado(a)
pyjamas and set up and make the lie flat beds. They also distribute Cabin – Cabine
customs forms on international flights and assist passengers with Care – Cuidado / Preocupação
Caregiving – Assistência
their proper completion prior to landing. Crew – Tripulação
Customs – Alfândega
Inflight Service Manager Demanding – Exigente
Duty – Obrigação / Responsabilidade
Duty-free – Livre de impostos
The In-flight Service Manager (ISM), Cabin Service Manager Food – Alimento / Comida
(CSM). The title associating with this crew member differs from Forms – Formulários
airline to airline. These crew are mainly found on larger aircraft Friendly – Amigável
types and are in charge of the running of the cabin. They report Further – Adicional
Goods – Mercadoria
when the cabin is secure for take-off and landing, deliver on-board Headsets – Fones de ouvido
announcements and any broken or missing emergency equipment Higher – Maior
items to the pilots after the pre-flight check. In charge – Responsável
In-flight service – Serviço de bordo
Landing – Aterrissagem
They generally operate the doors during routine flights as well as Lie flat beds – Preparar a cama
hold the account for all money and required paperwork and reports Magazines – Revistas
for each flight. 2-4 Senior Crew Members may also be on board the Main – Principal
larger aircraft types. In-flight Service Managers are flight attendants Manager - Gerente
Mandatory – Obrigatório(a)
that have been promoted through the ranks - Flight attendant → Missing – Sumido(a) / Faltando
Senior crew member → Purser → In-flight Service Manager. To Needs – Necessidades
reach this position the crew member must have had a mandatory Newspapers – Jornais
amount of service years within the airline or airlines prior to On-board – A bordo
Pillows – Travesseiros
changing airline. Further training is mandatory, and In-flight Service Pleasant – Agradável / Prazeroso(a)
Managers typically earn a higher salary than flight attendants Pre-flight check – Cheque pré-voo
because of the added responsibility. Purser – Chefe de Cabine
Refreshments - Refrescos / Bebidas
Rewarding – Gratificante
Job Description Role – Função
Running – Funcionamento
Air cabin crew are responsible for the safety of passengers and are Take-off – Decolagem
specially trained to deal with security and emergency situations. Throughout - Ao longo / Durante
To deal – Lidar
Besides ensuring the safety of the aircraft, air cabin crew are also To earn – Ganhar / Receber
employed to ensure passengers are comfortable and that the flying To hold – Segurar
experience is a pleasant one. To reach – Alcançar
To report – Reportar
Towel – Toalha
Air cabin crew attend to passengers' needs throughout the flight Varied – Variado(a)
and provide a high level of customer service, serving refreshments Within – Dentro
and selling duty-free goods. They are expected to be friendly,
enthusiastic and courteous at all times. The work of air cabin crew
may be stressful and demanding, but it is also a varied, interesting
and rewarding role.
7
Profile: Air Cabin Crew
 Involves: Taking care of passengers during flights,

demonstrating safety procedures, serving meals and drinks to
Allowance – Permissão
passengers, selling Duty Free Items and dealing with Applications – Candidaturas
emergencies. Assigned – Designado(a)
 Employers: Airlines, e.g. British Airways, Emirates, Virgin Behalf – Em nome de
Atlantic, Tam. Carefully – Com cuidado
Carrying out – Realizando / Cumprindo
 Satisfactions: Variety, meeting people, foreign travel. Catering – Trabalho com refeições
 Negatives: Unsocial hours. Too much routine work such as Degree – Graduação
serving meals. Physically demanding. Problem with customers. Demanding – Exigente
 Skills: Cooperating, spoken communication, listening, physical Disembark – Desembarcar
Duties – Responsabilidades
fitness. Duty-free – Isento de impostos
 Advancement: Can move up to senior steward/stewardess or E.g. – Exemplo
move to ground based work. Employers – Empregadores
 Degree: None required, but languages are useful and British First aid – Primeiros socorros
Flight report – Relatório de voo
Airways has targeted language graduates. Foreign – Estrangeiro(a) / Exterior
 Postgraduate study: Not required. Goods – Mercadorias
 Vacancy sources: National Newspapers. Need to make Grooming – Aparência / Estética
speculative applications. Ground – Solo
Hand luggage – Bagagem de mão
 Tips: Competitive to enter. Get experience in customer Health – Saúde
services roles, e.g. retail or catering. Develop foreign language Height – Altura
skills. Good physical health essential; must conform to height & In force – Em vigor
weight standards. Apply speculatively to major airlines. Dress Infants – Crianças de Colo
Major – Principais
very carefully for interview: good grooming is essential in this Meals – Refeições
job. None – Nenhum(a)
Overhead lockers – Bins
Typical Work Activities Pre-flight – Pré-voo
Reassuring – Acalmar
Required – Exigido(a)
Tasks typically involve: Retail – Vendas
Roles – Função / Cargo
 Attending a pre-flight briefing, during which air cabin crew Schedule – Cronograma / Programação
Seat belts – Cintos de segurança
members are assigned their working positions for the Seat pocket – Bolsão
upcoming flight (crew are also informed of flight details, the Skills – Habilidades
schedule and if there are passengers with any special Standards – Padrões
requirements, such as diabetic passengers, passengers in Tasks – Tarefas / Serviços
Tidy – Arrumado(a) / Organizado(a)
wheelchairs or the number of infants on-board); Tips – Dicas
 Carrying out pre-flight duties, including checking the safety To apply – Candidatar-se
equipment, ensuring the aircraft is clean and tidy, ensuring that To deal – Lidar
information in the seat pockets is up to date and that all meals To dress – Vestir-se
To sell – Vender
and stock are on-board; To take care – Cuidar
 Welcoming passengers on board and directing them to their To target – Mirar no Alvo / Direcionar
seats; Travel – Viagem
 Informing the passengers of the aircraft safety procedures and Upcoming – Que está por vir
Vacancy – Vagas
ensuring that all hand luggage is securely stored away; Weight – Peso
 Checking all passenger seat belts and galleys are secure prior Wheelchairs – Cadeira de rodas
to take-off;
 Making announcements on behalf of the pilot and answering
passenger questions during the flight;
 Serving meals and refreshments to passengers;
 Selling duty-free goods and advising passengers of any
allowance restrictions in force at their destination;
 Reassuring passengers and ensuring that they follow safety
procedures correctly in emergency situations;
 Giving first aid to passengers where necessary;
 Ensuring passengers disembark safely at the end of a flight
and checking that there is no luggage left in the overhead
lockers;
 Completing paperwork, including writing a flight report.
8
Training & Other Qualifications
Flight attendants must be certified by the FAA. A high school

diploma or its equivalent is the minimum educational requirement,
Applicants – Candidatos(as)
but airlines increasingly prefer applicants who have a college As long as – Desde que
degree. Experience in dealing with the public is important, because Assigned – Determinado(a) / Designado(a)
flight attendants must be able to interact comfortably with strangers Carrier – Companhia / Empregador
and remain calm under duress. College degree – Ensino superior
Desirable – Desejável
Earnings – Ganhos
Licensure and certification: All flight attendants must be certified Entitled – Ter direito
by the FAA. To be certified, flight attendants are required to Established – Estabelecido(a)
successfully complete training requirements, such as evacuation, Fares – Preço da Passagem
Fire fighting – Combate ao fogo
fire fighting, medical emergency, and security procedures Foreign language – Língua estrangeira
established by the FAA and the Transportation Security High school – Ensino médio
Administration. They also must perform the assigned duties of a Hired – Contratado(a)
cabin crew member and complete an approved proficiency check. Hires – Contratados(as)
Holidays – Férias
Flight attendants are certified for specific types of aircraft, Increasingly – Cada vez mais
regardless of the carrier. Therefore, only 1-day or 2-day recurrent Length – Duração
training, with the new carrier, is needed for those flight attendants Life insurance – Seguro de vida
who change airlines, as long as the type of aircraft remains the Nursing – Enfermagem
Once – Uma vez
same. Paperwork – Papelada / Documentação
Per diem – Diário(a)
Education and training: A high school diploma or its equivalent is Ranging – Variando
the minimum educational requirement. However, airlines Recurrent – Periódico
Regardless – Sem levar em consideração
increasingly prefer applicants with a college degree. Applicants Remain – Manter-se
who attend schools or colleges that offer flight attendant training Requirement – Exigência
may have an advantage over other applicants. Highly desirable Requirements – Requisitos
areas of concentration include people-oriented disciplines, such as Retirement plan – Plano de aposentadoria
Sick leave – Licença médica
communications, psychology, nursing, travel and tourism, To take place – Acontecer
hospitality, and education. Flight attendants for international airlines Tuiton – Ensino / Educação
generally must speak a foreign language fluently. For their Under duress – Sob pressão
international flights, some of the major airlines prefer candidates Undergo – Passar por
who can speak two major foreign languages. Once hired, all
candidates must undergo a period of formal training. The length of
training, ranging from 3 to 6 weeks, depends on the size and type
of carrier and takes place at the airline's flight training center.
Earnings
Beginning pay scales for flight attendants vary by carrier. New hires
usually begin at the same pay scale, regardless of experience; all
flight attendants receive the same future pay increases based on
an established pay scale. Some airlines offer incentive pay for
working holidays, night and international flights, or taking positions
that require additional responsibility or paperwork.
Flight attendants and their immediate families are entitled to free or

discounted fares on their own airline and reduced fares on most
other airlines. Some airlines require that the flight attendant be with
an airline for 3 to 6 months before taking advantage of this benefit.
Other benefits may include medical, dental, and life insurance;
401K or other retirement plan; sick leave; paid holidays; stock
options; paid vacations; and tuition reimbursement. Flight
attendants also receive a ―per diem‖ allowance for meal expenses
while on duty away from home. Flight attendants are required to
wear uniforms while on duty. The airlines usually pay for uniform
replacement items, and may provide a small allowance to cover
cleaning and upkeep of the uniforms.
9
: Customer Care Training :
10
:: CUSTOMER CARE ::
[CUIDADOS COM O CLIENTE]
The Airlines demand superior Assigned – Designado(a)

customer service. Our procedures are Badge – Crachá
designed to be convenient and trouble Carriage – Transporte
free for our traveling public. CFR – Code of Federal Regulations (US)
Color – Cor
CPR – Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
It is important that all Flight Attendants Creed – Crença
become familiar with the contents of Dealt – Tratado(a)
this section. Disabled – Deficiente físico
Discretion – Discrição
Drills – Exercícios
Race, Creed Or Color Handicap – Limitado(a) fisicamente
Impairment – Distúrbio / Deficiência
The Airlines provides equal services to all customers regardless of Issued – Emitido(a)
Race – Raça
race, creed, or color. Recurrent – Periódico
Regardless – Independentemente
Company Identification Thereafter – Posteriormente
To demand – Exigir
Trouble free – Sem confusão
All Airline employees are issued a photographic identification
badge. Employees are required to have their badge ready for
presentation when requested.
Recurrent Training
Each Flight Attendant is required to attend Recurrent Flight

Attendant Training once during the twelve (12) month period
following completion of Initial Training and once every twelve (12)
months thereafter. Each Flight Attendant will be assigned a base
month upon completing Initial Training.
Test Requirements
Each Flight Attendant is required to satisfactorily complete

Recurrent Ground Training and a competency check. A
competency check may include, but is not limited to, a written
examination, evacuation drills on trainer, fire fighting drills,
equipment proficiency check and CPR techniques.
Any Flight Attendant not considered by the instructor to have

satisfactorily completed Recurrent Training for the second time will
be dealt with on an individual basis at the sole discretion of
management.
Non-Discrimination on The Basis of Handicap
The following information and procedures provide guidelines for

compliance with regulation and accommodating the needs of our
disabled customers.
Airlines carriage of disabled customers is governed by the

Department of Transportation 14 CFR 382 - Nondiscrimination on
the Basis of Handicap.
Definition of a Disabled Individual
The definition of a disabled individual is any person who has a

physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more
major life activities.
11
Prohibition of Discrimination
Airlines will not discriminate against any otherwise qualified

handicapped Individual, by reason of such handicap.
Against – Contra
Arrival – Chegada
Airlines will not refuse transportation to any qualified handicapped Behavior – Comportamento
person whose appearance or involuntary behavior may offend, Boarded – Embarcado(a)
annoy or inconvenience crewmembers or customers. Canes – Bengalas
Carry-on items – Itens da bagagem de mão
Claim at gate – Devolução no desembarque
Airlines shall not refuse to provide transportation to qualified Deplaned – Desembarcado(a)
handicapped individuals by limiting the number of such persons Devices – Dispositivos
who are permitted to travel on a given flight. Disassembly – Desmontagem
FAR – Federal Aviation Regulations (US)
Flat – Plano(a)
Airlines do not... Hook-up – Conexão / Suporte
Jetway – Ponte de embarque
 Provide oxygen, transport or accept customers requiring Lift chair – Cadeiras para deficientes
Otherwise – Normalmente
medical oxygen onboard. Own – Próprio(a)
 Provide hook-up for a respirator to the aircraft electrical power Protruding – Obstruindo
supply or accept a customer who must travel in a stretcher Row – Fileira
without proper notification from the Airport Service Agent/CRO. Stretcher – Maca
Tags – Etiquetas
 Airlines generally will permit qualified handicapped customers To annoy – Pertubar / Irritar
using personal ventilators/respirators to bring and use their To refuse – Negar-se / Recusar-se
equipment, including batteries, on-board the aircraft. To stow – Armazenar
To wish – Desejar
Toward – Para
Wheelchairs Unattended – Desacompanhado(a)
Wheelchairs – Cadeira de rodas
Wheelchairs are to be checked and placed in the cargo bin with
regular bag tags. If disassembly is required for stowage, will
reassemble and return it to the customer.
At no time may a customer be left unattended in a wheelchair or lift

chair for more than 30 minutes.
Procedure for checking wheelchairs with a "Claim at Gate" tag.

Many customers wish to be boarded and deplaned in their own
wheelchairs.
Must have a regular bag tag and a "Claim at Gate" tag.

Will be delivered to the jetway upon arrival at the destination.
Assistance Devices
Airlines permit disabled customers to stow canes, and other

assistance devices on-board the aircraft in close proximity to their
seat according to FAR 121.589. These devices are not considered
carry-on items and do not count toward the customers two carry-on
limit.
To stow an assistance device:
 Under a row of connecting seats, flat on the floor and not

protruding into aisle. Between non-emergency-exit window
seats and fuselage.
 Flat on floor not protruding into aisle.
 Flat on floor of overhead bin.
12
Assistance Animals
Airlines will permit dogs and other assistance animals used by

disabled customers, to accompany the customers on a flight at
Aisle – Corredor
his/her seat choice unless the animal obstructs an aisle. The Armrest – Encosto de braço
exception is the Emergency Overwing Window Exit row(s). Blankets – Cobertores / Mantas
Caged – Enjaulado(a)
Guidelines For Assistance Animals Disabled – Deficiente
Fearful – Amedrontado(a)
Guidelines – Procedimentos
 A dog should remain with its owner throughout the flight. Harness – Coleira
 Do not be fearful in approaching assistance dogs, they are Owner – Dono(a)
taught to accept strangers calmly. Petted – Acariciado(a)
Prior to – Antes de
 While a dog is in a harness, they are considered working and Service monkeys – Macacos adestrados
should not be touched or petted. Stowed – Acomodado(a)
 Discourage children from touching or petting, while it is in his Throughout – Por todo
harness. To discourage – Desencorajar
To remain – Manter-se
 Assistance animals may not occupy a seat. To retrieve – Devolver
 Service monkeys must remain caged and stowed under seat Wheelchair – Cadeira de rodas
throughout the flight. Within – Dentro de
Boarding
With the exception of restrictions involving Overwing Window Exit

row(s) seating, airlines cannot:
 Require a disabled individual to occupy a certain seat.

 Require a disabled individual to pre-board.
 Require a disabled individual to sit on blankets.
NOTE: The armrest must be in the down position for taxi, takeoff
and boarding. In the possible event of an emergency evacuation, it
is important to remember where your disabled customers are
seated.
Cabin Services
Flight Attendants will provide the following cabin service to disabled

customers:
 Assistance in moving to and from seats

 Assistance in preparation for eating (i.e., opening packages
and identifying food)
 Assistance in moving to and from the lavatory
 Assistance in stowing and retrieving carry-on items
Flight attendants are not required to provide extensive special

assistance of the following nature:
 Assistance with actual eating

 Assistance within the lavatory
 Assistance at the customers seat with elimination factors
 Provision of medical services
Prior to landing...
 Flight Attendant should inform the Captain of any customer

who will require additional assistance at the next station.
 Remind him/her of any wheelchairs needed.
13
Hearing Or Speaking Impaired
Eight percent of our population is hearing or speaking impaired.

One signal to look for would be if they are wearing a hearing aid.
Airlines – Companhias aéreas
Hearing aids only magnify the sound that they can't understand. It Blind – Cego(a)
does not correct the problem. Persons with a hearing impairment Blindness – Cegueira
will usually have a speaking impairment, if they can speak at all. Canes – Bengalas
Deaf – Surdo(a)
Delays – Atrasos
Deaf customers face many problems, such as: Diversion – Desvio
Dog guide – Cão-guia
 Not hearing boarding announcements. Joints – Juntas
 Not understanding pre-takeoff briefing. Lip-reading – Leitura labial
Louder – Mais alto
 Not knowing where briefing cards are located. Noise – Barulho
 Not being able to hear "Fasten Seat Belt" announcements. Passengers – Passageiros
 Not knowing of delays or diversion to alternate airports and, Row – Fileira
most importantly; Safety – Segurança
Senior citzen – Idoso(a)
 Not being able to hear evacuation instructions which could be Sitting still – Sentado sem se mexer
given in darkness with loss of electrical power, or dense smoke Slower – Mais devagar
which would impair the use of eyesight for exiting the aircraft. Soreness – Dores
Stiffness – Rigidez / Inflexibilidade
Therefore – Por isso
Be alert to ensure that deaf customers are properly advised of To convey – Conduzir
these situations. To employ – Adotar / Empregar
To ensure – Assegurar
Many deaf people use some form of sign language for To stand – Levantar-se
communication. Once a deaf customer has been identified, a
variety of methods of communication are available. Sign language
is one, written instructions or written answers to questions is
another, and lip-reading is a third.
Visually Impaired
Many customers have visual impairments other than complete

blindness (i.e., cataracts, tunnel vision, etc.)
Always ask first, "May I offer any assistance?."
Blind customers generally employ one of two methods for

dependent travel. Many use long white canes while others prefer
the dog guide. Both techniques enable travel with little or no
assistance.
To help seat a blind customer, place the individual's hand on the

arm of the seat. Convey where you are seating the person (row
number) and whether someone else is seated in the row.
Senior Citizens
Hearing and vision impairment are the most common physical

problems of old age. In-flight cabin noise can make
communications with elderly customers more difficult, and therefore
they may not always hear new information. When speaking with a
person who is hard of hearing, stand in front of the person so your
face can be seen. Speak somewhat slower and a little louder than
normal.
Stiffness and soreness in joints, especially with arthritis, results

from sitting still for long periods of time. When possible, help them
stand for a few minutes periodically and change position.
Please assist with stowing and retrieving luggage.
14
Evacuation of Customers Requiring Assistance
All customers requiring special assistance to evacuate should have

been briefed prior to flight on evacuation procedures.
Afraid – Com medo
Chute – Rampa
Should it become necessary to evacuate the aircraft, the blind Crutches – Muletas
person, if accompanied by a dog guide, should go down the chute Entangle – Desembaralhar
with the dog in his lap. It is the master's responsibility to see that Fear – Medo
Flow – Fluxo
the dog is wearing its harness so that the pair can leave the area Frightened – Assustado(a)
quickly once they are on the ground. The harness also helps to Height – Altura
activate the dog's sense of responsibility and assurance. If dog and Hindered – Atrasado(a)
blind person should become separated in the course of evacuation, Lap – Colo
Leash – Coleira
the dog should be led by its leash to the top of the slide and Led – Conduzido(a)
pushed down after its master has left the aircraft. Narrow – Estreito(a)
Tact – Tato / Educação
Tests reveal that persons allowed to use canes and crutches to To discharge – Descarregar
To draw – Atrair
evacuate an aircraft increase their time in reaching the exit. Not To embarrass – Embaraçar / Envergonhar
only is time wasted trying to locate, unstrap and entangle the canes To expedite – Apressar
or crutches from under the seat, but because of the narrow aisle, To fix – Consertar
the customer cannot get the maximum benefit of their use. To purchase – Comprar / Adquirir
To reach – Alcançar
Therefore, reemphasize the evacuation command to leave To realize – Perceber
everything at your seat. Unstrap – Desenrolar
Weight – Peso
The Flight Attendant procedure would be to assist a disabled Width – Largura
customer when the flow of traffic has cleared and the evacuation of
others would not be hindered.
Frightened Customers
The following are guidelines for assisting these customers.
 Realize that a fear is very real and you can't fix the fact that
they have a fear.
 Ask "What are you afraid of?."
 Explain about takeoff and landing.
 Realize they need attention.
 Ask about their travel plans.
 They may feel closed in or claustrophobic; move them to an
aisle seat and open air vents.
 Give them something to do (i.e., seat them next to a child as it
will keep them busy).
Unusual Size Customers
Ordinarily customers of unusual height, weight or width do not

create any problem when carried aboard the aircraft. In the event a
large customer might require more than one seat, two seats will be
purchased. A seat belt extension will provide extra comfort to the
customer. Discreetly offer the extension, so as not to draw attention
to the customer, embarrassing them.
Incorrectly Boarded Customers
Incorrectly boarded customers will be handled with tact and

diplomacy and expedited to their destination. If the departing flight
has left the immediate gate area, it will not return to the gate to
discharge incorrectly boarded customers.
15
Children
 A child under age 2 may be guaranteed a seat only if the seat

is purchased.
Accountability – Responsabilidade
Blankets – Cobertores / Mantas
 One adult (12 years or older) may not hold two (2) children Bottle – Mamadeira
under the age of two (2). One child must occupy a seat/child Fit – Encaixe
restraint system. Headcount – Contagem por cabeça
However – No entanto
Issued – Emitido(a)
 A child secured in a seat may need to be padded with Lap children – Criança de colo
pillows/blankets to ensure proper fit of the seat belt. May – Talvez
Padded – Acolchoado(a)
Pillows – Travesseiros
When assisting customers with lap children, keep in mind the Purchased – Comprado(a) / Adquirido(a)
number of oxygen masks in each PSU in the event of an Restraint – Restrição
emergency. Standing – Em pé
Ticket – Passagem
To ensure – Certificar / Assegurar
Child Under Age 2 Under – Abaixo
Without – Sem
Child has ticket
 Child with a ticket is included in customer headcount.

 Properly secured in a customer seat (padded with pillows as
necessary) or in an approved child restraint system, in
accordance with procedures in company policy.
Child does NOT have a ticket
 Child without a ticket is not included in customer headcount;

however, the Captain must be advised of "lap children."
 Only one lap child is permitted per aircraft row.
 Will be issued a Boarding Verification Document which
provides accountability for the child.
 May not be seated in an Emergency Exit Row.
 May be held in the lap of an adult (12 years or older) occupying
a seat. The seat belt must be secured around the adult only.
 Properly secured in a customer seat (when available) or in an
approved child restraint system, in accordance with procedures
in company policy.
Children 2 Years of Age or Older
Must be ticketed and occupy a customer seat.

A child may need to be padded with pillows/blankets to ensure
proper fit of the seat belt.
Customers with Small Children and Infants
 Flight Attendants are never to carry children to or from the

aircraft; however, customers carrying infants and traveling with
small children should always be assisted with hand luggage.
 A Flight Attendant may hold a child or infant if seated, never
while standing.
 Flight Attendants should advise customers with infants to give
them a bottle while ascending and descending to keep the
infant's ears open.
 In-flight Careers will accept approved child restraint systems
when the parent/ guardian/attendant has purchased a ticket for
their use. Depending on the load factor, an approved child
restraint system without a ticket may be accepted.
16
Unaccompanied Minors (UMS) - Children Age 5-11
Carrying Unaccompanied Minors is a valuable sales tool, and a

heavy liability. Legally, an Unaccompanied Minor who is accepted
Allowable – Permitido(a)
for passage is in custody until surrendered to those responsible for Ammunition – Munição
the minor's welfare at the destination. Bats – Bastões
Bowling – Boliche
Airlines will accept Unaccompanied Minors between the ages of 5 Camcorders – Filmadoras
Dangerous – Perigosos(as)
and 11. UMs will be accepted for on-line transportation provided Fishing pole – Vara de pescar
there is no change of aircraft. Garments – Vestuário
Hazardous – Arriscado(a) / Perigoso(a)
Upon booking a reservation for an Unaccompanied Minor, Knives – Facas
Liability – Responsabilidade
customers will be advised that positive identification will be required Parachutes – Pára-quedas
from the party meeting the child at the destination. Party – Parte
Pepper – Pimenta
Carry-On Baggage Policy Regulation – Regulamento
Sales tool – Ferramenta de vendas
Surrendered – Entregue
Number of Allowable Items Tools – Ferramentas
Umbrella – Guarda-chuva
 All customers will be restricted to two (2) carry-on items. Unaccompanied minor – Menor desacomp.
Walking canes – Bengalas
 In addition to the two item limit, a customer may carry: 1 ladies Welfare – Bem-estar
purse and/or 1 personal size camera and/or outer garments
(i.e. overcoats or raincoats)
Approved carry-on Items
 Garment bag or brief case

 Suitcases
 Bowling Balls Systems
 Cameras
 Umbrellas
 Camcorders
 Fishing Poles
 Parachutes
 Golf Clubs Tools/Cricket Bats/Ski Poles/Hockey Sticks
 Lap Top/Notebook/Computers
Items Not Allowed Onboard
The following items are considered dangerous and will not be

allowed on the aircraft in carry-on baggage or otherwise:
 Explosives/Ammunition/Flammable liquids
 Knives
 Handguns/rifles
 Walking canes containing items listed above
 Pepper spray or any compressed gas
 Any hazardous material as defined and regulated by Title 49 of
the Code of Federal Regulation.
17
Procedures For Handling a Customer With a Weapon
 At the ticket counter, the customer will fill out and complete an
Armed Individual Form (Federal Air Marshals traveling on
Against – Contra
mission status are exempt.) Arrival – Partida
 The Airport Service Agent will escort the customer to the Beverages – Bebidas
aircraft and give a copy of the Notice to Armed Individuals to Crew – Tripulação
the "A" Position Flight Attendant. Departure – Chegada
Enforcement – Aplicação
 Notify the following on the number of armed customers and Flightdeck – Cabine de comando
seat location of those customers: Form – Formulário
 The flightdeck Forwarded – Entregue / Enviado(a)
 Other Flight Attendants Law – Lei
Marshals – Oficiais
 Other armed individuals Other – Outro(a)
 No alcoholic beverages are to be served to any customers Regarding – Relativo a
carrying a weapon. To avoid – Evitar
To extinguish – Apagar / Extinguir
To fill out – Preencher
Smoking To handle – Manusear
To notify – Notificar
Federal law prohibits smoking on all flights. When a customer is To refuse – Recusar-se
found to be smoking: To tamper – Danificar / Obstruir
Traveling – Viajando
Warning – Advertência
 If a customer immediately extinguishes smoking material when Weapon – Arma
advised it is against the law, no further action is necessary. Witnesses – Testemunhas
If, after being advised about the law regarding smoking, the
customer:
 refuses to immediately extinguish smoking material;

 re-lights smoking materials after a warning;
 has smoked in the lavatory and the crew can confirm it; or
 has tampered with the lavatory smoke detector;
The "A" Position Flight Attendant will, in a manner which attempts

to avoid conflict, obtain:
 Physical description.
 Seat number.
 Departure and arrival stations.
 Name, address and phone number of other customers who
may serve as witnesses.
 Notify the Captain - call station.
If the customer refuses to produce identification or becomes

abusive toward crewmembers or other customers, the "A" Position
Flight Attendant will:
 Notify the Captain and call Security

 Fill out an Operations Occurrence Report
The Captain will:
 Contact Operations to request that airport security officials

meet the flight at the gate.
 Fill out an Operational Occurrence Report.
 The Reports filled out by the Captain and Flight Attendants will
be forwarded to the Manager of In-flight Services to be given to
the F.A.A. Principal Operations Inspector for enforcement
investigation against the smoking customer.
18
Refusing Alcohol
When it is determined that a customer's condition is such that he

should be refused alcohol:
Accordingly – De acordo
Appraisal – Avaliação
 Use the utmost diplomacy. Assent – Consentimento
 Never tell the customer that he/she is "drunk" or "intoxicated" Attempt – Tentativa
 Allow customer to maintain dignity by giving a way out of the Committing – Cometendo
Complaint – Reclamação
situation such as offering an alternate beverage like coffee, Counsel – Conselho
juice, or a soft drink. Detrimental – Prejudicial
 Tactfully inform the customer that he/she will not continue to be Duty – Função / Responsabilidade
served alcohol. Judged – Julgado(a)
Law officer – Oficial da lei
 Inform other Flight Attendants and the flightdeck that the Misconduct – Comportamento impróprio
customer has been refused alcohol. Nearest – O(a) mais próximo(a)
 Handle accordingly. Removal – Remoção
 Request Operations Supervisor/CRO as necessary to meet Reroute – Redirecionamento
Rescheduled – Reprogramado(a)
aircraft. Soft drink – Refrigerante
Tactfully – Educadamente
Misconduct Involving Safety To arrest – Prender
To refuse – Recusar
To threat – Ameaçar
If a customer is committing, or threatens to commit, any act which Utmost – Mais alto(a)
would be detrimental to the safety of the flight and/or its customers,
it is the duty and responsibility of airlines and its personnel to use
whatever means reasonable, including restraint if necessary, to
ensure the safety of the flight and its customers.
 If the flight is on the ground, either the Customer Service

supervisor or the Captain decides whether or not removal is
necessary.
 If the flight is in the air, the Captain decides. The Captain also
decides whether the removal can be safely delayed until the
flight reaches the next reroute stop or its terminal point, or
whether circumstances require a rescheduled stop at the
nearest usable airport. If flight duties and the situation permit,
the Captain or his designee should personally observe the
situation and the customer in order to assure that a proper
appraisal has been made and that he/she has properly judged
the action to be taken.
Working with a Law Officer
 When a law officer arrives, the supervisor or Captain should

briefly explain the situation to him/her. No attempt should be
made to interfere in any way with the law officer's duties.
Assistance may be given (not volunteered) if specifically
requested by the law officer
 Under no circumstances should the supervisor or Captain
(except as noted below), cause the arrest or detention of a
customer, or assent to the same by law officers, without
securing the prior approval of airline's legal counsel. If the law
officer requests that a criminal complaint, crime report, or other
document be signed at the scene, the supervisor or Captain
should adhere to the procedures summarized below:
 No complaint, report, or other document should be signed, that
the supervisor or captain did not personally prepare.
 Any complaint, report, or other document that is to be signed
and delivered to the law officer should be limited to facts
personally observed. Do not report hearsay gathered from
another airline employee. Do not offer opinions, conclusions,
judgments, or suggestions.
19
Suggestions To Enhance Our Customer Service
General
Asleep – Adormecido(a)
 Receive complaints, suggestions and criticism in a concerned Attempt – Tentativa
manner. Make all possible efforts to relieve the situation. Both – Ambos(as)
 Deal with the customer's feelings. Care – Atenção / Cuidado
 Deal secondly with their problems. Cautious – Cuidadoso(a)
Complaints – Reclamações
 Be friendly and treat our customers as individuals. Concerned – Interessado(a)
 Attempt to identify "First Time Flyers" and make every effort to Efforts – Esforços
make their first flight both memorable and fun. Enough – Suficiente
 When it is necessary to deny a customer's request, be tactful Feelings – Emoções / Sentimentos
Fun – Diversão
and explain the reason you are denying the request. Needs – Necessidades
 Know your route or flight plan, time changes. Outside – Lado de fora
 Answer call buttons promptly (do not tell a customer the button Promptly – Imediatamente / Rapidamente
is for emergency use only). Safety – Segurança
To allow – Permitir
To deal – Lidar
Be cautious when visiting customers regarding: To deny – Negar
To enhance – Aprimorar
 aircraft safety To know – Saber / Conhecer
To listen – Ouvir
 religion To make sure – Ter certeza / Certificar-se
 politics To meet – Encontrar
To relieve – Remediar / Ajudar
Make sure you: To rely on – Contar com
To think – Pensar
Understanding – Compreensão
 Turn customer's reading lights off if they are asleep.
 Offer pillows and blankets on late evening flights or when
appropriate.
 Ensure the cabin temperature is comfortable whenever
possible.
 Offer magazines.
 Cabin lights should always be on for boarding, deplaning and
day flights. The lights may be adjusted for late-night flights or
when most customers are sleeping. Remember that customers
need good light to read or work. It is not enough to rely on
daylight outside.
C.U.R.E/C.A.L.M.
Think in terms of difficult situations vs. difficult people.

RESPOND with the CURE:
C - Care
U - Understanding
R - Respect
E - Empathy
Then CALM them:
C - Control yourself
A - Allow them to vent
L - Listen
M - Meet their needs
20
: Etiquette & Good Manners :
21
:: FLIGHT ATTENDANT INTERVIEW MANNER TIPS ::

[DICAS DE COMPORTAMENTO EM ENTREVISTAS]
Flight Attendant Interview Tips can help you in making that first
Application – Formulário
impression which is always the best impression. You will be judged Behind – Atrás
by; the way you appear, your qualifications, previous experience, Body language – Gestos
body language, manners, ability to absorb the information and Carefully – Cuidadosamente
interpret it intelligently and clearly. So take care and be at your Confidently – Confiantemente
First impression – Primeira impressão
best. Folder – Pasta
Hear from – Ter respostas / Ouvir de
Interviewer – Entrevistador(a)
 Carry the required documents in order - like certificates, copy Judged – Julgado(a)
Late – Atrasado(a)
of application sent, resume etc. neatly in a folder so that it can Manners – Maneiras / Comportamento
be easily shown when asked. Do not forget to carry a pen also. Mistake – Erro / Engano
Neatly – Organizadamente
 Present the documents only if the interviewer asks for it. Only – Somente
Pleasant – Agradável
Politely – Educadamente
 Never be late for an interview. Rejected – Recusado(a)
Replies – Respostas
 Greet the interviewers the moment you enter. Required – Exigido(a)
Resume – Curriculum Vitae
Shown – Apresentado(a)
 Sit down only when you are asked to. It is better not to pull the Tips – Dicas
chair; either lift it or move it and always enter from the right To walk out – Sair
side of the chair. To appear – Aparecer
To avoid – Evitar
To expect – Esperar
 Do not forget to say 'please and thank you' whenever required. To greet – Cumprimentar
To leave – Ir embora
 Be attentive and listen carefully to the question. If you have not To shake hands – Apertar as mãos
To shut the door – Fechar a porta
understood the question ask politely for a repeat.
 Reply confidently and immediately to the point, keeping your

answers short unless asked for a longer description.
 While answering, look directly at the person asking the

questions and try to be pleasant.
 Replies connected to any details regarding your resume should

be authentic.
 It is better to admit if you have committed a mistake or don't

know something.
 Remember to say 'sorry' if your opinions or answers are

rejected.
 Avoid indulging in certain mannerisms in your speech or

behavior.
 You can ask when you can expect to hear from them before
you leave.
 Remember to say "Thank you" at the end of an interview to

every interviewer before leaving.
 Shake hands only if the interviewer initiates the gesture.
 Walk out confidently without looking back.
 Gently shut the door behind you as you leave.
22
:: FLIGHT ATTENDANT’S GROOMING STANDARDS ::

[PADRÕES DE ESTÉTICA/APARÊNCIA PARA COMISSÁRIOS]
After shave – Pós-barba

Jewelry Guidelines Ankle – Tornozelo
Bands – Anéis
 Rings: One on each hand for both males and females is Bangle – Argolas grandes
acceptable. Engagement and wedding bands are considered Belts – Cintos
Bra – Sutiã
as one. Bracelets – Braceletes / Pulseiras
Chains – Correntes
 Necklaces: Short gold or silver chains next to skin acceptable. Diamond – Diamante
No necklace outside of shirt for either males or females. Earrings – Brincos
Engagement – Noivado
Foundation – Base
 Bracelets: Only one (1) allowed; no more than 1/2 inch wide. Garish – Extravagante
Must be silver or gold style bracelet. No bangle style bracelets Gold – Ouro
allowed. Medic alert bracelets are permitted. Ankle bracelets Guidelines – Normas de procedimento
Hoop – Argola
are not permitted with uniform. Jewellery – Jóias
Lipstick – Batom
 Body piercing: Visible body piercing (other than for the ear) Make-up – Maquilagem
are not permitted. Mascara – Rímel
Name badges – Crachás
Necklaces – Colares
 Earrings: No larger than a 50 cent piece are acceptable. Gold, On duty – Em serviço
silver, pearl or diamond earrings are preferable. Only two (2) Overdone – Exagerado(a)
earrings per ear is allowed and both must be in the lobe of the Pants – Calças
Pearl – Pérola
ear, stud or hoop types only. Males are not allowed to wear Rings – Anéis
earrings. Scents – Cheiros / Fragrâncias
Silver – Prata
Additional Accessories/Jewelry Guidelines Sparingly – Moderadamente
Stud – Botão
Tasteful – De bom gosto / Elegante
 Watches: Flight Attendants are required to wear a tasteful Undergarments – Roupas íntimas
style watch while on duty. Watches – Relógios de pulso
Wedding – Casamento
 Name Badges: Company issued wings must be worn while on
duty on the left side above the company logo.
 Belts: To coordinate in color with uniform pants.
Personal Hygiene And Appearance Guidelines
 Undergarments: All male and female employees are expected

to wear appropriate undergarments. Females must wear a bra.
Make-Up
 Females: Make-up consists of foundation, blush, mascara and

lipstick and is to be used so agent presents a natural
appearance with no garish or overdone effects. Never apply
make-up in public. Males are not permitted to wear make-up.
 Fragrances: Perfumes, colognes, and after shaves should be

used in light scents and sparingly.
23
Nails:
Females:
Bangs – Franjas
 Cleaned and well shaped at all times. Barrette – Grampo
 Not to exceed 3/4" length from the cuticle to the end of the nail. Beards – Barbas
 Nails must be same length on both hands. Bow – Laço
 Shade of polish must blend with uniform. Polish may not be Chipped – Lascado(a)
Daily – Diariamente
peeling or chipped. Decals – Decalques
 Decals and gold nails are not permitted. Goatees – Cavanhaques
Gold – Ouro
Males: Golden – Dourado(a)
Hair – Cabelo
Headband – Faixa
 Kept clean and trim. Legs – Pernas
 Length should not extend passed the tip of the finger. Length – Comprimento
 Colored polish is not permitted. Moussed – Com mousse
Moustaches – Bigodes
Nailpolish – Esmalte
Hair Guidelines Nails – Unhas
Neatly – Impecavelmente
Females: Ornate – Enfeitado(a)
Peeling – Descascando
Ponytails – Rabos-de-cavalo
 Spiked or moussed hair is not acceptable. Ribbon – Fita
 Hair must be kept back so as not to obscure the face when Shade – Tonalidade
leaning forward. Shape – Formato
Shaved – Raspado(a) / Depilado(a)
 Hair must be pulled back from check in to check out Sideburns – Costeletas
 Neatly controlled so it does not require frequent handling. Spiked – Arrepiado(a)
 Bangs must not obscure the eyebrows. Tip – Ponta
 Pulled back as long as it is held back with an appropriate To blend – Combinar
To lean forward – Inclinar-se para frente
ribbon, bow, barrette or headband in a color that compliments To trim – Aparar
the uniform. Underarms – Axilas
 Hair accessories must be complimentary to the uniform, not
excessive or ornate.
 Color treated hair must be maintained. No extreme colors or
dark roots are acceptable.
 Extreme styles will not be permitted
 Legs and underarms must be shaved.
 Facial hair must not be noticeable.
Males:
 Faces should be shaved daily.

 Mustaches are acceptable providing they are kept neatly
trimmed.
 Beards are acceptable only if grown while on vacation and
approved by a supervisor. No intermediate growth will be
permitted while on duty.
 Sideburns may not exceed the bottom of the ear lobe.
 Haircuts must be conservative in style and measure 1/2 inch
over the collar. No ponytails allowed.
 Goatees are acceptable providing they are neatly trimmed.
24
:: PERSONAL GROOMING ::
[PRODUTOS PARA CUIDADOS COM A ESTÉTICA/APARÊNCIA]
Body Skincare
[Cuidados com o Corpo]
Nourishing Body Cream

[Creme Nutritivo para o Corpo]
Body Lotion
[Loção Hidratante para o Corpo]
Body Oil
[Óleo para o Corpo]
Anti-Cellulite Cream
[Creme Anti-Celulite]
Shave Cream
[Creme para Barbear/Raspar]
After-Shave Moisturizing Cream

[Creme Hidratante Pós-Barba]
Hair Removal Device

[Removedor de Pelos]
Wax Strips
[Cera para Depilar]
25
Facial Skincare
[Cuidados com o Rosto]
Wrinkle Cream
[Creme para Rugas]
Anti-Aging Cream
[Creme Rejuvenescedor]
Purifying Mud Masque

[Máscara Purificadora de Lama]
Pore-Refining Mask with Clay

[Máscara Purificadora de Póros com Argila]
Anti-Acne Purifying Mask

[Máscara Purificadora contra Acnes]
Hydrating Cleansing Milk

[Leite Hidratante de Limpeza]
Oil-Free Moisturiser
[Hidratante sem Óleo]
Daily Exfoliating Cleanser

[Creme de Limpeza Exfoliante Uso Diário]
Toner
[Tônico]
Skyn Types
[Tipos de Pele]
Dry Skin [Pele Seca]

Normal Skin [Pele Normal]
Oily Skin [Pele Oleosa]
Sensitive Skin [Pele Sensível]
26
MAKE UP
[Maquilagem]
Body Makeup
[Maquilagem para o Corpo]
Instant Spray-on Bronzer Sun Tan

[Spray para Bronzeamento Instantâneo]
Self Tanning Mousse

[Mousse de Bronzeamento Artificial]
Self Tanner Cream

[Creme de Bronzeamento Artificial]
Airbrush Legs
[Spray de Bronzeamento para as Pernas]
Tinted Body Moisturizer

[Creme Hidratante com Bronzeamento]
Eye Makeup
[Maquilagem para os Olhos]
Eye Shadow
[Sombra]
Eye Liner
[Delineador]
Mascara
[Rímel]
Eye Pencil
[Lápis para os Olhos]
27
Facial Makeup
[Maquilagem para o Rosto]
Spot Corrector
[Corretivo para Espinhas]
Fluid Foundation with SPF

[Base Líquida com Protetor Solar]
Blush
[Blush]
Loose Powder
[Pó para o Rosto]
Face Powder
[Pó para o Rosto]
Pressed Powder
[Pó Compacto para o Rosto]
Lip Makeup
[Maquilagem para os Lábios]
Lip Pencil
[Lápis para Contorno Labial]
Lip Gloss
[Brilho Labial]
Lipstick
[Batom]
Lip Balm
[Hidratante para Lábios / Manteiga de Cacau]
28
Hands & Nails

[Mãos e Unhas]
Nail Hardener
[Fortificante de Unhas]
Hand Cream
[Creme para as Mãos]
Cuticle Remover
[Removedor de Cutículas]
Nailpolish
[Esmalte]
Acetone
[Acetona]
Nail Polish Remover

[Removedor de Esmaltes]
HAIR
[Cabelos]
Hair Types
[Tipos de Cabelos]
Blonde [Loiro(a)]
Brown [Castanho]
Brunette [Moreno(a)]
Colored [Tingido]
Curly [Ondulado / Encaracolado]
Dandruff [Caspa]
Dry & Damaged [Seco e Danificado]
Fine & Thin [Fino e Quebradiço]
Hairloss [Queda de Cabelo]
Normal [Normal]
Oily [Oleoso]
Red [Ruivo(a)]
Straight [Liso]
29
Hair Products
[Produtos para os Cabelos]
Shampoo
[Xampú]
Conditioner
[Condicionador]
Hair Serum
[Reparador de Pontas]
Hair Treatment Masque

[Máscara de Hidratação para os Cabelos]
Styling Gel
[Gel Modelador]
Hair Color
[Tinta para Coloração]
Hair Brush
[Escova de Cabelos]
Hair Comb
[Pente]
Curling Iron
[Baby Liss]
Hair Straightener / Flat Iron

[Chapinha]
Hair Dryer
[Secador]
30
:: MAKE UP TIPS ::
[Dicas de Maquilagem]
Master The Basics

Buildup – Acúmulos
Cakey – Esfarelado
To prepare a smooth canvas for Canvas – Superfície
your makeup, always start off Carefully – Cuidadosamente
with clean, moisturized skin. Cheeks – Bochechas
Chin – Queixo
You'll find that your makeup Cleanser – Tônico para limpeza da pele
glides on and blends more easily. Concealer – Corretivo
Easily – Facilmente
Keep your skin free of buildup by Fingertips – Ponta dos dedos
Flawless – Impecável / Perfeito(a)
using a gentle cleanser in the Forehead – Testa
morning and at night. When Foundation – Base
cleansing your face, do so gently Harmful – Nocivo(a)
in upward motion. Instead – Em vez de
Jawline – Linha do maxilar
Mild – Suave
Freshen up your skin with a toner containing ingredients that suit Moisturised – Hidratado(a)
your skin type. Indulge your skin and keep it hydrated with a Neck – Pescoço
moisturizer that is compatible with your skin type. Make sure your Rays – Raios
Scrub – Bucha
daytime moisturizer contains SPF to protect your skin from the Seamless – Contínuo(a)
sun's harmful rays. Shade – Tonalidade / Nuance
Sheer – Absoluto(a) / Completo(a)
Treat yourself to an at-home-facial 2 to 3 times a week. Use a mild Smooth – Macio(a)
SPF – FPS
cleanser, and then exfoliate with a gentle scrub that contains Strokes – Pinceladas
exfoliants. Apply a facial mask after exfoliating. Rinse off Tip – Dica
thoroughly and get a good night's sleep! To blend – Misturar
To freshen up – Tornar mais atrativo(a)
To glide – Deslizar
To indulge – Favorecer
Tip: Even when you're out of the sun, or it appears to be a To master – Dominar
cloudy day, always be sure your makeup foundation or moisturizer To match – Combinar
contains SPF 15 or higher. To rinse off – Enxaguar
To start off – Começar
Toner – Tonificante
Secret to a flawless look. Under eye circles – Olheiras
Apply foundation to your cheeks,

forehead, and chin using a
foundation brush, sponge, or
clean fingertips. Blend the
foundation all the way to your
natural hairline with long, light
strokes.
Continue blending over the

jawline and onto your neck to
achieve a natural, seamless look.
Check your face and neck in natural light to make sure the
foundation is completely blended in all areas.
If under-eye circles or red spots remain, do not add more

foundation; it can look heavy and cakey. Instead, try a concealer.
Tip: Choose the shade of your foundation carefully. When

testing out shades, pick one that matches the tone of your jawline
exactly. For daytime, mix your foundation with a light SPF
moisturizer before applying for a smoother, more sheer application.
31
Tips for cheeks.
When applying blush, you want

the color to look soft and natural,
Beyond – Além
as if it comes from within. Read Bone – Osso
below for tips on how to put on Cheeks – Bochechas
make-up. Corner – Canto
Crease – Dobra
Dot – Ponto
Tap or lightly blow on the Eyelid – Pálpebra
applicator brush to remove any Eyeshadow – Sombra de olho
excess blush before applying to Harsh – Grosso(a)
prevent a harsh and uneven Inner – Interno
Lash – Cílio
application. Livelier – Vívido
Lusher – Mais viçoso
Apply your blush on the apple of the cheek and carefully blend Temples – Têmporas
towards your natural hairline. Highlight your temples, forehead and To blow – Assoprar
To draw – Desenhar
chin. To tap – Bater de leve
Towards – Em direção a
Uneven – Desigual
Tip: Make sure to blend your blush into your foundation well or Within – De dentro
it will tend to look unnatural and add the appearance of 5 years to
your looks.
Tips for eyes.
Apply a light eyeshadow over

your entire eyelid from lash line
to eyebrow bone, but not beyond.
Define the crease of your eyelid
using a medium or dark shade.
The deeper the shade, the more
dramatic look.
To open up your eyes so that

they appear livelier, place a dot
of a light shade in the inner
corner of each eye.
Tip: When choosing an eyeshadow shade, keep in mind that a

pastel shade will look softer while a darker shade will appear more
dramatic when applied.
Tip: For a natural-looking eyeliner and the illusion of lusher,

fuller lashes, use a dark brown eye pencil and carefully press a
series of dots between your lashes following your lash line.
Tip: For the sophisticated look, draw a smooth fine line alone
the top lashes.
Tip: To create the dramatic look, draw a line inside your lash
line (as close to the lashes as possible), then along the top of the
lash line.
32
Tips for lips.
Applying lipliner is not only a

great way to define and
Coat – Camada
accentuate the shape of your Creamy – Cremoso
lips, but also to keep your lipstick Frost – Cor de gelo
from feathering. Fuller – Com mais volume
Fullness – Mais cheio
Glossy – Brilhoso / Brilhante
Begin applying lipliner at the Index finger – Dedo indicador
center of your natural upper lip Lip balm – Manteiga de cacau
line to define the bow then work Lipliner – Contorno dos lábios
toward the outer corners to Lips – Lábios
Matte – Fosco
complete the line. Moist – Úmido
Plumper – Volumoso
Start at one corner of your bottom lip then follow your natural lip Shape – Formato
line all the way to the other corner. Sheer – Transparente
Tissue – Lenço de papel
To blot – Tirar o excesso
To pout – Fazer biquinho
Tip: Choose a lipliner that matches your lipstick or a tone To smudge – Esfumaçar
shade for a soft, natural look. Upper lip – Lábio superior
Tip: To get plumper, pinker looking lips, do not touch up by

drawing a hard lip line; smudge it so lips look fuller! For a more
dramatic fullness, choose a lipstick shade with a hint of frost.
Tip: To avoid lipstick on your teeth, put your index finger in

your mouth and then draw it out slowly with your mouth closed.
What you see on your finger is what would have ended up on your
teeth!
Perfecting your pout.
Apply color onto the center of your lips, blending up and out to the lip line
working towards the corners.
For longer lasting color, gently blot with tissue, reapply lipstick and blot
again.
For evening, remember to select a lipstick one or two shades deeper than
your daytime color.
Tip: For a creamy effect, apply a lip balm to lips before applying
lipstick.
Tip: For a matte effect, apply lipstick then blot gently with tissue.
Tip: For a sheer effect, apply lip balm. Gently dot a small amount of
neutral color lipstick across lips, then smooth out.
Tip: For a glossy effect, apply lipstick then finish with a clear or
neutral color gloss coat for a moist, seductive shine. Remember, the more
coats you apply, the more shine so turn up the volume!
33
: Boeing Aircraft Configuration :
34
:: BOEING AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION ::

[CONFIGURAÇÃO DO BOEING]
Introduction
At a glance – De relance
Crew – Tripulação
The Boeing 737 airplane is a Devices – Dispositivos
two-engine aircraft designed Engines – Motores
primarily for short to medium Feet – Pés
Fuselage – Fuselagem
range operation. The use of High-lift – Alta sustentação
extremely effective "high-lift" Landing gear – Trem de pouso
devices on the wing trailing Leading edge – Bordo de ataque
edges and leading edges Lift – Sustentação
Main – Principal
provides an airplane which Major – Principal
cruises at speeds comparable Maximum speed – Velocidade máxima
to other high-speed jet Piston – Pistão
aircraft. The 737, therefore, Range – Percurso / Distância
Range of flight – Alcance de voo
operates with equal comfort Runways – Pistas de decolagens
and safety from airfields with Seating capacity – Número de assentos
long runways and from the Tail section – Empenagem / Cauda
shorter runways formerly used Therefore – Consequentemente
Thrust – Propulsão / Aceleração
only by the piston airplanes. To comprise – Abranger
To provide – Proporcionar
Boeing 737-300 At A Glance Trailing edge – Bordo de fuga
Two-engine – Bimotor
Wing – Asa
 Engines = 2 Wing span – Envergadura das asas
 Range of flight = 1,899 miles
 Maximum speed = 575 m.p.h.
 Seating capacity = 138
 Maximum altitude = 37,000 feet
 Crew = 5
Aircraft Components
The five major components of the Boeing 737 are:
1. Engine
2. Wing
3. Tail section
4. Fuselage
5. Landing gear
Engine
The main function of the engine is to provide "thrust".
Wing
The main function of the wing is to provide "lift". The wing span of
the Boeing 737-300 aircraft is approximately 94 feet.
Tail Section
The tail section provides aircraft stability and control.
Fuselage
The fuselage is the main structure or "body" of the aircraft. It is

comprised of the following:
35
Flight deck
The flight deck is where all flight control instruments are located.
The flight deck is entered from the forward entry area through an
Air conditioning – Ar-condicionado
outward opening door. The door is designed with a one-way viewer Anti-icing – Anti-congelante
which allows the flight attendants to scan the customer cabin area. Brakes – Freios
Bulkhead – Divisória
An electric lock controlled by the pilots secures the door during Engine start-up – Arranque do motor
Fitted – Equipado(a)
flight. In the event the door cannot be unlocked from inside the Flight control – Sistemas de comando
flight deck, a flight deck key is located in the forward bulkhead. Flight deck – Cabine de comando
Forward – Dianteiro
The flight deck is also equipped with two (2) emergency exits; one Ground – Solo
Heat – Aquecimento
sliding window aircraft left and one sliding window aircraft right. Heating – Aquecedor
Both exits are plug type. The Captain's sliding window (aircraft left) Landing – Aterrissagem
is the only exit on the Boeing 737 that cannot be opened from the Landing gear – Trem de pouso
outside. Lock – Fechamento
Luggage – Bagagem
Main gear – Trem de pouso principal
Customer Compartment Outward – Externo(a)
Overwing – Acima da asa
Equipped with six (6) exits; one forward entry door, one forward Pull – Força
Seating capacity – Número de assentos
galley door, two (2) overwing window exits, one aircraft left and one Sliding – Corrediço(a)
aircraft right (for emergency use only), one aft entry door, and one Tail – Cauda
aft galley door. Entry doors are located aircraft left. Galley doors Takeoff – Decolagem
are located aircraft right. Taxi – Movimento do avião na pista
To cease – Parar
To resume – Retomar
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Until – Até que
Viewer – Visor
The APU is a gas turbine engine mounted in the tail of the aircraft. Warning – Advertência / Aviso
Wheels – Rodas
This unit, along with the main engines, provides necessary
electrical and hydraulic power cabin air conditioning and
pressurization, and heat for wing anti-icing. It operates in the air
and on the ground.
However, at engine start-up, all APU air power is used to start the
engines. As a result of the pull of power used to start the engine,
air conditioning/heating and electrical power temporarily ceases
until engines have started. At that time, The APU can resume
providing air conditioning/heating and cabin pressurization.
Luggage/Cargo Compartment
Two (2) cargo compartment doors, both plug type, are located on
the lower right side of the fuselage. The doors can be operated
gradually from either the inside or outside of the aircraft. A warning
light in the flight deck illuminates when the doors are not closed
and locked.
Landing Gear
The Boeing 737 landing gear, used for taxi, takeoff and landing
operations, is a tricycle-type, retractable landing gear consisting of
two (2) wheels on each gear.
Main Gear
Mounted under the aft portion of the wing, each wheel is fitted with
brakes.
36
Nose Gear
Located just forward of the main entry door: nose gear is steerable
to provide ground maneuverability; wheels are not fitted with
Aforementioned – Previamente mencionado
brakes. Against – Contra
Backup – Alternativa
DOORS AND WINDOWS Bar – Barra
Bottom – Base
Brackets – Suportes
Entry and Galley Service Doors Deployed – Preparados(as)
Ditching – Amerrissagem
Inward-outward opening plug-type pressure doors are used for all Either – Ambos(as)
entry doors and galley service doors. This type door operates on Escape slides – Escorregadeiras
Full – Total
two hinges and uses four roller-type latches for positioning and Gust – Acesso
locking. A light In the control panel will indicate when any door is Held – Segurado(a) / Mantido(a)
not locked. Each door has a three-pane window. Hinges – Dobradiças
Inflation handle – Tubo para inflar
Inside – Dentro
The doors may be opened from either inside or outside the Inward – Interior
airplane. The interior door handle rotates easily through a 180 Latches – Trincos
degree arc. The exterior door handle is recessed in the outer face Loads – Cargas
of the door and must be pulled out before it can be rotated. Door Locking – Fechamento
Malfunction – Defeito
opening training is one of the major physical training conducted Maneuverability – Capacidade de manobra
during their flight attendant training program. Means – Meios
Nose gear – Trem do nariz / Bequilha
To open the door, movement of either handle rotates a mechanism Outward – Exterior
Pane – Vidro
within the door. This mechanism mechanically lowers the pressure Pressure gate – Passagem de pressão
gates at the bottom and top of the door, moves the door into the Pressure gauge – Manômetro
cabin and then rotates it through its opening to about 45 degrees. Quick release – Desengate rápido
From this position, the door is pushed or pulled to the full open Recessed – Embutido(a) / Acoplado(a)
Roller-type – De rolagem
position against the airplane fuselage. The door is held in the open Steerable – Direcionável
position by a mechanical latch on the upper hinge. To depress – Baixar
To detach – Remover
To close any of the aircraft doors, the mechanical latch on the To ensure – Assegurar
To lower – Diminuir
upper hinge, referred to as "gust lock", must be depressed. The To pull – Puxar
door is then manually rotated to the aforementioned 45 degree To push – Empurrar
position. From this position, the handle is used to position, close To seal – Selar
and latch the door. When the handle is rotated to the full closed
position, the pressure gates close, sealing the door. Because of
cabin pressure loads, these doors cannot be opened during normal
flight conditions.
Escape Slides
An escape slide is mounted to the inside of each door to be used in

an emergency situation for the evacuation of customers and crew.
A pressure gauge on each slide provides a means to ensure the

slide is operational. All slides are designed to inflate automatically
when deployed; however, in the case of a malfunction, a red
inflation handle will be present as a backup system and may be
pulled to manually inflate the slide.
On the slides of some aircraft, there is a quick release handle used

to detach the slide from the airplane in the event of a water
evacuation. This handle which is protected by a cover marked "for
ditching" becomes visible once the slide is deployed. On any other
aircraft which do not have a quick release handle, the deployed
slide may be detached from the airplane by removing the bar from
the door brackets.
37
Windows
Rectangular customer cabin windows 10 x14 inches are located at

eye level and are spaced at 20 inch intervals. Each window
Above – Acima
consists of two panes, each of which being capable to withstanding Aft – De popa / Posterior / De trás
the full pressure load of the cabin. In addition, a decorative window Ceiling – Teto
panel covers each window area to provide protection for the Circuit breakers – Disjuntores
window. Each panel contains opaque sliding window shade Due to – Devido a
Each – Cada
eliminating the need for sidewall curtains. The shades slide up to Electric shaver – Barbeador elétrico
open. Small circular windows are also provided on all entry and Flush – Descarga
galley service doors. However – No entanto
In addition – Além disso
Inches – Polegadas
Overwing Window Exits Mirror – Espelho
Outlet – Tomada
All 737-300 Series aircraft are equipped with two overwing window Ovens – Fornos
exits; one aircraft left and one aircraft right. The exits are marked Pinhole – Buraco da fechadura
Rather than – Ao invés de
with an exit sign located on the customer cabin ceiling and an exit Sharp tipped – Pontiagudo(a)
sign at each over-wing window exit approximately two feet above Sidewall – Lateral
door level. These exits are to be opened only during an emergency Supplies – Fornecimentos
evacuation. They may be opened from the inside by pulling down To ease – Facilitar
To withstand – Suportar
on the top. Toiletry – Artigos de toilete
Unit – Mobília
For ease in viewing outside conditions, a rectangular window and Vacant – Vazio / Livre
sliding shade, similar to the customer cabin windows, is located at Wash basin – Pia
Window shade – Veneziana
eye level on each over-wing window exit. Due to the evacuation
mechanism in the exit however, the window shades slide down to
open rather than up.
CABIN INTERIOR COMPONENTS
Galleys
Galley units are installed on all Boeing 737 aircraft: one forward
and one aft. Galleys are stocked with the items necessary to
provide a complete in-flight service. In addition, each galley is
equipped with an electrical panel containing circuit breakers for
various lighting systems and ovens (if applicable). The following
are examples of one type of galley, others will be similar.
Lavatories
Lavatories are provided on all Boeing 737 aircraft. Each lav is

equipped with a flushing toilet, a wash basin with hot and cold
water, outlet's for electric shavers, a fluorescent lighted mirror, a
customer call button and information sign, a lavatory service unit,
and all necessary toiletry supplies.
Lavatory Door
The door to each lavatory has a slide type door lock which is
operated from inside the lav. A small sign on the outside of the
door will indicate either occupied or vacant, depending on the
position of the lock. Locking the door will also illuminate a "lav
occupied" light on the lower ceiling in the respective cabin area.
Although the lock is operated from the inside, if necessary, the
door may be unlocked from the outside by inserting a sharp tipped
object into the pinhole on the "occupied" sign and sliding it to the
"vacant" position.
38
Cabin Interior Systems
Passenger Service Unit (PSU)

Abreast – Lado a lado
Service units are provided throughout the airplane to supply Aisle – Corredor
cooling air, oxygen and electrical services for the customer's and Armrests – Encostos para os braços
Flight Attendant's use. Cooling air – Ar refrigerado
Edge – Borda
Fastened – Fixados / Presos
These units are fastened to the underside of the overhead bins, Inner – Interno
overhead and 4-5 inches forward of the seat backs. Each unit Jump seats – Assentos rebatíveis
contains three air vent outlets, three reading lights with individual Magazine – Revista
buttons, four oxygen masks, a passenger speaker and one Flight No smoking – Proibido fumar
Overhead – Acima
Attendant call button. There are also "Fasten Seat Belt" and "No Pocket – Bolsão
Smoking" signs located on the aft face of all units. Seat back – Enconsto do assento
Customer Seating Seat cushion – Almofada do assento
Seating – Assentos
Self-folding – Rebatível
Accommodations for 138 tourist-class customers are provided in Speaker – Alto-falante
the delivery configuration. For the most part, the seats will be Step – Degrau
arranged six-abreast at a typical seat spacing of 3 feet. All seats Stick – Vareta
Throughout – Ao longo de
are equipped with tray tables. The tray tables are attached to and To drop – Cair
fold into the seat back. To fasten seat belt – Atar cinto de seg.
To fold – Dobrar
The seats may be adjusted to a maximum recline position of 38 Tray – Bandeja
Underside – Parte de baixo
degrees. (Seats immediately forward and aft of partitions or
bulkheads do not recline). The recline button is located on the inner
side of the inboard armrests.
The overhead bin assist step is located on the bottom forward edge
of each aisle armrest. In an emergency, the seat cushion may be
removed and used as a flotation device.
There is a stowage pocket attached to the back of each seat which

contains airsick bags, Safety Information Cards and an in-flight
magazine.
Flight Attendant Jump Seats
A self-folding Flight Attendant jump seat is located on the aft and

forward-facing bulkhead beside the forward and aft entry doors.
The jumpsuits are spring-loaded to the retract position and are
fitted with seat belts. FAA regulations mandate that each Flight
Attendant jump seat automatically retract to a stowed position. The
seat cushions may also be used as flotation devices.
Customer Signs
Signs indicating "No Smoking" and "Fasten Seat Belt" conditions

are located in the PSU's which insure visibility to all customers. The
"Fasten Seat Belt" and "Return to Seat" signs go off when the wing
flaps are fully retracted. During the landing sequence, the "Fasten
Seat Belt" and "Return to Seat" signs come on when the flaps are
lowered or the landing gear is down.
The oxygen masks drop automatically at a cabin altitude of 14,000

feet or may be dropped manually by inserting a pen or small stick
into the "pin hole" located at the edge of the compartment.
39
Exit Lights
In addition to the normal illumination, exit lights are provided in

the forward and aft lowered ceiling, above each entry and galley
Air stairs – Escadas
door, and over each of the exit. In addition, lighting on or near the Batteries – Pilhas / Baterias
aisle door ensure illumination of the customer escape path. Beside – Ao lado
These lights are normally off and will illuminate if a loss of Boarding – Embarcando / Embarque
airplane power occurs or when the emergency light switch is Cased – Guardados(as)
Deplaning – Desembarcando
activated. These lights are powered by self-contained batteries. Ducts – Dutos / Tubos
Engines – Motores
Galley Lights Escape path – Trajetória de fuga
Fixture – Instalação
Fuel – Combustível
Galley lighting for the forward or aft galley is provided by either Grills – Grelhas
florescent or incandescent lights beside or above the work area, In addition to – Além de
these are controlled by a switch usually located beside the circuit Loss of power – Corte / Perda de energia
breaker on the galley. Some aft galleys have additional lighting in Outflow valves – Válvulas de escape
Outlets – Escapes / Saídas
the ceiling overhead. Routed – Desviado(a)
Slotted – Encaixado(a)
AIR CONDITIONING AND PRESSURIZATION Through – Através
To exchange – Trocar
To ignate – Acender
Normally, the air which is used for air conditioning and To mix – Misturar
pressurization is supplied by the engines. The auxiliary power To occur – Ocorrer
unit can also be used to supply air. Air entering the engines or
APU is compressed to a high level before it is mixed with fuel and
ignited. During compression, the temperature is controlled either
automatically or manually by controls on the pilot's overhead
panel.
Distribution
Air flows into the customer cabin through two completely

separate compartments.
Conditioned air enters the cabin by way of sidewall ducts to a

slotted overhead duct running 70% of the cabin. Part of this air
enters the cabin through grills in the light fixtures at either end of
the overhead duct.
Air also enters the cabin through individually controlled outlets in

the customer service units and in the lavatories. This air is taken
from the cold air side of the air conditioning system and is always
colder than the main cabin temperature.
Air exits the cabin through floor level grills in the cabin sidewalls
and through vents in the galleys and lavatories. As the air leaves
the main cabin, it is routed around the cargo compartments to
heat them and out the outflow valves. This process completely
exchanges cabin air with outside, fresh air, every 2-3 minutes in
all of our aircraft.
AIR STAIRS (IF APPLICABLE)
Forward Air stairs
The air stairs provide ground access for customer boarding and
deplaning. The stairs are cased in the body of the airplane
directly under the forward entry door and may be operated from
either the inside or outside control panel.
40
: Emergency & Security :
41
:: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ::
[PROCEDIMENTOS DE EMERGÊNCIA]
Above – Acima de
Emergency Exits Beside – Perto de
Designed – Projetado(a)
For references throughout this manual, the Captain's side of the Each – Cada
aircraft will be referred to as aircraft left and the First Officer's side Exits – Saídas
Flightdeck – Cabine de comando
of the aircraft will be referred to as aircraft right. In addition, galley Forward – Dianteiro
doors may be referred to as service doors. In addition – Além disso
Inside – Lado de dentro
There are 8 emergency exits: Jetway – Ponte de embarque
Located – Localizado(a)
Mounted – Montado(a)
 2 sliding windows in flightdeck-1 aircraft left and 1 aircraft right Outside – Lado de fora
 Forward entry door Overwing – Acima da asa
 Forward galley door Prior to – Antes de
Referred – Associado(a) / Referido(a)
 2 overwing window exits - 1 aircraft left and 1 aircraft right Side – Lado
 Aft entry door Slide – Escorregadeira
 Aft galley door Sliding – Móvel
Strap – Tira
Throughout – Ao longo de
All exits are plug type. All exits may be opened from the outside as To place – Colocar
well as the inside, with the exception of the sliding window beside To turn off – Desligar
the Captain. Towards – Em direção a
Door Exits
All doors are equipped with door mounted slides:
 A red strap is located above each window on all doors to

indicate an armed and disarmed door slide.
 All slides are designed to inflate automatically.
 All doors will open forward towards the flight deck.
Jetway is moved away from aircraft:
 Flight Attendant announcement: "Flight Attendants prepare

doors for pushback."
 Place strap across door window indicating an armed slide.
 Door exits are in emergency mode.
Captain turns off "FASTEN SEAT BELT" sign:
 Flight Attendant announcement "Flight Attendants prepare

doors for arrival."
 Place strap in position above door window indicating a
disarmed slide.
 Door exits are in normal operation mode.
42
To Open a Door in Emergency Mode
Assess conditions:
Against – Contra
 Conditions poor - DO NOT OPEN! BLOCK EXIT AND Arm rest – Descanso de braço
REDIRECT CUSTOMERS TO A SAFE, USABLE EXIT. Arrow – Seta
 Conditions clear – PROCEED! Away – Longe
 Rotate door handle in the direction of the arrow. Door swings in Back up – Alternativa
Before – Antes de
and then out. Bottom – De baixo
 Transfer hand to assist handle. Clear – OK
 Push door open completely against the aircraft-slide; should Cover – Tampa
inflate. Handle – Alavanca / Trava
In – Para dentro
 If slide does not inflate, pull inflation handle as back up to Maneuvering – Manobra
ensure slide inflates. Out – Para fora
 Evacuate customers. Poor – Pobre
Safe – Seguro(a)
Seats – Assentos
To Open an Overwing Window Exit in Emergency Mode To aid – Assistenciar
To assess – Examinar / Analisar
Assess conditions To block – Bloquear
To operate – Funcionar
To pull – Puxar
 Conditions poor - DO NOT OPEN! BLOCK EXIT AND To pull down – Puxar para baixo
REDIRECT CUSTOMERS TO A SAFE, USABLE EXIT. To push – Empurrar
 Conditions clear – PROCEED! To redirect – Redirecionar
 Remove plastic cover when present. To release – Liberar / Soltar
To rotate – Girar
 Pull down on top hand hold/handle to remove window. To stow – Acomodar
 Stow window on seats (in some circumstances it would be To swing – Virar / Girar
preferable to throw window outside aircraft, away from exit). To throw – Jogar
Top – De cima
Evacuate Customers
On some 300 series aircraft a plastic cover will be present over the
top hand hold and release handle. This cover must be removed
before the exit can be opened. A bottom hand hold/release handle
or an arm rest will also be present to aid in maneuvering the
opened window outside and away from the aircraft.
Cabin Equipment Pre-Flight Checklist
-Is it there? - Will it operate? - Is it secure?
Responsibility
"C" Position Flight Attendant
 Checks the equipment before initial flight of each day.

 Checks the equipment at any aircraft change.
 Reports to "A" Position Flight Attendant/Captain-equipment
check is okay or any discrepancies so that Captain can take
appropriate action.
43
The Cabin Equipment Checklist consists of:
(1) Aft closet fire extinguisher (if applicable).

(1) Flight deck key
Aft – De popa
(1) H20 extinguisher Available – Disponível
(1) Emergency medical kit Breathing – Respiratório
(1) On-board wheelchair CPR – Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(1) Emergency light switch Demo – Demonstração
Even – Mesmo que
(2) P.A. microphones Fire extinguisher – Extintor de incêndio
(2) Biohazard kits First aid – Primeiros socorros
(2) Halon extinguishers Flashlights – Lanternas
(2) Lavatory fire extinguishers Gauges – Manômetros
Gloves – Luvas
(2) First aid kits H20 Extinguisher – Extintor de água
(2) CPR masks However – No entanto
(2) Boxes of latex gloves If – Se
(2) Seat belt extensions and 02 demo masks Into – Dentro de
Key – Chave
(2) Megaphones Light switch – Interruptor de luz
(3) P.B.E.s Location – Localização
(3) or (4) Emergency flashlights Means – Meios
(4) Door slide gauges, red strap above each door O2 – Oxygen
P.B.E. – Protective Breathing Equipment
(4) P.O.B.s P.O.B. – Portable Oxygen Bottle
Pieces – Partes / Peças
Captain Proper – Correto(a)
Shut-off valve – Válvula de desligamento
Still – Ainda
 Take appropriate action for discrepancies. To gain – Ganhar
 Under certain conditions, the flight can still operate even if Wheelchair – Cadeira de rodas
certain pieces of emergency equipment are inoperative.
Use, Location, Check And Operation of Equipment
The following will explain proper use, location, check and operation
of each piece of cabin equipment. Certain items of cabin equipment
do not require an In-flight Operational Occurrence Report;
however, any time a piece of emergency equipment is used, it
requires flight deck notification and a Flight Attendant Report. Each
description of cabin equipment lists the reports that are necessary
under the USE section.
Flight Deck Key [Chave da Cabine de Comando]
Use:
 To gain access into the flight deck during an emergency when

no other means are available.
 Requires Flight deck Notification and In-flight Operational
Occurrence Report.
Location:
 One secured inside the water shut-off valve compartment in

the forward galley.
Check:
 For presence.
44
P.A. Microphone [Microfone do P.A.]
Use:
Aft – Traseiro
 To make announcements over customer address system. Announcements – Avisos
Control panels – Painéis de controle
Location: Cover – Tampa
Each – Cada
Forward – Dianteiro
 Within Flight Attendant Control Panels, forward and aft. Mounted – Montado(a)
Mouthpiece – Bocal / Porta-voz
Check: P.A. – Public Announcement
Slides – Escorregadeiras
Switch – Interruptor / Botão
 Test microphone by pressing button and speaking into To allow – Permitir
mouthpiece. To lift – Levantar
Toggle – Botão
Responsibility: Within – Dentro de
 *"A" position Flight Attendant will check P.A. system.
Emergency Light Switch [Botão das Luzes de Emergência]
Use:
 Allows manual activation of Emergency Lights
Location:
 On the aft Flight Attendant Control Panel
Operation:
 Lift red cover protecting toggle switch, and switch to "on"

position in emergency.
Check:
 Red cover protecting toggle switch and switch is in normal

position.
Responsibility:
 *"B" Position Flight Attendant will check Emergency Light

Switch.
Door Slides [Escorregadeiras]
Use:
 To evacuate customers and crew during an emergency

situation.
 Requires Flightdeck Notification and In-flight Operational
Occurrence Report when used.
Location:
 One mounted on each door.
45
Check:
 Pressure Gauge.
 Needle registers in the green band.
After – Após / Depois
 Red strap above door window is present. Band – Faixa
Operation: Casing – Invólucro / Armação
Caught – Preso
Deployment – Abertura
 All door slides, when armed, are designed to inflate Development – Desenvolvimento
automatically. Device – Dispositivo
 All door slides are equipped with a manual inflation handle. Down – Para baixo
 Slides take approximately 5 seconds to inflate. Folded – Dobrado(a)
Girt – Cinto(a)
 Some slides are equipped with a mechanism to release the Handle – Alavanca
slide from the aircraft (quick release handle). Holding – Segurando
Jamming – Enroscando / Travando
Slide Malfunction Led to – Conduzido(a) / Levodo(a)
Male – Macho / Masculino
Malfunction – Defeito
If a slide does not inflate after pulling the inflation handle, a force of Needle – Ponteiro / Agulha
60 pounds will be required to free the mechanical device that is Placards – Letreiros
holding the slide in a folded position. It is recommended that the Pounds – Libras
Presently – Atualmente
Flight Attendant instruct two male customers to climb down the Pressure gauge – Manômetro de pressão
slide to break the mechanical tie. They should then hold the slide Rather than – Ao invés de
taut at about a 45 degree angle for the use of the other customers Strap – Tira
as a non-inflatable slide. Instruct customers when evacuating to sit Tabs – Etiquetas
Taut – Firmemente
and slide rather than jump. Thus – Assim
Tie – Amarra
Type of Door Slides To break – Quebrar
To climb – Escalar
To free – Liberar
On the-300 aircraft, there has been a problem of excess girt To hold – Segurar
material outside the container on the forward doorslides. This To jump – Pular / Saltar
excess material, during an evacuation, could become caught on To prevent – Impedir
the retaining door brackets as the door begins to open thus To release – Soltar / Desprender
jamming the door and preventing the slide deployment.
Immediate correction of this problem led to modification of the
existing slides and development of a completely new slide.
Presently, there are three different types of slides you may

encounter on the-300 series aircraft - each with a defining slide
casing. The various slides will be referred to as Type 1, Type 2,
Type 3 with Modified casing. Each is explained in the following
diagrams.
Type 1 Slide
On present-300 aircraft that have not been modified, the girt

retaining straps must be checked prior to every flight to ensure that
velcro tabs are securely holding the straps and that the straps are
properly routed.
Type 2 Slide
On-300 aircraft that have been modified, the forward slides will not
have girt retaining straps. They will have two placards, one on the
girt material and one on the slide cover.
NOTE: Because this is a "modified" casing, velcro strips will remain

on the slide case.
46
Type 3 slide - with modified casing
On certain aircraft, you may find a Type 3 slide installed in an old

casing. Although a placard, will be present stating that girt retaining
Although – Embora
straps, velcro and routing information is not required, previous Brackets – Suportes
velcro tabs and placards will still be visible on the slide casing. C02 (Carbon dioxide) –Gás carbônico
Cartridge – Cartucho
Halon Extinguisher [Extintor de Halon] Clockwise – No sentido horário
Eyes – Olhos
Flame – Chama
Use: Fully – Completamente / Totalmente
Fwd (Forward) – Dianteiro
 To extinguish a class A, B or C fire. Handle – Trava
Leaded – Chumbado(a) / De chumbo
 Requires Flightdeck Notification and In-flight Operational Lever – Alavanca
Occurrence Report when used. Pin – Pino
Range – Alcance
Location: Reignition – Reacender
Seal – Selagem
Skin – Pele
 One secured in the forward left overhead bin. Stating – Declarando / Determinando
 One secured in the aft left overhead bin. Sweeping – Extensivo
To aim – Mirar / Apontar
To avoid – Evitar
Check: To maintain – Manter
To squeeze – Apertar / Espremer
 Pressure gauge needle registers in the green band or above. Upright – Vertical
 Pin is present. Wire – Fiação / Arame
 Secured properly in brackets.
Operation:
 Pull the pin.

 Squeeze the handles together.
 Aim at the base of the flame using a sweeping motion.
NOTE: The effective range for the Halon extinguisher is 9-13 feet
for a duration of 7 seconds. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Maintain an upright position for most effective use.
H20 Extinguisher [Extintor de Água]
Use:
 To extinguish a class A fire or saturate a fire-affected area to

prevent reignition.
 Requires Flightdeck Notification and In-flight Operational
Occurrence Report.
Location:
 One secured in the fwd left overhead bin.
Check:
 Leaded wire seal is intact

 Handle contains a C02 cartridge.
 Secured properly in the brackets.
Operation:
 Turn the handle clockwise fully

 Press the lever on top of the extinguisher.
 Aim at the base of the flame using a sweeping motion.
47
Lavatory Fire Extinguisher [Extintor do Toilete - Gás Freon]
Use:
Away – Longe
 To extinguish a lavatory trash fire or electric overheat. Bracket – Suporte
 Requires Flightdeck Notification and In-flight Operational Bulkhead – Divisória
Occurrence Report when any of the discs on the temperature Chemical – Químico
indicator are black. Chute – Calha
Donned – Vestido(a) / Colocado(a)
Each – Cada
Location: Flightdeck – Cabine de comando
Hood – Capuz
 One in each lavatory secured to the side of the trash chute, Jumpseat – Assento do comissário
Latched – Travado(a)
under the sink. Overheat – Superaquecimento
Removal – Retirada
Check: Silver – Prateado(a)
Sink – Pia
Supply – Fornecimento
 Discs on temperature indicator are all silver in color. To discharge – Descarregar
 Door under sink must be properly latched. To last – Durar
To turn – Tornar-se
Operation: Tucked – Enfiado(a) / Amarrado(a)
Under – Debaixo
 In the presence of an overheat or an actual fire, the

extinguisher will automatically discharge and the temperature
indicator will register the appropriate indicator causing the
silver discs to turn black.
PBE [Equipamentos de Proteção Respiratória]
The pulling and locking action with the straps activates and initiates
the chemical generation of oxygen. The P.B.E. must be donned
within 15 seconds and long hair tucked inside the P.B.E. The
oxygen will last approximately 15 minutes. As the oxygen supply
diminishes, the hood will collapse. Before removing the P.B.E.
make sure you are clear and away from any source of fire.
Emergency Flashlights [Lanternas]
Use:
 They are for emergency use only. Requires Flightdeck

Notification.
Location:
 Two secured to the bulkhead by the forward Flight Attendant

jumpseat.
 One or two secured to the bulkhead by the aft Flight Attendant
jumpseat.
Check:
 Red indicator light flashes every 8-10 seconds.

 May have red or clear strap.
Operation:
 Pull flashlight out of bracket. Flashlights are activated

automatically upon removal from their brackets. The duration of
the Emergency Flashlight is 4.5 hours.
48
Megaphone [Megafone]
Use:
Bomb threat – Ameaça de bomba
 In case of electrical power failure. Counterclockwise – Sentido anti-horário
 During and after an emergency evacuation. Decompression – Despressurização
 During a bomb threat evacuation. During – Durante
Electrical power – Energia elétrica
Failure – Falha / Perda
Location: First aid – Primeiros socorros
Flow – Fluxo / Vazão
 One secured in the forward left overhead bin. Handle – Alça / Onde segura
 One secured in the aft left overhead bin. HI (High) – Alto
Knob – Botão
LO (Low) – Baixo
Outlet – Tomada
Check: Oxygen bottle – Cilindro de oxigênio
Plugged – Plugado(a)
Properly – Adequadamente
 Squeeze trigger and listen for audible "click" Radius – Raio
 Secured properly in the brackets. Row – Fileira
Throughout – Ao longo de / Por todo(a)
Operation: To pinch – Apertar
To press – Pressionar
To squeeze – Espremer / Apertar
 Press the button on the handle and speak normally. Trigger – Gatilho
 The maximum range of the Megaphone is 50 feet with a
duration of 30 minutes continual use.
Portable Oxygen Bottle [Cilindros Portáteis de Oxigênio]
For references throughout this manual, portable oxygen bottles will

be referred to as POBS.
Use:
 For first aid.

 Following a decompression.
 Requires flightdeck notification and In-flight Operational
Occurrence Report.
Location:
 Two bottles secured in the forward right overhead bin

 One bottle secured in the mid-cabin right overhead bin.
 One bottle secured in the aft right overhead bin.
Check:
 Pressure gauge needle registers 15OO or above.

 Mask may be enclosed in plastic and is plugged into the LO
outlet.
 Secured properly in the brackets.
Operation:
 Ensure that mask is plugged into proper outlet.

 LO - Decompression.
 HI - First Aid.
 Turn knob counterclockwise fully.
 Pinch plastic bag closest to mask to ensure flow of oxygen.
 Place mask over nose and mouth.
 No smoking for a three row radius.
49
Guidelines for using a POB
 HI 4 liters per min. First Aid 66 minutes

 LO 2 liters per min. Decompression 120 minutes
Both – Ambos(as)
Operation: Broken – Quebrado(a)
Gauge – Manômetro
 Remove plastic bag and tissue when present. Guidelines – Procedimentos / Guias
In accordance with – De acordo com
 Place in customer seat. Leaded – Feito de chumbo
 Fasten seat belt around both customer and POB. Length – Duração
 POB may remain in seat for landing. May – Deverá
 Do not let gauge go below 200. No longer – Não mais
Packs – Pacotes
 When it is no longer required turn off. Pouch – Bolsa
 Disconnect tubing from the bottle. Properly – Adequadamente
 Secure properly in brackets. Reading – Leitura
 Wrap tubing around the top of the POB. Replenishment – Reposição
Required – Exigido(a)
Seal – Invólucro / Selagem
*Any time a POB is used, the following should be reported to the Tape – Fita
Captain as well as recorded on the In-flight Tissue – Tecido
To remain – Manter-se
To wrap – Embrulhar
Operational Occurrence Report Tubing – Tubos / Conexões
Wire – Fio / Conexão
 Location of POB used
 Gauge reading
 Length of use
First Aid Kits [Kit de Primeiros Socorros]
For references throughout this Manual, First Aid Kits will be

referred to as FAKS.
Use:
 When first aid items are not available in the Flight Attendant
pouch.
 Requires flightdeck notification and In-flight Operational
Occurrence Report when used.
Location:
 One secured in the forward right overhead bin.

 One secured in the aft right overhead bin.
Check:
 Leaded wire seal and/or tape seal is intact.

 Secured properly with velcro tape.
Operation:
 Use contents in accordance with First Aid procedures.

 Replenishment packs should be available at each station.
 The flightdeck must verify the contents of a used kit.
 A broken seal is acceptable with flightdeck verification.
50
CPR Masks [Máscaras de Oxigênio]
Use:
Blood – Sangue
 CPR masks will be used when administering CPR or Rescue Bodily fluids – Fluídos corpóreos
Breathing to adult, child or infant. Box – Caixa
Child – Criança
Location: Clean-up – Limpeza
Gloves – Luvas
Hands – Mãos
 One secured in the forward right overhead bin. Harmful – Prejudicial / Nocivo(a)
 One secured in the aft right overhead bin. In accordance with – De acordo com
Infant – Criança de colo
Infant – Crianças de colo
Check: Properly – Adequadamente
Rescue breathing – Resp. boca-a-boca
 Check for presence. Soap – Sabonete / Sabão
 Secured properly with velcro tape that secures FAK. Spills – Derramamentos
Tape – Fita
To administer – Administrar
Operation: To dispose – Descartar
To wash – Lavar
 Use in accordance with Rescue Breathing and CPR
procedures. Dispose of immediately after use.
Latex Gloves [Luvas Cirúrgicas]
Use:
 Latex gloves will be used in a situation in which you may come

in contact with bodily fluids (i.e., saliva, vomit, blood, urine,
etc.).
Location:
 One box secured in the forward right overhead bin.

 One box secured in the aft right overhead bin.
Check:
 Check for presence.

 Secured properly with velcro tape that secures FAK.
Operation:
 Dispose of immediately after use. Wash hands with soap and

water after use.
BioHazard Kit [Kit para Biocontaminações]
Use:
 For the clean-up of potentially harmful blood/body fluid spills.
Location:
 One secured forward right overhead bin.

 One secured in aft right overhead bin.
Check:
 For presence
51
Emergency Medical Kit [Kit Médico]
Use:
At least – Pelo menos
 To be used in a medical situation when the required items are Attached – Junto com
not available in the First Aid Kit. Available – Disponível
 Only by a licensed Medical Doctor (MD) or a Doctor of Broken – Quebrado(a)
Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Requires flightdeck notification Ceiling – Teto
Contents – Conteúdos
and In-flight Operational Occurrence Report with attached Use During – Durante
of Airline Emergency Medical Kit Form Escape straps – Cordas de escape
Flightdeck – Cabine de comando
Location: Form – Formulário
Lid – Tampa
Recessed – Rebaixado(a) / Acoplado(a)
 One is secured on the flightdeck. Safety – Segurança
Seal – Envólucro / Selagem
Check: Stowage – Compartimento / Estoque
Tape – Fita
To meet – Atender / Encontrar
 Tape seal is intact and may be enclosed in plastic wrap. To require – Exigir
 Secured properly with velcro tape. Wind screen – Vidro dianteiro
Wrap – Embrulho / Envólucro
Operation:
 Check credentials of MD or DO.

 Attending physician must fill out the Use of Airline Emergency
Medical Kit form to be turned in with the In-flight Operational
Occurrence Report.
 If the seal is broken and/or the kit is used but contents meet
minimum requirements listed on the inside lid, the kit is
acceptable.
Seat Belt Extensions, Oxygen Demo Masks and Demo Safety

Information Card. [Extensões para Cinto de Segurança e
Demonstrativos de Máscaras de Oxigênio]
Use:
 For customer safety briefing demonstrations during Emergency

RA.
 Seat Belt extension for customers.
Location:
 In the forward or aft wind screen and forward or aft galley

stowage compartment.
Check:
 For presence of at least two.
Escape Straps [Cordas de Escape]
Use:
 The escape straps may be used for the pilots' evacuation from
the flightdeck through the sliding window.
Location:
 Recessed in the ceiling above both the Captain's and First

Officer's seat.
52
Halon [Extintor de Halon]
Location:
Aisle – Corredor
 One secured to the bulkhead behind the first Officer. Behind – Atrás
Both – Ambos(as)
Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) Breathing – Respiratório(a)
Bulkhead – Divisória
Captain – Piloto / Comandante
Location: Control panel – Painel de controle
 One secured to the Observer's seat, First Officer side. Fire axe – Machadinha
First officer – Co-piloto
Flightdeck – Cabine de commando
Fire Axe [Machadinha] Floor – Piso / Chão
Lighting – Luzes/ Iluminação
Location: Main gear – Trem de pouso principal
Nose gear – Trem do nariz
Only – Somente
 One secured to the bulkhead in the flightdeck behind the Over – Acima
captain. (To be used by flightdeck crew only.) Port – Porta / Entrada
Row – Fileira
Main Gear Viewers [Visores para o Trem de Pouso] Signs – Placas
Stationary– Fixo(a)
To fail – Falhar
Nose Gear Viewer To provide – Fornecer
To provide – Prover / Fornecer
 A view port in the flightdeck floor that provides visual inspection Under – Debaixo de
Viewers – Visores
of nose gear components.
Main Viewer
 A view port located under the carpet in the aisle, three (3)
windows aft of the overwing exit row.
 Both nose gear and main gear viewer are the responsibility of
the flightdeck. A Flight Attendant may be asked to pull up the
carpet and prepare the main gear viewer for inspection by the
flightdeck.
Emergency Lighting Systems [Sist. De Iluminação de Emerg.]
The emergency lighting system is designed to provide lighting

when the aircraft power fails during an emergency.
The system consists of:
Stationary Emergency Signs [Luzes de Emergência Fixas]
Location:
 Over each cabin door and overwing exit - 300 series.

 On the cabin ceiling in the forward, overwing and aft areas of
the aircraft.
 2 feet above floor level at each door and overwing window exit.
Operation:
 Designed to come on automatically when aircraft power fails in

an emergency.
 May be activated by the emergency light switch on the aft
Flight Attendant Control Panel.
 Effective use 10 minutes.
53
IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCIES
[Emergências Durante o Voo]
General
Accountant – Contabilidade
Articles – Objetos
The most important function of each crew member is to provide the Assessment – Avaliação / Análise
greatest amount of safety to their customers. Safety extends from Away – Longe
the prevention and care of the most minor mishaps to the more Both – Ambos(as)
Care – Cuidado / Atenção
serious emergency situations that might arise. Chain – Corrente
Hazard – Perigo
Only those who have a firm understanding and working knowledge In-flight – Em voo
of emergency and standard procedures will be able to handle each Knowledge – Conhecimento
Leaks – Vazamentos
emergency situation successfully and with a calm, confident, Management – Gerência
authoritative attitude. Anytime a crew member is incapacitated, May – Poderá
his/her duties are the responsibility of the remaining crew. Might – Talvez possa
Mishaps – Contratempos
News – Noticiários
When an irregular cabin situation occurs that is a safety hazard to Only – Somente
the flight and/or customers follow the chain of command. The Press – Imprensa / Mídia
purpose of a "chain of command" is to determine who the decision Purpose – Propósito / Finalidade
makers are during both routine and emergency situation. The chain Remaining – Restante
Rings – Toques no telefone
of command, in priority, is as follows: Slow – Devagar
Source – Fonte
 Captain Statements – Declarações
 First Officer To follow – Seguir
To keep – Manter
 "A" Flight Attendant To reach – Alcançar
 "B" Flight Attendant To turn – Devolver
 "C" Flight Attendant Written – Por escrito / Escrito(a)
Notification of Captain
 Four rings to the flight deck indicates a cabin emergency

situation.
 Captain will answer the interphone.
 Give as complete an assessment of the situation as possible.
 Continue to keep advised.
In-flight Operational Occurrence Report
 Complete and turn in to a supervisor within 24 hours after the

termination of that sequence.
 Turn in immediately upon request from in-flight management.
 Give a factual accountant of the occurrence.
Press or News Media
 Do not make any written or verbal statements to the press or

news media without prior briefing or approval from a member
of the airlines management.
Slow Air Leaks
 Report any air leaks to the flight deck.

 If flight deck advises, reseat customers away from the air leak.
 If the air leak is from an exit that is next to the Flight Attendant
jump seat, the Flight Attendant should sit in a customer seat for
landing. Select a customer seat that will allow you to reach the
exit before any customer can do so.
 Do not place any articles in the source of the leak.
 Hypoxic symptoms may be experienced.
 A decompression of the cabin may result.
54
Emergency Decompression
Emergency decompression is a rapid loss in cabin pressure. It is

unlikely that an involuntary loss of pressurization will occur,
Bright – Claro
however, a decompression may follow some failure of the fuselage Changes – Mudanças
such as cracked window panes, malfunction to the aircraft Cracked – Rachado(a) / Quebrado(a)
pressurization system, window or door pressure leak or structural Damage – Dano
damage to the fuselage. Decrease – Queda
Dizzy – Tontura
Due to – Devido a
Physical Changes to the Cabin Environment and Customers Fogging – Névoa
Headache – Dor de cabeça
 Explosive noise followed by a rapid movement of cabin air Hole – Buraco
Horn – Buzina / Alarme
toward the hole. Loss – Perda
 Sudden decrease in cabin air temperature. Maintenance – Pessoal da manutenção
 Fogging due to moisture condensation in the expanding cabin Malfunction – Defeito
atmosphere. Mouth – Boca
Nearest – Mais próximo(a)
No longer – Não mais
Physiological Symptoms of a Decompression Noise – Barulho
Nose – Nariz
 Headache Panes – Vidros
Repack – Guardar
 Respiratory changes and difficulties Sleepiness – Sonolência
 Excessive sleepiness Sudden – Repentino(a)
 Light headed or dizzy sensations Throughout – Ao longo de
 Fatigue To breath – Respirar
To deploy – Ativar
 Unconsciousness To drop – Cair
To wear – Vestir / Usar
Flight Deck Warning System Toward – Em direção a
Unconsciousness – Inconsciência
Unlikely – Improvável
 The warning horn in the flight deck sounds when the cabin Until – Até
altitude reaches 10,000 feet. Warning – Advertência / Aviso
 The "Fasten Seat Belt", "No Smoking", and lavatory "Return to While – Enquanto
Seat" signs will be turned on by the flight deck.
 The oxygen masks from the oxygen compartments throughout
the aircraft will drop automatically when the cabin altitude
reaches 14,000 feet.
Procedures to Follow During an Emergency Decompression
 All Flight Attendants should immediately take oxygen from the

nearest 02 mask and secure themselves.
 While proceeding to the nearest available mask, give
commands "USE OXYGEN MASK", "NO SMOKING",
"FASTEN SEAT BELT"
 Remain seated until advised by the captain that oxygen is no
longer required. Turn cabin lights to bright.
 Check and assist passengers.
 Administer First Aid Oxygen as required
 Do not repack aircraft oxygen masks after the masks have
dropped. Oxygen masks must be repacked by qualified
personnel
 Customers should place the mask over their nose and mouth
and breathe normally. They should continue wearing the mask
until advised by the crew.
 Once oxygen from the cabin emergency system is no longer
required, customers requiring additional oxygen will be
administered first aid from a POB.
 Any time the 02 masks deploy, maintenance must repack them
55
Planned Emergencies
A Planned Emergency is one in which the flightdeck has prior

warning of potential problems and can coordinate a plan of action
ABA – Able-Bodied Assistance
with the Flight Attendants. This situation allows the Flight Able-bodied – Fisicamente apto
Attendants time to prepare the cabin and enlist the assistance of Amount – Quantia
customers for an evacuation. Flight Attendants will follow Below – Abaixo
procedures on the Planned Emergency Checklist. Brace position – Posição de impacto
Checklist – Lista de procedimentos
Course – Série
Planned Emergency Checklist Down – Para baixo
Heads – Cabeça
Four (4) rings from the flight deck any Flight Attendant in the Majority – Maioria
On their own – Sozinhos(as)
vicinity of an interphone picks up to check with Captain for the Partner – Parceiro
following information: Planned emergency – Pouso preparado
Safe – Seguro
T.E.S.T. Skills – Habilidades
To assess – Examinar / Avaliar
To block – Bloquear
 T Type of Emergency To enlist – Contar com
 E Exits to be used in the event of evacuation To happen – Acontecer
 S Signal to be given by the flight deck crew to brace customers To shout – Gritar
To stay – Ficar
 T Time (amount of ) to prepare cabin Unplanned emergency – Pouso de
emergência não preparado
Unplanned Emergencies
The majority of all emergencies happen on takeoff or landing, with

no prior warning. Flight Attendants have no time to coordinate a
course of action with the Captain and must be prepared to react on
their own.
Flight Attendants must follow emergency procedures below using

the skills acquired in training, and good judgment.
Unplanned Emergency Evacuation Procedures
All Flight Attendants Should:
 SHOUT - "HEADS DOWN - STAY DOWN!" This is to get the

customer's head down.
 Continue shouting until the aircraft has come to a complete
stop. There may be two impacts.
 Stay in brace position until aircraft comes to a complete stop,
the Captain will initiate an evacuation or direct the Flight
Attendants to remain seated.
 If called upon to evacuate, each Flight Attendant should
proceed to his/her primary exit and assess outside conditions.
 If safe, open primary exit when shouting commands.
 If unsafe, block exit and proceed to secondary exit assignment.
If proceeding to an overwing exit, ensure that your jump seat
partner (if applicable) is informed of your intention.
 Continue evacuation using commands previously identified.
In Addition, "A" Flight Attendant will:
 Open the fwd entry door (conditions permitting), then place an

ABA at that door to evacuate customers. The "A" position Flight
Attendant then opens the fwd galley door (conditions
permitting) and conducts the evacuation from that door.
56
:: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT LOCATION ::

[LOCALIZAÇÃO DOS EQUIPAMENTOS DE EMERGÊNCIA]
Crash Ax / Axe – Machadinha

Emergency medical kit – Kit médico
Emergency transmitter – Rádio transmissor
Fire gloves – Luvas de amianto
First aid kit – Kit de primeiros socorros
Flashlights – Lanternas
Halon extinguisher – Extintor de halon
Hood – Capuz anti-fumaça
Life rafts – Botes salva-vidas
Life vests – Coletes salva-vidas
Megaphone – Megafone
Pax (Passangers) – Passageiros
PBE – Protective Breathing Equipment
Portable O2 bottles – Cilindros de O2
Smoke goggles – Óculos anti-fumaça
Water fire extinguisher – Extintor de água
57
:: GENERAL SECURITY PROCEDURES ::

[PROCEDIMENTOS GERAIS DE SEGURANÇA]
Security Procedures and Policies have been established to provide

Above – Acima
a safe environment for our customers, flight crews, and airport Accomplished – Concluído(a) / Realizado(a)
employees. Around – Em volta de
Badges – Crachás
The following procedures and policies are issued in confidence and Be aware – Estar alerta
Employees – Funcionários
should not be discussed with persons other than crewmembers. It Environment – Meio / Ambiente
is the responsibility of all Airline employees to ensure the security Established – Estabelecido(a)
program is followed. Facilites – Instalações
Gate – Portão de embarque
Ground – Solo
Through observations and alertness many threatening situations Guarded – Cauteloso(a)
can be prevented. Issued – Emitido(a)
Jetway – Pista de decolagem
Employees/Crewmembers Identification Badges Non-revenue – Funcionário da cia
Noticed – Notado(a) / Observado(a)
On duty – Em serviço
All Airline employees are issued photo identification badges. Policies – Políticas
Ramp – Via de acesso
Employees should have their I.D.s in their possession during the Screening – Triagem
Shown – Apresentado(a)
following times: Sightseers – Turistas
Threatening – Ameaçador(a)
 When on duty Through – Através de
 At company facilities To approach – Aproximar
To ensure – Certificar
 When using company passes or privileges To wear – Vestir / Usar
 I.D.s must be shown upon request Upon request – Assim que exigido(a)
Urged – Encorajado(a)
Crewmembers are not required to wear their I.D. while working on Waist level – Altura da cintura
the aircraft; however, anytime a crewmember is in a secured, non-
public area (i.e. jetway, ramp) their I.D. must be worn visible at
waist level or above.
Ground Security
A ground security program has been established to prevent

persons from sabotaging the airport, aircraft or a flight. All aircraft
must be closely guarded while on the ground. Ramp areas must be
kept free of sightseers, visitors and other unauthorized persons.
Employees are urged to be aware of any suspicious persons
observed around the aircraft.
If a suspicious person is noticed you should:
 Approach the person and ask them to show proper

identification.
 If proper identification cannot be shown, notify a Ground
Operations Supervisor or a Customer Service Supervisor.
 The Supervisor will notify airport security as necessary.
Terminal Security Procedures
Screening Of Customers At Security Checkpoint
Federal Safety Rules require all enplaning customers and visitors

(including those traveling non-revenue) to be screened at a security
checkpoint before proceeding to the gate area. This screening is
normally accomplished through the use of metal detectors.
58
Bomb And Sabotage Threats
Introduction
Accordingly – De acordo / Conforme
The threat of a bombing or sabotage to an aircraft or facility have Airlines – Cias aéreas
become a fact of life throughout the aviation industry and are Alien object – Objeto desconhecido
punishable by federal law. By means of – Por meios de
Facility – Instalações
Following – Seguintes
Experience has shown the great majority of threats are hoaxes and Found – Encontrado(a)
do not result in an actual bomb being found. Great – Grande
Hoaxes – Trotes
However, airlines are responsible for the safety and comfort of all Homemade – Feito em casa / Caseiro(a)
However – No entanto / Porém
people on board an aircraft, making it necessary to evaluate all Majority – Maioria
threats and respond accordingly. Personnel – Funcionários(as)
Posed – Apresentado(a) / Posto(a)
Even the best security systems sometimes fail to detect the Shown – Apresentado(a) / Mostrado(a)
Statement – Relato / Anúncio
homemade bomb. Threats – Ameaças
To arise – Chegar / Aparecer
Once this material is on board the aircraft you must be familiar with To become – Tornar
the necessary precautions to use, and how you can be of To evaluate – Avaliar / Analisar
Upon receiving – Ao receber
assistance to the flightdeck crew if this occasion would arise.
A serious threat is posed to the airline when there is possibility of

an explosive on board, whether on the ground or in-flight.
Threats
An in-flight crewmember must be prepared for three different types

of threats.
 Direct Verbal Threats

 Threat being made by aggressor to company personnel:
"There is a bomb on board."
 Indirect Communicated Threats
A threat made by means of written or telephone communication,

suspicious objects or an alien object found on board the aircraft.
Classification of Bomb Sabotage Threats
Upon receiving a bomb sabotage threat it will be classified as

specific or non-specific.
The threat will be classified as specific when one or more of the

following factors are present.
Specific statement is made such as: The next flight departing, or

arriving, from (a named airport) has a bomb on board. The origin
and/or destination of a flight is given.
 An exact date and/or time is stated.

 A particular flight number is mentioned.
59
Bomb Threat Procedures
Bomb Threat Customer Makes Bomb Threat While Boarding

Airline – Cia aérea
 Immediately notify the Captain and Airport Services Airport servisse agente – Despacho
Agent/Customer Service Supervisor of the situation for As far away as – O mais longe possível
evaluation. Empty – Vazio(a)
 The Supervisor will request security as necessary. Evaluation – Avaliação
Found – Encontrado(a)
 DO NOT divulge threat or information to other customers. Further – Maiores
 Keep the person making the threat, or indicating knowledge of Ground – Solo
a bomb threat under surveillance until relieved by an airline Hijacker – Sequestrador de aviões
representative or security personnel. Hijacking – Sequestro de avião
Knowledge – Conhecimento
 Check with the Captain and Airport Services Agent/Customer Regardless – Independentemente
Service Supervisor for further Instructions. Relieved – Liberado(a)
Representative – Representante
Bomb Threat - Aircraft In-flight String – Fio
Surveillance – Vigilância
Tape – Fita
The Captain will: To convey – Conduzir / Passar
To deplane – Desembarcar
 Evaluate all information received. To divulge – Divulgar
To evaluate – Avaliar
 May elect to continue to the original destination, To frighten – Intimidar / Apavorar
 Return to the point of departure, or To keep – Manter
 Divert to a suitable alternate. To remain cool – Manter a calma
 Coordinate a plan of action with Ground Operations. To think straight – Pensar logicamente
Until – Até que
 Inform the "A" Flight Attendant of the situation and the method Wires – Fiações
for deplaning customers.
 Coordinate with the "A" Position Flight Attendant any
appropriate P.A. announcements.
Bomb, Explosive Device Found Onboard The Flight
 If a bomb is found on board the aircraft, assume you are

dealing with a live device and notify the Captain immediately!
 Move customers as far away from the device as possible. If
there are empty seats, readjust the seating.
 DON'T cut any string or tape which is under tension.
 DON'T open any closed containers which are suspect.
 DON'T disconnect or cut any wires or electrical connections.
 Keep the device in the exact place and in the attitude in which
it is found. Stabilize it in this position so it will not be able to
move during descent and landing.
Hijacking
Introduction
An important factor in handling a hijacking is to adopt a manner

and attitude that will avoid alarming or frightening the hijacker, or
customers.
All crewmembers must remain calm regardless of circumstances

and must convey an air of calmness to others.
The ability to remain cool, think straight, and operate calmly

requires the knowledge of what to do under the given
circumstances, and for this reason, procedural guidelines have
been established.
60
Hijacking Procedures
Advising the Captain

Aided – Assistenciado(a) / Auxiliado(a)
 At some point during the flight, the hijacker will make known his Carefully – Cuidadosamente
desires. More than likely it will be a request or demand for Code word – Código
access to the flightdeck and/or conversation with the Captain. Comprised – Incluído
 Write down the demands in detail to ensure you relay the Desires – Desejos / Vontades / Pedidos
Efforts – Esforços
correct information and to buy some time. Enforcement – Reforço
 Tell the hijacker access will be permitted only by interphone Executives – Diretores
conversation and subsequent approval by the Captain. Law – Lei
 Alert the flightdeck of the situation, without alarming the Likely – Provável
Mood – Humor
hijacker or customers. To inform the Captain of an attempted No matter what – Não importa o que
hijacker you should: Purpose – Propósito / Finalidade
Rapport – Entendimento / Afinidade
 Attempt to move to the aft interphone taking the hijacker with Though – No entanto
To bring about – Produzir
you. Call the Captain via the interphone by ringing him twice. To buy some time – Ganhar tempo
 Advise the Captain over the interphone by using the code To deal with – Lidar com
word. To delay – Atrasar
 Do not emphasize the code word. To demand – Exigir / Obrigar
To escort – Escoltar
 State it as though it were normal phraseology. To kidnap – Sequestrar pessoas
 This alert will provide the Captain with sufficient warning to To relay – Retransmitir
take certain actions during the time you escort the hijacker to To request – Pedir / Solicitar
the flightdeck. To rest – Transferir
To ring – Ligar / Interfonar
 The problem very quickly comes to rest primarily on the To slow down – Diminuir velocidade / ritmo
Captain who must use his/her judgement and experience to To state – Declarar
bring about a successful and safe resolution of the threat. To write down – Anotar / Escrever
 His/her efforts will be aided by a team of support personnel on Twice – Duas vezes
Warning – Advertência / Aviso
the ground, comprised of Flight Operations, company
executives, and law enforcement authorities.
Suggested Crewmember Action
 Maintain control.
 Keep flightdeck continually informed. Slow down all of your
actions.
 Delay, time is on your side.
 Stay calm. Set a good example for the customers.
 Individually assist, comfort and reassure customers as
necessary. If conditions permit, establish rapport with the
hijackers.
NOTE: Always remember the hijacker has a problem or they

wouldn't be hijacking the aircraft. Consider them dangerous no
matter what his/her mood.
If the hijacker does not speak or understand English, solicit other

crewmembers or customers who may speak a language which the
hijacker may understand.
Dealing With The Hijacker
 Crewmembers should attempt to determine the hijackers name

and purpose for hijacking.
 Stay alert and observe the hijacker carefully to determine the
following: Did the hijacker kidnap a specific individual? Who did
they kidnap and why? What where the hijackers actions or
reactions under various circumstances? Was special cargo
aboard?
61
:: CRUISE LEVEL TRAINING ::

[TREINAMENTO PARA JORNADAS DE TRABALHO]
Introduction
Assigned – Designado(a)
Assurance – Garantia
Each day, the Flight Attendant faces the many challenges of Challenges – Desafios
crewing an environment that makes our customers feel welcome Committed – Comprometido(a)
and comfortable during their flights, while maintaining a safe and Crewing – Comandando
Duties – Funções / Obrigações
secure atmosphere for their travel. Because In-flight Careers Flight Each – Cada / Todo
Attendants are committed to our customers "comfort and safety," FAA – Federal Aviation Administration
he/she must possess a diverse combination of skills, talent and Flashlight – Lanterna
knowledge. Flown – Voado
Guidelines – Procedimentos
I.D. – Identification
In-flight Careers Airlines provides a three (3) Flight Attendant Cabin Knowledge – Conhecimento
Crew on all Boeing 737 aircraft. The Flight Attendant positions are Mailbox – Caixa de correio
referred to as "A", "B", "C". While each Flight Attendant has specific Memos – Memorandos
Placement – Localização / Disposição
duties, it is the "A" Position Flight Attendant who is ultimately Policy – Política
responsible for ensuring quality in-flight service and for completing Prior to – Antes de
all administrative details assigned. This Includes such duties as Procedures – Procedimentos
crew communication and coordination, customer announcements, Purpose – Propósito / Finalidade
Regarding – Que diz respeito a
assurance of cabin safety procedures, and communication with Reroute – Redirecionamento
scheduling as necessary. Rest – Descanso
Safety – Segurança
To comply with Flight Attendant duty and rest requirements, In- Scheduling – Programação / Sincronização
Set – Conjunto
flight Careers may schedule an additional Flight Attendant to fly the To comply – Cumprir / Obedecer
"D" Position. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a set of To departure – Partir
guidelines consistent with FAA regulations and company policy for To ensure – Certificar-se
reroute procedures. In conjunction with these guidelines, each To face – Encarar
To introduce – Apresentar-se
Flight Attendant should be able to make sound decisions regarding To remain – Permanecer
safety, customer service, and scheduled operations. Trip – Viagem
Ultimately – Essencialmente
Items Required For Your Flight Updated – Atualizado(a)
While – Enquanto
In accordance with the FAA and company policy, it is necessary

that all Flight Attendants ensure that prior to leaving home for their
trip:
 They are in complete regulation uniform

 They have an updated Flight Attendant Manual
 They have their company I.D.
 They have a working flashlight
 Airport ID
Check-In Procedures
Find the Captain and introduce yourself to all of the crewmembers.

Remain In the check-in area.
Check your mailbox for company correspondence (i.e. Revisions,

Bullet's) or supervisor memos.
1 hour prior to departure, check in with crew members. Each base

has permanent placement for latest Manual Revisions/Bulletins. It
is each Flight Attendant's responsibility to ensure the updating of
their Manual.
Read Briefing Book as required prior to each sequence flown to

update yourself on all memos regarding policy and/or procedures.
62
Check-in with a supervisor when requested and present the

following:
 Your updated Flight Attendant Manual

Airsick bag – Saquinho de enjoo
 Company I.D. Beer – Cerveja
 A supervisor may check your personal appearance to ensure it Beverages – Bebidas
meets the grooming standards. Blocking – Obstruindo
Cleanliness – Limpeza
Coffee pot – Garrafa de café
Introduce yourself to the other Flight Attendants on your sequence. Empty – Vazio(a)
The "A" Position Flight Attendant will ensure a preflight briefing Fire threats – Ameaças de incêndio
takes place. The preflight briefing should include: Forward – Dianteiro(a)
Grooming – Estética / Aparência
In-flight service – Serviço de bordo
 Remind "B," "C," and "D" Flight Attendants to check the status Inventory – Estoque
of their manuals to ensure they are up to date. Latched – Trancado(a)
 Review any special in-flight service procedures and pertinent Left – Deixado(a)
information regarding sequence. Liquor – Licor
Magazine – Revista
Overall – Geral
Preflight Duties Pads – Bloquinhos
Peanuts – Amendoins
Upon Boarding the Aircraft Pockets – Bolsões
Pre-flight – Pré-voo
 Check overall cabin appearance/cleanliness. Seatback – Encosto do assento
 Seat belts crossed Snacks – Aperitivos
 Seatback pockets free of trash Standards – Padrões
Supplies – Fornecimentos / Abastecimentos
To remind – Lembrar
Each seatback pocket/literature pocket should contain: To request – Exigir
To review – Revisar
 Safety Information Card Trash – Lixo
Upright – Ereto / Perpendicular
 In-flight Magazine
 Airsick bag
You must check for:
 Tray tables clean and upright

 Seatbacks upright
 Overhead bins opened
 Adjust cabin appearance/cleanliness if needed.
 Perform cabin security check.
Check forward galley for supplies:
 Serving tray
 Drink order pads
 Beverages
 Beginning inventory of liquor and beer kit
 Peanuts and other snacks
 Nothing stowed in area marked "No Stowage"
 Check operation of coffee pot and that it is empty.
 Secure forward galley.
Securing the galley consists of:
 All doors, cabinets, and kits closed and latched. Coffee pots
latched.
 Absolutely nothing left unsecured on the floor or blocking
access to entry or galley doors.
 Check forward lavatory for cleanliness, supplies, and fire
threats.
63
Supplies:
 Paper towels
 Toilet paper
Aft – No sentido da popa / Traseira
 Kleenex Airport service agent – Despacho
 Soap Facing – Em direção a
 Check the forward jumpseat, seat belts and shoulder Found – Encontrado(a)
harnesses for proper operation. If the jumpseat does not Harnesses – Tiras
Hazard – Perigo / Risco
automatically retract, notify Captain. Holder – Bolsão
 Coordinate with "B" and "C" Flight Attendants regarding any Jumpseat – Assento de comissário
missing supplies, equipment, or cabin discrepancies and Kleenex – Lencinho de papel
advise the Captain and/or Airport Services Agent. Light switch – Interruptor de luz
Missing – Que está faltando
 Communicate any cabin discrepancies found to the captain. Overwing – Janela acima da asa
Paper towel – Papel toalha
Check aft galley for supplies: Pouch – Bolsa
Serving trays – Trolleys / Carrinhos
Shoulder – Ombro
 Two serving trays Soap – Sabonete
 Drink order pads To report – Reportar
 Beverages Toilet paper – Papel higiênico
 Beginning inventory of liquor, beer and wine kits Water gauge – Medidor do nível de água
Wine – Vinho
 Peanuts
 Snacks (when applicable)
 Nothing stowed in area marked "No Stowage"
 Check operation of coffee pots and that they are empty.
 All doors, cabinets, and kits closed and latched.
 Coffee pots latched.
 Absolutely nothing left unsecured on the floor or blocking
access to entry or galley doors
 Check water quantity using water gauge.
 Check aft lavatory for cleanliness, supplies, and fire threats.
 Paper Towels
 Toilet paper
 Kleenex
 Soap
 Check aft equipment
 Contents of Flight Attendant Pouch
 BioHazard Kit
 Check the aft jumpseat, seat belts and shoulder harnesses for
proper operation. If the jumpseat does not automatically
retract, notify Captain.
 Inform "A" Flight Attendant of any supplies missing or cabin
discrepancies.
 Pre-flight check emergency light switch.
Checks all cabin equipment included on the Cabin Equipment

Checklist and reports to "A" position Flight Attendant/captain, all
equipment is okay or any discrepancies so the Captain can take
appropriate action.
Aircraft with Aft Facing seats at the overwing:
 Ensure that the only items in the overwing holder is the Safety
Information card. Stowage of sickness bags, magazines and
promotional material is not allowed in the holder.
 Inform "A" Flight Attendant of any cabin discrepancies.
64
Customer Boarding Procedures
As each customer boards the aircraft, all Flight Attendants will

welcome them in a voice that is friendly, clear, confident and
Aisle – Corredor
sincere. Pay particular attention to customers with small children, Assigned – Designado(a)
the elderly, customers with disabilities, or other customers who Available – Disponível
have special needs. Between – No meio
Boarding – Embarcando na aeronave
Confident – Confiante
Special Seating Guidelines For Customers Disabilities – Deficiências
Elderly – Idosos
Although open seating is provided for all In-flight Careers flights, Exit – Saída
certain customer groups require special seating. The Flight Followed – Seguidos(as)
Friendly – Amigável
Attendants should pay particular attention to these customers as Last – Último(a)
they board the aircraft and ensure these special seating guidelines Middle – Meio
are followed. Needs – Necessidades
Next to – Próximo(a) a
Once – Uma vez que
Customers at Overwing Window Exit Row Open seating – Sentar-se onde desejar
Overwing window – Janelas sobre asas
 Customers seated in the exit rows must meet requirements in Pregnant – Grávida
accordance with exit row seating criteria. Prisoner – Prisioneiros
Rows – Fileiras
 Customers requiring seat belt extensions or pregnant women To allow – Permitir
whose condition is visible, are not allowed to sit in these rows To greet – Cumprimentar
per company policy, as for child under age 2, unaccompanied To stow – Guardar / Acondicionar
minors and disabled customers. To travel – Viajar
U.M.s – Unaccompanied Minors
Prisoner and Guard
 Seated in the last available row of seats.

 Guard sits aisle side.
 Prisoner seated in the middle seat or by the window.
 A customer must not be seated next to a prisoner or between a
prisoner and a guard.
Preboarding
Preboarding is a service offered on all in-flight careers flights and

allows customers requiring special assistance, customers traveling
with small children, U.M.s, or any other person in need of
assistance or extra time to board the aircraft before general
boarding begins.
The flight attendant will:
 Greet each customer.

 Assist customers with seat selection.
 Assist with stowing carry-on luggage.
 Individually brief those with special needs.
General Boarding
Once preboarding is complete:
 The Airport Services Agent will begin general boarding. In

some cities, customers may board through the aft entry door
using portable stairs.
 All Flight Attendants will go to their assigned boarding
positions.
 As a courtesy to our customers for stowing luggage, please
keep overhead bins open until all customers have boarded.
65
Post Boarding Procedures
Flight Attendant Duties

Across – Através de
Prior to pushback, all flight attendants have both general and ASA (Airport Service Agent) – Despacho
specific duties they must perform: Both – Ambos(as)
Fastened – Atados / Afivelados
 Make the Opening PA. approximately 5 minutes prior to Flightdeck – Cabine de comando
Full – Completo(a)
departure, or after all customers have boarded. Gust lock – Trava
 Upon receiving the customer count from the "C" Position Flight Jetway – Ponte de embarque
Attendant, advise the Airport Services Agent of the count. Locked – Travados(as)
 If the count is incorrect, "C" Position Flight Attendant will be Near – Perto de / Próximo(a) a
P.A. – Public Announcement
required to recount. Pushback – Antes do taxiamento
 If count is correct, "A" Position Flight Attendant will give the Slides – Escorregadeiras
count to the Captain. Strap – Tira
 Continue assisting customers in preparation for arming slides To adhere to – Aderir
To arm – Armar
for pushback. To departure – Partir
To shut – Fechar / Trancar
Preparation for Pushback To turn off – Desligar
To wait – Esperar
Until – Até
Prior to closing the forward entry door:
The flight attendant will secure the cabin in the aft and forward
sections of the aircraft respectively.
Securing the cabin consists of:
 Special seating guidelines are adhered to.

 All customers are seated with seatbelts fastened.
 Seatbacks and tray tables in full upright and locked positions.
 Luggage is properly stowed with overhead bins closed.
 Cellular telephones are turned off.
 Notify "A" Position Flight Attendant the cabin is secured.
To close the forward entry door:
 Inform Airport Services Agent, "Cabin is secured for pushback"

Pressing the gust lock (yellow latch), and pull the door shut.
 Ensure that door is properly closed and secured. (ASA may
assist if required)
 Remain in the aft section of the aircraft and wait for appropriate
P.A. from "A" Position Flight Attendant indicating slides should
be armed.
Procedures for arming slides:
 Look out the forward entry door window to ensure the jetway is
away from the aircraft. Make a P.A., "Flight Attendants prepare
doors for pushback."
 Place red strap across the window.
 Arm the forward entry and forward service door slides.
 Arm the aft entry door slide.
 After arming the aft entry door slide, verify that the aft service
door is armed and notify the "A" Position Flight Attendant by
P.A., "Aft doors secured."
 Remain near assigned exits until pushback commences.
 Once the door is closed, advise the Captain, "cabin is secured
for pushback," and close the flightdeck door.
66
Delay at Gate
If a delay is anticipated, the "A" Flight Attendant will coordinate with

the flightdeck regarding:
Accordingly – De acordo / Adequadamente
Airborne – Em voo
 Information to be announced to the customers and who will Bottom – Debaixo
make the announcement. Estimated length of delay. Bright – Claro(a)
 Whether or not customers will be allowed to deplane. Cushion – Almofada
Delay – Atraso
Demo – Demonstração
Pushback and Taxi-Out Procedures Device – Dispositivo
Dim – Escuro
The "A" Position Flight Attendant will: Enough – Suficiente
Infants – Crianças de colo
 Give Emergency Briefing P.A. positioned in the aft galley. Length – Duração
 Upon completion of the Emergency Briefing P.A., do a final Mid – Do meio
walkthrough visually ensuring if the cabin is secured, check all Referring – Encaminhando
Regarding – Relativo a
slides are armed, check forward and aft galleys are secured To deplane – Desembarcar
and take position on the forward jumpseat. To point out – Apontar / Mostrar
To rely on – Contar com
Adjust the cabin lights as follows: To smoke – Fumar
Walkthrough – Acompanhamento
Whether or not – Se sim ou se não
 Day: Cabin lights should remain on bright for day flights.
Remember our customers need good light to read and work. It
is not enough to rely on daylight.
 Evening flight: Prior to takeoff adjust cabin lights to dim to
acclimate customer's eyes for outside conditions in the event of
an emergency. Once airborne, cabin lights may then be
adjusted accordingly.
Emergency Briefing Procedures
On aircraft with Aft Facing overwing exit seats:
Prior to the Emergency Briefing P. A. the "B" Position Flight Attendant

will remove the briefing cards from the overwing exit holder and
distribute to all passengers in rows 11 and 12.
Demonstrate Emergency Briefing Procedures.
 "B" Position Flight Attendant will demonstrate at the mid cabin

area or at the overwing window exit, whichever may apply,
repeating demo at any other area that may be present.
The emergency briefing demonstration consists of:
 Operation of the seatbelts

 Location of exits
 Review of Safety Information Card
 Smoking regulations
 Pointing out the seat bottom cushion as a flotation device and
referring customers to the Safety Information Card instructions for
diagrams explaining use.
 A cabin walkthrough in their respective sections ensuring that
cabin is secured and ensuring exit seating regulations are
followed.
 Ensure customers with special needs have been individually
briefed. Give special attention to:
 Unaccompanied Minors;
 Customers with infants or small children;
 Disabled customers;
 Use of oxygen mask in the event of a decompression.
67
Upon completion of emergency briefing demonstration, all flight

attendants will take position on their jumpseats.
Once in position on the jumpseat, all flight attendants will:

Accomplished – Realizado / Concluído
Approach – Aproximação
 Assume brace position for takeoff. Observe flightdeck.
ATC – Air Traffic Control
 Do a silent "30 Second Review" Cans – Latas
Concerns – Preocupações
Cruise Flight Cruise flight – Jornada / Viagem / Em voo
Cups – Copos descartáveis
Descent – Descida
Cruise flight is the segment of flight after takeoff and before final
Evening / Night – Anoitecer / Noite
approach. During this segment of flight, the following will occur: Exchanged – Trocado(a)
Eyes – Olhos
 Flight Attendants will provide all customers with enthusiastic and Fire – Incêndio
sincere In-flight Customer Service. Glasses – Copos de vidro
 Flightdeck beverage service will be completed only after initial Inclement – Severo(a)
Inquiries – Perguntas / Dúvidas
customer service has been accomplished. Landing – Aterrissagem
 Information between flightdeck and Flight Attendants may be Luggage – Bagagem
exchanged regarding: pertinent information for Flight Attendants Only – Somente
(i.e. inclement weather, ATC delays, rescheduled aircraft changes, Politely – Educadamente
reroutes, etc.), need for assistance when deplaning UM's, need for Threats – Ameaças
Through – Através
wheelchairs, seat cushions and lavatory service at arriving city, To provide – Prover / Fornecer
assistance with customer needs, concerns, and inquiries. To take-off – Decolar
Turned on – Aceso(a) / Ligado(a)
Flightdeck entry: Weather – Tempo (meteorologia)
Wheelchairs – Cadeira de rodas
Signal procedure for flightdeck entry will be coordinated between the
captain and the "A" Flight Attendant during predeparture briefing.
Fire prevention:
"A" and "B" Flight Attendants must periodically check the forward and
aft lavatories, cabin and galley for signs, indications, and threats of fire.
Final Approach
When the "Fasten Seat Belt sign is turned on in preparation for

landing, a Flight Attendant will make the Fasten Seat Belt for Landing
PA while other Flight Attendants walk through the cabin ensuring
seatbelts are fastened.
Between 18,000 and 10,000 feet:
Begin securing the cabin for landing by:
 Collecting all trash cups, glasses and cans.

 Ensuring seat belts are fastened.
 Politely reminding passengers that all seat backs and tray tables
must be in upright and locked positions, all luggage must be
properly stowed and all portable electronic devices are turned off
and stowed prior to landing
Upon observing the signal from the flightdeck that the aircraft is
passing through 10,000 feet:
The "A" Position Flight Attendant will:
 Make the Final Descent P.A.

 Upon taking position on jumpseat for landing on evening/night
flights, adjust cabin lights to dim to acclimate the passenger's eyes
for emergency.
68
All Flight Attendants will:
 Conduct a final walkthrough ensuring that all seat backs and tray
tables are in upright and locked positions, all carry on items are
secured and that all seatbelts are fastened. Airport servisse agente – Despacho
Airstrip – Pista
 Take assigned jumpseat position.
Arrival – Chegada
 Assume brace position for landing Between – Entre
 Observe flightdeck Duty – Serviço / Responsabilidade
 Do a 30 Second Review Flights – Voos
Full – Completo(a) / Inteiro(a)
Taxi-In Procedures Gate – Portão de embarque
Ground – Solo
Jetway or Airstrips – ―Fingers‖
Once the aircraft has landed and is actively taxiing on the runway to Jumpseat – Assento do comissário
the terminal, the following will occur. Locked – Travado(a)
Once – Uma vez que
All Flight Attendants will: Properly – Corretamente
Review – Revisão
 Ensure all customers remain seated with seat belts fastened, Runway – Pista
seatbacks and tray tables in full upright and locked position and Scheduled – Programado(a)
luggage properly stowed until aircraft comes to a complete stop at Seat backs – Encostos dos assentos
the gate and the Captain turns off the "Fasten Seat Belt" sign. Stairs – Escadas
Stowed – Guardado(a) / Acondicionado(a)
 Remain seated during this time unless there is a safety-related To blend – Misturar
occurrence in the cabin. To crack – Abrir
To deplane – Desembarcar
Arrival At Gate To remain – Manter
To turn off – Desligar
Tray tables – Mesinhas
The Captain will:
Unless – A menos que
Upright – Para cima
 Turn off the "Fasten Seat Belt" sign.
 Turn lights to full bright for deplaning.

 Make the P.A., "Flight Attendants prepare doors for arrival" once
the Captain turns off the "Fasten Seat Belt" sign.
 Be responsible for disarming the forward entry and forward service
door slides. Remember to move red strap from across the door
window after disarming slides. Crack the forward entry door for
Airport Services Agent pull open.
 Open and secure flightdeck door.
The Airport Services Agent will:
 Open the forward entry door once the jetway, airstrips, or portable
stairs are positioned correctly and secured.
 In some cities customers may deplane from the aft entry door
using portable stairs.
Deplaning Procedures
 Assume their respective positions for customers deplaning to

extend "Good-byes" and assist customers as necessary.
Ground Time
Ground time is duty time between two scheduled flights. All Flight
Attendants are required to remain in the airport and available to Crew
Scheduling regardless of the length of time on the ground, both
scheduled or rescheduled. During all ground times, it is imperative to
secure the safety strap across any open entry or service door.
69
Cabin Clean Up
Once all customers have deplaned, all Flight Attendants will assist with
cabin clean up. Cabin clean up upon customer deplaning consists of:
Ashtrays – Cinzeiros
At least – Pelo menos
 Crossing seatbelts.
Blankets – Mantas / Cobertas
 Picking up trash in and around customer seats and in seatback Clean up – Limpeza
pockets, emptying ash trays as necessary. Enforced – Reforçado(a)
 Resuming all pillows and blankets to the designated overhead bin. Floor – Chão
 Opening all the overhead bins. Flush – Descarga
 Cleaning and restocking lavatories. Fueler – Pessoa que abastece combustível
Fueling – Abastecimento de combustível
 Keeping floors free of refuse and water. Main – Principal
 Washing sink and mirrors as necessary. Mirrors – Espelhos
 Ensuring toilets flush properly. (If toilets do not flush, fill the sink Pillows – Travesseiros
four or five times with water and let drain 4 or 5 times. If toilet still Refuse – Restos
does not flush, notify the Captain so he can request assistance.) Safe – Cofre
Sink – Pia
Times – Vezes
Fueling Procedures To fill – Encher
To keep – Manter
When the aircraft is being fueled, customers may remain onboard To pick up – Coletar
providing the following is observed: To resume – Devolver
To wash – Lavar
 The main entry door must remain open.
 At least one Flight Attendant must be onboard the aircraft.
 No smoking regulations must be enforced.
 A Flight Attendant will notify the fueler immediately if fuel vapors
become detectable in the cabin.
Termination Of Duty Day
Prior to leaving the aircraft:
Flight Attendants will:
 Ensure all liquor, beer and wine papers have been completed.
 Ensure galleys have been cleaned and restocked.
 Liquor money is deposited in the safe provided in that station.
 Ensure aircraft has been cleaned unless aircraft is a terminator.
 Crosscheck each other's slides to ensure they are disarmed.
70
: Fire Fighting Training :
71
:: FIRE FIGHTING ::
[COMBATE AO FOGO]
Fire
Able – Capaz
Alight – Aceso(a) / Incendiado(a)
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of Burning – Queimadura / Incêndio / Chama
combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Chain of reaction – Cadeia de reações
Chemical – Químico
Commonly – Geralmente / Frequentemente
The flame is the visible portion of the fire and consists of glowing Compound – Componente
hot gases. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to Conflagration – Queima / Incêndio
produce plasma. Depending on the substances alight, and any Damage – Dano
impurities outside, the color of the flame and the fire's intensity Decreased – Reduzido / Diminuído
Fire – Fogo / Incêndio
might vary. Flame – Chama
Flash point – Ponto de fusão
Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has Fuel – Combustível
the potential to cause physical damage through burning. Fire is an Further – Ainda mais
Glowing – Ardente / Brilhante
important process that affects ecological systems across the globe. Growth – Crescimento
The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and Hazard – Perigo / Risco
maintaining various ecological systems. Heat – Aquecimento / Calor
Increased – Elevado / Aumentado
Ionized – Ionizado
Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, Mix – Mistura
signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire Once – Uma vez
include decreased water purity, increased soil erosion, an increase Own – Próprio
in atmospheric pollutants and an increased hazard to human life. Pollutants – Poluentes
Provided – Desde que
Purposes – Propósitos / Finalidades
Physical Properties Rate – Valor / Velocidade
Reactants – Reagentes
Chemistry Readily – Prontamente
Releasing – Liberando
Signaling – Sinalização
Fires start when a flammable Source – Fonte
and/or a combustible material, Stated – Dito / Declarado
in combination with a sufficient Strong – Forte
Supply – Fornecimento / Abastecimento
quantity of an oxidizer such as Though – Embora
oxygen gas or another oxygen- To cook – Cozinhar
rich compound (though non- To ignite – Incendiar / Acender
oxygen oxidizers exist that can To replace – Substituir
To sustain – Sustentar / Manter
replace oxygen), is exposed to To take place – Ocorrer / Acontecer
a source of heat or ambient Whereby – Pelo qual / Através de
temperature above the flash
point for the fuel/oxidizer mix,
and is able to sustain a rate of
rapid oxidation that produces a
chain reaction.
This is commonly called the fire triangle. Fire cannot exist without
all of these elements in place and in the right proportions (though
as previously stated, another strong oxidizer can replace oxygen).
For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel
and oxygen are in the right proportions.
Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that

is not directly involved in any chemical reaction during combustion,
but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.
Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can
sustain their own heat by the further release of heat energy in the
process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a
continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.
72
Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of

the fire triangle. Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a
stovetop burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the
following:
Around – Ao redor
As long as – Durante todo tempo que
 Turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source; Available – Disponível
 Covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as Both – Ambos(as)
the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in Cables – Cabos
Cloth – Pano / Tecido
the air) and displaces it from the area around the flame with Currently – Atualmente
co2; Earth – Terra
 Application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster Firefighter – Bombeiro
than the fire can produce it (similarly, blowing hard on a flame Flame – Chama
Flash point – Ponto de fusão
will displace the heat of the currently burning gas from its fuel Ordinary – Regular / Normal
source, to the same end), or Overloaded – Sobrecarregado(a)
 Application of a retardant chemical such as halon to the flame, Rubber – Borracha
which retards the chemical reaction itself until the rate of Short-circuit – Curto-circuito
Stovetop burner – Boca do fogão
combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction. Thus – Assim
To blow – Soprar
Fire Classes To displace – Deslocar
To entinguish – Apagar / Eliminar
To smother – Abafar
In firefighting, fires are identified according to one or more fire To turn off – Desligar / Apagar
classes. Each class designates the fuel involved in the fire, and To undergo – Passar
thus the most appropriate extinguishing agent. Wood – Madeira
Ordinary Combustibles
These fires are the most common type of fire, and are
designated Class A under both systems. These occur
when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth,
rubber, or some plastics become heated to their flash
point and ignite. At this point the material undergoes combustion
and will continue burning as long as the four components of the fire
triangle (heat, fuel, oxygen, and the sustaining chemical reaction)
are available.
Flammable Liquid And Gas
The US system designates all such fires "Class B". In

the European/Australian system, flammable liquids are
designated "Class B", while burning gases are
separately designated "Class C". These fires follow the
same basic fire triangle (heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as
ordinary combustible fires, except that the fuel in question is a
flammable liquid such as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas.
Electrical
These are fires involving potentially energised

electrical equipment. The US system designates these
"Class C"; the European/Australian system designates
them "Class E". This sort of fire may be caused by, for
example, short-circuiting machinery or overloaded electrical cables.
These fires can be a severe hazard to firefighters using water or
other conductive agents. Electricity may be conducted from the fire,
through water, the firefighter's body, and then earth.
73
Fire Classes
Comparison Of Fire Classes

American European/Australian/Asian Fuel/Heat source Carbon dioxide – Gás carbônico
Cloud – Nuvem
Class A Class A Ordinary combustibles Comparison – Comparação
Class B Flammable liquids Cooking oil – Óleo de cozinha
Class B Dangerous – Perigoso(a)
Class C Flammable gases Depletion – Vazio(a)
Class C Class E Electrical equipment Dry chemical powder – Pó químico seco
Falling out of favor – Em desuso
Class D Class D Combustible metals Fat – Gordura
Frostbite – Ulceração produzida pelo frio
Class K Class F Cooking oil or fat Harmless – Inofensivo(a)
Heavier – Superior / Mais pesado
Fire Fighting Equipments Inexpensive – Barato(a)
Intended for – Finalidade
Lifetime – Duração
Fire Extinguishers / Types of Extinguishing Agents Lower – Inferior / Baixo / Mais fraco
Rather – Especialmente / Particularmente
Water (H2O) Suitable – Adequado / Apropriado
To cool – Esfriar / Resfriar
To displace – Deslocar
Cools burning material. To replace – Substituir
APW (Air pressurized water) cools burning material by absorbing To scatter – Espalhar / Disseminar
heat from burning material. Effective on Class A fires, it has the Wet – Molhado
advantage of being inexpensive, harmless, and relatively easy to
clean up. Do not use water extinguishers on electrical fires.
Dry Chemical Powder
Sodium bicarbonate, "regular" or "ordinary" used on class B and C

fires, was the first of the dry chemical agents developed. It
interrupts the fire's chemical reaction, and was very common in
commercial kitchens before the advent of wet chemical agents, but
now is falling out of favour, as it is much less effective than wet
chemical agents, less effective for class B fires, and is ineffective
on class A fires.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. Not intended

for Class A fires, as the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter
burning materials. CO2 is not suitable for use on fires containing
their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media. Although it can
be rather successful on a person on fire, its use should be avoided
where possible as it can cause frostbite and is dangerous to use as
it may displace the oxygen needed for breathing, causing
suffocation.
Halon
Halon (including Halon 1211 and Halon 1301), a gaseous agent

that inhibits the chemical reaction of the fire. Classes B:C for lower
weight fire extinguishers and A:B:C for heavier weights. Halon
1301 and 1211 are being replaced with new halocarbon agents
which have no ozone depletion properties and low atmospheric
lifetimes, but are less effective.
74
Classification
Suitable for use on Fire Classes

Extinguisher (brackets denote sometimes Airtight – Hermético
applicable) As well as – Assim como / Tanto quanto
Asbestos – Amianto
Water A Breathing – Respiração / Respiratório(a)
Dry Chemical (Powder) A B C E Cutting edge – Lado cortante
Dry chemical powder – Pó seco
Carbon Dioxide (A) B C E F Fire axe – Machadinha
Fire gloves – Luvas de aminato
Halon A B E Firefighters – Bombeiros
First aid – Primeiros socorros
Fire Axe Insulating – Isolante
Pick-shaped – Formato de enxada
Pointed poll – Ponta cortante
Firefighter's axe or fire axe – It has a pointed poll opposite the Portable – Portátil
cutting edge. It is often decorated in vivid colors to make it easily Rescue – Resgate / Salvamento
visible during an emergency. Its primary use is for breaking down Safety gloves – Luvas de amianto
Smoke goggle – Óculos anti-fumaça
doors and windows. Its insulating material holds 20.000 volts. Smoke hood – Capuz anti-fumaça
To break down – Quebrar
Safety Gloves / Fire Gloves To breath – Respirar
To enclose – Encobrir
To hold – Segurar
A rescue glove intended for the protection of firemen and rescuers To seal – Selar / Lacrar
during interventions of a technical nature. Made of asbestos. It is To strike – Atacar
considered insulating equipment. Workers – Trabalhadores
Portable Oxygen Bottle with Full-Face Mask
To be used for firefighting emergencies, in areas with fire and

smoke.
Firefighters and emergency service workers use full face masks

that provide breathing air as well as eye and face protection.
Portable Oxygen Bottle with Breathing Mask
To be used as first aid on passengers and crew members with

difficulty breathing.
Smoke Hood
A smoke hood is a protective device similar in concept to a gas

mask.
A translucent airtight bag seals around the head while an air filter
held in the mouth connects to the outside atmosphere and is used
to breathe.
Smoke hoods are intended to protect victims of fire from the effects
of smoke inhalation.
Smoke Goggle
Smoke goggles and safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear

that usually enclose or protect the eye area in order to prevent
particulates, smoke or chemicals from striking the eyes.
75
Fire Prevention Awareness
Awareness is the Flight Attendant's most valuable tool for

preventing in-flight fires. All articles that may contribute to the
Around – Ao redor de
cause of a fire, such as matches, must be properly stowed so as to Awareness – Percepção / Estar ciente
lessen the risk of unintentional ignition. Be aware – Estar alerta
Brought up – Trazido(a)
The Flight Attendant must: Circuit breakers – Disjuntores
Clothing – Roupas
Due to – Devido a
 Be aware of customers smoking in the aisles Fabric – Tecido
 Be alert to customers entering lavatories with cigarettes. Flames – Chamas
 Watch for customers falling asleep while smoking. Fumes – Fumaça densa
Ignition – Combustão
 When reporting any indications of a potential problem, clearly Matches – Fósforos
define the area of the smoke origin, density and odor. Give as Smoke – Fumaça
much information as possible. Through – Através de
To attempt – Tentar
To burn – Queimar
Classification of Fires To fall asleep – Cair no sono
To lessen – Diminuir
Class A: Wood, paper, fabric. To shut off – Desligar / Fechar
To spread – Espalhar
Tool – Ferramenta
 Use H20 fire extinguisher or Halon fire extinguisher - May use Towels – Toalhas
water or other liquids for small fire. Unless – A menos que
Useful – Útil
Class B: Gas, oil, other flammable liquids. Vicinity – Proximidade
Wet – Molhado(a)
Wood – Madeira
 Use Halon fire extinguisher - NEVER use H20, it will tend to
spread the burning fuel or oil.
Class C: Electrical
 Shut off the current if possible, such as by pulling the

appropriate galley circuit breakers for a galley fire.
 Use Halon fire extinguisher.
 NEVER use H20 as it will conduct electricity.
General Cabin Smoke/Fire Fighting Procedures
 Report any uncertain cabin smoke to the flight deck

immediately.
 Attempt to locate source of smoke. A PBE may be useful.
 If fire is present, classify fire.
 Fight the fire with the nearest appropriate fire extinguisher and
remove electrical galley power as applicable.
 Have additional firefighting equipment available.
 Another Flight Attendant should simultaneously notify the
Captain, (4 rings) and maintain communication throughout the
incident.
 Inspect area thoroughly to ensure extinguishment. A H20
extinguisher or other liquids may be used on a class "A" fire
 If the fire is not immediately extinguished, circumstances
permitting, remove all POBS from the vicinity of the fire.
 Advise customers to stay seated unless it is necessary to move
some customers away from smoke, fumes or flames.
 Instruct customers to breathe through clothing or wet paper
towels brought up around the face.
 A customer requiring oxygen due to smoke inhalation should
be reseated away from the fire-affected area.
76
Galley Smoke/Fires
 Any time a galley circuit breaker pops, it should be reset only

once. The Captain must be notified.
Cautiously – Cuidadosamente
 If smoke or fire is evident, the Flight Attendant should first Cigarette – Cigarro
attempt to shut off electrical power from the galley by pulling Circuit breaker – Disjuntor
the circuit breaker on the galley wall. Cool – Frio(a)
 If the galley master circuit breaker cannot be pulled due to Electrical power – Energia elétrica
Fires – Fogos / Incêndios
smoke or fire, request that the Captain remove galley electrical Fumes – Fumaças
power, specify galley. Heights – Alturas
 Whenever fighting galley fires, always use the Halon fire Once – Uma vez que
extinguisher. Reset – Recolocar
Shut – Fechado(a)
To deactivate – Desativar
Smoke Detectors To feel – Sentir
To knock – Bater
Installed in each lavatory is a smoke detector designed to detect To pop – Disparar
To surround – Cercar
lavatory fire. The alarm will sound until the smoke or fumes have Until – Até que
cleared or until the flight deck crew deactivates the appropriate Wall – Parede
circuit breaker. The Flight Attendant is not to deactivate the smoke Whenever – Qualquer hora
detector.
NOTE: Cigarette smoke will not always activate the alarm.
Smoke Detector Alarm Procedures/Lavatory Fires
If the lavatory smoke detector is activated, the Flight Attendant will:
 Check the lavatory for occupancy by knocking on the door and

announcing, "Flight Attendant" - I have to enter.
 Feel the lavatory door with the back of the hand at different
heights to estimate the intensity of a possible fire.
If the door is cool:
 If customer does not open door, pause, then open door

cautiously.
 If it is suspected that a customer has been smoking, follow the
appropriate procedures as stated in the Customer Care
section.
 Check for presence of smoke and/or fire (a PBE may be
useful).
 Use fire fighting procedures as necessary.
 Alert the Captain and advise of the status.
If the door is moderately hot:
 Open door cautiously (a PBE may be useful).

 Extinguish contents of Halon into the lavatory.
 Alert the Captain and advise of the status.
If door is very hot, or fire is out of control:
 Keep lavatory door shut.

 Advise Captain immediately.
 Surround door and jump seat area with wet blankets.
NOTE: Flight Attendants and customers may need to be reseated.

Flight Attendants will need to occupy a customer seat allowing
closest accessibility to an exit.
77
Hotel Fire Safeguards
Most airline personnel travel more than the general public, and as a
result are more frequently exposed to the ever-present danger of
Bathtub – Banheira
being in a hotel fire. Survival can be reinforced by taking certain Behind – Atrás
precautions. Cracks – Fendas
Danger – Perigo
Check Exits Deadly – Fatal
Door knob – Maçaneta
Doubts – Dúvidas
 Locate the Fire Exits in relationship to your room. Failure – Incapacidade / Falha
 Locate the Fire alarm in the corridor nearest your room and Fan – Ventilador / Exaustor
read the directions about its use. Filled – Repleto(a) / Cheio(a)
Flames – Chamas
Half – Metade
In Case of Hotel Fire Hotel desk – Recepção
Malfunction – Defeito / Falha
 Report it immediately to the hotel desk by telephone. Neighbours – Vizinhos
Personnel – Funcionários
 Try to put it out if you are sure you can handle it. If you have Poison gases – Gases venenosos
doubts about containing the fire, get out of the room and close Reinforced – Reforçado(a)
the door behind you. Sound the alarm and arouse your Resort – Recurso
neighbors. Room – Quarto
Safeguard – Proteção / Defesa
Sheets – Lençóis
Fire in Another Part of Building - Able to Exit Shut – Fechado(a)
Surroudings – Arredores
 Grab your key and go to the door. If smoke is present, roll out Survival – Sobrevivência
To arouse – Acordar
of bed and crawl to the door. Don't stand as smoke and deadly To crawl – Engatinhar
gases rise to the top half of the room. To die – Morrer
 Feel the door with the back of your hand. If the door or door To drop – Cair
knob is not hot, open the door slowly, but be ready to slam it To feel – Sentir
To grab – Pegar / Apanhar
shut if necessary. To handle – Enfrentar / Lidar
 Check the hall. Never use the elevator to escape fire or smoke, To hang – Pendurar
it could malfunction and take you to a door filled with To put out – Extinguir / Apagar
smoke/flames. . To rise – Levantar
To roll out – Rolar
To seep – Infiltrar / Penetrar
Fire in Another Part of Building - Unable to Exit To slam – Bater com força
To stand – Ficar em pé
 Let someone know you are in your room. If the phone works To wet – Molhar
Top – Topo
call for help and give the room number. Towels – Toalhas
 If you are on the second floor or lower, try to escape through Unbearable – Insuportável
the window, you may be able to drop to the ground safely.
 Turn on the bathroom fan, fill the bathtub; the water may be
needed for firefighting and/or wetting towels.
 Wet towels and sheets to put around doors and cracks to keep
smoke from seeping into the room. Hang a sheet or towel at
the window to let someone know you are in there.
 As a last resort, if your room becomes unbearable, you may be
forced to go for the nearest exit. Remember to keep as low to
the floor as possible.
Few people are burned to death in fires. Most people die from
smoke, poison gases and panic. Panic is usually the result of not
knowing what to do, and failure to being properly familiarized with
your surroundings.
Have an escape plan and adapt it to the emergency to greatly

increase your chances of survival. Be safe, be cautious - don't
become a fatal statistic!
78
: Wilderness Survival Guide :
79
:: WILDERNESS SURVIVAL ::
[TROPICAL / SEA / DESERT / COLD WEATHER]
TROPICAL SURVIVAL Ashore – Em terra firme

Be afraid – Ter medo
[SOBREVIVÊNCIA NA SELVA] Cooling – Refrescante
Crawling – Espalhado
Most people think of the tropics as a huge and forbidding tropical Danger – Perigo
Darkness – Escuridão
rainforest through which every step taken must be hacked out, and Daybreak – Amanhecer
where every inch of the way is crawling with danger. Actually, over Dry season – Tempo de seca
Fear – Medo
half of the land in the tropics is cultivated in some way. Flooding – Alagamento
Forbidding – Sombrio
A knowledge of field skills, the ability to improvise, and the Hacked out – Golpeado(a)
Hurricanes – Furacões
application of the principles of survival will increase the prospects Jungle – Selva
of survival. Do not be afraid of being alone in the jungle; fear will Knowledge – Conhecimento
Lightning – Raio
lead to panic. Panic will lead to exhaustion and decrease your Monsoon – Monção
chance of survival. Nonstop – Sem parar
Once – Uma vez
Outsider – Estranho / Alguém de fora
Everything in the jungle thrives, including disease germs and Prevaling – Habitual
parasites that breed at an alarming rate. Nature will provide water, Raging – Extremo(a)
Rainfall – Pancadas de chuva
food, and plenty of materials to build shelters. Rainforest – Floresta
Seldom – Raramente
Storms – Temporais
Indigenous peoples have lived for millennia by hunting and Sudden – Repentino(a)
gathering. However, it will take an outsider some time to get used Suddenly – Repentinamente
Summer – Verão
to the conditions and the nonstop activity of tropical survival. Thunder – Trovão
Tidal waves – Maremotos
TROPICAL WEATHER To blow – Assoprar
To breed – Procriar
To decrease – Diminuir
High temperatures, heavy rainfall, and oppressive humidity To develop – Desenvolver / Gerar
characterize equatorial and subtropical regions, except at high To gather – Colher
altitudes. At low altitudes, temperature variation is seldom less than To get used to – Acostumar-se
10 degrees C and is often more than 35 degrees C. At altitudes To hunt – Caçar
To lead – Conduzir / Levar
over 1,500 meters, ice often forms at night. The rain has a cooling To rise – Elevar / Subir
effect, but when it stops, the temperature soars. To rush – Apressar / Correr
To soar – Elevar / Aumentar
Rainfall is heavy, often with thunder and lightning. Sudden rain To thrive – Florescer
Torrent – Torrente
beats on the tree canopy, turning trickles into raging torrents and Toward – Em direção a
causing rivers to rise. Just as suddenly, the rain stops. Violent Trickles – Gotas
storms may occur, usually toward the end of the summer months. Typhoons – Tufões
Weather – Tempo / Cond. meteorológicas
Winds – Ventos
Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons develop over the sea and rush Winter – Inverno
inland, causing tidal waves and devastation ashore. In choosing
campsites, make sure you are above any potential flooding.
Prevailing winds vary between winter and summer.
The dry season has rain once a day and the monsoon has
continuous rain. In Southeast Asia, winds from the Indian Ocean
bring the monsoon, but it is dry when the wind blows from the
landmass of China. Tropical day and night are of equal length.
Darkness falls quickly and daybreak is just as sudden.
80
IMMEDIATE CONSIDERATIONS
There is less likelihood of your rescue from beneath a dense jungle

canopy than in other survival situations. You will probably have to
travel to reach safety. If you are the victim of an aircraft crash, the
most important items to take with you from the crash site are a Against – Contra
Beneath – Debaixo
machete, a compass, a first aid kit, and a parachute or other Bites – Mordidas / Picadas
material for use as mosquito netting and shelter. Take shelter from Canopy – Copa de árvore
tropical rain, sun, and insects. Malaria-carrying mosquitoes and Compass – Bússola
other insects are immediate dangers, so protect yourself against Concealment - Esconderijo
Exposure – Exposição
bites. Do not leave the crash area without carefully blazing or Feeling – Sensação
marking your route. Use your compass. Know what direction you First aid kit – Kit de primeiros socorros
are taking. In the tropics, even the smallest scratch can quickly Flash – Raios / Relâmpagos
become dangerously infected. Promptly treat any wound, no matter Flood – Alagamento / Inundamento
Foothill – Pé da montanha
how minor. Jungle – Selva
To lie down – Deitar-se
Likelihood – Probabilidade
SHELTERS Machete – Facão
Netting – Rede
[ABRIGOS] Outlook – Percepção / Visão
Parachute – Pára-quedas
A shelter can protect you from the sun, insects, wind, rain, snow, Poisonous – Venenoso(a)
hot or cold temperatures, and enemy observation. It can give you a Precedence – Preferência
Promptly – Imediatamente
feeling of well-being. It can help you maintain your will to survive. In Rescue – Resgate / Busca / Salvamento
some areas, your need for shelter may take precedence over your Rocks – Pedras
need for food and possibly even your need for water. For example, Rockslides – Deslizamento de terra
prolonged exposure to cold can cause excessive fatigue and Route – Rota
Scratch – Corte / Ferida
weakness (exhaustion). An exhausted person may develop a Shelter – Abrigo
"passive" outlook, thereby losing the will to survive. The most Signalling – Sinalização
common error in making a shelter is to make it too large. A shelter Site – Lugar / Terreno
must be large enough to protect you. It must also be small enough Snow – Neve
Suitable – Adequado / Apropriado
to contain your body heat, especially in cold climates. To arise – Aparecer / Proceder
To blaze – Marcar árvores
SHELTER SITE SELECTION To reach – Buscar / Alcançar
To realise – Perceber
Weakness – Fraqueza
When you are in a survival situation and realise that shelter is a Well-being – Bem-estar
high priority, start looking for shelter as soon as possible. As you Will to survive – Vontade de viver
do so, remember what you will need at the site. Two requisites are: Wind – Vento
Wound – Ferida / Machucado
 It must contain material to make the type of shelter you need.
 It must be large enough and level enough for you to lie down
comfortably.
You must also consider whether the site:
 Provides concealment from enemy observation.

 Has camouflaged escape routes.
 Is suitable for signalling, if necessary.
 Provides protection against wild animals and rocks and dead
trees that might fall.
 Is free from insects, reptiles, and poisonous plants.
You must also remember the problems that could arise in your
environment. For instance:
 Avoid flash flood areas in foothills.

 Avoid avalanche or rockslide areas in mountainous terrain.
 Avoid sites near bodies of water that are below the high water
mark.
81
In some areas, the season of the year has a strong bearing on the
site you select. Ideal sites for a shelter differ in winter and summer.
During cold winter months you will want a site that will protect you
from the cold and wind, but will have a source of fuel and water.
During summer months in the same area you will want a source of Aid – Ajuda / Auxílio
Almost – Quase
water, but you will want the site to be almost insect free. Bearing – Comportamento
Bliss – Glória
When considering shelter site selection, use the word BLISS as a Cold – Frio
guide. Effort – Esforço
Enough – Suficiente
Fuel – Combustível
B - Blend in with the surroundings. How much time – Quanto tempo
L - Low silhouette. Insect free – Sem insetos / Livre de insetos
I - Irregular shape. It takes longer – Demora mais
Knife – Faca
S - Small. Lean-to – Telheiro
S - Secluded location. Rain – huva
Season – Estação do ano
TYPES OF SHELTERS Secluded – Isolado / Só
Shape – Formato
Silhouette – Silhueta / Forma
When looking for a shelter site, keep in mind the type of shelter Snow – Neve
(protection) you need. However, you must also consider: Source – Fonte
Strong – Forte / Pesado(a)
Summer – Verão
 How much time and effort you need to build the shelter. Sun – Sol
 If the shelter will adequately protect you from the elements Surroundings – Vizinhança
(sun, wind, rain, snow). To blend in – Adaptar / Camuflar
To build – Construir
 If you have the tools to build it. If not, can you make improvised To make – Fazer
tools? Tools – Ferramentas
Wind – Vento
 If you have the type and amount of materials needed to build it. Winter – Inverno
Wooded – Arborizado(a)
To answer these questions, you need to know how to make various
types of shelters and what materials you need to make them.
Field-Expedient Lean-To [Rabo de Jacú]
If you are in a wooded area and have enough natural materials,

you can make a field-expedient lean-to without the aid of tools or
with only a knife. It takes longer to make this type of shelter than it
does to make other types, but it will protect you from the elements.
82
You will need two trees (or upright poles) about 2 meters apart; one
pole about 2 meters long and 2.5 centimeters in diameter; five to
eight poles about 3 meters long and 2.5 centimeters in diameter for
beams; cord or vines for securing the horizontal support to the
trees; and other poles, saplings, or vines to crisscross the beams. Beams – Vigas / Perfil
Chest – Peito / Tórax
To make this lean-to: Cord – Corda
Corner – Canto
 Tie the 2-meter pole to the two trees at waist to chest height. Crisscross – Entrelaçado / Cruzado
This is the horizontal support. If a standing tree is not available, Drawstring – Fio / Corda
Framework – Estrutura
construct a biped using Y-shaped sticks or two tripods. Grass – Grama / Capim
 Place one end of the beams (3-meter poles) on one side of the Half – Metade
Hood – Ponta
horizontal support. As with all lean-to type shelters, be sure to Longways – Ao longo
place the lean-to's backside into the wind. Palm leaves – Folhas de palmeiras
 Crisscross saplings or vines on the beams. Pine needles – Pinheiros
 Cover the framework with palm leaves, pine needles, or grass, Poles – Suportes
starting at the bottom and working your way up like shingling. Poncho – Capa / Manta / Lona
Rope – Corda
 Place straw, leaves, pine needles, or grass inside the shelter Saplings – Trepadeiras / Cascas de Árvores
for bedding. Shingling – Colocando telhas
Stakes – Estacas / Postes
Sticks – Vareta / Galho Fino
Poncho Lean-To [Cobertura de Lona] Straw – Palha
Suspension line – Varal
It takes only a short time and minimal equipment to build this lean- Thirds – Terços
Tie – Amarra
to. You need a poncho, 2 to 3 meters of rope or parachute Tight – Bem apertado / Com força
suspension line, three stakes about 30 centimeters long, and two To fold – Amarrar
trees or two poles 2 to 3 meters apart. Before selecting the trees To tie off – Amarrar
you will use or the location of your poles, check the wind direction. Tripod – Tripé
Upright – Vertical
Ensure that the back of your lean-to will be into the wind. Vines – Cipós
Waist – Cintura
To make the lean-to:
 Tie off the hood of the poncho. Pull the drawstring tight, roll the
hood longways, fold it into thirds, and tie it off with the
drawstring.
 Cut the rope in half. On one long side of the poncho, tie half of
the rope to the corner grommet. Tie the other half to the other
corner grommet.
 Attach a drip stick (about a 10-centimeter stick) to each rope
about 2.5 centimeters from the grommet. These drip sticks will
keep rainwater from running down the ropes into the lean-to.
Tying strings (about 10 centimeters long) to each grommet
along the poncho's top edge will allow the water to run to and
down the line without dripping into the shelter.
83
Poncho Tent [Barraca de Lona]
This tent provides a low silhouette. It also protects you from the
elements on two sides. It has, however, less usable space and
observation area than a lean-to, decreasing your reaction time to Another – Um(a) outro(a)
Apart – De distância
enemy detection. To make this tent, you need a poncho, two 1.5- Decreasing – Diminuindo
to 2.5-meter ropes, six sharpened sticks about 30 centimeters long, Drawstring – Fio / Corda
and two trees 2 to 3 meters apart. Ends – Pontas
Enemy – Inimigo
Forked – Bifurcado
Hood – Capa / Cobertura
Hood – Ponta
If – Se
Knee height – Altura do joelho
Other side – Outro lado
Same – Mesmo(a)
Sharpened – Afiado(a)
Sticks – Varas / Varetas
Tent – Tenda
To draw – Puxar
To follow – Seguir
To make – Fazer
To provide – Fornecer / Prover
To stretch – Esticar
To tie – Amarrar
Usable – Útil / Utilizável
To make the tent:
 Tie off the poncho hood in the same way as the poncho lean-
to.
 Tie a 1.5- to 2.5-meter rope to the center grommet on each
side of the poncho.
 Tie the other ends of these ropes at about knee height to two
trees 2 to 3 meters apart and stretch the poncho tight.
 Draw one side of the poncho tight and secure it to the ground
pushing sharpened sticks through the grommets.
 Follow the same procedure on the other side.
A-frame Tent [Barraca Estrutura em “A”]
If you need a center support, use the same methods as for the
poncho lean-to. Another center support is an A-frame set outside
but over the center of the tent. Use two 90- to 120-centimeter-long
sticks, one with a forked end, to form the A-frame. Tie the hood's
drawstring to the A-frame to support the center of the tent.
84
Swamp Bed [Tarimba]
In a marsh or swamp, or any area with standing water or continually

wet ground, the swamp bed keeps you out of the water. When
selecting such a site, consider the weather, wind, tides, and Above – Acima
Across – Através / De um lado ao outro
available materials. Broad – Largo / Amplo
Clay – Barro
Clustered – Agrupado(a)
Fire pad – Fogueira
Grass – Grama / Capim
Length – Comprimento
Marsh – Charcos
Mud – Lodo
Palm leaves – Folhas de palmeiras
Silt – Lama
Soft – Macio(a)
Standing water – Água parada
Surface – Superfície
Swamp – Pântano
Tides – Marés
To cover – Cobrir
To lay – Deitar / Colocar
To span – Transpor / Passar por cima
Top – Parte de cima
Wet ground – Solo encharcado
To make a swamp bed:
 Look for four trees clustered in a rectangle, or cut four poles

(bamboo is ideal) and drive them firmly into the ground so they
form a rectangle. They should be far enough apart and strong
enough to support your height and weight, to include
equipment.
 Cut two poles that span the width of the rectangle. They, too,
must be strong enough to support your weight.
 Secure these two poles to the trees (or poles). Be sure they are
high enough above the ground or water to allow for tides and
high water.
 Cut additional poles that span the rectangle's length. Lay them
across the two side poles, and secure them.
 Cover the top of the bed frame with broad palm leaves or grass
to form a soft sleeping surface.
 Build a fire pad by laying clay, silt, or mud on one comer of the
swamp bed and allow it to dry.
Another shelter designed to get you above and out of the water or
wet ground uses the same rectangular configuration as the swamp
bed. You very simply lay sticks and branches lengthwise on the
inside of the trees (or poles) until there is enough material to raise
the sleeping surface above the water level.
85
FIRECRAFT
[PRODUZINDO FOGO]
Air – Ar
Airtight – Impermeável
Bandages – Faixas (para ferimentos)
In many survival situations, the ability to start a fire can make the Boost – Incentivo / Impulso
difference between living and dying. Fire can fulfill many needs. It Burns – Queimaduras
Carbon monoxide poisioning –
can provide warmth and comfort. It not only cooks and preserves
Intoxicação por monóxido de carbono
food, it also provides warmth in the form of heated food that saves Charred – Carbonizado(a) / Queimado(a)
calories our body normally uses to produce body heat. Cloth – Pano / Tecido / Roupa
Cotton – Algodão
Device – Dispositivo
You can use fire to purify water, sterilize bandages, signal for Fire triangle – Triângulo do fogo
rescue, and provide protection from animals. It can be a Firecraft – Produção de fogo
psychological boost by providing peace of mind and companionship. Flame – Chama
You can also use fire to produce tools and weapons. Fuel – Combustível
Gratest – Máximo
Heat – Calor
Fire can cause problems, as well. The enemy can detect the smoke Heated – Aquecido(a)
and light it produces. It can cause forest fires or destroy essential Kindlings – Gravetos
equipment. Fire can also cause burns, carbon monoxide poisoning Nongaseous – Que não contém gás
Peace of mind – Paz de espírito /
when used in shelters. Tranquilidade
Principles – Princípios
BASIC FIRE PRINCIPLES Ratio – Relação
Rescue – Resgate / Salvamento
Smoke – Fumaça
To build a fire, it helps to understand the basic principles of a fire. Spark – Faísca
Fuel (in a nongaseous state) does not burn directly. When you Steadily – Constantemente / Gradualmente
apply heat to a fuel, it produces a gas. This gas, combined with Tinder – Iscas (para iniciar o fogo)
oxygen in the air, burns. To cook – Cozinhar
To fulfill – Fornecer / Completar / Realizar
To ignite – Iniciar
Understanding the concept of the fire triangle is very important in To preserve – Preservar
correctly constructing and maintaining a fire. The three sides of the To purify – Purificar
triangle represent air, heat, and fuel. If you remove any of these, the Tools – Ferramentas
Warmth – Calor
fire will go out. The correct ratio of these components is very Weapons – Armas
important for a fire to burn at its greatest capability. The only way to
learn this ratio is to practice.
FIRE MATERIAL SELECTION
You need three types of materials to build a fire: tinder, kindling, and
fuel.
Tinder is dry material that ignites with little heat -- a spark starts a
fire. The tinder must be absolutely dry to be sure just a spark will
ignite it. If you only have a device that generates sparks, charred
cloth will be almost essential. It holds a spark for long periods,
allowing you to put tinder on the hot area to generate a small flame.
You can make charred cloth by heating cotton cloth until it turns
black, but does not burn. Once it is black, you must keep it in an
airtight container to keep it dry. Prepare this cloth well in advance of
any survival situation. Add it to your individual survival kit.
Kindling is readily combustible material that you add to the burning

tinder. Again, this material should be absolutely dry to ensure rapid
burning. Kindling increases the fire's temperature so that it will ignite
less combustible material.
Fuel is less combustible material that burns slowly and steadily
once ignited.
86
HOW TO LIGHT A FIRE
Always light your fire from the upwind side. Make sure to lay your
tinder, kindling, and fuel so that your fire will burn as long as you
need it. As long as – Enquanto / Todo tempo que-
Bare wires – Fios desencapados
Batteries – Pilhas / Baterias
Igniters provide the initial heat required to start the tinder burning. Bright – Claro
They fall into two categories: modern methods and primitive Fuel – Combustível
methods. Heat – Aquecimento
Igniters – Que iniciam a combustão
Modern Methods Lens – Lentes
Lighters – Isqueiros
Modem igniters use modem devices - items we normally think of to Matches – Fósforos
Spark – Faísca
start a fire.
Spot – Ponto
Striker pad – Que produz faísca
Matches / Lighters [Fósforos / Isqueiros] Sun rays – Raios de sol
Sunny – Ensolarado(a)
Make sure these matches or lighters are waterproof. Also, store Tinder – Iscas (para iniciar o fogo)
them in a waterproof container along with a dependable striker pad. To attach – Conectar
To blow – Assoprar
To burn – Queimar
Convex Lens [Lentes]
To fan – Ventilar
To light a fire – Acender o fogo
Use this method only on bright, sunny days. The lens can come To smolder – Produzir fogo baixo
from binoculars, camera, telescopic sights, or magnifying glasses. Upwind – No sentido do vento
Waterproof – A prova de água
Wire – Fio
Angle the lens to concentrate the sun's rays on the tinder. Hold the
lens over the same spot until the tinder begins to smolder. Gently
blow or fan the tinder into flame, and apply it to the fire lay.
Battery [Pilhas e Baterias]
Use a battery to generate a spark. Use of this method depends on

the type of battery available.
Attach a wire to each terminal. Touch the ends of the bare wires
together next to the tinder so the sparks will ignite it.
87
Primitive Methods
Primitive igniters are those attributed to our early ancestors.
Flint and Steel [Pedra de Pederneira e Aço] Bow – Arco

Carbon Steel – Aço ao carbono
Cord – Tira de fibra seca
The direct spark method is the easiest of the primitive methods to Drill – Bastão perfurante
use. The flint and steel method is the most reliable of the direct Fire board – Base para o fogo
spark methods. Strike a flint or other hard, sharp-edged rock edge Flint – Pederneira
with a piece of carbon steel (stainless steel will not produce a good Friction – Atrito
Hardwood shaft – Bastão firme
spark). This method requires a loose-jointed wrist and practice. Loose-joint wrist – Que move-se livremente
When a spark has caught in the tinder, blow on it. The spark will Reliable – Confiável
spread and burst into flames. Socket – Cavidade
Softer – Mais macio(a)
Softwood base – Base de madeira maleável
Wood Friction [Atrito com Madeira] Stainless steel – Aço inoxidável
To blow – Assoprar
To use a friction method of ignition, you must rub a hardwood shaft To rub – Esfregar
against a softer wood base. To spread – Espalhar
Wood base – Base de madeira
Note: Primitive fire-building methods are exhaustive and require

practice to ensure success.
88
WATER PROCUREMENT
[EM BUSCA DE ÁGUA]
Water is one of your most urgent needs in a survival situation. You Body wastes – Resíduos não aproveitáveis
can’t live long without it, especially in hot areas where you lose para o corpo humano
water rapidly through perspiration. Even in cold areas, you need a Can – Lata
Canteen – Cantil
minimum of 2 liters of water each day to maintain efficiency. Cloud judgment – Prejudica o
discernimento
Cracked – Rachado / Quebrado
More than three-fourths of your body is composed of fluids. Your Dew – Orvalho
body loses fluid as a result of heat, cold, stress, and exertion. To Dipper – Mais fundo / Profundo
Disease – Doença
function effectively, you must replace the fluid your body loses. So, Exertion – Esforço físico
one of your first goals is to obtain an adequate supply of water. Goal – Objetivo / Meta
Pins – Alfinetes / Clipes / Broches
Rock crevices – Rachaduras nas pedras
CAUTION Stalk – Haste / Caule / Talo
Supply – Estoque / Abastecimento
Do not substitute the fluids listed below for water at any Thickets – Bosque
circumstances. Three-fourths – Três-quartos
Tie rags – Ramalhetes
To deplete – Esgotar
To pleat – Fazer pregas
To rid – Eliminar
To wring – Espremer
Tree crotches – Buracos nos troncos
Tufts – Moitas
WATER SOURCES
If you do not have a canteen, a cup, a can, or other type of

container, improvise one from plastic or water-resistant cloth.
Shape the plastic or cloth into a bowl by pleating it. Use pins or
other suitable items--even your hands--to hold the pleats. If you do
not have a reliable source to replenish your water supply, stay alert
for ways in which your environment can help you. Heavy dew can
provide water. Tie rags or tufts of fine grass around your ankles
and walk through dew-covered grass before sunrise. As the rags or
grass tufts absorb the dew, wring the water into a container.
Repeat the process until you have a supply of water or until the
dew is gone. Australian natives sometimes mop up as much as a
liter an hour this way.
Bees or ants going into a hole in a tree may point to a water-filled

hole. Siphon the water with plastic tubing or scoop it up with an
improvised dipper. You can also stuff cloth in the hole to absorb the
water and then wring it from the cloth. Water sometimes gathers in
tree crotches or rock crevices. Use the above procedures to get the
water. In arid areas, bird droppings around a crack in the rocks may
indicate water in or near the crack. Green bamboo thickets are an
excellent source of fresh water. Water from green bamboo is clear
and odorless. To get the water, bend a green bamboo stalk, tie it
down, and cut off the top. The water will drip freely during the night.
Old, cracked bamboo may contain water.
89
About – Aproximadamente
Be sure – Não se esqueça
Before – Antes
Bitter – Amargo(a)
Bowl-shaped – Formato de tigela
Fillings – Preenchimentos / Recheios
Hollow – Oco(a)
Palatable – Saboroso(a)
Plantain trees – Bananeiras silvestres
Roots – Raízes
Stump – Pedaço do tronco
To cover – Cobrir
To fill – Encher / Preencher
To fill – Preencher / Encher
To leave – Deixar
To scoop out – Retirar com uma colher
Wherever – Sempre que
CAUTION
Purify the water before drinking it.
Wherever you find banana or plantain trees, you can get water. Cut
down the tree, leaving about a 30-centimeter stump, and scoop out
the center of the stump so that the hollow is bowl-shaped. Water
from the roots will immediately start to fill the hollow.
The first three fillings of water will be bitter, but succeeding fillings
will be palatable. The stump will supply water for up to four days. Be
sure to cover it to keep out insects.
90
Some tropical vines can give you water. Cut a notch in the vine as
high as you can reach, then cut the vine off close to the ground.
Catch the dropping liquid in a container or in your mouth.
Baobab tree – Embaúba
Bitter tasting – Sabor amargo
Bromeliads – Gravatás / Igaratás
Buri – Buriti
Coconut milk – Água de coco
Dangerous – Perigoso(a)
Dropping liquid – Gotejamento
Fleshy – Carnudo(a)
Frond – Fresta
Injury – Corte / Machucado
Joint – Gomos
Laxative – Laxante
Milky – Leitoso(a)
Moist – Úmido(a)
Moisture – Umidade
Overlapping – Entrecruzamento
Palms – Palmeiras
Plant roots – Raízes das plantas
Pulpy – Polpa carnuda
Sap – Seiva
Stalks – Caules
Stems – Hastes
Stick – Pegajoso
Sugar rattan – Cana de açúcar
Thirst quencher – Saciador de sede
CAUTION To bleed – Sangrar
Do not drink the liquid if it is sticky, milky, or bitter tasting. To bruise – Cortar / Machucar
To dig – Cavar
To ferment – Fermentar
The milk from green (unripe) coconuts is a good thirst quencher. To notch – Cortar / Abrir uma fenda
However, the milk from mature coconuts contains an oil that acts as To reach – Alcançar
a laxative. Drink in moderation only. In the American tropics you To smash – Esmagar
may find large trees whose branches support air plants. These air To squeeze – Espremer
To strain – Filtrar
plants may hold a considerable amount of rainwater in their Tropical vines – Cipós de casca grossa
overlapping, thickly growing leaves. Strain the water through a cloth Trunk – Tronco
to remove insects and debris. Unripe – Que não está maduro
Water source – Fonte de água
You can get water from plants with moist pulpy centers. Cut off a
section of the plant and squeeze or smash the pulp so that the
moisture runs out. Catch the liquid in a container. Plant roots may
provide water. Dig or pry the roots out of the ground, cut them into
short pieces, and smash the pulp so that the moisture runs out.
Catch the liquid in a container.
Fleshy leaves, stems, or stalks, such as bamboo, contain water. Cut

or notch the stalks at the base of a joint to drain out the liquid. The
following trees can also provide water:
 Palms: Palms, such as the buri, coconut, and sugar rattan,

contain liquid. Bruise a lower frond and pull it down so the tree
will "bleed" at the injury.
 Bromeliads: Many bromeliads are able to store water in a "tank"
formed by their tightly-overlapping leaf bases.
 Baobab tree: This tree collects water in its bottlelike trunk during
the wet season. Frequently, you can find clear, fresh water in
these trees after weeks of dry weather.
CAUTION
Do not keep the sap from plants longer than 24 hours.
It begins fermenting, becoming dangerous as a water source.
91
Solar Still [Destilador Solar]
To make a belowground solar still, you need a digging tool, a

container, a clear plastic sheet, a drinking tube, and a rock.
Anchor – Âncora / Suporte
Apex – Pico / Ponta
Select an open site where you believe the soil will contain moisture. Belowground – Abaixo do solo
The soil at this site should be easy to dig, and sunlight must hit the Bottom – Inferior / Parte de baixo
site most of the day. Bowl-shaped – Formato de tigela
Container – Recipiente
Depth – Profundidade
Digging tool – Ferramenta para cavar
Drinking tube – Canudo / Tubo
Earth – Terra
Edges – Bordas
Foliage – Folhagem
Hole – Buraco
Loose – Solto
Open site – Lugar aberto
Plastic sheet – Saco plástico
Rock – Pedra
Sand – Areia
Soil – Solo
Sump – Reservatório / Poço
Sunlight – Luz solar
To dig – Cavar
To disturb – Pertubar / Agitar
To hold – Segurar
To place – Colocar
Tubing – Tubo / Cano
To construct the still:
 Dig a bowl-shaped hole about 1 meter across and 60 centimeters

deep.
 Dig a sump in the center of the hole. The sump's depth and
perimeter will depend on the size of the container that you have to
place in it. The bottom of the sump should allow the container to
stand upright. Anchor the tubing to the container's bottom by
forming a loose overhand knot in the tubing.
 Place the container upright in the sump.
 Extend the unanchored end of the tubing up, over, and beyond
the lip of the hole.
 Place the plastic sheet over the hole, covering its edges with soil
to hold it in place.
 Place a rock in the center of the plastic sheet.
 Lower the plastic sheet into the hole until it is about 40
centimeters below ground level. It now forms an inverted cone
with the rock at its apex. Make sure that the cone's apex is directly
over your container. Also make sure the plastic cone does not
touch the sides of the hole because the earth will absorb the
condensed water.
 Put more soil on the edges of the plastic to hold it securely in
place and to prevent the loss of moisture.
 Plug the tube when not in use so that the moisture will not
evaporate.
You can drink water without disturbing the still by using the tube as a
straw.
92
WATER PURIFICATION
Rainwater collected in clean containers or in plants is usually safe for

drinking. However, purify water from lakes, ponds, swamps, springs,
or streams, especially the water near human settlements or in the Before – Antes
Canteen – Cantil
tropics. Chlorine – Cloro
Cloudy – Turvo(a)
When possible, purify all water you got from vegetation or from the Drops – Gotas
ground by using iodine or chlorine, or by boiling. Ground – Solo
Iodine – Iodo
Lakes – Lagos
Purify water by: Near – Perto de
No matter where you are – Não importa
 Using water purification tablets. (Follow the directions provided.) onde você esteja
Ponds – Reservatórios de água
 Placing 5 drops of 2 percent tincture of iodine in a canteen full of Rainwater – Água da chuva
clear water. If the canteen is full of cloudy or cold water, use 10 Safe – Seguro
Sea level – Nível do mar
drops. (Let the canteen of water stand for 30 minutes before Settlements – Colonização
drinking.) Springs – Nascentes
Streams – Riachos
 Boiling water for 1 minute at sea level, adding 1 minute for each Swamps – Pântanos
additional 300 meters above sea level, or boil for 10 minutes no Tablets – Tabletes
matter where you are. To boil – Ferver
To place – Colocar
To stand – Ficar parado / Repousar
93
FOOD PROCUREMENT
[EM BUSCA DE ALIMENTO]
After water, man's most urgent requirement is food. In contemplating According to – De acordo com /
Conforme
virtually any hypothetical survival situation, the mind immediately Accurate – Exato(a) / Preciso(a)
turns to thoughts of food. Unless the situation occurs in an arid Ants – Formigas
Aversion – Aversão
environment, even water, which is more important to maintaining Beetles – Besouros
body functions, will almost always follow food in our initial thoughts. Behavioral – Comportamental
Bias – Preconceito / Nojo
Both – Ambos(as)
The survivor must remember that the three essentials of survival: Caribou – Caribu
water, food, and shelter - are prioritized according to the estimate of Caterpillar – Lagarto(a)
Den – Caverna
the actual situation. This estimate must not only be timely but Disease – Doença
accurate as well. Some situations may well dictate that shelter Due to – Devido a
Efforts – Esforço
precede both food and water. Elk – Alce
Environment – Meio-ambiente
ANIMALS FOR FOOD Estimate – Estimativa / Avaliação
Fields – Campos
Flies – Moscas
Unless you have the chance to take large game, concentrate your Food procurement – Aquisição de
efforts on the smaller animals, due to their abundance. The smaller comida
Game – Caça
animal species are also easier to prepare. You must not know all the Grassy – Gramado
animal species that are suitable as food. Relatively few are Grubs – Larvas
poisonous, and they make a smaller list to remember. What is Hairy – Cabeludo / Com pelos
Herding – Que andam em rebanhos
important is to learn the habits and behavioral patterns of classes of Logs – Lenhas
animals. For example, animals that are excellent choices for trapping, Nest – Ninho / Formigueiro / Cupinzeiro
Nourishment – Nutrição
those that inhabit a particular range and occupy a den or nest, those Patterns – Padrões / Modelos / Forma
that have somewhat fixed feeding areas, and those that have trails Posisonous – Venenoso(a)
Range – Variedade
leading from one area to another. Larger, herding animals, such as Resorted – Recorrido(a)
elk or caribou, roam vast areas and are somewhat more difficult to Rotting – Podre / Apodrecimento
Source – Fonte
trap. Also, you must understand the food choices of a particular Spiders – Aranhas
species. Starvation – Morrendo de fome
Survivor – Sobrevivente
Termites – Cupins
You can, with relatively few exceptions, eat anything that crawls, Thoughts – Pensamentos
swims, walks, or flies. The first obstacle is overcoming your natural Ticks – Carrapatos
aversion to a particular food source. Historically, people in starvation Timely – Na hora certa / Em tempo hábil
To avoid – Evitar
situations have resorted to eating everything imaginable for To bite – Morder
nourishment. A person who ignores an otherwise healthy food source To crawl – Rastejar
due to a personal bias, or because he feels it is unappetizing, is To dictate – Impor
risking his own survival. Although it may prove difficult at first, a To fly – Voar
To follow – Suceder / Seguir
survivor must eat what is available to maintain his health. To inhabit – Habitar / Morar
To maintain – Manter
Insects To occur – Ocorrer
To overcome – Sobrepujar
To precede – Preceder
The most abundant life-form on earth, insects are easily caught. To roam – Vagar / Passear
Insects provide 65 to 80 percent protein compared to 20 percent for To sting – Picar / Ferroar
beef. This fact makes insects an important, if not overly appetizing, To swim – Nadar
food source. Insects to avoid include all adults that sting or bite, hairy To trap – Pegar na armadilha / Capturar
To walk – Andar
or brightly colored insects, and caterpillars and insects that have a
Trails – Pegadas / Rastros
pungent odor. Also avoid spiders and common disease carriers such Trapping – Pegando com armadilha
as ticks, flies, and mosquitoes. Unless – A menos que
Rotting logs lying on the ground are excellent places to look for a
variety of insects including ants, termites, beetles, and grubs, which
are beetle larvae. Do not overlook insect nests on or in the ground.
Grassy areas, such as fields, are good areas to search because the
insects are easily seen.
94
Stones, boards, or other materials lying on the ground provide the

insects with good nesting sites. Check these sites. Insect larvae are
also edible. Insects such as beetles and grasshoppers that have a
hard outer shell will have parasites. Cook them before eating.
Remove any wings and barbed legs also. You can eat most insects Against – Contra
Alligators – Jacarés
raw. The taste varies from one species to another. Barbed – Farpado(a)
Boards – Tábuas
Worms Bot – Tapurú
Brigthly colored – De cor viva
Damp – Úmido
Worms, like the bot (Annelidea) are an excellent protein source. Dig Danger – Perigo
for them in damp humus soil or watch for them on the ground after a Debris – Escombros / Ruínas
rain. After capturing them, drop them into clean, potable water for a Edible – Comestível
few minutes. The worms will naturally purge or wash themselves out, Flesh – Carne
Frogs – Rãs
after which you can eat them raw. Gland – Glândula
Grasshopers – Gafanhotos
Amphibians Hawksbill – Tartaruga-de-pente
Hazard – Perigo
Lying – Situados
Frogs and salamanders are easily found around bodies of fresh Mud – Lama
water. Frogs seldom move from the safety of the water's edge. At the Mushrooms – Cogumelos
first sign of danger, they plunge into the water and bury themselves in Nesting – Aninhamento
the mud and debris. There are few poisonous species of frogs. Avoid Pigeons – Pombos
Raw – Cru
any brightly colored frog or one that has a distinct "X" mark on its Roost – Poleiro
back. Do not confuse toads with frogs. You normally find toads in Salamanders – Salamandra
drier environments. Several species of toads secrete a poisonous Seldom – Raramente
substance through their skin as a defense against attack. Shell – Casca / Concha
Size – Tamanho
Skins – Peles
Therefore, to avoid poisoning, do not handle or eat toads. Snakes – Cobras
Salamanders are nocturnal. The best time to catch them is at night Stones – Pedras
using a light. They can range in size from a few centimeters to well Taste – Sabor
To burry – Enterrar
over 60 centimeters in length. Look in water around rocks and mud To dig – Cavar
banks for salamanders. To plunge – Mergulhar
To purge – Purificar
Reptiles To range – Variar / Abranger
To skin – Descamisamento
Toads – Sapos
Reptiles are a good protein source and relatively easy to catch. You Turtle – Tartaruga
should cook them, but in an emergency, you can eat them raw. Their Wild – Selvagem
raw flesh may transmit parasites, but because reptiles are cold- Wings – Asas
Worms – Vermes
blooded, they do not carry the blood diseases of the warm-blooded
animals.
The box turtle is a commonly encountered turtle that you should not
eat. It feeds on poisonous mushrooms and may build up a highly
toxic poison in its flesh. Cooking does not destroy this toxin. Avoid
the hawksbill turtle, found in the Atlantic Ocean, because of its
poisonous thorax gland. Poisonous snakes, alligators, crocodiles,
and large sea turtles present obvious hazards to the survivor.
Birds
All species of birds are edible, although the flavor will vary
considerably. You may skin fish-eating birds to improve their taste.
As with any wild animal, you must understand birds' common habits
to have a realistic chance of capturing them.
You can take pigeons, as well as some other species, from their roost
at night by hand. During the nesting season, some species will not
leave the nest even when approached. Knowing where and when the
birds nest makes catching them easier.
95
Birds tend to have regular flyways going from the roost to a feeding
area, to water, and so forth. Careful observation should reveal where
these flyways are and indicate good areas for catching birds in nets
stretched across the flyways. Roosting sites and waterholes are
some of the most promising areas for trapping or snaring. Barbers – Barbilhos
Brush – Mato
Careful – Cuidadoso(a)
Nesting birds present another food source: eggs. Remove all but two Catfish – Peixe-gato
or three eggs from the clutch, marking the ones that you leave. The Clutch – Ninho com ovos
bird will continue to lay more eggs to fill the clutch. Continue Cornered – Encurralado(a)
Cowfish – Peixe-boi
removing the fresh eggs, leaving the ones you marked. Current – Correnteza
Drawbacks – Desvantagens
Mammals Eddy – Redemoinho
Egg-laying – Ovíparo
Farther – Mais longe
Mammals are excellent protein sources and, for most of us, the most Fat – Gordura
tasty food source. There are some drawbacks to obtaining mammals. Fins – Barbatanas
In a hostile environment, the enemy may detect any traps or snares Fish poisoning – Intoxicação por
placed on land. The amount of injury an animal can inflict is in direct consume de peixe
proportion to its size. All mammals have teeth and nearly all will bite Flyways – Migração de pássaros
Foliage – Folhagem
in self-defense. Even a squirrel can inflict a serious wound and any Freshwater fish – Peixe de água doce
bite presents a serious risk of infection. Also, a mother can be Liver – Fígado
extremely aggressive in defense of her young. Any animal with no Log – Lenha
route of escape will fight when cornered. Muddy – Lamacento(a) / Turvo(a)
Needlike – Como agulha
Oilfish – Cavala
All mammals are edible; however, the polar bear and bearded seal Opossum – Gambá
have toxic levels of vitamin A in their livers. The platypus, native to Overhanging – Preso(a)
Australia and Tasmania, is an egg-laying, semiaquatic mammal that Placed – Colocado(a)
Platypus – Ornitorrinco
has poisonous glands. Scavenging mammals, such as the opossum, Pocupine fish – Baiacu-de-espinho
may carry diseases. Polar bear – Urso polar
Pools – Poças / Piscinas
Fish Promising – Promissor(a)
Protrusions – Saliências
Puffer – Peixe-bola
Fish represent a good source of protein and fat. They offer some Puncture – Perfuração
distinct advantages to the survivor or evader. They are usually more Quickly – Rapidamente
abundant than mammal wildlife, and the ways to get them are silent. Red snapper – Vermelho (tipo de peixe)
Reef – Recife
To be successful at catching fish, you must know their habits. For Saltwater fish – Peixe de água salgada
instance, fish tend to feed heavily before a storm. Scavenging – Que se alimenta de carniça
Seal – Foca
Fish are not likely to feed after a storm when the water is muddy and Seasonally – De acordo com a época do
ano
swollen. Light often attracts fish at night. When there is a heavy Self-defense – Defesa pessoal
current, fish will rest in places where there is an eddy, such as near Sharp – Afiado(a)
rocks. Fish will also gather where there are deep pools, under Snearing – Arapucas
overhanging brush, and in and around submerged foliage, logs, or So forth – Assim por diante
Squirrel – Esquilo
other objects that offer them shelter. Storm – Tempestade
Swollen – Denso(a)
There are no poisonous freshwater fish. However, the catfish species Thorn fish – Peixe-tigre
has sharp, needlelike protrusions on its dorsal fins and barbels. To bite – Morder
To feed – Alimentar
These can inflict painful puncture wounds that quickly become
To fill – Preencher
infected. To gather – Reunir / Recolher
To kill – Matar / Eliminar
Cook all freshwater fish to kill parasites. Also cook saltwater fish To lay – Colocar
caught within a reef or within the influence of a freshwater source as To reveal – Revelar
Trapping – Armadilhas
a precaution. Any marine life obtained farther out in the sea will not Triggerfish – Cângulo
contain parasites because of the saltwater environment. You can eat Wildlife – Animais selvagens
these raw. Wound – Ferimento / Machucado
Certain saltwater species of fish have poisonous flesh. In some

species the poison occurs seasonally in others, it is permanent.
Examples of poisonous saltwater fish are the porcupine fish,
triggerfish, cowfish, thorn fish, oilfish, red snapper, and puffer. The
barracuda, while not actually poisonous itself, may transmit ciguatera
(fish poisoning) if eaten raw.
96
Crustaceans
Freshwater shrimp range in size from 0.25 centimeter up to 2.5

centimeters. They can form rather large colonies in mats of floating
algae or in mud bottoms of ponds and lakes. Akin – Parecido(a) / Relacionado(a)
Bait – Isca
Barnacles – Cracas
Crayfish are akin to marine lobsters and crabs. You can distinguish Boulders – Rochas
them by their hard exoskeleton and five pairs of legs, the front pair Clams – Moluscos
having oversized pincers. Mussels – Mexilhões
Clinging – Aderente
Crabs – Caranguejos
Crayfish are active at night, but you can locate them in the daytime Crayfish – Lagostim / Camarão-de-água-
by looking under and around stones in streams. You can catch doce
crayfish by tying bits of offal or internal organs to a string. When the Floating algae – Algas flutuantes
High tide – Maré alta
crayfish grabs the bait, pull it to shore before it has a chance to Hook – Anzol / Gancho
release the bait. Lakes – Lagos
Limpets – Tipo de concha
You find saltwater lobsters, crabs, and shrimp from the surf's edge Lobsters – Lagostas
Mat – Emaranhado / Esteira
out to water 10 meters deep. Shrimp may come to a light at night Narrow – Estreito(a)
where you can scoop them up with a net. You can catch lobsters and Net – Rede
crabs with a baited trap or a baited hook. Crabs will come to bait Octopuses – Polvos
placed at the edge of the surf, where you can trap or net them. Offal – Sobras de animais
Pond – Poços / Fontes
Lobsters and crabs are nocturnal and caught best at night. Reef – Recife
Sea urchins – Ouriços-do-mar
Mollusks Seaweed – Algas marinhas
Shallows – Superfícies rasas
Shellfish – Marisco
This class includes octopuses and freshwater and saltwater shellfish Shore – Margem / Costa
such as snails, clams, mussels, barnacles, and sea urchins. Shrimp – Camarão
Slit – Fenda
You find bivalves similar to our freshwater mussel and terrestrial and Snails – Caracóis
Stews – Ensopados
aquatic snails worldwide under all water conditions. Streams – Córregos
River snails are plentiful in rivers, streams, and lakes of northern Surf – Arrebentação de ondas
coniferous forests. Tidal – Relativo a maré
To grab – Agarrar
In fresh water, look for mollusks in the shallows, especially in water To release – Soltar
Trails – Pegadas / Rastros
with a sandy or muddy bottom. Look for the narrow trails they leave in
the mud or for the dark elliptical slit of their open valves.
Near the sea, look in the tidal pools and the wet sand. Rocks along
beaches or extending as reefs into deeper water often bear clinging
shellfish. Snails and limpets cling to rocks and seaweed from the low
water mark upward.
Large snails, called chitons, adhere tightly to rocks above the surf
line. Mussels usually form dense colonies in rock pools, on logs, or at
the base of boulders. Steam, boil, or bake mollusks in the shell. They
make excellent stews in combination with greens.
CAUTION
Mussels may be poisonous in tropical zones during the summer!
CAUTION
Do not eat shellfish that are not covered by water at high tide!
97
TRAPS AND SNARES
Several well-placed traps have the potential to catch much more

game than a man with a rifle is likely to shoot. To be effective with
any type of trap, noose or snare, you must: Catchall – Único(a)
Chewed – Mastigado(a)
Droppings – Fezes
Game – Caça
 Be familiar with the species of animal you intend to catch. Likely – Provável
 Be capable of constructing a proper trap. Nesting – Ninhada
Noose – Nó de laço
 Not alarm the prey by leaving signs of your presence. Prey – Presa
Roosting – Poleiro
There are no catchall traps you can set for all animals. You must Rubbed – Arranhado(a)
determine what species are in a given area and set your traps Several – Muitos(as)
Snares – Arapucas
specifically with those animals in mind. Look for the following: To catch – Apanhar / Catar
To intend – Pretender / Planejar
 Runs and trails. To set – Preparar
 Tracks. To shoot – Atirar
Tracks – Trilhas
 Droppings. Traps – Armadilhas
 Chewed or rubbed vegetation. Well-placed – Bem colocado(a)
 Nesting or roosting sites.
 Feeding and watering areas.
98
PREPARATION OF FISH AND GAME FOR

COOKING AND STORAGE
You must know how to prepare fish and game for cooking and
Backbone – Espinha dorsal
storage in a survival situation. Improper cleaning or storage can Broth – Sopa / Caldo
result in inedible fish or game. Cavity – Cavidade
Clay – Barro
Fish Coals – Carvão
Cramps – Câimbras
Craw – Papo / Estômago
Do not eat fish that appears spoiled. Cooking does not ensure that Entrails – Tripas
spoiled fish will be edible. Signs of spoilage are: Faded – Desbotado(a)
Fats – Gorduras
Feathers – Penas
 Sunken eyes. Feet – Pés
 Peculiar odor. Flake off – Sair
Gills – Guelras / Brânquias
 Suspicious color. (Gills should be red to pink. Scales should be a Gut – Tripa
shade of gray, not faded.) Heart – Coração
 Dents stay in the fish's flesh after pressing it with your thumb. Inedible – Não-comestível
Itching – Coceiras
 Slimy, rather than moist or wet body. Juices – Caldos / Sucos
 Sharp or peppery taste. Later – Mais tarde
Liver – Fígado
Oil – Óleo
Eating spoiled or rotten fish may cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps, Rotten – Podre / Apodrecido
vomiting, itching, paralysis, or a metallic taste in the mouth. These Scales – Escamas
Slimy – Viscoso
symptoms appear suddenly, one to six hours after eating. Induce Spit – Espeto
vomiting if symptoms appear. Spoiled – Estragado(a)
Stick – Vara / Vareta
Fish spoils quickly after death, especially on a hot day. Prepare fish Suddenly – Repentinamente
for eating as soon as possible after catching it. Cut out the gills and Sunken – Afundado(a)
Thumb – Polegar
large blood vessels that lie near the spine. Gut fish that is more than To boil – Ferver
10 centimetres long. Scale or skin the fish. To break – Quebrar
To bury – Enterrar
You can impale a whole fish on a stick and cook it over an open fire. To cook – Cozinhar
To fry – Fritar
However, boiling the fish with the skin on is the best way to get the To harden – Endurecer
most food value. The fats and oil are under the skin and, by boiling, To impale – Espetar
you can save the juices for broth. To open up – Abrir
To pack – Embrulhar
To pluck – Arrancar
You can use any of the methods used to cook plant food to cook fish. To roast – Assar
Pack fish into a ball of clay and bury it in the coals of a fire until the To scale or to skin – Descamar
clay hardens. Break open the clay ball to get to the cooked fish. Fish To skin – Descamisar
is done when the meat flakes off. If you plan to keep the fish for later, To smoke – Defumar
To store – Armazenar
smoke or fry it. To prepare fish for smoking, cut off the head and Under – Debaixo
remove the backbone. Value – Qualidade
Birds
After killing the bird, remove its feathers by either plucking or

skinning. Remember, skinning removes some of the food value.
Open up the body cavity and remove its entrails, saving the craw (in
seed-eating birds), heart, and liver.
Cut off the feet. Cook by boiling or roasting over a spit. Before
cooking scavenger birds, boil them at least 20 minutes to kill
parasites.
99
Snakes
To skin a snake, first cut off its head and bury it. Then cut the skin
down the body 15 to 20 centimeters. Peel the skin back, then grasp
Belly – Barriga
the skin in one hand and the body in the other and pull apart. Bulky – Volumoso(a) / Grande
Butchering – Esfola
On large, bulky snakes it may be necessary to slit the belly skin. Carcass – Carcaça
Cook snakes in the same manner as small game. Remove the Hide – Couro
Innards – Vísceras
entrails and discard. Cut the snake into small sections and boil or Musk – Almíscar
roast it. Pull apart – Separar / Rasgar
Snakes – Cobras
Tail – Rabo
Tainting – Manchar / Estragar
Throat – Garganta
To bleed – Sangrar
To bury – Enterrar
To discard – Descartar
To grasp – Segurar
To peel – Agarrar / Descascar
To skin – Descamar
To slit – Abrir fenda / Cortar
To split – Dividir
Skinning and Butchering Game
Bleed the animal by cutting its throat. If possible, clean the carcass
near a stream. Place the carcass belly up and split the hide from
throat to tail, cutting around all sexual organs.
Remove the musk glands at points A and B to avoid tainting the

meat. For smaller mammals, cut the hide around the body and insert
two fingers under the hide on both sides of the cut and pull both
pieces off.
100
Smoking Meat
To smoke meat, prepare a tepee smoker. Two ponchos snapped

together will work. The fire does not need to be big or hot. The intent Brittle – Rígido(a) / Quebradiço(a)
is to produce smoke, not heat. Curled – Encaracolado(a)
Enclosure – Cerca
Do not use resinous wood in the fire because its smoke will ruin the Fire pit – Fogueira em um poço
Framework – Armação / Estrutura
meat. Use hardwoods to produce good smoke. The wood should be Further – Mais / Além
somewhat green. If it is too dry, soak it. Hardwoods – Madeiras rijas
Heat – Calor
Cut the meat into thin slices, no more than 6 centimeters thick, and Intent – Intenção
Keep a close watch – Não tire o olho
drape them over a framework. Make sure none of the meat touches Meat – Carne
another piece. Keep the poncho enclosure around the meat to hold None – Nenhum(a)
the smoke and keep a close watch on the fire. Overnight – Durante a noite
Poles – Postes / Varas
Do not let the fire get too hot. Meat smoked overnight in this manner Ponchos – Lonas / Forros / Capas
will last about 1 week. Resinous – Resinoso
Smoking – Defumado(a)
Two days of continuous smoking will preserve the meat for 2 to 4 Snapped – Cortado ao meio
Strips – Tiras / Pedaços
weeks. Properly smoked meat will look like a dark, curled, brittle stick Tepee smoker – Moquém / Moqueador
and you can eat it without further cooking. Thick – Espesso
Thin – Fino(a)
To drape – Dispor
To hold – Conter / Segurar
To last – Durar
To smoke – Defumar
To soak – Molhar / Umedecer
101
SURVIVAL USE OF PLANTS

[USO DAS PLANTAS PARA SOBREVIVÊNCIA]
Arrangements – Disposição
Available – Disponível
After having solved the problems of finding water, shelter, and animal Basal-rosette – Base roseta
food, you will have to consider the use of plants you can eat. In a Beforehand – Antecipadamente
Carrots – Cenouras
survival situation you should always be on the lookout for familiar Chemicals – Substâncias químicas
wild foods whenever possible. You must not count on being able to Edibility – Comestibilidade
go for days without food as some sources would suggest. Even in Hemlock – Pinheiro do Canadá
the most static survival situation, maintaining health through a Hides – Couro
complete and nutritious diet is essential to maintaining strength and Lance-shaped – Formato de lança
Leaf – Folha
peace of mind. Margin – Borda
Medicines – Remédios
Nature can provide you with food that will let you survive any ordeal, Mistook – Enganou-se / Enganoso(a)
if you don't eat the wrong plant. You must therefore learn as much as Oblong – Retangular
Ordeal – Prova / Teste
possible beforehand about the flora of the region where you will be Parsnips – Pastinacas / Mandioquinha
operating. Plants can provide you with medicines in a survival Peace of mind – Paz de espírito
situation. Plants can supply you with weapons and raw materials to Procured – Adquirido(a)
construct shelters and build fires. Plants can even provide you with Raw material – Matéria-prima
Root – Raíz
chemicals for poisoning fish, preserving animal hides, and for Shape – Formato
camouflaging yourself and your equipment. Strengh – Força
Thick – Espesso
EDIBILITY OF PLANTS To solve – Resolver / Solucionar
To supply – Suprir / Fornecer
Valuable – Valioso(a)
Plants are valuable sources of food because they are widely Weapons – Armas
available, easily procured, and, in the proper combinations, can meet Wedge – Triangular
all your nutritional needs. Widely – Amplamente
WARNING
The critical factor in using plants for food is to avoid accidental
poisoning. Eat only those plants you can positively identify and you
know are safe to eat.
Absolutely identify plants before using them as food. Poison hemlock

has killed people who mistook it for its relatives, wild carrots and wild
parsnips.
Plant Identification
You identify plants, other than by memorizing particular varieties

through familiarity, by using such factors as leaf shape and margin,
leaf arrangements, and root structure. These leaves may be lance-
shaped, elliptical, egg-shaped, oblong, wedge-shaped, triangular,
long-pointed, or top-shaped. The basic types of leaf arrangements
are opposite, alternate, compound, simple, and basal rosette.
102
The basic types of root structures are the bulb, clove, taproot, tuber,
rhizome, corm, and crown. Bulbs are familiar to us as onions and,
when sliced in half, will show concentric rings. Cloves are those
bulblike structures that remind us of garlic and will separate into Almond – Amêndoa
Beans – Brotos / Feijões
small pieces when broken apart. This characteristic separates wild Bitter – Amargo(a)
onions from wild garlic. Branched – Ramificado(a)
Bulb – Bulbo
Clove – Dente de alho
Taproots resemble carrots and may be single-rooted or branched, Corm – Cormo
but usually only one plant stalk arises from each root. Creeping – Trepadeira
Crown – Coroa
Daylilies – Tipos de lírio
Tubers are like potatoes and daylilies and you will find these Dill – Endro
Fine hairs – Fiapos
structures either on strings or in clusters underneath the parent Garlic – Alho
plants. Rhizomes are large creeping rootstock or underground stems Grain – Grãos
and many plants arise from the "eyes" of these roots. Onions – Cebolas
Parsley – Salsinha
Resinous – Resinoso
Corms are similar to bulbs but are solid when cut rather than Rhizomes – Rizomas
possessing rings. A crown is the type of root structure found on Rings – Anéis
plants such as asparagus and looks much like a mophead under the Rootstock – Base / Raíz
Sap – Seiva
soil's surface. Scent – Cheiro
Seeds – Sementes
Soapy – Azedo(a)
Spines – Espinhos
Spur – Ramificação
Stalk – Caule / Talo
Stems – Troncos
Taproot – Raíz central
To resemble – Lembrar / Parecer
Tubers – Bulbos em tubos
Woody – Feito de madeira
Learn as much as possible about plants you intend to use for food
and their unique characteristics. Some plants have both edible and
poisonous parts. Many are edible only at certain times of the year.
Others may have poisonous relatives that look very similar to the
ones you can eat or use for medicine. To avoid potentially poisonous
plants, stay away from any wild or unknown plants that have:
 Milky or discolored sap.

 Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside.
 Bitter or soapy taste.
 Spines, fine hairs, or thorns.
 Dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsleylike foliage.
 "Almond" scent in woody parts and leaves.
 Grain heads with pink, purplish, or black spurs.
 Three-leaved growth pattern.
103
TROPICAL ZONE FOOD PLANTS
 Bamboo (Bambusa and other species) - [Bambú]

 Bananas (Musa species) - [Bananas]
 Breadfruit (Artocarpus incisa) - [Fruta-pão]
 Cashew nut (Anacardium occidental) - [Castanha de caju]
 Coconut (Cocos nucifera) - [Coco]
 Mango (Mangifera indica) - [Manga]
 Palms (various species) - [Palmeiras]
 Papaya (Carica species) - [Mamão]
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) - [Cana-de-açúcar]
 Taro (Colocasia species) - [Cará]
TEMPERATE ZONE FOOD PLANTS
 Amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus and other species) – [Amaranto]

 Arrowroot (Sagittaria species) – [Araruta]
 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) - [Aspargo]
 Beechnut (Fagus species) - [Castanha]
 Blackberries (Rubus species) - [Amora-preta]
 Blueberries (Vaccinium species) – [Uva-do-monte]
 Burdock (Arctium lappa) – [Bardana]
 Cattail (Typha species) - [Tifa]
 Chestnut (Castanea species) – [Pinhão]
 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) – [Chicória / Escarola]
 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) – [Dente-de-leão]
 Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) – [Tipo de lírio]
 Nettle (Urtica species) – [Urtiga]
 Oaks (Quercus species) – [Carvalhos]
 Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) – [Caqui]
 Plantain (Plantago species) – [Bananeira silvestre]
 Prickly pear cactus (Opuntia species) – [Figueira-da-Índia]
 Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) – [Sassafrás]
 Strawberries (Fragaria species) – [Morangos]
 Thistle (Cirsium species) – [Cardo]
 Water lily and lotus (Nuphar, Nelumbo, and other species) – [Lírio e lótus]
 Wild onion and garlic (Allium species) – [Cebola e alho selvagens]
 Wild rose (Rosa species) – [Rosa Silvestre]
 Wood sorrel (Oxalis species) – [Tipo de planta com gosto azedo]
104
Seaweeds
One plant you should never overlook is seaweed. It is a form of

marine algae found on or near ocean shores. There are also some Acorns – Fruto do carvalho
Arum – Copo-de-leite
edible freshwater varieties. Seaweed is a valuable source of iodine, Birches – Vidoeiros
other minerals, and vitamin C. Large quantities of seaweed in an Bitterness – Amargura
Broths – Ensopados / Caldos
unaccustomed stomach can produce a severe laxative effect. Buds – Brotos
Chestnuts – Pinhão
When gathering seaweeds for food, find living plants attached to Crisp – Crocante
Flour – Farofa / Farinha
rocks or floating free. Seaweed washed onshore any length of time Harvested – Colhidos(as)
may be spoiled or decayed. You can dry freshly harvested seaweeds Maples – Aceráceas
Nuts – Nozes
for later use. Sap – Seiva
Seaweeds – Algas marinhas
Shores – Praias
Its preparation for eating depends on the type of seaweed. You can Spoiled – Estragado(a)
dry thin and tender varieties in the sun or over a fire until crisp. Crush Strainer – Coador
Sycamores – Sicômoros
and add these to soups or broths. Boil thick, leathery seaweeds for a Syrup – Xarope / Caldo
short time to soften them. Eat them as a vegetable or with other Taste – Sabor
foods. You can eat some varieties raw after testing for edibility. Tender – Macio(a)
To bake – Assar
To boil – Ferver
Preparation of Plant Food To cook – Cozinhar
To crush – Esmagar
To dry – Secar
Although some plants or plant parts are edible raw, you must cook To grind – Triturar
others to be edible or palatable. Edible means that a plant or food will To leach – Extrair
To mature – Amadurecer
provide you with necessary nutrients, while palatable means that it To pour – Derramar
actually is pleasing to eat. Many wild plants are edible but barely To roast – Assar
To soak – Fazer ensopado
palatable. It is a good idea to learn to identify, prepare, and eat wild
foods.
Methods used to improve the taste of plant food include soaking,

boiling, cooking, or leaching. Leaching is done by crushing the food
(for example, acorns), placing it in a strainer, and pouring boiling
water through it or immersing it in running water.
 Boil leaves, stems, and buds until tender, changing the

water, if necessary, to remove any bitterness.
 Boil, bake, or roast tubers and roots. Drying helps to remove
caustic oxalates from some roots like those in the Arum
family.
 Leach acorns in water, if necessary, to remove the
bitterness. Some nuts, such as chestnuts, are good raw, but
taste better roasted.
You can eat many grains and seeds raw until they mature. When
hard or dry, you may have to boil or grind them into meal or flour.
The sap from many trees, such as maples, birches, walnuts, and
sycamores, contains sugar. You may boil these saps down to a
syrup for sweetening. It takes about 35 liters of maple sap to make
one liter of maple syrup!
105
POISONOUS PLANTS
[PLANTAS VENENOSAS]
Successful use of plants in a survival situation depends on positive Apart from – Com exceção de
Death – Morte
identification. Knowing poisonous plants is as important to a survivor Due to – Devido a
as knowing edible plants. Knowing the poisonous plants will help you Edible – Comestível
Effort – Esforço
avoid sustaining injuries from them.
Growing – Crescimento /
HOW PLANTS POISON Desenvolvimento
Injuries – Machucados / Ferimentos
Misconceptions – Conceitos errôneos
Plants generally poison by: Mushrooms – Cogumelos
Poison – Veneno
Poisonous – Venenoso(a)
Ingestion: When a person eats a part of a poisonous plant. Rule – Regra
Contac: When a person makes contact with a poisonous plant that Slight – Pequeno(a)
Survival – Sobrevivência
causes any type of skin irritation or dermatitis. Survivor – Sobrevivente
Absorption or inhalation: When a person either absorbs the poison To aid – Auxiliar / Ajudar
through the skin or inhales it into the respiratory system. To avoid – Evitar
To know – Conhecer / Saber
To poison – Envenenar
Plant poisoning ranges from minor irritation to death. A common To require – Exigir
question asked is, "How poisonous is this plant?" It is difficult to say While – Enquanto que
how poisonous plants are because:
 Some plants require contact with a large amount of the plant

before noticing any adverse reaction while others will cause
death with only a small amount.
 Every plant will vary in the amount of toxins it contains due to
different growing conditions and slight variations in subspecies.
 Every person has a different level of resistance to toxic
substances.
 Some persons may be more sensitive to a particular plant.
Some common misconceptions about poisonous plants are:
 Watch the animals and eat what they eat. Most of the time this
statement is true, but some animals can eat plants that are
poisonous to humans.
 Boil the plant in water and any poisons will be removed. Boiling
removes many poisons, but not all.
 Plants with a red color are poisonous. Some plants that are red
are poisonous, but not all.
The point is there are no one rules to aid in identifying poisonous

plants, apart from avoiding all mushrooms found. You must make an
effort to learn as much about them as possible.
106
DANGEROUS CREATURES
[CRIATURAS PERIGOSAS]
INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS Anaphylactic shock – Choque anafilático

Anger – Raiva
Average – Comum / Média
Insects are often overlooked as a Bees – Abelhas
Bites – Mordidas
danger to the survivor. More people Centipedes – Centopéias
in some countries die each year from Coma – Coma
bee stings, and resulting anaphylactic Death – Morte
Disease – Doença
shock, than from snake bites. A few Elderly – Idoso
other insects are venomous enough to kill, but often the greatest Fiddleback – Aranha marrom
Hairy – Cabeludo(a)
danger is the transmission of disease. Headache – Dor de cabeça
Hornets – Marimbondos
Ill – Doente
You recognize and identify insects, except centipedes and Millipedes – Miriápodes
millipedes, by their six legs while arachnids have eight. All these Nearly – Quase
small creatures become pests when they bite, sting, or irritate you. Pain – Dor
Shivering – Tremor
Fatalities from scorpion stings are rare, but they can occur in Slender – Esguio(a)
children, the elderly and ill persons. Spiders – Aranhas
Stinger – Ferrão
Stings – Picadas
SPIDERS Sweting – Suadouro
Tissue – Tecido
To go away – Sumir / Ir embora
You recognize the brown recluse or fiddleback spider by a prominent To recover – Recuperar
violin-shaped light spot on the back of its body. Though rarely fatal, To rip – Rasgar
Venom sac – Bolsa venenosa
its bite causes excessive tissue degeneration around the wound and Venomous – Venenoso(a)
can even lead to amputation of the digits if left untreated. Wasps – Vespas
Weakness – Fraqueza
Widows – Viúva-negra
Found in warmer areas of the world, the widows are small, dark Wound – Ferida / Machucado
spiders with orange spots on their abdomens. Avoid them as they
move about, usually at night, in search of prey. Symptoms of their
bite are severe pain accompanied by sweating and shivering, and
weakness.
Tarantulas are large, hairy spiders best known because they are
often sold in pet stores. Some South American species do inject a
dangerous toxin, but most simply produce a painful bite.
BEES, WASPS, AND HORNETS
We are all familiar with bees, wasps,

and hornets. They come in many
varieties and have a wide diversity of
habits and habitats. You recognize
bees by their hairy and usually thick
body, while the wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets have more
slender, nearly hairless, bodies.
The main anger from bees is their barbed stinger located on their
abdomens. When the bee stings you, it rips its stinger out of its
abdomen along with the venom sac, and the bee dies. The average
person has a relatively minor and temporary reaction to bee stings
and recovers in a couple of hours when the pain and headache go
away. Those who are allergic to bee venom have severe reactions
including anaphylactic shock, coma, and death.
107
TICKS
Ticks are common in the tropics and temperate regions. They are
familiar to most of us. Ticks are small round arachnids with eight legs Bats – Morcegos
Beware – Tome cuidado
and can have either a soft or hard body. Ticks require a blood host to Bog – Lamaçal
survive and reproduce. This makes them dangerous because they Cows – Vacas
Despite – Apesar de
spread diseases like Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Electric eel – Enguia elétrica
encephalitis, and others that can ultimately be disabling or fatal. Guidelines – Normas de procedimento
Beware of ticks when passing through the thick vegetation they cling Host – Hospedeiro
Leeches – Sanguessugas
to, when cleaning host animals for food, and when gathering natural Rabies – Raiva
materials to construct a shelter. Always use insect repellents, if Razor-sharp – Afiados como navalha
Rules – Regras
possible. Shallow – Raso / Superficial
Spotted fever – Febre maculosa
Swampy – Pantanoso
LEECHES
Ticks – Carrapatos
To cling – Aderir / Agarrar
Leeches are blood-sucking creatures with a wormlike appearance. To disable – Incapacitar / Tornar
deficiente
You find them in the tropics and in temperate zones. You will To lap – Lamber
certainly encounter them when swimming in infested waters or To stun – Deixar em estado de choque
Worldwide – Mundialmente
making expedient water crossings. You can find them when passing Wormlike – Aparência de verme
through swampy, tropical vegetation and bogs.
BATS
Despite the legends, bats are a relatively small hazard to the

survivor. There are many bat varieties worldwide, but you find the
true vampire bats only in Central and South America. They are small,
agile fliers that land on their sleeping victims, mostly cows and
horses, to lap a blood meal after biting their victim. Their saliva
contains an anticoagulant that keeps the blood slowly flowing while
they feed. Only a small percentage of these bats actually carry
rabies; however, avoid any sick or injured bat. They can carry other
diseases and infections and will bite readily when handled.
POISONOUS SNAKES
There are no infallible rules for identification of poisonous snakes in

the field, because the guidelines all require close observation or
manipulation of the snake’s body. The best strategy is to leave all
snakes alone.
ELECTRIC EEL / PIRANHA
Electric eels may reach 2 meters in length and 20 centimeters in

diameter. Avoid them. They are capable of generating up to 500 volts
of electricity in certain organs in their body. They use this shock to
stun prey and enemies. Piranhas are another hazard of the Orinoco
and Amazon River systems, as well as the Paraguay River Basin,
where they are native. They have white, razor-sharp teeth that are
clearly visible. Use great care when crossing waters where they live.
Blood attracts them. They are most dangerous in shallow waters
during the dry season.
108
SEA SURVIVAL
[SOBREVIVÊNCIA NO MAR]
Perhaps the most difficult survival situation to be in is sea survival. Crippled – Incapacitado / Defeituoso
Depends upon – Depender de
Short-or long-term survival depends upon rations and equipment Life preservers – Coletes salva-vidas
available and your ingenuity. You must be resourceful to survive. Life rafts – Balsas salva-vidas
Lifeboats – Botes salva-vidas
Measures – Medidas
Water covers about 75 percent of the earth's surface, with about 70 Perhaps – Talvez
percent being oceans and seas. Rations – Rações
Resourceful – Engenhoso / Astucioso
Skills – Dotes
You can assume that you will sometime cross vast expanses of Stowed – Alojado(a)
To cope – Lidar
water. There is always the chance that the plane or ship you are on War – Guerra
will become crippled by such hazards as storms, collision, fire, or Waves – Ondas
Will to live – Vontade de viver
war. Winds – Ventos
THE OPEN SEA
As a survivor on the open sea, you will face waves and wind. You
may also face extreme heat or cold. To keep these environmental
hazards from becoming serious problems, take precautionary
measures as soon as possible.
Use the available resources to protect yourself from the elements

and from heat or extreme cold and humidity.
Protecting yourself from the elements meets only one of your basic
needs. You must also be able to obtain water and food. Satisfying
these three basic needs will help prevent serious physical and
psychological problems.
However, you must know how to treat health problems that may
result from your situation.
Precautionary Measures
Your survival at sea depends upon:
 Your knowledge of and ability to use the available survival

equipment.
 Your special skills and ability to apply them to cope with the
hazards you face.
 Your will to live.
When you board a ship or aircraft, find out what survival equipment is
on board, where it is stowed, and what it contains. For instance, how
many life preservers and lifeboats or rafts are on board?
Where are they located? What type of survival equipment do they

have? How much food, water, and medicine do they contain? How
many people are they designed to support?
If you are responsible for other personnel on board, make sure you
know where they are and they know where you are.
109
Down at Sea
If you are in an aircraft that goes down at sea, take the following
actions once you clear the aircraft. Whether you are in the water or in Crash – Desastre
a raft: Floating – Flutuando
Fuel-covered – Coberto de combustível
 Get clear and upwind of the aircraft as soon as possible, but stay Get clear – Fique longe
Missing personnel – Desaparecidos
in the vicinity until the aircraft sinks. Near – Perto de
 Get clear of fuel-covered water in case the fuel ignites. Search – Busca
Survivors – Sobreviventes
 Try to find other survivors. To ignite – Acender / Explodir
To sink – Afundar
A search for survivors usually takes place around the entire area of To try – Tentar
Until – Até que
and near the crash site. Missing personnel may be unconscious and Upwind – Contra o vento
floating low in the water. Vicinity – Proximidade
110
Once you are in a raft:
 Check the physical condition of all on board. Give first aid if

necessary. Take seasickness pills if available. The best way to Apart – De distância
take these pills is to place them under the tongue and let them Available – Disponível
Buoyancy chambers – Câmaras de
dissolve. There are also suppositories or injections against flutuação
seasickness. Vomiting, whether from seasickness or other Canteen – Cantil
Chafing – Aquecimento
causes, increases the danger of dehydration. Clothing – Roupas
Danger – Perigoso(a)
 Try to salvage all floating equipment--rations; canteens, thermos Dehydration – Desidratação
Effort – Esforço
jugs, and other containers; clothing; seat cushions; parachutes; Glued joints – Partes coladas
and anything else that will be useful to you. Secure the salvaged Leaks – Vazamentos
items in or to your raft. Make sure the items have no sharp edges Once – Uma vez que
Overly – Excessivamente
that can puncture the raft. Parachutes – Pára-quedas
Raft – Bote
 If there are other rafts, lash the rafts together so they are about 8 Ready – Pronto(a)
Rescue – Resgate / Salvamento
meters apart. Be ready to draw them closer together if you see or Rescuers – Grupo de resgate
hear an aircraft. It is easier for an aircrew to spot rafts that are Scattered – Disperso(a) / Espalhado(a)
Seasickness – Enjôo de mar
close together rather than scattered. Seat cushions – Almofadas dos acentos
Sharp edges – Pontiagudos(as)
 Remember, rescue at sea is a cooperative effort. Use all Signaling devices – Dispositivos
sinalizadores
available visual or electronic signaling devices to signal and Thermo jugs – Garrafas térmicas
make contact with rescuers. For example, raise a flag or Tight – Apertado(a)
reflecting material on an oar as high as possible to attract To avoid – Evitar
To break down – Quebrar / Partir
attention. To draw – Puxar
To lash – Amarrar
 Locate the emergency radio and get it into operation. Operating To salvage – Salvar
To spot – Localizar / Achar
instructions are on it. Use the emergency transceiver only when To weaken – Enfraquecer
friendly aircraft are likely to be in the area. Together – Junto(a)
Tongue – Língua
 Have other signaling devices ready for instant use. If you are in
enemy territory, avoid using a signaling device that will alert the
enemy. However, if your situation is desperate, you may have to
signal the enemy for rescue if you are to survive.
 Check the raft for inflation, leaks, and points of possible chafing.
Make sure the main buoyancy chambers are firm (well rounded)
but not overly tight. Check inflation regularly. Air expands with
heat; therefore, on hot days, release some air and add air when
the weather cools.
 Decontaminate the raft of all fuel. Petroleum will weaken its

surfaces and break down its glued joints.
111
Throw out the sea anchor, or improvise a drag from the raft's case. A
sea anchor helps you stay close to your ditching site, making it
easier for searchers to find you if you have relayed your location.
Against – Contra
Without a sea anchor, your raft may drift over 160 kilometers in a Apex – Vértice
day, making it much harder to find you. You can adjust the sea Bottom – Fundo
anchor to act as a drag to slow down the rate of travel with the Canopy – Cobertura / Proteção
Chin – Queixo
current, or as a means to travel with the current. Cold – Frio(a)
Current – Correnteza
You make this adjustment by opening or closing the sea anchor's Ditching – Amerrissagem (pouso na
apex. When open, the sea anchor acts as a drag that keeps you in água)
Drag – Arrasto
the general area. When closed, it forms a pocket for the current to Enough – Suficiente
strike and propels the raft in the current's direction. Eyelid – Pálpebra
Greatest – Maior
Insulating – Isolante
Layer – Camada
Relayed – Restabelecido(a)
Sea anchor – Biruta d’água
Still – Parado(a)
Sunburn – Queimadura de sol
Sunshade – Pára-sol
Surrounds – Vizinhança / Que cerca / Ao
redor
To drift – Ser levado pela correnteza
To face – Encarar / Lidar
To propel – Empurrar
To rig – Equipar / Trajar
To strike – Bater / Golpear
To surround – Cercar
Weather – Tempo (cond. meteorológica)
Wet – Molhado(a)
Cold Weather Considerations
The greatest problem you face when submerged in cold water is

death due to hypothermia.
When you are immersed in cold water, hypothermia occurs rapidly

due to the decreased insulating quality of wet clothing and the result
of water displacing the layer of still air that normally surrounds the
body.
Your best protection against the effects of cold water is to get into the
life raft, stay dry, and insulate your body from the cold surface of the
bottom of the raft.
Hot Weather Considerations
Rig a sunshade or canopy. Leave enough space for ventilation.

Cover your skin, where possible, to protect it from sunburn. Use
sunburn cream, if available, on all exposed skin.
Your eyelids, the back of your ears, and the skin under your chin
sunburn easily.
112
Raft Procedures
Water
Amount – Quantia
Available – Disponível
Water is your most important need. With it alone, you can live for ten Be ready – Esteja preparado(a)
days or longer, depending on your will to live. When drinking water, Before – Antes
Dew – Orvalho
moisten your lips, tongue, and throat before swallowing. Exert – Esforços físicos
Fat – Gordura
Short Water Rations Freshwater – Água potável
Gray – Cinza
Lips – Lábios
When you have a limited water supply and you can't replace it by Means – Meios
chemical or mechanical means, use the water efficiently. Protect Party – Grupo
freshwater supplies from seawater contamination. Raft – Bote
Rations – Racionamentos
Remember – Lembre-se
Do not exert yourself. Relax and sleep when possible. Fix your daily Salty – Salgado(a)
Shield – Cobertura
water ration after considering the amount of water you have, and the Showers – Chuvas
number and physical condition of your party. Shrimp – Camarão
Spine – Espinha dorsal
Supply – Estoque / Abastecimento
If you don't have water, don't eat. If your water ration is two litres or Throat – Garganta
more per day, eat any part of your ration or any additional food that To approach – Aproximar
To catch – Pegar / Apanhar / Catar
you may catch, such as birds, fish, and shrimp. The life raft's motion To moist – Umedecer
and anxiety may cause nausea. If you eat when nauseated, you may To reduce – Reduzir
lose your food immediately. To replace – Substituir
To sleep – Dormir
To soak – Molhar
To reduce your loss of water through perspiration, soak your clothes To suck – Sugar
To swallow – Engolir
in the sea and wring them out before putting them on again. Don't To watch – Observar
overdo this during hot days when no canopy or sun shield is To wring – Torcer / Espremer
Tongue – Língua
available. Be careful not to get the bottom of the raft wet. Unless – A menos que
Will to live – Vontade de viver
Watch the clouds and be ready for any chance of showers. It is also
possible to collect dew along the sides of the raft using a sponge or
cloth. When it rains, drink as much as you can hold.
REMEMBER!
Do not drink seawater. Do not drink urine. Do not drink alcohol.

Do not smoke. Do not eat, unless water is available.
Water From Fish
Drink the aqueous fluid found along the spine and in the eyes of
large fish. Carefully cut the fish in half to get the fluid along the spine
and suck the eye. If you are so short of water that you need to do
this, then do not drink any of the other body fluids. These other fluids
are rich in protein and fat and will use up more of your reserve water
in digestion than they supply.
Sea Ice
In arctic waters, use old sea ice for water. It is nearly free of salt.
New ice is gray, milky, hard, and salty. Water from icebergs is fresh,
but icebergs are dangerous to approach. Use them as a source of
water only in emergencies.
113
Food Procurement
In the open sea, fish will be the main food source. There are some
poisonous and dangerous ocean fish, but, in general, when out of Bait – Isca
Bare – Sem proteção
sight of land, fish are safe to eat. Nearer the shore there are fish that Behind – Atrás
are both dangerous and poisonous to eat. There are some fish, such Both – Ambos
Cautious – Cuidadoso(a)
as the barracuda, that are normally edible but poisonous when taken Eels – Enguias
from the waters of atolls and reefs. Flying fish will even jump into Fins – Barbatanas
your raft! Fishing – Pesca
Fishing line – Anzol
Flabby – Flácido(a)
Fish Flesh – Carne
Gills – Guelras
Leftovers – Restos
When fishing, do not handle the fishing line with bare hands and Liver – Fígado
Noose – Laço
never wrap it around your hands or tie it to a life raft. The salt that Paddle-shaped – Formato de remo
adheres to it can make it a sharp cutting edge, an edge dangerous Pale – Pálido(a)
both to the raft and your hands. Wear gloves, if they are available, or Prone – Que tende a
Provided – Desde de que
use a cloth to handle fish and to avoid injury from sharp fins and gill Reach – Alcance
covers. In warm regions, gut and bleed fish immediately after Reefs – Recifes
Scaly – Escamoso(a)
catching them. Cut fish that you do not eat immediately into thin, Sea turtles – Tartarugas marinhas
narrow strips and hang them to dry. A well-dried fish stays edible for Shiny – Brilhante
Shooting range – Alvo para tiro
several days. Fish not cleaned and dried may spoil in half a day. Fish Skin – Escama
with dark meat are very prone to decomposition. If you do not eat Strips – Tiras
them all immediately, do not eat any of the leftovers. Use the Sunken – Afundado(a)
Tail – Cauda / Rabo
leftovers for bait. Never eat fish that have pale, shiny gills, sunken To bleed – Sangrar
eyes, flabby skin and flesh, or an unpleasant odor. Sea fish have a To gut – Retirar os intestinos
To handle – Manusear
saltwater or clean fishy odor. Do not confuse eels with sea snakes To hang – Pendurar
that have an obviously scaly body and strongly compressed, paddle- To spoil – Estragar
Warm – Quente / Morno
shaped tail. Both eels and sea snakes are edible, but you must
handle them with care because of their poisonous bites. The heart,
blood, intestinal wall, and liver of most fish are edible. Cook the
intestines. Also edible are the partly digested smaller fish that you
may find in the stomachs of large fish. In addition, sea turtles are
edible. Shark meat is a good source of food whether raw, dried, or
cooked. Shark meat spoils very rapidly due to the high concentration
of urea in the blood, therefore, bleed it immediately and soak it in
several changes of water. People prefer some shark species over
others. Consider them all edible except the Greenland shark whose
flesh contains high quantities of vitamin A. Do not eat the livers, due
to high vitamin A content.
Birds
As stated in the wilderness survival chapter, all birds are edible. Eat
any birds you can catch. Sometimes birds may land on your raft, but
usually they are cautious. You may be able to attract some birds by
towing a bright piece of metal behind the raft. This will bring the bird
within shooting range, provided you have a firearm. If a bird lands
within your reach, you may be able to catch it. If the birds do not land
close enough or land on the other end of the raft, you may be able to
catch them with a bird noose. Bait the center of the noose and wait
for the bird to land. When the bird's feet are in the center of the
noose, pull it tight. Use all parts of the bird. Use the feathers for
insulation, the entrails and feet for bait, and so on.
114
SALTWATER DANGERS
There are several fish and sea creatures that you should not handle,
touch, or contact. There are others that you should not eat. In Bottom – Fundo
Hazard – Perigo
shallow salt waters, there are many creatures that can inflict pain and Kite – Pipa
cause infection to develop. Pain – Dor
Rays – Arraias
Stepping on sea urchins, for example, can produce pain and Sea urchins – Ouriços-do-mar
infection. When moving about in shallow water, wear some form of Shallow – Raso / Superficial
Sharp – Afiado(a)
footgear and shuffle your feet along the bottom, rather than picking Spike – Ferrão
up your feet and stepping. Stingrays – Arraias
To develop – Desenvolver
To handle – Manusear
Stingrays are a real hazard in shallow waters, especially tropical To move about – Movimentar-se
To resemble – Que lembra ou parece algo
waters. The type of bottom appears to be irrelevant. There is a great To shuffle – Arrastar os pés
variance between species, but all have a sharp spike in their tail that To step – Pisar
may be venomous and can cause extremely painful wounds if To touch – Tocar
Venomous – Venenoso(a)
stepped on. All rays have a typical shape that resembles a kite.
FISH DANGEROUS TO HANDLE, TOUCH, OR CONTACT
 Shark – [Tubarão]
 Sea urchin – [Ouriço do mar]
 Stingray – [Arraia]
 Toadfish – [Peixe-sapo]
 Scorpion Fish – [Peixe-escorpião]
 Moray – [Moréia]
 Sculpin – [Mangangá]
ANIMALS AND FISH POISONOUS TO EAT
 Blowfish – [Baiacu]
 Triggerfish - [Cângulo]
 Barracuda – [Barracuda]
OTHER DANGEROUS SEA CREATURES
 Jellyfish – [Medusa / Água-viva]

 Cone shell – [Caracóis de formas cônicas]
 Auger shell – [Caracóis com formas de parafuso]
115
Seasickness
Seasickness is the nausea and vomiting caused by the motion of the

raft. It can result in: Bandage – Faixa
Blindness – Cegueira
Bloodshot – Olhos cheio de sangue
 Extreme fluid loss and exhaustion. Chap stick – Manteiga de cacau
 Loss of the will to survive. Damage – Dano
Environments – Ambientes
 Others becoming seasick.
Fluid loss – Perda de líquido
 Attraction of sharks to the raft. Frostbite – Ulceração provocada pelo frio
 Unclean conditions. Glare – Claridade
Lie down – Deitado(a)
To treat seasickness: Ointment – Pomada
Raft – Bote
Rectally – Pelo reto
 Wash both the patient and the raft to remove the sight and odor Rot – Gangrena
of vomit. Scabs – Feridas
 Keep the patient from eating food until his nausea is gone. Seasickness – Enjôo provocado pelo mar
Shade – Sombra
 Have the patient lie down and rest. Sharks – Tubarões
 Give the patient seasickness pills if available. If the patient is Sores – Rachaduras / Feridas
unable to take the pills orally, insert them rectally for absorption Sunburn – Queimadura de sol
Sunglasses – Óculos de sol
by the body. To allow – Permitir
To bandage – Enfaixar
To drain – Drenar
Saltwater Sores
To flush – Lavar abundantemente
To rest – Descansar
These sores result from a break in skin exposed to saltwater for an Tropical survival – Sobreviv. na selva
Unable – Impossibilitado(a)
extended period. The sores may form scabs and pus. Do not open or Unclean – Sujo
drain. Flush the sores with fresh water, if available, and allow to dry.
Apply an antiseptic, if available.
Immersion Rot, Frostbite, and Hypothermia
These problems are similar to those encountered in cold weather

environments. Symptoms and treatment are the same as covered in
the tropical survival chapter.
Blindness/Headache
If flame, smoke, or other contaminants get in the eyes, flush them

immediately with salt water, then with fresh water, if available. Apply
ointment, if available. Bandage both eyes 18 to 24 hours, or longer if
damage is severe. If the glare from the sky and water causes your
eyes to become bloodshot and inflamed, bandage them lightly. Try to
prevent this problem by wearing sunglasses. Improvise sunglasses if
necessary.
Sunburn
Sunburn is a serious problem in sea survival. Try to prevent sunburn

by staying in shade and keeping your head and skin covered. Use
cream or Chap Stick from your first aid kit. Remember, reflection
from the water also causes sunburn.
116
Sharks
Whether you are in the water or in a boat or raft, you may see many
types of sea life around you. Some may be more dangerous than Acute – Agudo
Amounts – Quantias / Quantidades
others. Generally, sharks are the greatest danger to you. Other Arms – Braços
animals such as whales, porpoises, and stingrays may look Blue shark – Tubarão-azul
Boat – Barco
dangerous, but really pose little threat in the open sea. Danger – Perigo
Do no move around – Não se mova!
Of the many hundreds of shark species, only about 20 species are Even – Até mesmo
Fishline – Linha de pesca
known to attack man. The most dangerous are the great white shark, Garbage – Lixo
the hammerhead, the mako, and the tiger shark. Other sharks known Gills – Barbatanas
Great white shark – Tubarão-branco
to attack man include the gray, blue, lemon, and oceanic white tip Grey shark – Tubarão cinza
sharks. Consider any shark longer than 1 meter dangerous. Hammerhead – Tubarão-martelo
Hang – Pendurado(a)
Injured – Machucado(a) / Ferido(a)
All sharks are basically eating machines. Their normal diet is live Keep quiet – Fique quieto
animals of any type, and they will strike at injured or helpless Known – Conhecido(a)
Legs – Pernas
animals. Sight, smell, or sound may guide them to their prey. Sharks Lemon shark – Tubarão-limão
have an acute sense of smell and the smell of blood in the water Mako shark – Tubarão-mako
excites them. They are also very sensitive to any abnormal vibrations Overboard – Ao mar
in the water. The struggles of a wounded animal or swimmer, Porpoises – Golfinhos
Prey – Presa
underwater explosions, or even a fish struggling on a fishline will Raft – Bote
attract a shark. Sea life – Animais marinhos
Sharks – Tubarões
Shoes – Sapatos
Sharks feed at all hours of the day and night. Most reported shark Sight – Visão
contacts and attacks were during daylight, and many of these have Smell – Cheiro
Stingrays – Arraias
been in the late afternoon. Struggles – Lutas / Esforços
Swimmers – Nadadores
Tiger shark – Tubarão-tigre
Some of the measures that you can take to protect yourself against To feed – Alimentar
sharks when you are in the water are: To frighten – Assustar
To glance off – Derrapar / Escorregar
To hit – Bater / Atingir
 Stay with other swimmers. A group can maintain a 360-degree To kick – Chutar
watch. A group can either frighten or fight off sharks better than To stay – Ficar
To strike – Atacar / Golpear
one man. To throw – Jogar
 Always watch for sharks. Keep all your clothing on, to include Whales – Baleias
Wounded – Ferido(a) / Machucado(a)
your shoes. Historically, sharks have attacked the unclothed men
in groups first, mainly in the feet. Clothing also protects against
abrasions should the shark brush against you.
 Avoid urinating. If you must, only do so in small amounts. Let it
dissipate between discharges. If you must defecate, do so in
small amounts and throw it as far away from you as possible. Do
the same if you must vomit.
If attacked, kick and strike the shark. Hit the shark on the gills or
eyes if possible. If you hit the shark on the nose, you may injure your
hand if it glances off and hits its teeth.
When you are in a raft and see sharks:
 Do not fish. If you have hooked a fish, let it go. Do not clean fish
in the water.
 Do not throw garbage overboard.
 Do not let your arms, legs, or equipment hang in the water.
 Keep quiet and do not move around.
117
DESERT SURVIVAL
[SOBREVIVÊNCIA NO DESERTO]
To survive and evade in arid or desert areas, you must understand Broken – Quebradiço / Rachado(a)
Environmental – Ambiental
and prepare for the environment you will face. You must determine Evade – Fuga / Escape
your equipment needs, the tactics you will use, and how the Ground – Solo
Heat – Calor
environment will affect you and your tactics. Low – Baixo(a) / Pouco(a)
Mirages – Miragens
Your survival will depend upon your knowledge of the terrain, basic Near – Perto
Plateau – Planalto
climatic elements, your ability to cope with these elements, and your Rainfall – Chuva
will to survive. Range – Variação
Rocky – Rochoso(a)
Salt marshes – Pântanos salgados
TERRAIN Sand dunes – Dunas de areia
Sandstorms – Tempestades de areia
Sunlight – Luz do sol
Most arid areas have several types of terrain. The five basic desert Surface – Superfície
terrain types are: Wide – Amplo(a)
 Mountainous (High Altitude).

 Rocky plateau.
 Sand dunes.
 Salt marshes.
 Broken, dissected terrain
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
In a desert area there are seven environmental factors that you must
consider:
 Low rainfall.
 Intense sunlight and heat.
 Wide temperature range.
 Sparse vegetation.
 High mineral content near ground surface.
 Sandstorms.
 Mirages.
118
NEED FOR WATER
A key factor in desert survival is understanding the relationship

between physical activity, air temperature, and water consumption. Between – Entre
The body requires a certain amount of water for a certain level of Casualty – Morte
activity at a certain temperature. Cooler – Resfriado(a) / Fresco(a)
Cooling – Resfriamento
Heat – Calor / Aquecimento
For example, a person performing hard work in the sun at 43 Heat stroke – Insolação
degrees C requires 19 liters of water daily. Lack of the required Lack – Carência / Falta
amount of water causes a rapid decline in an individual's ability to Moisture – Umidade
make decisions and to perform tasks efficiently. Mouth – Boca
Nose – Nariz
Rays – Raios
Your body's normal temperature is 36.9 degrees C (98.6 degrees F). Requirements – Requisitos
Your body gets rid of excess heat (cools off) by sweating. The Scarf – Xale / Manta
warmer your body becomes--whether caused by work, exercise, or Shade – Sombra
Sleeves – Mangas (da blusa)
air temperature--the more you sweat. Sweat – Suor
Tasks – Tarefas
The more you sweat, the more moisture you lose. Sweating is the Therefore – Portanto
principal cause of water loss. If a person stops sweating during Therefore – Sendo assim
To find – Encontrar
periods of high air temperature and heavy work or exercise, he will To gain – Ganhar
quickly develop heat stroke. This is an emergency that requires To get rid – Livrar / Mandar embora
immediate medical attention. To ration – Racionar
To reduce – Reduzir
To remain – Manter
Understanding how the air temperature and your physical activity To sip – Bebericar
affect your water requirements allows you to take measures to get To sweat – Suar
the most from your water supply. These measures are: To understand – Entender / Compreender
Water loss – Perda de água
 Find shade! Get out of the sun!
 Place something between you and the hot ground.
 Limit your movements!
 Conserve your sweat. Wear your complete uniform to include T-

shirt. Roll the sleeves down, cover your head, and protect your
neck with a scarf or similar item. These steps will protect your
body from hot-blowing winds and the direct rays of the sun. Your
clothing will absorb your sweat, keeping it against your skin so
that you gain its full cooling effect. By staying in the shade
quietly, fully clothed, not talking, keeping your mouth closed, and
breathing through your nose, your water requirement for survival
drops dramatically.
 If water is scarce, do not eat. Food requires water for digestion;

therefore, eating food will use water that you need for cooling.
Drinking water at regular intervals helps your body remain cool and
decreases sweating. Even when your water supply is low, sipping
water constantly will keep your body cooler and reduce water loss
through sweating.
Conserve your fluids by reducing activity during the heat of day. Do

not ration your water! If you try to ration water, you stand a good
chance of becoming a heat casualty.
119
COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL

[SOBREVIVÊNCIA NO GELO]
Behind – Atrás
Below – Abaixo
One of the most difficult survival situations is a cold weather Blizzard – Nevasca
scenario. Remember, cold weather is an adversary that can be as Body – Corpo
dangerous as an enemy soldier. Dangerous – Perigoso(a)
Enemy – Inimigo(a)
Fishing – Pesca
Every time you venture into the cold, you are pitting yourself against Goal – Meta / Objetivo
the elements. With a little knowledge of the environment, proper Hunting – Caça
Insulating – Isolante
plans, and appropriate equipment, you can overcome the elements. Knowledge – Conhecimento
Mind – Mente
As you remove one or more of these factors, survival becomes Overhead – Sobre a cabeça
Saw – Serrote
increasingly difficult. Remember, winter weather is highly variable. Shelters – Abrigos
Prepare yourself to adapt to blizzard conditions even during sunny Snowfall – Neve
and clear weather. Sunny – Ensolarado(a)
To forget – Esquecer
To numb – Paralisar / Adormecer
Cold is a far greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases To overcome – Superar
your ability to think and weakens your will to do anything except to To subdue – Dominar
get warm. To weaken – Enfraquecer
Warm – Aquecido(a)
Weather – Tempo / Cond. Meterorológicas
Cold is an insidious enemy; as it numbs the mind and body, it Will to survive – Vontade de viver
subdues the will to survive. Cold makes it very easy to forget your Winter – Inverno
ultimate goal: to survive.
SHELTERS
Snow Cave Shelter [Caverna de Neve]
The snow cave shelter is a most effective shelter because of the

insulating qualities of snow. Remember that it takes time and energy
to build and that you will get wet while building it.
Snow Trench Shelter [Trincheira]
The idea behind this shelter is to get you below the snow and wind
level and use the snow's insulating qualities. If you are in an area of
compacted snow, cut snow blocks and use them as overhead cover.
If not, you can use a poncho or other material.
Snow Block and Parachute Shelter [Blocos de Gelo e Pára-

Quedas]
Use snow blocks for the sides and parachute material for overhead
cover. If snowfall is heavy, you will have to clear snow from the top at
regular intervals to prevent the collapse of the parachute material.
Snow House or Igloo [Iglu]
In certain areas, the natives frequently use this type of shelter as

hunting and fishing shelters. They are efficient shelters but require
some practice to make them properly. Also, you must be in an area
that is suitable for cutting snow blocks and have the equipment to cut
them (snow saw or knife).
120
FIRE
Fire is especially important in cold weather. It not only provides a

means to prepare food, but also to get warm and to melt snow or ice Bed – Leito / Base
Boost – Impulso
for water. It also provides you with a significant psychological boost Candle – Vela
by making you feel a little more secure in your situation. Coal – Carvão
Crisscrossing – Entrelaçando
Danger – Perigo
Use the techniques described in the tropical survival chapter to build Drawing – Tirando
and light your fire. If you are in enemy territory, remember that the Enclosed – Fechado
smoke, smell, and light from your fire may reveal your location. Light Enemy – Inimigo
Firewood – Lenha
reflects from surrounding trees or rocks, making even indirect light a Frostbite – Ulceração provocada pelo frio
source of danger. Fuel – Combustível
Ground – Solo
Smoke tends to go straight up in cold, calm weather, making it a Ice – Gelo
Lacking – Ausência / Falta
beacon during the day, but helping to conceal the smell at night. In Means – Meios
warmer weather, especially in a wooded area, smoke tends to hug Purposes – Propósitos / Finalidades
the ground, making it less visible in the day, but making its odor Smell – Cheiro
spread. Smoke – Fumaça
Snow – Neve
Source – Fonte
If fuel or oil is available from a wrecked aircraft, use it for fuel. Leave Stove – Fogão
the fuel in the tank for storage, drawing on the supply only as you Tin can – Lata
need it. Oil congeals in extremely cold temperatures, therefore, drain To bury – Enterrar
To feel – Sentir
it from the vehicle or aircraft while still warm if there is no danger of To melt – Derreter
explosion or fire. If you have no container, let the oil drain onto the To reveal – Revelar
snow or ice. Scoop up the fuel as you need it. To settle – Assentar / Resolver
To spread – Espalhar
Warmth – Calor / Aquecido(a)
CAUTION
Wooded – Arborizado(a)
Wrecked – Destruído(a)
Do not expose flesh to petroleum, oil, and lubricants in extremely Yet – Ainda
cold temperatures. The liquid state of these products is deceptive in
that it can cause frostbite.
In cold weather regions, there are some hazards in using fires,

whether to keep warm or to cook. For example:
 Fires have been known to burn underground, resurfacing nearby.

Therefore, do not build a fire too close to a shelter.
 In snow shelters, excessive heat will melt the insulating layer of
snow that may also be your camouflage.
 A fire inside a shelter lacking adequate ventilation can result in
carbon monoxide poisoning.
 A person trying to get warm or to dry clothes may become
careless and burn his clothing and equipment.
 Melting overhead snow may get you wet, bury you and your
equipment, and possibly extinguish your fire.
In general, a small fire and some type of stove is the best

combination for cooking purposes. A hobo stove is particularly
suitable to the arctic. It is easy to make out of a tin can, and it
conserves fuel.
A bed of hot coals provides the best cooking heat. Coals from a fire
will settle uniformly. Make this type of fire by crisscrossing the
firewood. For heating purposes, a single candle provides enough
heat to warm an enclosed shelter. A small fire about the size of a
man's hand is ideal for use in enemy territory. It requires very little
fuel, yet it generates considerable warmth and is hot enough to warm
liquids.
121
WATER
There are many sources of water in the arctic and subarctic. Your
location and the season of the year will determine where and how Beaches – Praias
you obtain water. Bluish – Azulado(a)
Bubbling – Borbulhante
Water sources in arctic and subarctic regions are more sanitary than Clams – Moluscos
Corners – Bordas / Cantos
in other regions due to the climatic and environmental conditions.
Crawfish – Lagostim
However, always purify the water before drinking it. During the Ease – Facilidade
summer months, the best natural sources of water are freshwater Fowl – Ave
lakes, streams, ponds, rivers, and springs. King crab – Caranguejo grande
Lakes – Lagos
Oysters – Ostras
Water from ponds or lakes may be slightly stagnant, but still usable. Pack ice – Banco de gelo
Running water in streams, rivers, and bubbling springs is usually Ponds – Fontes
fresh and suitable for drinking. Rivers – Rios
Running – Corrente
Sand – Areia
You can melt freshwater ice and snow for water. Completely melt Sanitary– Limpo(a)
both before putting them in your mouth. Trying to melt ice or snow in Seafood – Frutos do mar
your mouth takes away body heat and may cause internal cold Shellfish – Marisco
injuries. If on or near pack ice in the sea, you can use old sea ice to Snail – Caracól
Sources – Fontes
melt for water. In time, sea ice loses its salinity. You can identify this Springs – Nascentes
ice by its rounded corners and bluish color. Stagnant – Parado(a)
Streams – Riachos / Córregos
Another way to melt ice or snow is by putting it in a bag made from Tide – Maré
porous material and suspending the bag near the fire. Place a To crawl – Engatinhar
To melt – Derreter
container under the bag to catch the water. To slosh – Derreter
To waste – Desperdiçar
During cold weather, avoid drinking a lot of liquid before going to
bed. Crawling out of a warm sleeping bag at night to relieve yourself
means less rest and more exposure to the cold.
Once you have water, keep it next to you to prevent refreezing. Also,
do not fill your canteen completely. Allowing the water to slosh
around will help keep it from freezing.
Note: Do not waste fuel to melt ice or snow when drinkable water is
available from other sources.
FOOD
There are several sources of food in the arctic and subarctic regions.
The type of food--fish, animal, fowl, or plant--and the ease in
obtaining it depend on the time of the year and your location.
Fish
During the summer months, you can easily get fish and other water
life from coastal waters, streams, rivers, and lakes. Use the
techniques described in the tropical survival chapter to catch fish.
The North Atlantic and North Pacific coastal waters are rich in
seafood. You can easily find crawfish, snails, clams, oysters, and
king crab. In areas where there is a great difference between the
high and low tide water levels, you can easily find shellfish at low
tide.
Dig in the sand. Look in tidal pools and on offshore reefs. In areas
where there is a small difference between the high- and low-tide
water levels, storm waves often wash shellfish onto the beaches.
122
The eggs of the spiny sea urchin that lives in the waters around the
Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska are excellent food. Look for the
sea urchins in tidal pools. Break the shell by placing it between two
stones. The eggs are bright yellow in color. Bark – Casca de árvore
Black mussel – Mexilhão negro
Most northern fish and fish eggs are edible. Exceptions are the meat Blubber – Gordura
of the arctic shark and the eggs of the sculpins. The bivalves, such Clever – Esperto
Earless – Sem orelhas
as clams and mussels, are usually more palatable than spiral-shelled Herring – Arenque
seafood, such as snails. Holes – Buracos
Hunter – Caçador
The sea cucumber is another edible sea animal. Inside its body are Jay – Tagarela (tipo de pássaro)
Kelp – Alga
five long white muscles that taste much like clam meat. In early Limb – Tronco
summer, smelt spawn in the beach surf. Sometimes you can scoop Molting – Troca de penas
them up with your hands. Muscles – Músculos
Mussels – Mexilhões
Often – Frequentemente
You can often find herring eggs on the seaweed in midsummer. Kelp, Owls – Corujas
the long ribbonlike seaweed, and other smaller seaweed that grow Polar bear – Urso polar
among offshore rocks are also edible. Porcupines – Porco-espinho
Ptarmigans – Espécie de ave
Ravens – Corvos
WARNING Ribbonlike – Formato de laço
Sculpins – Mangangás
The black mussel, a common mollusk of the far north, may be Sea cucumber – Pepino do mar
poisonous in any season. Toxins sometimes found in the mussel's Seals – Focas
Smelt – Manjuba
tissue are as dangerous as strychnine. Spiny – Espinhoso(a)
Still – Ainda / Parado(a)
Sea Ice Animals Swollen – Inchado(a)
Tireless – Incansável
To bask – Tomar banho de sol
You find polar bears in practically all arctic coastal regions, but rarely To retrieve – Resgatar
inland. Avoid them if possible. They are the most dangerous of all To spawn – Desovar
bears. They are tireless, clever hunters with good sight and an To stalk – Seguir
extraordinary sense of smell. If you must kill one for food, approach it Worth – Válido(a)
cautiously. Aim for the brain; a bullet elsewhere will rarely kill one.
Always cook polar bear meat before eating it.
CAUTION
Do not eat polar bear liver as it contains a toxic concentration of

vitamin A. Earless seal meat is some of the best meat available. You
need considerable skill, however, to get close enough to an earless
seal to kill it. In spring, seals often bask on the ice beside their
breathing holes. They raise their heads about every 30 seconds,
however, to look for their enemy, the polar bear.
To approach a seal, do as the Eskimos do--stay downwind from it,

cautiously moving closer while it sleeps. If it moves, stop and imitate
its movements by lying flat on the ice, raising your head up and
down, and wriggling your body slightly. Approach the seal with your
body side-ways to it and your arms close to your body so that you
look as much like another seal as possible.
The ice at the edge of the breathing hole is usually smooth and at an
incline, so the least movement of the seal may cause it to slide into
the water. Therefore, try to get within 22 to 45 meters of the seal and
kill it instantly (aim for the brain). Try to reach the seal before it slips
into the water. In winter, a dead seal will usually float, but it is difficult
to retrieve from the water.
Keep the seal blubber and skin from coming into contact with any
scratch or broken skin you may have. You could get "spekk-finger,"
that is, a reaction that causes the hands to become badly swollen.
123
: Aviation Law :
124
:: AVIATION LAW ::
[DIREITO AERONÁUTICO]
Aviation law is the branch of law that concerns flight, air travel, and
associated legal and business concerns. Some of its area of
concern overlaps that of admiralty law and in many cases, aviation
law is considered a matter of international law due to the nature of
Admiralty – Marinha
air travel. However, the business aspects of airlines and their Air fuels – Combustível de avião
regulation also fall under aviation law. In the United States, the Airspace – Espaço aéreo
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), governs applied aspects of Both – Ambos(as)
flight. In the international realm, the International Civil Aviation Branch – Ramo / Seção
Came into being – Veio a ser
Organization (ICAO) provides general rules and mediates Concern – Preocupação / Interesse
international concerns to an extent regarding aviation law. The Cost – Custo
ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Crop-dusting – Pulverização de plantações
Due to – Devido a
Ever – Sempre
Definitions However – Porém / No entanto
Increasing – Crescente
General Aviation Law – Lei / Direito / Constituição
Major – Principal
Matter – Assunto / Questão / Problema
General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private Non-shcedule – Não-programado(a)
and commercial. General aviation may include business flights, air Performance – Desempenho
charter, private aviation, flight training, ballooning, parachuting, Realm – Esfera / Área / Domínio
gliding, aerial photography, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter Signatories – Signatários / Assinantes
Speed – Velocidade
flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols and forest fire fighting. States – Estados
Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation Tax – Taxa / Imposto
usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is To charter – Fretar / Alugar
private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved. To establish – Estabelecer
To mediate – Mediar
To overlap – Sobrepor
Military Aviation
Over the years, military aircraft have been built to meet ever
increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military
aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal.
Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and
the speed of production.
Civil Aviation
Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing

all non-military aviation, both private and commercial. Most of the
countries in the world are members of the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) and work together to establish
common standards and recommended practices for civil aviation
through that agency.
Convention on International Civil Aviation
The Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the

Chicago Convention, established the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations
charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel.
The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration
and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air
travel. The Convention also exempts air fuels from tax.
The document was signed on December 7, 1944 in Chicago,

Illinois, by 52 signatory states. It received the requisite 26th
ratification on March 5, 1947 and went into effect on April 4, 1947,
the same date that ICAO came into being.
125
Some important articles are:
 Article 1: Every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty

over airspace above its territory.
Across – Através / De ponta a ponta
Airworthiness – Aeronavegabilidade
 Article 5: (Non-scheduled flights over State's Territory): The Airwortthy – Aeronavegável
aircraft of states, other than scheduled international air Articles – Artigos
services, have the right to make flights across state's territories Cargo – Carga
Charges – Despesas / Encargos
and to make stops without obtaining prior permission. Clearance – Liberação
However, the state may require the aircraft to make a landing. Compliance – Cumprimento
 Article 10: (Landing at customs airports): The state can require Customs – Alfândega
Delay – Atraso
that landing to be at a designated customs airport and similarly Departure – Partida
departure from the territory can be required to be from a Duly – Propriamente / Corretamente
designated customs airport. Duty – Obrigação / Tarefa
Entry – Entrada
Fees – Taxas / Pagamentos
 Article 12: Each state shall keep its own rules of the air as Free of duty – Livre de impostos ou taxas
uniform as possible with those established under the Fuel – Combustível
convention, the duty to ensure compliance with these rules Have the right – Tem o direito
rests with the contracting state. In accordance with – De acordo com
Journey – Jornada
Logbook – Diário de bordo
 Article 13: (Entry and Clearance Regulations) A state's laws Manifest – Declaração
and regulations regarding the admission and departure of Non-scheduled – Não-programado(a)
passengers, crew or cargo from aircraft shall be complied with Oil – Óleo
Other than – A não ser / Exceto
on arrival, upon departure and whilst within the territory of that Own – Próprio(a)
state. Registration – Registro
Regular – Normal
 Article 16: The authorities of each state shall have the right to Rests with – É de
Rules – Regras / Regulamentos
search the aircraft of other states on landing or departure, Sovereignty – Soberania
without unreasonable delay... Spare parts – Peças sobressalentes
Stores – Estoques / Abastecimentos
 Article 24: Aircrafts flying to, from or across, the territory of a Suitably – Adequadamente
To carry – Transportar / Carregar
state shall be admitted temporarily free of duty. Fuel, oil, spare To comply – Cumprir / Obedecer
parts, regular equipment and aircraft stores retained on board To search – Procurar / Investigar / Examinar
are also exempt custom duty, inspection fees or similar Under – Sob
charges. Whilst – Enquanto
Within – Dentro de
 Article 29: Before an international flight, the pilot in command

must ensure that the aircraft is airworthy, duly registered and
that the relevant certificates are on board the aircraft. The
required documents are:
 Certificate of Registration
 Certificate of Airworthiness
 Passenger names, place of boarding and destination
 Crew licences
 Journey Logbook
 Radio Licence
 Cargo manifest
 Article 30: The aircraft of a state flying in or over the territory of

another state shall only carry radios licensed and used in
accordance with the regulations of the state in which the
aircraft is registered. The radios may only be used by members
of the flight crew suitably licensed by the state in which the
aircraft is registered.
126
 Article 32: the pilot and crew of every aircraft engaged in

international aviation must have certificates of competency and
licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is
registered.
Above – Acima de
Aids – Assistências / Apoios
 Article 33: (Recognition of Certificates and Licences) Attached to – Junto a
Certificates of Airworthiness, certificates of competency and Attachments – Anexos
licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is Charts – Cartas / Gráficos
Engaged – Comprometido(a)
registered, shall be recognised as valid by other states. The Equal to – Igual a
requirements for issue of those Certificates or Airworthiness, Ground – Solo
certificates of competency or licences must be equal to or Holder – Portador
above the minimum standards established by the Convention. Issued – Emitido(a)
Marks – Normas
Mesurement – Medidas
 Article 40: No aircraft or personnel with endorsed licenses or Personnel – Funcionários(as)
certificate will engage in international navigation except with Recognised – Reconhecido(a)
the permission of the state or states whose territory is entered. Regarding – Com respeito a
Relating to – Relacionado(a) a
Any license holder who does not satisfy international standard Requirements – Requerimentos
relating to that license or certificate shall have attached to or Surveillance – Vigilância
endorsed on that license information regarding the particulars To issue – Emitir / Despachar
in which he does not satisfy those standards".
Annexes
The Convention is supported by eighteen annexes containing

standards and recommended practices (SARPs). The annexes are
amended regularly by ICAO and are as follows:
 Annex 1 - Personnel Licensing

 Annex 2 - Rules of the Air
 Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for International Air
Navigation
 Vol I - Core SARPs

 Vol II - Appendices and Attachments
 Annex 4 - Aeronautical Charts

 Annex 5 - Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground
Operations
 Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft
 Part I - International Commercial Air Transport -

Aeroplanes
 Part II - International General Aviation - Aeroplanes
 Part III - International Operations – Helicopters
 Annex 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

 Annex 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft
 Annex 9 - Facilitation
 Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications
 Vol I - Radio Navigation Aids

 Vol II - Communication Procedures including those with
PANS status
 Vol III - Communication Systems
 Part I - Digital Data Communication Systems
 Part II - Voice Communication Systems
 Vol IV - Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance
Systems
 Vol V - Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
127
 Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services - Air Traffic Control Service,

Flight Information Service and Alerting Service
 Annex 12 - Search and Rescue
 Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
Border-crossing – Cruzamento de fronteiras
 Annex 14 – Aerodromes Commonly – Geralmente
Engine – Motor
 Vol I - Aerodrome Design and Operations Environmental – Ambiental
 Vol II – Heliports Environmental – Ambiental
Followed by – Seguido por
Foot – Pé
 Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services Goods – Cargas
 Annex 16 - Environmental Protection Growth – Crescimento
Headquarters – Sedes
Knot – Nó
 Vol I - Aircraft Noise Known – Conhecido(a)
 Vol II - Aircraft Engine Emissions Named – Nomeado(a)
Nautical mile – Milhas náuticas
 Annex 17 - Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Noise – Barulho
Noise – Barulho / Ruído
Against Acts of Unlawful Interference Principles – Princípios
 Annex 18 - The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air Rescue – Salvamento
Safe – Segurança
Annex 5, Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Safeguarding – Salvaguardas
Search – Busca
Operations, named in its Table 3-3 three "non-SI alternative units Speed – Velocidade
permitted for temporary use with the SI": the foot (for vertical To codify – Codificar
distance = altitude), the knot (for speed), and the nautical mile (for To ensure – Assegurar
long distance). To foster – Estimular
Units of measurement – Unid. De medidas
Unlawful – Ilícito
International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO), a specialized
agency of the United Nations,
codifies the principles and
techniques of international air
navigation and fosters the planning
and development of international
air transport to ensure safe and
orderly growth. Its headquarters
are located in the Quartier
International of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices

concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection,
prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-
crossing procedures for international civil aviation. In addition, the
ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed
by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonly known as the
Chicago Convention.
Regions and Regional Offices
ICAO World Headquarters, Montreal, Canada.The ICAO has seven

regional offices serving nine regions:
1. Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

2. Middle East, Cairo, Egypt
3. Western and Central Africa, Dakar, Senegal
4. South America, Lima, Peru
5. North America, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico City,
Mexico
6. Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
7. Europe and North Atlantic, Paris, France
128
International Air Transport Association
The International Air Transport

Association (IATA) is an international
Agreements – Acordos / Contratos
industry trade group of airlines Airfair – Tarifa aérea
headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Airlines – Cias aéreas
Canada, where the International Civil Also – Também
Aviation Organization is also Around the globe – Ao redor do globo
Arrangement – Acordo / Arranjos
headquartered. IATA's mission is to Core – Central / Principal
represent, lead, and serve the airline industry. IATA represents Currently – Atualmente
some 230 airlines comprising 93% of scheduled international air Fare prices – Preços das passagens
traffic. The Director General and Chief Executive Officer is Founding – Fundação
Geneva – Genebra
Giovanni Bisignani. Currently, IATA is present in over 150 countries Hague – Haia
covered through 101 offices around the globe. Headquartered – Sediado(a) / Com sede
Mostly – Na maioria
The IATA Head Office are located at 800 Place Victoria (Montreal Price setting – Decisão sobre preços
Scheduled – Programado(a)
Stock Exchange Tower) in Montreal since 1977 (having been Since – Desde
located at Central Station (Montreal) since its founding) and the Stock exchange – Bolsa de valores
executive offices are at the Geneva Airport in Switzerland. Through – Através de
To comprise – Abranger
To cover – Abranger / Cobrir
History To lead – Liderar
To oversee – Fiscalizar / Inspecionar
IATA was formed on 19 April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the Trade – Negócio
successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in
The Hague in 1919, the year of the world's first international
scheduled services. At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31
nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has about
230 members from more than 140 nations in every part of the
world.
Mission
IATA’s stated mission is to represent, lead and serve the airline

industry. All the Airline rules and regulations are defined by IATA.
The main aim of IATA is to provide safe and secure transportation
to its passengers.
Price Setting
One of its core functions is to act as a price setting body for

international airfare. In an arrangement going back to 1944,
international fare prices have been set through bilateral
governmental agreements rather than through market
mechanisms.
Federal Aviation Administration
The Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) is an agency of the United
States Department of Transportation
with authority to regulate and oversee
all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S.
(National Airworthiness Authority).
The Federal Aviation Act of 1958

created the group under the name
"Federal Aviation Agency", and
adopted its current name in 1967 when
it became a part of the United States Department of Transportation.
129
National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil
The National Civil Aviation Agency,

also known as ANAC, is the Brazilian
Advisory – Conselho
civil aviation authority, created in Among – Entre / Dentre
2006. It is headquartered in Lot 5 of Besides – Além de
the Department of Utilities on the Brands – Marcas
grounds of Brasília International Council – Assembléia
Entities – Entidades
Airport in Brasília. Fleet – Frota
Grounds – Solos
The agency raised from the former Headquartered – Sediado(a) / Com sede
Department of Civil Aviation (DAC) In charge – Responsável por
Known – Conhecido(a)
and the Civil Aviation Certification Division (Aeronautical Technical Linked to – Vinculado(a) a
Center - CTA), the Brazilian aircraft certification authority. In Brazil, Management – Administração / Gerência
ANAC is responsible for regulating safety and security matters Matters – Problemas / Questões
related to civil aircraft and its components, personnel licensing, Oversight – Supervisão
Owned – De propriedade de
operations and aerodromes. To raise – Criar / Levantar / Construir
Utilities – Serviços públicos
Responsibilities:
 Brazilian civil aircraft fleet is one of the largest around the

world, with more than 10,000 units flying. The executive
helicopters fleet is the second one, most of them operating in
the city of São Paulo. ANAC is the agency that controls their
concessions and operations.
 ANAC regulates the concessions of Brazilian airlines, among
them TAM Airlines, VRG Airlines (which includes the brands
Gol Airlines and Varig), Webjet, Azul, OceanAir and Trip.
 ANAC also regulates the number of maximum operations
(slots) in some airports due to its capacity limitations.
 ANAC is responsible for approving the aircrafts made by
Embraer, top 4 among all the commercial airplanes
manufacturers, competing with U.S.-based Boeing, France-
based Airbus and Canada-based Bombardier.
Brazilian Civil Aviation System
Besides ANAC, Brazil has other four government entities related to

the civil aviation system:
Secretary of Civil Aviation (Secretaria de Aviação Civil, SAC),

Ministry of Defense – Coordination and supervision of the
agencies and other Brazilian civil aviation entities in charge of
management, regulation and inspection, airport infrastructure and
infrastructure of air navigation.
Council of Civil Aviation (Conselho de Aviação Civil, CONAC)

– Advisory council for the President of Brazil in the elaboration of
the civil aviation national policy.
Infraero (Brazilian Company of Airport Infrastructure) – Public-

owned company, linked to the Ministry of Defense, administrates
67 of Brazil’s main airports.
Air Traffic Control Department of the Brazilian Air Force

(Departamento de Controle do Espaço Aéreo, DECEA) – Air
traffic control operations and oversight, including the necessary
infrastructure, for all aircraft in Brazilian airspace.
130
: Aerospace Medicine :
131
:: AEROSPACE MEDICINE ::
[MEDICINA AEROESPACIAL]
Aviation medicine, also called flight medicine or aerospace

Against – Contra
medicine, is a branch of preventive or occupational medicine in Airborne – Em voo
which the patients are pilots and aircrews. The specialty strives to Airframe – Estrutra do avião
treat or prevent conditions to which aircrews are particularly Assurance – Garantia
susceptible, applies medical knowledge to the human factors in Average rate – Valor proporcional
Below – Abaixo
aviation and is thus a critical component of aviation safety. A Block – Bloqueamento
military practitioner of aviation medicine may be called a flight Branch – Ramo / Seção
surgeon and a civilian practitioner is an aviation medical examiner. Breathing – Respiratório
Broadly – De um modo geral
Civilian – Civil
Overview Colour blindness – Daltonismo
Concerned – Preocupados(as)
Broadly defined, this sub discipline endeavors to discover and Duties – Obrigações / Funções
prevent various adverse physiological responses to hostile biologic Endeavors – Esforços
Environment – Meio-ambiente
and physical stresses encountered in the aerospace environment. Equal to – Igual a
Problems range from life support measures for astronauts to Examiner – Examinador
recognizing an ear block in an infant traveling on an airliner with Failure – Falha
elevated cabin pressure altitude. Aeromedical certification of pilots, Fit – Apto
Goal – Objetivo
aircrew and patients is also part of Aviation Medicine. A final Hazardous – Perigosos(as)
subdivision is the AeroMedical Transportation Specially. These Health – Saúde
military and civilian specialists are concerned with protecting Heat – Aquecimento / Calor
aircrew and patients who are transported by AirEvac aircraft Knowledge – Conhecimento
Latter – O último citado
(helicopters or fixed-wing airplanes). Linearly – Linearmente
Atmospheric physics potentially affect all air travelers regardless of Overview – Visão geral
the aircraft. As humans ascend through the first 9100–18,300 m Performance – Desempenho
Practitioner – Médico
(30,000–40,000 ft), temperature decreases linearly at an average Regardless – Independentemente
rate of 2°C (3.6°F) per 305 m (1000 ft). If sea-level temperature is Sea-level – Nível do mar
16°C (60°F), the outside air temperature is approximately −57°C Standard – Padrão
(−70°F) at 10,700 m (35,000 ft). Pressure and humidity also Sudden – Repentino(a)
Surgeon – Cirurgião
decline, and aircrew are exposed to radiation, vibration and Thus – Assim
acceleration forces (the latter are also known as "g" forces). Aircraft To aim – Assitenciar / Auxiliar
life support systems such as oxygen, heat and pressurization are To ascend – Subir
the first line of defense against most of the hostile aerospace To decrease – Diminuir
To lead – Conduzir
environment. Higher performance aircraft will provide more To range – Variar
sophisticated life support equipment such as "G-suits" to help the To screen – Filtrar
body resist acceleration, and pressure breathing apparatus or To strive – Esforçar
ejection seats or other escape equipment. To suit – Adaptar
While – Enquanto
Every factor contributing to a safe flight has a failure rate. The crew
of an aircraft is no different. Aviation medicine aims to keep this
rate in the humans involved equal to or below a specified risk level.
This standard of risk is also applied to airframe, avionics and
systems associated with flights. AeroMedical examinations aim at
screening for elevation in risk of sudden incapacitation, such as a
tendency towards myocardial infarction (heart attacks), epilepsy or
the presence of metabolic conditions diabetes, etc which may lead
to hazardous condition at altitude. The goal of the AeroMedical
Examination is to protect the life and health of pilots and
passengers by making reasonable medical assurance that an
individual is fit to fly. Other screened conditions such as colour
blindness can prevent a person from flying because of an inability
to perform a function that is necessary. In this case to tell green
from red. These specialized medical exams consist of physical
examinations performed by an Aviation Medical Examiner or a
military Flight Surgeon, doctors trained to screen potential aircrew
for identifiable medical conditions that could lead to problems while
performing airborne duties.
132
The Effects Of High Altitudes On The Body
Hypoxia
Age – Idade
Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole Altitude sickness – Mal de altitude
Amount – Quantidade
(generalized hypoxia) or a region of the body (tissue hypoxia) is As a whole – Como um todo
deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen Between – Entre
concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, Blood – Sangue
during strenuous physical exercise. A mismatch between oxygen Both – Ambos(as)
Bubbles – Bolhas
supply and its demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic Chest pain – Dor no peito
condition. Hypoxia in which there is complete deprivation of oxygen Closed-circuit – Circuito fechado
supply is referred to as anoxia. Cough – Tosse
Damaging – Danoso(a)
Decompression sickness - Disbarismo
Hypoxia differs from hypoxemia. In the latter, the oxygen Deep – Profundo(a)
concentration within the arterial blood is abnormally low. It is Diving – Mergulho
possible to experience hypoxia and have a low oxygen content Dizziness – Tontura
(e.g., due to anemia) but maintain high oxygen partial pressure Due to – Devido a
(pO2). Incorrect use of these terms can lead to confusion, Healthy – Saudável
especially as hypoxemia is among the causes of hypoxia (in Hydration – Hidratação
hypoxemic hypoxia). Latter – O último mencionado
Level – Nível
Mild – Brando
Generalized hypoxia occurs in healthy people when they ascend to Mismatch – Divergência
high altitude, where it causes altitude sickness leading to Mixtures – Misturas
potentially fatal complications: high altitude pulmonary edema Numbness – Dormência
(HAPE) and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Pain – Dor
Purge – Eliminação
Shortness of breath – Defic. respiratória
Hypoxia also occurs in healthy individuals when breathing mixtures Strenuous – Ativo(a)
of gases with a low oxygen content, e.g. while diving underwater Supply – Fornecimento
especially when using closed-circuit rebreather systems that Tingling – Formigamento
Tissue – Tecido
control the amount of oxygen in the supplied air. A mild and non- Underwater – Debaixo d’água
damaging intermittent hypoxia is used intentionally during altitude Weakness – Fraqueza
trainings to develop an athletic performance adaptation at both the Within – Dentro de
systemic and cellular level.
Decompression Sickness
Decompression sickness is the injury to the tissues of the body

resulting from the presence of nitrogen bubbles in the tissues and
blood. This occurs due to a rapid reduction in ambient pressure
causing the dissolved nitrogen to come out of solution as gas
bubbles.
DCS may result from inadequate or interrupted pre-oxygenation

time, or other factors including the level of hydration, physical
conditioning, prior injuries and age. Other risks of DCS include
inadequate nitrogen purge. Crewmembers may be at risk for DCS if
there is a loss of aircraft cabin pressure.
Symptoms of DCS in may include chest pain, shortness of breath,

cough or pain with a deep breath, unusual fatigue, dizziness,
headache, unexplained musculoskeletal pain, tingling or
numbness, extremities weakness, or visual abnormalities. Primary
treatment principles consist of in-cabin repressurization to re-
dissolve nitrogen bubbles, 100% oxygen to re-oxygenate tissues,
and hydration to improve the circulation to injured tissues.
133
Barotrauma
Barotrauma is the injury to the tissues of air filled spaces in the

body as a result of differences in pressure between the body
Air filled spaces – Cavidades de ar
spaces and the ambient atmospheric pressure. Air filled spaces Barodontalgia – Aerodontalgia
include the middle ears, parananal sinuses, lungs and Barotrauma – Aerodilatação
gastrointestinal tract. One would be predisposed by a pre-existing Deep – Profundo
upper respiratory infection, nasal allergies, recurrent changing Dehydration – Desidratação
Disease – Doença
pressures, dehydration, or a poor equalizing technique. Divers – Mergulhadores
Positive pressure in the air filled spaces results from reduced Ground – Solo
barometric pressure during the depressurization phase. It can Hearing – Audição
Jaw – Maxilar / Mandíbula
cause abdominal distension, ear or sinus pain, decreased hearing, Latter – Último(a)
and dental or jaw pain. Lungs – Pulmões
Middle ear – Ouvido médio
Abdominal distension can be treated with extending the abdomen, Parananal sinuses – Seios paranasais
Poor – Pobre / Deficiente
gentle massage and encourage passing flatus. Ear and sinus Rather than – Ao invés de
pressure can be relieved with passive release of positive pressure. Sources – Fontes
Pretreatment for susceptible individuals can include oral and nasal To cease – Parar / Cessar
decongestants, or oral and nasal steroids. To equalize – Equalizar / Igualar
To flare-up – Irromper
To squeeze – Apertar / Comprimir
Negative pressure in air fill spaces results from increased Tooth – Dente
barometric pressure during repressurization after a reduced cabin Tract – Vias
pressure. Common symptoms include ear or sinus pain, decreased
hearing, and tooth or jaw pain.
Treatment may include active positive pressure equalization of ears

and sinuses, oral and nasal decongestants, or oral and nasal
steroids, and appropriate pain medication if needed.
Barodontalgia
Barodontalgia, commonly known as tooth squeeze and previously

known as aerodontalgia, is a pain in tooth caused by a change in
atmospheric pressure. The pain usually ceases at ground level.
The most common victims are SCUBA divers (because in deep

dives pressures can increase by several atmospheres) and pilots
(because of rapid changes). In pilots, barodontalgia may be severe
enough to cause premature cessation of flights.
Barodontalgia is a symptom of dental disease, for example

inflammatory cyst in the mandible. Indeed, most of the common
oral pathologies have been reported as possible sources of
barodontalgia: dental caries, defective tooth restoration, pulpitis,
pulp necrosis, apical periodontitis, periodontal pockets, impacted
teeth, and mucous retention cysts.
One exception is barodontalgia manifested as referred pain from

barosinusitis or barotitis-media. The latter two conditions are
generated from pressure changes rather than pressure-related
flare-up of pre-existing conditions.
134
Jet Lag
Jet lag, medically referred to as "desynchronosis," is a

physiological condition which is a consequence of alterations to
Amount – Quantia / Soma
circadian rhythms; it is classified as one of the circadian rhythm Circadian rhythms – Ciclos circadianos
sleep disorders. Jet lag results from rapid long-distance Darkness – Escuridão
transmeridian (east-west or west-east) travel, as on a jet plane. Daylight – Luz do dia
Degree – Grau
Despite – Apesar de
When traveling across a number of time zones, the body clock will Disorder – Distúrbio
be out of synchronization with the destination time, as it Effort – Esforço
experiences daylight and darkness contrary to the rhythms to which Environment – Ambiente / Meio
it has grown accustomed: the body's natural pattern is upset, as Good shape – Boa forma
Grown – Crescido
the rhythms that dictate times for eating, sleeping, hormone Grumpiness – Irritabilidade / Nervosismo
regulation and body temperature variations no longer correspond to Headache – Dor de cabeça
the environment nor to each other in some cases. To the degree Health – Saúde
that the body cannot immediately realign these rhythms, it is jet Jet lag – Fadiga causada por fuso-horário
Judgment – Julgamento
lagged. Length – Duração
Mild – Moderado(a)
The speed at which the body adjusts to the new schedule depends Naps – Cochilos
on the individual; some people may require several days to adjust Pattern – Padrão
Perhaps – Talvez
to a new time zone, while others experience little disruption. Plenty – Muito(a)
Crossing one or two time zones does not typically cause jet lag. Properly – Corretamente / Adequadamente
Red-eye flights – Voos noturnos
The condition is not linked to the length of flight, but to the Rocky days – Dia difícil
Schedule – Programação
transmeridian (east-west) distance traveled. A ten-hour flight from Swollen – Inchado(a)
Europe to southern Africa does not cause jet lag, as travel is Time zone – Fuso-horário
primarily north-south. A five hour flight from the west to the east Timetable – Cronograma
coast of the United States may well result in jet lag. To avoid – Evitar
To last – Durar
To realign – Realinhar
The symptoms of jet lag can be quite varied, depending on the To rely on – Depender de
amount of time zone alteration. They may include the following: To rest – Descansar / Repousar
Trip – Viagem
Upset – Distúrbio
 Headaches
 Fatigue, irregular sleep patterns, insomnia
 Disorientation, grogginess, irritability
 Mild depression
 Constipation or diarrhea
Other symptoms which some may attribute to jet lag, such as

nausea, ear aches and swollen feet, may be caused by the mode
of travel rather than the time zone change.
Keeping your health in good shape
All in all, a few commonsense suggestions seem best: Get plenty

of rest before your trip. Try to sleep on "red-eye" flights. Keep your
schedule as light as possible on your arrival day; try to avoid
driving and any activities that require mental effort and good
judgment.
If you'll be staying more than a day or two, put yourself on the new
timetable at once but take short naps if you need them. Don't rely
on caffeine to wake you up or alcohol to put you to sleep.
Eat properly, stay well hydrated, and remain physically active.
Above all, perhaps, keep reminding yourself (and your

companions) that your grumpiness won't last and that your trip will
be a success despite a few rocky days.
135
: First Aid :
136
:: FIRST AID TRAINING ::

[TREINAMENTO EM PRIMEIROS-SOCORROS]
Your duty as a Flight Attendant is to offer immediate and temporary

Bleeding – Hemorragia / Sangramento
care to a customer of an accident or sudden illness until Bones – Ossos
professional care can be obtained. It is given in order to prevent Bracelet – Pulseira
death or further injury, to relieve pain, and to counteract shock. It Breathing – Respiração
may mean the difference between life and death, or temporary and Broken – Quebrado(a)
Burns – Queimaduras
permanent disability. It includes well selected words of Care – Cuidado
encouragement, evidence of willingness to help, and promotion of Confidence – Confiança
confidence by demonstration of competence. Counteract – Agir contra
Death – Morte
Disability – Deficiência / Falha
Basic Rules for Administering First Aid In-flight Duty – Obrigação
Emblem – Emblema
Listed below are six basic rules for administering first aid in-flight. Encouragement – Encorajamento
They are applied in all first aid situations. Illness – Doença
Incurred – Incorrido
Injury – Ferimento / Dano
1. Keep calm and determine the injuries or sudden cause of Measures – Medidas
illness. Neck – Pescoço
2. Find out exactly what happened. Information may be obtained Necklace – Colar / Corrente
Sudden – Repentino(a)
from the customer, friends, family or witnesses. Tight – Apertado(a)
3. Put on latex gloves before administering first aid, particularly To loose – Afrouxar
when treating an open wound. Gloves are available in the CPR To relay – Transmitir
bags, Vital 1 and one box is attached to each First Aid Kit. To relieve – Aliviar
To relinquish – Abrir mão
4. Check for an emergency medical alert emblem or other To summon – Chamar
identification, such as a card, bracelet or necklace to provide Unscheduled – Não programado(a)
information on the customer's condition (have a witness when Waist – Cintura
searching for identification). Whenever – Sempre que
Willingness – Atitude de vontade
5. If customer's condition appears serious, do not hesitate to use Witnesses – Testemunhas
the P.A. and request medical assistance from a doctor that Wound – Ferida
may be on board. Credentials should always be checked
before relinquishing your duties.
6. Treat injuries in order of their importance.
Act quickly and deal with the urgent conditions first.
 Breathing
 Bleeding
 Broken bones
 Burns
Loosen tight clothing around neck and waist.

Reassure customer by telling him what you are doing and what it
will do for him. Do not give liquids to an unconscious customer.
Maintain communication with flightdeck.
Once emergency measures have been taken to ensure the

customer's safety, at least one Flight Attendant continues first aid
treatment while another Flight Attendant relays all pertinent
information to the captain.
The Captain will determine if an unscheduled landing is necessary,

based on your assessment of the situation. Whenever an
ambulance has been summoned by the Captain, request that all
customers remain seated until the customer has been deplaned.
(Any costs incurred will be the customer’s responsibility).
137
First Aid Equipment
Flight Attendant POUCH

Airways – Aparelhos respiratórios
The Flight Attendant Pouch contains various items for first aid. It is Alka-Seltzer – Comprimidos para dor
available for daily use as required. First aid items in this pouch Arm – Braço
should be used instead of the sealed First Aid Kit unless a situation Bandages – Faixas
occurs requiring additional items. Employee – Funcionário(a) / Empregado(a)
Instead – Ao invés de
Leg – Perna
Contents of the Flight Attendant Pouch: MD – Medical Doctor
MO – Doctor of osteopathic
 Non-Aspirin Needles – Agulhas
Physician – Médico
 Aspirin Pouch – Bolsinha
 Alka-Seltzer Prior to – Antes de
 Adhesive Bandages (Band-Aids) Roll – Rolo
 Dramamine Scissors – Tesouras
Sealed – Selado(a)
 Antacid Tablets Sphygmomanometer – Apar. de pressão
 Ammonia Inhalants Splint – Tala
 Merthiolate swabs/Iodine Wipes Syringes – Seringas
 Triple Antibiotic Tape – Fita
Wipes – Lencinhos
First Aid Kit (FAK)
The sealed First Aid Kit aboard each aircraft is to be used in a

situation requiring items not available in the Flight Attendant Pouch.
Contents of the First Aid Kit:
 Adhesive bandage compresses, 1 inch (16)

 Antiseptic swabs (20)
 Ammonia inhalants (10)
 4" Compress bandages (8)
 Triangular bandages compresses, 40 inch (5)
 Arm splint, noninflatable (1)
 Leg splint, noninflatable (1)
 Roller bandage, 4 inch (4)
 Adhesive tape, 1 inch standard roll (2)
 Bandage scissors (1)
Emergency Medical Kit (Emk)
This kit is to be used by or under supervision of a licensed MD or

DO physician only. Credentials must be checked prior to opening
the kit.
Unauthorized opening of the kit by an airline employee may subject

such employee to disciplinary action.
Contents of the Emergency Medical Kit:
 Sphygmomanometer (1)
 Stethoscope (1)
 Airways, oropharyngeal (3 sizes) (3)
 Syringes (4)
 Needles (6)
 50% Dextrose injection 50cc (1)
 Epinephrine 1:1000 (2)
 Diphenhydramine HC1 injection (2)
 Nitroglycerin tablets (10)
138
Nosebleeds
May occur spontaneously, or as a result of an injury, lack of

humidity, or exposure to high altitude, especially in the young.
Broken bones – Fraturas
Gauze – Gaze
First Aid: Ice – Gelo
Injury – Machucado / Ferimento
 Keep quiet and in a sitting position. Joints – Juntas
Lack – Carência / Falta
 Apply direct pressure immediately under nose. Muscle – Músculo
 Apply cold, wet compresses over nose. Nosebleeds – Sangramento do nariz
Pain – Dor
Broken Bones or Fractures Slings – Amarras / Ataduras
Sprains – Entorses
Sprints – Tala
Types of Fractures: Strains – Distorções
Stretched – Estiramento
Simple - One in which the bone is broken but doesn't protrude and Swell – Inchaço
Tight – Apertado(a)
break through the skin. Tissue – Tecido
To break through – Romper
Compound - One in which the bone is broken and does protrude To protrude – Sair
and break through the skin. To wrap – Envolver
Torn – Rompimento
Under – Abaixo de
Simple Fracture Young – Jovem
First Aid:
 Use blankets, pillows, sprints, or slings to immobilize the

injured area. Elevate if possible.
 For added support, carefully wrap pillow around fractured area
and immobilize joints above and below.
 Secure with gauze.
Compound Fracture
First Aid:
 Use blankets, pillows, sprints, or slings to immobilize the

injured area, if possible. Cover lightly with gauze or compress
bandage.
 Carefully elevate if possible to help control bleeding.
 Treat for shock.
 Never apply a splint or sling too tight on either simple or
compound fractures as circulation may be impaired.
Strains and Sprains
A strain is an injury to muscle, either torn or stretched. A sprain is

an injury to soft tissue around a joint; swelling and pain will occur.
First Aid:
 The correct first-aid treatment for all new injures is always ice
and cold therapy for the first 24 to 48 hours.
 Apply cold compresses or ice-filled bag for 20 minutes every
hour.
 Give aspirin or non-aspirin.
 Elevate if possible.
 When in doubt, always treat as a fracture.
139
Burns
Types Of Burns:
Blistered – Com bolhas
First Degree Burns – Queimaduras
Charred – Queimado(a)
 Skin is reddened. Do NOT apply ointment, unless customer Chemical – Substância química
insists. Copious – Abundante
Current – Corrente elétrica
Eye – Olho
Second Degree First degree – Primeiro grau
Heat – Calor
 Skin is blistered. Do NOT apply ointment. Latex gloves – Luvas cirúrgicas
Ointment – Pomada
Reddened – Avermelhado(a)
Third Degree Rescue breathing – Resp. boca-a-boca
Second degree – Segundo grau
 Skin is black and charred. Do NOT remove clothing that might Stuck – Preso(a)
Third degree – Terceiro grau
be stuck to the burn, and do NOT apply ointment. To shut-off – Desligar
To wash – Lavar
First Aid:
 Put on latex gloves.

 Apply cool water to all types of heat burns. Do not apply ice
directly to any burn. Cover burn lightly with a sterile compress
bandage to keep air out. Treat for shock as necessary.
Electrical Burn
First Aid:
 Shut off current.

 If not breathing, notify Flight Attendant to bring CPR masks,
POB, gloves and begin Rescue Breathing. Continue Rescue
Breathing until relieved by qualified medical personnel.
 Ammonia inhalants are helpful to maintain consciousness.
Chemical Burn
First Aid:

 Remove all of the chemical by washing burned area carefully
with volumes of cool water.
 After chemical has been removed, treat as a heat burn.
Eye Burn
First Aid:

 Wash with water. If burn is due to a chemical, more copious
washing is necessary.
 Cover eye with a compress bandage.
140
Heart Attack
Disease of the heart and blood vessels.

Aching – Dor
Many symptoms may be associated with a heart attack, and Arms – Braços
prompt medical attention may make the difference in damage to Blood vessels – Vasos sanguíneos
the heart muscle. Chest pain – Dor no peito
Chills – Calafrios
Cramps – Cólicas / Câimbras
Symptoms: Dull – Prolongado(a)
Feeling – Sensação
 Dull aching chest pain Fever – Febre
 Tightness in the chest Food poisoning – Intoxicação alimentar
 Squeezing type chest pain Heart attack – Infarto
 Heavy feeling on the chest Heavy – Forte
 Aching in the shoulder, neck, arms or jaw Jaw – Maxilar
 Nausea and/or vomiting Keep in mind – Lembre-se
Meal – Refeição
 Shortness of breath Muscle – Músculo
 Weakness and profuse sweating Neck – Pescoço
 Indigestion Profuse – Abundante
Shortness – Deficiência
Shoulder – Ombro
First Aid: Squeezing – Comprimido(a)
Sweating – Suor
 Ask victim if he has medication and assist him in taking it. Tight – Apertado(a)
Heart patient should have nitroglycerin pills, a nitroglycerin Tightness – Tensão
To find out – Descobrir
patch, or nitroglycerin spray. The pills are to be placed under To loose – Afrouxar
the tongue. To reassure – Acalmar
 Reassure him and don't mention the words "heart attack". Tongue – Língua
 Administer oxygen. Weakness – Fraqueza
Within – Dentro de
 Loosen tight clothing.
 Get medical attention as soon as possible.
 Note time and length of attack and time between attacks if
more than one.
 If breathing stops, begin Rescue Breathing.
 If breathing and pulse stop, begin CPR.
Food Poisoning
Cause: eating contaminated food - apparent within 2 hours.
Symptoms:
 Diarrhea
 Severe stomach cramps
 Vomiting
 Headache
 Chills and fever
First Aid:

 Keep in mind that food poisoning may not have been caused
by food served on board. Determine if customer brought food
on board. Depending on the time of occurrence, find out where
and what the customer ate at the last meal before boarding the
aircraft.
 Keep samples of all food under refrigeration. Do not let food
samples freeze as this will kill any bacteria that might be the
cause of food poisoning.
141
:: CPR TRAINING ::
[MASSAGEM CARDÍACA]
Rescue Breathing
Airway – Ventilação
Breathing – Respiração
Adult/Child/Infant Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) –
Massagem cardíaca
 Check for consciousness Consciousness – Consciência
Floor – Chão / Piso
 Gently shake and shout, "Are you okay?" Gently – Gentilmente
 Call for help Neck – Pescoço
 Flight Attendant bring POB, CPR masks, and gloves Rescue – Resgate / Salvamento
 Notify the Captain Rescue breathing – Respiração artificial /
Respiração boca-a-boca
 If victim is in seat, place on floor, face up Rescuer – Socorrista
 Open airway Thereafter – Dali em diante
 Check for breathing (5 seconds) Thousand – Mil
 Look, Listen and Feel To begin – Começar
To bring – Trazer
 Give 2 breaths, if no breathing, To face up – Para cima
 Give breaths slowly and stop when you see chest starting to To feel – Sentir
rise To give – Dar
 Check for pulse/breathing (5 seconds) To listen – Ouvir
To look – Olhar
 Adult/Child - Carotid artery (neck) To place – Colocar
To raise – Elevar
Has Pulse/No Breathing: To shake – Sacudir / Agitar
To shout – Gritar
 Begin Rescue Breathing
 Adult - 1 breath every 5 seconds
 12 Cycles= 1 minute
 Count 1 one thousand, 2 one thousand, 3 one thousand, 4 one
thousand B-R-E-A-T-H-E
 Child/infant- 1 breath every 3 seconds
 20 Cycles= 1 minute
 Count 1 one thousand, 2 one thousand
 B-R-E-A-T-H-E
 Recheck pulse/breathing after 1 minute (5 seconds)
No Pulse/No Breathing
 Begin CPR (start with compressions)

 Adult- 15 compressions/2 breaths
 4 cycles= 1 minute
 count 1,2,3..15 B-R-E-A-T-H-E, B-R-E-A-T-H-E
 Child/infant-5compressions/1 breath
 20 cycles= 1 minute
 count 1,2,3,4,5 B-R-E-A-T-H-E
 Recheck pulse/breathing after 1 minute (5 seconds)
 NO PULSE/NO BREATHING
 Continue CPR (Start with compressions).
 Recheck pulse/breathing every few minutes thereafter.
Has Pulse/No Breathing
 Administer Rescue Breathing and recheck pulse/breathing

every minute
Has Pulse/Has Breathing
 Administer CPR, monitor pulse/breathing each minute

thereafter
142
Choking/Obstructed Airway
Choking is caused by an object blocking the air passage and

results in respiratory difficulty. The person is unable to breathe and
Air exchange – Passagem de ar
his heart could stop if the object is not removed. Backward – Para trás
Behind – Atrás
Common Causes: Breastbone – Osso esterno
Chewed – Mastigado(a)
Choking – Asfixia
 Trying to swallow large pieces of food that are poorly chewed. Fist – Punho
 Drinking alcohol before or during eating. Heart – Coração
 Talking excitedly or laughing while eating, or eating too fast. Maneuver – Manobra
 Walking, playing or running with objects in the mouth. Thrusts – Golpes
Thumb – Dedo polegar
To cough – Tossir
Symptoms: To grasp – Segurar
To keel – Ajoelhar-se
 Red face To swallow – Engolir
To wrap – Envolver / Cobrir
 Can cough forcefully Unable – Incapaz
 Restricted breathing Until – Até
 Possible difficulty in speaking Waist – Cintura
 May progress to poor air exchange
Complete Airway Obstruction-Conscious
Adult/Child
First Aid
 Complete airway obstruction is when a victim cannot speak,

breathe, or cough.
 Call for help
 Flight Attendant bring POB, CPR masks and gloves
 Notify Captain
 Perform Heimlich maneuver - Abdominal thrusts
 Stand or kneel behind adult or child and wrap your arms
around their waist
 Place thumb side of your fist on the middle of the breastbone
(same area as for CPR chest compressions)
 Grasp fist with other hand and give chest thrusts (quick
backward thrusts).
Give chest thrusts until:
1. Object is expelled
2. Victim becomes unconscious
3. You are relieved by qualified medical help.
143
: In-flight Birth :
144
:: IN-FLIGHT CHILDBIRTH ::
[PARTOS DURANTE O VOO]
Pregnant Passengers
Airway – Passagem de ar
As long as – Desde que
Tips for a safe, comfortable flight Be aware – Estar ciente / Ter consciência
Birth – Nascimento
Air travel is generally safe for pregnant women, as long as there Blankets – Cobertas / Mantas
Blood clots – Coágulos de sangue
are no complications with the pregnancy and you are not flying too Breathing – Respiração
close to your due date. Childbirth – Parto
Dehydration – Desidratação
However, traveling pregnant does come with some warnings, such Delayed – Atrasado(a)
Dried apricots – Damascos secos
as an increased risk of blood clots and Deep Vein Thrombosis Due date – Próximo da data
(DVT), especially during long flights. Feet – Pés
To ensure safe and comfortable air travel when pregnant, follow Fresh – Fresco(a)
Grapes – Uvas
these tips: Ground – Solo
Healthy – Saudável
Quick Tips For Healthy Air Travel While Pregnant Hose – Meia-calça
Labor – Trabalho de parto
Legs apart – Pernas afastadas
 Be aware of dehydration on airplanes, which can be worse Pains – Dores
when you’re pregnant. Plenty – Muito(a)
 Make sure you have plenty of water with you, and avoid Plums – Ameixas
caffeine and alcohol. Pregnancy – Gravidez
Pregnant – Grávida
 Pack vitamin-rich fresh fruit such as grapes, plums, oranges or Pulse – Pulso
dried apricots. Straps – Tiras
 Wear support hose and shoes with adjustable straps in case Such as – Assim como
your feet swell. Tips – Dicas
To assess – Avaliar / Estimar
 As always with flying, get up and walk around the cabin every To avoid – Evitar
two hours or so. To clamp – Grampear / Fixar
 Take an eye mask and ear plugs and wear loose, comfortable To grab on – Segurar
clothing. To lay – Colocar
To lie flat – Deitar em posição reta
 Rest as much as possible while in the air. To reassure – Acalmar
To rest – Descansar / Repousar
Emergency In-flight Childbirth To swell – Inchar
Warm – Aquecido(a)
Warnings – Avisos / Advertências
Procedure Watch out – Fique atento
While – Enquanto
 Put on latex gloves and place mother on blankets in galley
area.
 Ask for a MD or DO, a nurse or paramedic would be
acceptable in this circumstance. Instruct the mother to lie flat
on her back with legs apart.
 Give her something to grab on to.
 When labor pains are two minutes apart - watch out - here
comes the baby.
 When water bag breaks, the baby is just about due.
 After baby has been delivered, lay it on the mothers stomach.
 Be sure to keep mother and baby warm.
 Do not move mother or baby.
 Keep her quiet and reassure her.
 Assess and monitor infant for pulse and breathing.
 You may need to clean the baby's airway by using sterile
bandages found in the First Aid Kit.
 If ground help is delayed, the umbilical cord may be cut. Clamp
the cord 10 Inches, then 7 inches from the baby (only after the
cord has stopped pulsating). Cut between the clamps. While
cutting, keep the baby at the level of the placenta to prevent
complications.
145
What NOT to do:
 DO NOT hurry.
 DO NOT pull on the baby; let the baby be born naturally.
Bladder – Bexiga
 DO NOT pull on the cord; let placenta (afterbirth) come Bone – Osso
naturally. Born – Nascido(a)
 DO NOT tie the cord. Course – Rumo
 DO NOT cut the cord if ground help is available within 20 Egg – Óvulo
Joint – Junta
minutes. Jointed – Articulado / Junto
 DO NOT give medication. Miscarriage – Aborto
 DO NOT HURRY- LET NATURE TAKE HER COURSE. Pocket – Bolso(a)
Pregnancy – Gravidez
Skull – Esqueleto
Remember, the person attending the delivery should wear latex Soap – Sabonete
gloves and thoroughly scrub hands with soap and water after Thoroughly – Completamente
removal of gloves. To cut – Cortar
To hurry – Apressar / Precipitar
To pull – Puxar
Miscarriage To rest – Descansar
To scrub – Esfregar
 Have mother rest at seat. To tie – Amarrar
 Elevate legs. To wear – Vestir
 Administer 02,
 All aircrew are trained to handle such situation during their
flight attendant training program.
Full term pregnancy (fetus at term): implantation of a fertilized

egg in the uterus.
Vertebral column: bony vertical axis extending from the skull to
the pelvis.
Sacrum: bone that is jointed with the hipbone to form the pelvis.
Rectum: last part of the large intestine, between the sigmoid and
the anus.
Urinary bladder: pocket in which urine collects.
Vagina: internal female genital organ, between the vulva and the
uterus.
Symphysis pubis: semi-mobile pubic joint.
External cervical bone: external opening of the neck of the uterus.
Internal cervical bone: internal opening of the neck of the uterus.
Fetus: the gestation of a baby.
Uterus: female genital organ that contains the fertilized egg during
its development.
Placenta: organ that connect a fetus to the body of its mother
during its development.
146
: Air Navigation :
147
:: AIR NAVIGATION ::
[NAVEGAÇÃO AÉREA]
Introduction Accurately – Preciso

Along with – Junto com
The principles of air navigation are the same for all aircraft, big or Axes – Eixos
small, which basically means to locate and to guide. Air navigation Celestial Navigation – Método celestial
Coverage – Cobertura
involves successfully piloting an aircraft from place to place without Current – Atual
getting lost, breaking the laws applying to aircraft, or endangering Dead Reckoning – Método estimado
the safety of those on board or on the ground. Earth – Terra
Elapsed – Passado(a) / Decorrido(a)
Endangering – Arriscando
Navigation Methods Features – Características
GNSS – Navegação por satélite
 Pilotage is the use of fixed visual references on the ground or Ground – Solo
sea by means of sight or radar to guide oneself to a Inertial – Método eletrônico / Inercial
Motion detector – Detector de movimento
destination, sometimes with the help of a map or nautical chart, Nautical chart – Carta náutica
using natural features such as mountains, hills or cliffs as Pilotage – Método visual ou de contato
reference. Place – Lugar
Radio Dir. Finder – Mét. radiogoniométrico
Receivers – Receptores
 Dead reckoning (DR) is the process of estimating one's Safety – Segurança
current position based upon a previously determined position, Sight – Alcance / Visão
or fix, and advancing that position based upon known or Sometimes – Às vezes
estimated speeds over elapsed time, and course. Speeds – Velocidades
To get lost – Se perder
To guide – Orientar
 Radio Direction Finder or RDF is a device for finding the To measure – Medir
direction to a radio source. Due to radio's ability to travel very
long distances "over the horizon", it makes a particularly good
navigation system for ships and aircraft that might be flying at a
distance from land.
 Inertial Navigation is an electronic dead reckoning type of

navigation system that computes its position based on motion
sensors. Once the initial latitude and longitude is established,
the system receives impulses from motion detectors that
measure the acceleration along three or more axes enabling it
continually and accurately to calculate the current latitude and
longitude.
 Celestial Navigation systems are based on observation of the

positions of the Sun, Moon, Planets and navigational stars.
Such systems are in use as well for terrestrial navigating as for
interstellar navigating. By knowing which point on the rotating
earth a celestial object is above and measuring its height
above the observer's horizon, the navigator can determine his
distance from that subpoint.
 Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS is the term for

satellite navigation systems that provide positioning with global
coverage. A GNSS allow small electronic receivers to
determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) to
within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a line
of sight by radio from satellites. Receivers on the ground with a
fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as
a reference for scientific experiments.
148
Figure of the Earth
The Shape of the Earth

was regarded in antiquity
Antiquity – Antiguidade
as being flat like a disk or At least – Pelo menos
an infinite plane, but early Axes – Eixos
on in most civilizations this Axis – Eixo
idea gave way to the Between – Entre
Bulge – Saliência / Relevo
modern conception of a Due to – Devido a
spherical Earth. Earth – Planeta Terra
Flat – Plano(a)
An Equatorial Bulge is a Great circle – Círculo máximo
Halves – Metades
bulge which a planet may have around its equator, distorting it into Known – Conhecido(a)
an oblate spheroid. The Earth has an equatorial bulge of 42.72 km Lying – Situado(a)
(26.5 miles) due to its rotation: its diameter measured across the Measured – Medido(a)
equatorial plane (12756.28 km, 7,927 miles) is 42.72 km more than Oblate – Achatado(a) nos pólos
Parallels – Paralelos
that measured between the poles (12713.56 km, 7,900 miles). Plane – Plano
Poles – Pólos
The geographical and cartographical poles on Earth are: Regarded – Estimado(a)
Small circle – Círculo menor
Surface – Superfície
 North Pole To cut – Cortar / Dividir
 South Pole True North – Norte verdadeiro
The North Pole is the northernmost point on Earth, lying

diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude
90° North, as well as the direction of True North.
The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or

Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's
axis of rotation intersects its surface.
The Equatorial Plane is an imaginary line on the Earth's surface

equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole that divides the
Earth into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere.
Great Circle
A great circle of a sphere is a circle that runs along the surface of

that sphere so as to cut it into two equal halves, as distinct from a
small circle.
On the Earth, the meridians (or lines of longitude) are on great

circles, and the equator is a great circle.
Small Circle
A small circle of a sphere is the circle constructed by a plane

crossing the sphere not in its center. Small circles always have
smaller diameters than the sphere itself (compare great circle).
Except for 90 Degrees North or South and the Equator, all parallels
of latitude upon the Earth are small circles (or at least close
approximations, as the Earth varies from a true sphere to a
relatively minor extent).
149
Minute of Arc
A minute of arc, or arcminute or minute of angle (MOA), is a unit of

angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (1/60) of one degree.
Circle of latitude – Paralelo
Since one degree is defined as one three hundred sixtieth (1/360) Drawn – Representados em desenhos
of a circle, 1 minute of arc is 1/21,600 of the amount of arc in a East – Leste
closed circle. Easter – Oriental
Equator – Equador
Halves – Metades
Equator Hundred – Cem
Intersection – Junção
The latitude of the Equator is 0°. The length of Earth's equator is Joining – Unindo
40,008.629 kilometres (24,860.2 mi). The Equator is one of the five Known as – Conhecido(a) como
Length – Comprimento
main circles of latitude on Earth (the others being the Polar Circles Line of longitude – Meridiano
and the Tropical Circles). It is the only line of latitude which is also Measurement – Medida
a great circle. Minute of arc – Grau de arco
Plane – Plano
Circle of Latitude Prime meridian – Meridiano de Greenwich
Sixtieth – Sexagésimo
Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are Southeast – Sudeste
parallel to each other. On some map projections they are drawn at Surface – Superfície
United Kingdom – Reino Unido
equidistant intervals. A circle of latitude is perpendicular to all West – Oeste
meridians at the points of intersection. Western – Ocidental
Line of Longitude
A meridian (or line of longitude) is an imaginary arc on the Earth's

surface from the North Pole to the South Pole that connects all
locations running along it with a given longitude. Each meridian is
perpendicular to all circles of latitude at the intersection points.
Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian forms a great circle that divides the Earth into
the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. By international
convention, the modern Prime Meridian passes through the Royal
Observatory, Greenwich in southeast London, United Kingdom,
known as the International Meridian or Greenwich Meridian.
Latitude
Latitude is the angle from a point on the Earth's surface to the

equatorial plane, measured from the center of the sphere. Lines
joining points of the same latitude are called parallels, which trace
concentric circles on the surface of the Earth, parallel to the
equator. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0°
parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the fundamental plane
of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the
globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Longitude
Longitude is the angle east or west of a reference meridian

between the two geographical poles to another meridian that
passes through an arbitrary point. All meridians are halves of great
circles, and are not parallel. They converge at the north and south
poles.
150
Geographic Coordinate System
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that

enables every location on Earth to be specified in three
180th Meridian – Anti-meridiano
coordinates, using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Colatitude – Co-latitude
Degrees – Graus
The latitude of a place on the Earth's surface is the angular Geographic coordinate system - Sistema
distance north or south of the equator. Latitude is usually de coordenadas geográficas
Given – Dado
expressed in degrees (marked with °) ranging from 0° at the Highest – Maior / Mais alto
Equator to 90° at the North and South poles. The latitude of the However – No entanto
North Pole is 90° N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90° S. Latitude / Longitude bearings - Diferenças
de lat. / long. (DLA / DLO)
Lowest – Menor / Mais baixo
Geographical Distance Calculation Mean latitude – Latitude média (LAM)
Mean longitude – Longitude média (LOM)
Geographical distance is the distance measured along the surface Ranging – Abrangendo
of the earth. The formulae calculate distances between points Ranging – Variação
To add up – Somar
which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude To deduct – Subtrair
and longitude. To enable – Permitir
To prevail – Prevalecer
Latitude / Longitude Bearings
Remember:
To calculate latitude bearings on the same hemispheres, we must Para calcular diferenças de latitude em
deduct the lowest value by the highest one. On different hemisférios iguais, devemos subtrair o menor
hemispheres, we simply add up the values. The hemisphere with valor do maior. Para hemisférios diferentes,
nós simplesmente somamos os valores. O
the highest value shall prevail. hemisfério de maior valor é o que prevalece.
To calculate the longitude bearings, we must use the same Para calcular diferenças de longitude, nós
procedure as above, however we must pay attention to the results. utilizamos os mesmo procedimentos acima
citados, no entanto devemos prestar atenção
If the results are equal or above 180°, we must get this result and aos resultados. Se os resultados forem
deduct it by 360°. The hemisphere with the highest value shall iguais ou maiores a 180°, nós devemos
prevail. pegar o resultado obtido e subtraí-lo por
360°. O hemisfério de maior valor é o que
prevalece.
Mean Latitude
To calculate the mean latitude on the same hemisphere, we must

add up the values and divide the results by 2. On different
hemispheres, we must deduct the highest value by the lowest one
and divide the results by 2. The hemisphere with the highest value
shall prevail.
Mean Longitude
To calculate the mean longitude; we must use exactly the same

procedure as above, and the hemisphere with the highest value
shall prevail.
Colatitude
To calculate colatitude, we simply deduct any given value by 90°.

Keep the hemisphere given.
180th Meridian
The 180th meridian or antimeridian is the meridian which is 180°

opposite to the reference given.
th
To calculate the 180 Meridian, simply deduct any given value by
180°. The result will be the opposite hemisphere given.
151
Cardinal Points
The four cardinal directions

correspond to the following degrees
Cardinal points – Pontos cardeais
of a compass: Compass – Bússola
Compass rose – Rosa-dos-ventos
 North (N): 0° = 360° Earth’s magnetic field – Campo magnético
 East (E): 90° East – Leste
Field – Campo
 South (S): 180° Halfway – Metade do caminho
 West (W): 270° Intercardinal points – Pontos colaterais
Magnetic pole – Pólo magnético
An ordinal, or intercardinal, or Nautical chart – Carta náutica
Near – Perto / Próximo(a)
intermediate, direction is one of the four intermediate compass North – Norte
directions located halfway between the cardinal directions. North magnetic pole – Norte magnético
Northeast – Nordeste
 Northeast (NE), 45°, halfway between north and east, is the Northwest – Noroeste
Random – Aleatório(a)
opposite of southwest. South – Sul
 Southeast (SE), 135°, halfway between south and east, is the Southeast – Sudeste
opposite of northwest. Southwest – Sudoeste
 Southwest (SW), 225°, halfway between south and west, is the To fit – Ajustar / Encaixar
To wander – Desviar
opposite of northeast. West – Oeste
 Northwest (NW), 315°, halfway between north and west, is the
opposite of southeast.
Compass Rose
A compass rose, sometimes called a windrose, is a figure on a

map or nautical chart used to display the orientation of the cardinal
directions, — north, south, east, and west. It is also the term for the
graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass.
Today, the idea of a compass rose is found on, or featured in,
almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts.
Earth's Magnetic Field
Earth's magnetic field (and the surface magnetic field) is

approximately a magnetic dipole, with the magnetic field S pole
near the Earth's geographic North Pole and the other magnetic
field N pole near the Earth's geographic South Pole.
Magnetic Pole
Two different types of magnetic poles must be distinguished. There

are the "magnetic poles" and the "geomagnetic poles". The
magnetic poles are the two positions on the Earth's surface where
the magnetic field is entirely vertical.
Another way of saying this is that the inclination of the Earth's field
is 90° at the North Magnetic Pole and -90° at the South Magnetic
Pole. At either the South or North Magnetic Poles, a typical
compass that is allowed to swing only in the horizontal plane will
point in random directions. The Earth's field is closely
approximated by the field of a dipole positioned near the centre of
the Earth.
A dipole defines an axis. The two positions where the axis of the
dipole that best fits the Earth's field intersect the Earth's surface are
called the North and South geomagnetic poles. The locations of the
magnetic poles are not static; they wander as much as 15 km every
year.
152
Magnetic Declination
Magnetic declination is the angle between

magnetic north (the direction the north end of a
Agonic lines – Linhas agônicas
compass needle points) and true north. The Bar – Linha
declination is positive when the magnetic north is Bearings – Orientações
east of true north. The term magnetic variation is Compass – Bússola
a synonym, and is more often used in navigation. Dial – Indicador de sintonização
Downard – Para baixo
Filled – Preenchido(a) / Pleno(a)
Isogonic lines are where the declination has the Heading – Proa
same value, and the lines where the declination is zero are called Iron – Ferro
agonic lines. Isogonic lines – Linhas isogônicas
Magnetic declination – Declin. magnética
Magnetic deviation – Desvio de bússola
Magnetic Dip Magnetic dip – Inclinação magnética
Masses – Concentrados / Massas
Measurement – Medida
Magnetic dip or magnetic inclination is the angle made by a Needles – Agulhas
compass needle with the horizontal at any point on the Earth's Often – Frequentemente
surface. Positive values of inclination indicate that the field is Plane – Plano
pointing downward, into the Earth, at the point of measurement. Pointer – Indicador
To align – Alinhar
To point – Apontar
Magnetic dip results from the tendency of a magnet to align itself
with lines of force. As the Earth's magnetic lines of force are not
parallel to the surface, the north end of a compass needle will point
downward on the northern hemisphere (positive dip) or upward on
the southern hemisphere (negative dip).
Compass
A compass is a navigational
instrument for determining direction
relative to the Earth's magnetic
poles. It consists of a magnetized
pointer (usually marked on the North
end) free to align itself with Earth's
magnetic field. The compass greatly
improved the safety and efficiency of
travel, especially ocean travel. A
compass can be used to calculate heading, used with a sextant to
calculate latitude, and with a marine chronometer to calculate
longitude.
Modern compasses use a magnetized needle or dial inside a

capsule completely filled with fluid (oil, kerosene, or alcohol is
common). The compass functions as an indicator to "Magnetic
North" because the magnetic bar at the heart of the compass
aligns itself to one of the lines of the Earth's magnetic field.
Depending on where the compass is situated on the surface of the
Earth the variance between geographic North or "True North" will
increase the farther one is from the prime meridian of the Earth's
magnetic field.
Magnetic Deviation
Magnetic Deviation is the difference between magnetic bearings

and compass bearings. Deviation varies for every compass in the
same location and depends on such factors as the magnetic field of
the plane, wristwatches, etc. The value will also vary depending on
the orientation of the plane. Magnets and/or iron masses can be
used to correct for deviation so that a particular compass will
accurately give magnetic bearings.
153
Course
In navigation, a vehicle's course is the angle that the intended path

of the vehicle makes with a fixed reference object (typically true
After – Após / Depois
north). Typically course is measured in degrees from 0° clockwise Clockwise – Sentido horário
to 360° in compass convention (0° being north, 90° being east). Compass heading – Proa bússola
Course is customarily expressed in three digits, using preliminary Course – Rumo
zeros if needed, e.g. 058°. Dead reckoning – Método estimado
Desired – Desejado(a)
Deviation – Desvio de bússola
Aircraft Heading Drift angle – Deriva
Due to – Devido a
An aircraft's heading is the direction that the aircraft's nose is Heading – Proa
Intended – Planejado(a)
pointing. Left – Esquerdo(a)
Magnetic heading – Proa magnética
It is referenced by using either the magnetic compass or heading Nose – Nariz
indicator, two instruments that most aircraft have as standard. Path – Rota / Caminho
Pointing – Apontando
Using standard instrumentation, it is in reference to the local Track – Curso
magnetic north direction. True heading is in relation to the lines of True course – Rumo verdadeiro
meridian (north-south lines). The units are degrees from north in a True heading – Proa verdadeira
clockwise direction. East is 90, south is 180 and west is 270 True North – Norte verdadeiro
Variation – Declinação magnética
degrees. Wind – Vento
Wind correc. angle – Correção de deriva
Note that, due to wind forces, the direction of movement of the
aircraft, or track, is not the same as the heading. The nose of the
aircraft may be pointing due west, for example, but a strong
northerly wind will change its track south of west. The angle
between heading and track is known as the drift angle or crab
angle.
After obtaining the true heading, apply the correction for magnetic
variation to obtain magnetic heading, and the correction for
compass deviation to obtain a compass heading. The compass
heading can be used to fly to the destination by dead reckoning.
 True Course - Direction of the line connecting two desired

points, drawn on the chart and measured clockwise in degrees
from true north on the mid-meridian.
 Wind Correction Angle - Determined from the wind triangle.
(Added to TC if the wind is from the right; subtract if wind is
from the left.)
 True Heading - The direction measured in degrees clockwise
from true north, in which the nose of the plane should point to
make good the desired course.
 Variation - Obtained from the isogonic line on the chart.
(Added to TH if west; subtract if east.)
 Magnetic Heading - An intermediate step in the conversion.
(Obtained by applying variation to true heading.)
 Deviation - Obtained from the deviation card on the airplane.
(Added to MH or subtracted from, as indicated.)
 Compass Heading - The reading on the compass (found by
applying deviation to MH) which will be followed to make good
the desired course.
154
Time Zone
A time zone is a region on Earth, more or less bounded by lines of

longitude that has a uniform, legally mandated standard time,
Boundary – Limite / Fronteira
usually referred to as the local time. By convention, the 24 main Bounded – Delimitado
time zones on Earth compute their local time as an offset from UTC Current – Atual
(see also Greenwich Mean Time), each time zone boundary being Date line – Linha internacional de data
ostensibly 15 degrees east or west of the preceding one. The Eastern – Do leste
Eastward – Para o leste
reference point for UTC is the Greenwich Meridian (the Prime Mandate – Decreto
Meridian), which has a longitude of 0°. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Occurs – Ocorre
Local time is UTC plus the current time zone offset for the location Offset – Compensação
Plus – Mais
in question. In theory, the increase proceeds eastward from the Preceding – Precedente
eastern boundary of the UTC time zone centred on 0°, increasing Time zone – Fuso horário
by one hour for each 15°, up to the International Date Line To compute – Calcular
(longitude 180°). A corresponding one hour decrease relative to To decrease – Diminuir
To increase – Aumentar
UTC occurs every 15° heading westward from the western To offset – Compensar
boundary of the UTC time zone, up to the International Date Line. Up to – Até
Western – Do oeste
Military Time Zones Westward – Para o oeste
This is a list of time zone names based on the NATO phonetic

alphabet as used by the military and others.
Time Zone Name Letter UTC Offset

Alpha Time Zone A UTC+01
Bravo Time Zone B UTC+02
Charlie Time Zone C UTC+03
Delta Time Zone D UTC+04
Echo Time Zone E UTC+05
Foxtrot Time Zone F UTC+06
Golf Time Zone G UTC+07
Hotel Time Zone H UTC+08
India Time Zone I UTC+09
Kilo Time Zone K UTC+10
Lima Time Zone L UTC+11
Mike Time Zone M UTC+12
November Time Zone N UTC-01
Oscar Time Zone O UTC-02
Papa Time Zone P UTC-03
Quebec Time Zone Q UTC-04
Romeo Time Zone R UTC-05
Sierra Time Zone S UTC-06
Tango Time Zone T UTC-07
Uniform Time Zone U UTC-08
Victor Time Zone V UTC-09
Whiskey Time Zone W UTC-10
X-ray Time Zone X UTC-11
Yankee Time Zone Y UTC-12
Zulu Time Zone Z UTC±0
155
Time in Brazil
Brazil has three time zones.

Daylight saving time (summer
Clocks – Relógios
time) is also observed by the Coast – Costa / Litoral
Southern, Southeast and Daylight saving time – Horário de verão
Central-Western Brazilian states. Entire – Todo(a)
Followed – Seguido(a)
Fourth – Quarto(a)
Time Zones However – No entanto / Porém
Islands – Ilhas
Brasília official time (UTC-03) Length – Distância
The main time zone of Brazil Mid – Metade
Offsets – Compensações
corresponds to the time at Outside – Fora de
Brasília. All the other time zones Speed – Velocidade
are given as offsets to it. Summer time – Horário de verão
Time zone – Fuso horário
To become – Tornar
Outside of summer time, it corresponds to UTC-03; during summer To change – Mudar
time, it changes to UTC-02, but this change is not followed by all To comprise – Abranger
states. It comprises the states in the Southeast Region, the South To join – Juntar-se
Region and the Northeast Region (except some islands), the states Units of measurement – Unid. de medida
of Goiás, Tocantins, Pará, and Amapá, plus the Brazilian Federal
District.
Brasília time + 1 (UTC-02)

This time zone corresponds to UTC-02. It is followed by a few
Atlantic islands on the east coast of Brazil (Fernando de Noronha,
Trindade, Martin Vaz, Atol das Rocas, Saint Peter and Paul
Rocks).
Brasília time − 1 (UTC-04)

Outside of summer time, this time zone corresponds to UTC-04;
during summer time, it changes to UTC-03, but this change is not
followed by all states. It is used in the states of Amazonas, Mato
Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, and Roraima, and since
mid-2008, also in the state of Acre.
Until 2008, the west side of Pará was also part of this time zone,
when it joined the rest of the state in observing Brasília time.
Brasília time − 2 (UTC-05, Defunct)

Until 2008, the far-western tip of the country, which included the
southwestern part of the state of Amazonas and the entire state of
Acre, was part of a fourth time zone, corresponding to UTC-05.
However, on June 24, 2008, these areas advanced their clocks by
an hour, so that they became part of the UTC-04 time zone.
Units of Measurement
Length
 Kilometer (Km) = 1.000 meters.

 Statue Mile (ST) = 1.609 meters.
 Nautical Mile (NM) = 1.852 meters.
 Feet (FT) = 12 inches – 30,48 cm.
Speed or Velocity
 Knot (KN) = 1 NM/h = 1.852 km/h

 Speed of Light (in vacuum) (c) = 299 792 458 m/s
156
: Meteorology :
157
:: METEOROLOGY ::
[METEOROLOGIA]
Meteorology Science
Air crews – Tripulações
Autumn or Fall – Outono
Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the Blizzard – Nevasca
atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting (in Breakthroughs – Passos / Avanços
contrast with climatology). Studies in the field stretch back Century – Século
Climate – Clima
millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur Cloud – Nuvem
until the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century saw Count – Contagem
breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across Current – Atual
several countries. Data – Dados
Drizzle – Garoa
Dry season – Tempo de seca
Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events which Forecasting – Previsão
are explained by the science of meteorology. Those events are Freezing – Congelado(a)
bound by the variables that exist in Earth's atmosphere. They are Graupel – Granizo moderado
Hail – Granizo severo
temperature, air pressure, water vapour, and the gradients and Hurricane – Ciclone
interactions of each variable, and how they change in time. Ice pellets – Chuva com neve
Lightning – Raios
Aviation Meteorology Management – Administração
Millennia – Milênios
Networks – Redes
Aviation meteorology deals with the impact of weather on air traffic Rain – Chuva
management. It is important for air crews to understand the Rainfall – Pancada de chuva
implications of weather on their flight plan as well as their aircraft, Seasons – Estações
Snow – Neve
as noted by the Aeronautical Information Manual. Spring – Primavera
Storms – Tempestades
Climate Stretch back – Desenrola-se
Summer – Verão
Though – No entanto
Climates encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, Thunderstorm – Trovoadas
atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count To bound – Amarrado(a)
and other meteorological elements in a given region over long To deal – Lidar
periods of time. To encompass – Abranger / Conter
To evolve – Desenvolver
Tropical – Tropical / Trópicos
Weather Forecasting Understanding – Conhecimento
Weather – Tempo (estado atmosférico)
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to Wet season – Períodos de chuva
Wind – Vento
predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given Winter – Inverno
location. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative
data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific
understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the
atmosphere will evolve.
Seasons
 Spring / Summer / Autumn or Fall / Winter
Tropical
 Dry season / Wet season
Storms
 Thunderstorm / Lightning / Tornado / Cyclone (Hurricane) /

Blizzard / Storm / Cloud
Precipitations
 Drizzle / Rain / Snow / Graupel / Freezing Rain / Ice Pellets /

Hail
158
Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet

Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects
Along – Junto com
life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the Amount – Quantia
surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing Around – Em torno de
temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains Ballon – Balão
roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% Greenhouse effect – Efeito estufa
Heat – Calor
argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Layer – Camada
Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average On average – Em média
around 1%. Planet Earth – Planeta Terra
Rocket – Foguete
Roughly – Aproximadamente
Principal Layers Space shuttle – Ônibus espacial
Space station – Estação espacial
 Exosphere Surface – Superfície
 Thermosphere Surrounding – Que cerca / envolve
Through – Através de
 Mesosphere Warming – Aquecendo
 Stratosphere
 Troposphere
The average temperature of the atmosphere at the surface of Earth

is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K), depending on the
reference.
159
International Standard Atmosphere
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is an atmospheric

model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of
Advection – Advecção
the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes. Average – Média
By means of – Por meios de
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) published their Cold – Frio
"ICAO Standard Atmosphere" and it has the same model as the Conduction – Condução
Convection – Convecção
ISA, but extends the altitude coverage to 80 kilometres (262,500 Density – Densidade
feet). Empty – Vazio(a)
The ICAO Standard Atmosphere does not contain water vapour. Halfway – Metade do caminho
Heat – Calor
Height – Altura
High tide – Maré alta
ICAO Standard Atmosphere Hot – Quente
Land – Terra
Height km & ft Temperature °C Pressure hPa Lapse Rate °C/1000ft
Lapse rate – Variação térmica
0 km MSL 15.0 1013.25 1.98 (Tropospheric) Low tide – Maré baixa
11 km 36,000 ft −56.5 226.00 0.00 (Stratospheric) Mean – Média
Measure – Medida
20 km 65,000 ft −56.5 54.70 −1.00 (Stratospheric) Medium – Intermédio / Meio
32 km 105,000 ft −44.5 8.68 Place – Lugar
Pressure – Pressão
Radiation – Radiação
Sea level Range – Variação
Sea level – Nível do mar
Mean sea level (MSL) is a measure of the average height of the Standard – Padrão
Through – Através
ocean's surface (such as the halfway point between the mean high To reckon – Calcular / Avaliar
tide and the mean low tide); used as a standard in reckoning land Wide – Amplo
elevation.
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is.

Scientifically, temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic
energy of the particles in a substance.
Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the transfer of heat from one place to another by

movement of fluids. When an object is at a different temperature
from its surroundings or another object, transfer of thermal energy,
also known as heat flow, or heat exchange, occurs in such a way
that the body and the surroundings reach thermal equilibrium; this
means that they are at the same temperature.
Heat transfer occurs by means of:
 Radiation: is the transfer of heat energy through empty space.

 Conduction: is the process of heat transfer through a medium
or material without any movement of the medium or material. It
is also the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of
matter.
 Convection: is the transfer of heat from one place to another
by the movement of fluids. The presence of bulk motion of the
fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and
the fluid.
 Advection: in meteorology and physical oceanography, often
refers to the transport of some property of the atmosphere or
ocean, such as heat, humidity or salinity.
160
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted against a

surface by the weight of air above that surface in the Earth's
Above – Acima de
atmosphere. In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is According to – De acordo com
closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the Against – Contra
weight of air above the measurement point. Amount – Quantidade
Blowing – Soprando
Bulk – Volumoso
Winds Bursts – Explosões
Clouds – Nuvens
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On Earth, wind consists Droplets – Gotículas
of the bulk movement of air. In meteorology, winds are often Drops – Gotas
Exerted – Exercido(a)
referred to according to their strength, and the direction the wind is Flow – Fluxo / Vazão
blowing from. Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts. Frozen – Congelado(a)
Strong winds of intermediate duration (around one minute) are Gusts – Rajadas
termed squalls. Layered – Em camadas
Clouds Referred to – Relativo(a) a
Squalls – Ventanias
A cloud is a visible mass of droplets, in other words, little drops of Strength – Força
To differ – Diferenciar
water or frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere above the To rise – Subir / Elevar
surface of the Earth or another planetary body. On Earth the To term – Designar
condensing substance is typically water vapour, which forms small Top – Topo
droplets or ice crystals. Weight – Peso
Winds – Ventos
Formation
The potential for cloud formation (and precipitation) depends on the

amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. As a parcel of air rises,
the moisture condenses out onto small particles of dust called
cloud condensation nuclei until a cloud forms.
Classification
Cloud types are divided into two general categories: layered and
convective. These names distinguish a cloud's altitude. Clouds are
classified by the base height, not the cloud top, and bases may
differ depending on the geographical zone.
161
Fog
Fog is a cloud that is in contact with the ground. A cloud may be

considered partly fog; for example, the part of a cloud that is
Approach – Aproximação
suspended in the air above the ground is not considered fog, Buildings – Edifícios
whereas the part of the cloud that comes in contact with higher Cooled – Resfriado(a)
ground is considered fog. Dew point – Ponto de orvalho
Droplets – Gotas
Dry – Seco(a)
Fog is distinguished from mist only by its density, as expressed in Dust – Poeira
the resulting decrease in visibility. Fog forms when the difference Eddies – Turbilhões / Redemoinhos
between temperature and dew point is generally less than 2.5 °C or Flow – Vazão / Fluxo
4 °F. Fog – Neblina
Ground – Solo
Haze – Névoa
Dew Point Hills – Morros / Colinas
Humid – Úmido
The dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of air Jet streams – Corrente de jato
Length – Extensão
must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapour Less – Menos
to condense into water. The condensed water is called dew. The Mist – Nevoeiro
dew point is a saturation point. Mountain ranges – Cadeia de montanhas
Naked eye – Olho nu
Near – Próximo a
Haze & Mist Parcel – Parcela
Smoke – Fumaça
Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust, Thunderstorms – Trovoadas
smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky. Mist is To avoid – Evitar
a phenomenon of small droplets suspended in air. To distinguish – Distinguir
Trees – Árvores
Haze often is thought of as a phenomenon of dry air, and mist Vortices – Turbilhonamento
formation is a phenomenon of humid air.
Turbulence
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime

characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. Turbulence
causes the formation of eddies of many different length scales.
This process continues, creating smaller and smaller structures
which produces a hierarchy of eddies.
Types of Turbulence
 Mechanical – turbulence at low altitudes created by obstacles

such as buildings, trees, and hills.
 Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT) – this is frequently encountered
around jet streams or sometimes near mountain ranges. Clear-
air turbulence is impossible to detect with the naked eye and
very difficult to detect with conventional radar, meaning that it
is difficult to avoid.
 Wake – turbulence created by rotating vortices that extend
some distance behind a wing in flight. During approach and
landing the wake from other aircraft can be as significant a
hazard as mechanical turbulence.
 Wind Gradient – a continuous reduction in wind speed at
lower altitudes caused by friction between the air and the
ground.
 Thermal – rising masses of air often caused by surfaces on
the ground that radiate more heat than the surrounding terrain.
 Thunderstorms – create many forms of turbulence that can be
very severe and dangerous to all types of aircraft.
162
: Airframes & Systems :
163
:: AIRFRAMES & SYSTEMS ::

[ESTRUTURA E SISTEMAS DE UM AVIÃO]
AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS
Aileron – Aileron
[Componentes do Avião] Airframe – Estrutura
Cabin – Cabine
Cockpit / Flightdeck – Cabine de comando
 Airframe - Estrutura Elevator – Profundor
Empennage – Empenagem
 Powerplant - Grupo Moto-propulsor Engine – Motor
 Systems - Sistemas Fabric skin eclosed – Revestido com tela
Flap – Flap
Formers / Frames – Cavernas
Fuel system – Sistema de combustível
Fuel tank – Tanque do combustível
Fuselage – Fuselagem
Horizontal stabiliser – Estabilizador
horizontal
Landing gear – Trem de pouso
Nose – Nariz
Outside skin – Revestimento
Powerplant – Grupo moto-propulsor
Rudder – Leme de direção
Spars / Stringers – Longarinas /
Reforçadores
Tail – Cauda
Trims – Compensadores
Turbine – Turbina
Vertical stabiliser / Fin – Estabilizador
vertical
Welded steel tubes – Tubos de aço
soldados
Wheels – Rodas
Wing – Asa
Wing tip – Ponta da asa
Winglet – Winglet
Part I - Fuselage, Empennage, Wings And Stabilizing Surfaces

[Parte I - Fuselagem, Asas e Superfícies Estabilizadoras e de Controle]
Fuselage
[Fuselagem]
 Truss / Framework
[Estrutura Tubular]
 Monocoque Construction
[Estrutura Monocoque]
 Semi-Monocoque Construction
[Estrutura Semi-Monocoque]
164
STRUCTURAL LOADS
[Esforços Estruturais]
Bars – Barras
 Axial / Longitudinal Stress - Esforço Axial / Longitudinal Behavior – Comportamento
 Hoop / Radial Stress - Esforço Circular / Radial Bending / Flexural stress – Esforço de
flexão
Buckling – Empenamento / Encurvamento
Compressive stress – Esforço de
compressão
Increased – Aumentado(a) / Elevado(a)
Load – Carga
Reach – Alcance
Shear stress – Esforço de cisalhamento
Shortening – Diminuição / Encurtamento
Slender – Delgado
Tensile / Tension stress – Esforço de
tração
To bend – Entortar
To lead – Conduzir
To shear – Tosquear
 Tensile / Tension Stress: Tensile stress (also referred to as
Torsional / Torsion / Twisting stress –
normal stress or tension) is the stress state leading to Esforço de torção
expansion; that is, the tensile stress may be increased until the Towards – Em direção a
reach of tensile strength, namely the limit state of stress. Under – Sob
Until – Até
 Compressive Stress: Compressive stress is the stress that,
when applied, acts towards the center of that material. When a
material is subjected to compressive stress, then this material
is under compression. Usually, compressive stress applied to
bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.
 Bending / Flexural Stress: Bending (also known as flexure)

characterises the behavior of a slender structural element
subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a
longitudinal axis of the element.
 Shear Stress: A shear stress is defined as a stress which is

applied parallel or tangential to a face of a material, as
opposed to a normal stress which is applied perpendicularly.
 Torsional / Torsion / Twisting Stress: Torsion is the twisting

of an object due to an applied torque. In circular sections, the
resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.
 Buckling: Buckling is a failure mode characterized by a

sudden failure of a structural member also described as failure
due to elastic instability.
165
WINGS / MAINPLANES
[Asas]
Bi-plane – Biplano
Braced monoplane – Asa semi-cantiléver
Cantilever monoplane – Asa cantiléver
External braces – Suportes
Forward spar – Longarina dianteira
Leading edge – Bordo de ataque
Lower camber / Lower mainplane –
Intradorso
Monoplane – Monoplano
Rear spar – Longarina traseira
Ribs – Nervuras
Skin – Revestimento
Spars – Longarinas
Stringers – Reforçadores
Struts – Montantes
Ties / Internal braces – Tirantes
Trailing edge – Bordo de fuga
Upper camber / Upper mainplane –
Extradorso
Wing root – Raiz da Asa
Wingtip – Ponta
166
MOMENTS AROUND THE AXES

[Movimentos em Torno dos Eixos]
Elevator – Profundor / Leme de

profundidade
Horizontal stabiliser / Tailplane –
Estabilizador horizontal
Lateral axis – Eixo transversal ou lateral
Longitudinal axis – Eixo longitudinal
Normal axis – Eixo vertical
Pitching – Arfagem / Tangagem
Rolling – Rolagem / Bancagem
Skin – Revestimento
STABILISING SURFACES Vertical stabilizer / Fin – Estabilizador
[Superfícies Estabilizadoras e de Controle] vertical
Yawning – Guinada
EMPENNAGE
[Empenagem]
FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACES

[Superfícies de Controle]
167
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS

[Sistemas de Controle]
Backwards – Para trás

Bellcrank / Quadrant – Quadrante
Cables – Cabos
Column / Stick / Yoke – Manche
Control Stick / Primary Stops – Alavanca
Control Stick / Secondary Stops –
Alavanca
Engine – Motor
Fairleads – Guias
Forward – Para frente
Lever – Alavanca
FLIGHT CONTROL MECHANISMS Pedals – Pedais
[Mecanismos de Controle de Voo] Pulley – Polia
Push-pull rod – Haste
Rudder stop – Batentes
Shape – Formato
Throttle – Aceleração
To hold – Manter / Segurar
To pitch – Arfar / Tangar
To roll – Rolar / Bancar
To yaw – Guinar
Turnbuckle – Esticador
Wheel – Roda
Wing – Asa
Workload – Carga de trabalho
PRIMARY CONTROLS
[Controles Primários]
Generally the primary cockpit controls are arranged as follows:
 A control column or a control yoke attached to a column - for roll

and pitch, which moves the ailerons when turned or deflected left
and right, and moves the elevators when moved backwards or
forwards.
 Rudder pedals to control yaw, which move the rudder; left foot
forward will move the rudder left for instance.
 Throttle controls to control engine speed or thrust for powered
aircraft.
SECONDARY CONTROLS
[Controles Secundários]
In addition to the primary flight controls for roll, pitch, and yaw, there
are often secondary controls available to give the pilot finer control
over flight or to ease the workload. The most commonly-available
control is a wheel or other device to control elevator trim, so that the
pilot does not have to maintain constant backward or forward
pressure to hold a specific pitch attitude.
Many aircraft have wing flaps, controlled by a switch or a mechanical

lever or in some cases are fully automatic by computer control, which
alter the shape of the wing for improved control at the slower speeds
used for takeoff and landing. Other secondary flight control systems
may be available, including slats, spoilers, air brakes and variable-
sweep wings.
168
FLAPS, SLATS & SPOILERS

[Flaps, Slats e Spoilers]
Airflow – Corrente de ar
FLAPS Angle of attack – Ângulo de ataque
Behind – Atrás
As flaps are extended, the stalling speed of the aircraft is reduced, Deployed – Acionado(a)
which means that the aircraft can fly safely at slower speeds. Hinged – Articulado(a)
Leading edge – Bordo de fuga
Plates – Lâminas
LEADING EDGE SLATS Reduced – Reduzido(a)
Safely – Com segurança
Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings of Slower – Mais devagar
Slower – Mais devagar
fixed-wing aircraft which, when deployed, allow the wing to operate Stalling – Estolagem
at a higher angle of attack. Surfaces – Superfícies
To deploy – Reduzir
SPOILERS Upward – Para cima
Spoilers are plates on the top surface of a wing which can be

extended upward into the airflow and spoil it.
TO NOSE-UP
[Cabrar]
- Backward stick - Manche p/ trás

- Lateral axis - Eixo transversal
- Pitching - Arfagem / Tangagem
- To nose-up - Cabrar
- Elevator - Profundor
TO DIVE
[Picar]
- Forward stick - Manche p/ frente
- Lateral axis - Eixo transversal
- Pitching - Arfagem / Tangagem
- To dive - Picar
- Elevator - Profundor
TO BANK
[Bancar]
- Right/Left stick - Manche p/ direita - esquerda

- Longitudinal axis - Eixo longitudinal
- Rolling/Banking - Rolagem / Bancagem
- Ailerons - Ailerons
TO YAW
[Guinar]
- Right/Left pedals - Pedais p/ direita - esquerda

- Normal axis - Eixo vertical
- Yawning - Guinada
- Rudder - Leme de direção
169
LANDING GEARS
[Trem de Pouso]
Conventional layout – Trem de pouso

convencional
Detachable flange wheel – Flanges
independentes
Divided wheel & fusible plug – Cubo-e-
flange
Fixed landing gear – Trem de pouso fixo
Hub – Cubo
Loose flange wheel – Meia-roda
Main undercarriage – Trem de pouso
principal
Nose wheel – Trem do nariz
Retractable landing gear – Trem retrátil
Tail-skid – Bequilha
Tricycle layout – Trem de pouso triciclo
Under wing landing gear – Trem de pouso
escamoteável
AIRCRAFT WHEELS
[Conjunto das Rodas]
DAMPERS
[Amortecedores]
 Solid Spring Landing Gears

Trem de Pouso de Mola
 Rubber Dampers Landing Gears

Trem de Pouso com Amortecedores de Borracha
 Hydraulic Damper
Amortecedor Hidráulico
 Oil-Pneumatic Damper
Amortecedor Hidropneumático
170
SPEEDBRAKES
[Freios Aerodinâmicos]
Air brakes are a type of flight control surface used on an aircraft to

Air/Ground sensing – Freagem de
increase drag or increase the angle of approach during landing. emergência
Types of brakes used: Anti-skid – Sistema anti-derrapante
Engine – Motor
 Drum Brakes - Freio a Tambor Heat – Calor / Aquecimento
Hydraulic – Hidráulico
 Disk Brakes - Freio a Disco Known – Conhecido(a)
Mechanical – Mecânico
POWERPLANT Motion – Movimento
[Grupo Moto-Propulsor] Often – Frequentemente
Pneumatic – Pneumático
Propeller aircraft – Avião a hélice
ENGINES Thrust – Propulsão / Aceleração
[Motores] thrust lever positions – Controle direcional
no solo
Thrust reverser operation – Freio de
THERMAL ENGINES estacionamento
[Motores Térmicos] To discharge – Liberar
To increase – Aumentar / Elevar
The thermal engine, used for propeller and jet aircrafts can be Unducted – Sem dutos
divided into two types:
 External Combustion Engine - Motores de Combustão

Externa
 Internal Combustion Engine - Motores de Combustão Interna
PROPULSION SYSTEM
[Sistemas de Propulsão]
As for the propulsion system, the aircrafts can be divided into two
main groups:
 Propeller-Driven / Propfan Aircrafts - Aviões a Hélice

 Reaction-Powered / Jet Aircrafts - Aviões a Reação
PROPELLER-DRIVEN / PROPFAN ENGINES

[Motores a Hélice]
An unducted fan or propfan is a modified turbofan engine, also

known as ultra-high bypass (UHB) engines and, most recently,
open rotor jet engines.
 Reciprocating/Piston-Powered Engines - Motores a Pistão

 Turboprop Engines - Motores Turboélice
REACTION-POWERED / JET ENGINES

[Motores a Reação]
A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet

of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's laws of
motion.
 Turbojet Engines - Motores Turbojato

 Turbofan - Motores Turbofan
RECIPROCATING / PISTON ENGINES

[Motores a Pistão]
A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a

heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert
pressure into a rotating motion.
171
TURBOPROP ENGINES
[Motores Turboélice]
Air inlet – Entrada de ar

Airstream – Jato de ar
Allowance – Permitido(a)
Almost – Quase
Combustion chamber – Câmara de
combustão
Compressor – Compressor
Designed – Projetado(a) / Desenvolvido(a)
Exhaust – Escape
Fan – Hélice de avião
Gearbox – Redutor
Heated – Aquecido(a)
Input – Entrada
Turboprop engines are a type of aircraft powerplant that use a gas Low/high-pressure compressor –
turbine to drive a propeller. The gas turbine is designed specifically Compressor de baixa/alta pressão
for this application, with almost all of its output being used to drive Low/high-pressure shaft – Eixo de
the propeller. The engine's exhaust gases contain little energy baixa/alta pressão
Low/high-pressure turbine – Turbina de
compared to a jet engine and play a minor role in the propulsion of baixa/alta pressão
the aircraft. Nozzle – Expansor
Output – Saída / Emissão
TURBOJET ENGINES Powerplant – Grupo moto-propulsor
Prop – Hélice
[Motores Turbojato] Role – Função
Shaft – Eixo
Thrust – Propulsão / Aceleração
Turbine – Turbina
Turbojets consist of an air inlet, an air compressor, a combustion

chamber, a gas turbine (that drives the air compressor) and a
nozzle. The air is compressed into the chamber, heated and
expanded by the fuel combustion and then allowed to expand out
through the turbine into the nozzle where it is accelerated to high
speed to provide propulsion
TURBOFAN ENGINES
[Motores Turbofan]
A turbofan is a type of aircraft gas turbine engine that provides

thrust using a combination of a ducted fan and a jet exhaust
nozzle. Part of the airstream from the ducted fan passes through
the core, providing oxygen to burn fuel to create power.
172
: Flight Theory :
173
:: THEORY OF FLIGHT ::
[TEORIA DE VOO]
Air Dynamic
Airfoil – Plano aerodinâmico
Angle of attack – Ângulo de ataque
A flow of air into a venturi meter. The kinetic energy increases at Behaviour – Comportamento
the expense of the fluid pressure, as shown by the difference in Blade – Lâmina
height of the two columns of water. In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's Camber – Dorso
Choked – Obstruído / Sufocado
principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of Closely – Quase
the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a Cross-section – Corte transversal
decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Denoted – Marcado / Estipulado
Equal – Igual
Flow – Fluxo / Vazão
Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, Height – Altura
resulting in what is loosely denoted as Bernoulli's equation. Inviscid – Viscosidade
Bernoulli's Principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an Kinetic – Cinético
airfoil if you know the behavior of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the Lift – Sustentação
Loosely – Imprecisamente
foil. Lower – Inferior
Mass – Massa
Dynamic pressure: is closely related to the kinetic energy of a Meter – Metro
fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's Particle – Partícula
Propeller – Hélice / Motor
mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and Regardless – Independentemente
square of the velocity. The dynamic pressure is equal to the Shape – Formato
difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure. Since – Desde
Square – Ao quadrado
Static Pressure: is the central concept of pressure to the study of Surface – Superfície
fluids. A pressure can be identified for every point in a body of fluid, To apply – Aplicar
regardless of whether the fluid is in motion or not. The concepts of To approach – Aproximar-se
total pressure and dynamic pressure arise from Bernoulli's To arise – Aparecer
To invoke – Invocar / Chamar / Executar
equation and are significant in the study of all fluid flows. To occur – Ocorrer
To reach – Alcançar
Venturi Effect To state – Declarar
Upper – Superior
Vicinity – Proximidade
The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when Whether – Se
a fluid reaches the state of choked flow, Wing – Asa
where the fluid velocity approaches the local
speed of sound.
Airfoil
An airfoil (in
American English) or
aerofoil (in British
English) is the shape
of a wing or blade (of
a propeller, rotor or
turbine) as seen in
cross-section. An
airfoil-shaped body moved through a fluid produces a force
perpendicular to the motion called lift.
The lift on an airfoil is primarily the result of its shape (in particular
its camber) and its angle of attack. When either is positive, the
resulting flowfield about the airfoil has a higher average velocity on
the upper surface than on the lower surface. The lift force can also
be related directly to the average top/bottom velocity difference,
without invoking the pressure.
174
Airfoil Terminology
The various terms related to airfoils are defined below:

Airflow – Fluxo de ar
 The mean camber line is a line drawn midway between the Anti-shock – Amortecedor
upper and lower surfaces. Attached – Anexado(a) / Junto a
 The chord line is a straight line connecting the leading and Between – Entre
trailing edges of the airfoil, at the ends of the mean camber Center of gravity – Centro de gravidade
Center of pressure – Centro de pressão
line. Chord – Corda
 The chord is the length of the chord line and is the Curves – Curvas
characteristic dimension of the airfoil section. Drawn – Desenhado(a)
 The maximum thickness and the location of maximum Elevators – Profundores
Engineering – Engenharia
thickness are expressed as a percentage of the chord. Leading edge – Bordo de ataque
 For symmetrical airfoils both mean camber line and chord line Length – Extensão / Comprimento
pass from centre of gravity of the airfoil and they touch at Lift coeficient – Resultante aerodinâmica
leading and trailing edge of the airfoil. Lower camber – Intradorso
Mean camber line – Linha de curvatura
 The aerodynamic center is the chord wise length about which média
the pitching moment is independent of the lift coefficient and Pitching – Arfagem
the angle of attack. Rear – Parte traseira
 The center of pressure is the chord wise location about which Rudders – Lemes de direção
Straight line – Linha reta
the pitching moment is zero. Surfaces – Superfícies
Tailslide – Tipo de manobra
Leading Edge Thickness – Espessura / Densidade
To pass over – Atravessar
To rejoin – Reagrupar
The leading edge is the part of the wing that first contacts the air. To touch – Tocar
During a tailslide, from an aerodynamic point-of-view, the trailing Top – Acima de / Topo
edge becomes the leading edge and vice-versa. Trailing edge – Bordo de fuga
Trim tabs – Compensadores
Under – Abaixo de
Trailing Edge Upper camber – Extradorso
Wing – Asa
The trailing edge of a wing is the rear edge of the wing, where the Wise length – No sentido do comprimento
airflow separated by the leading edge rejoins after passing over
and under the top and bottom surfaces of the wing.
Equipment that may be attached to the trailing edge of an aircraft's

wing includes:
 Flaps
 Ailerons
 Elevators
 Rudder
 Flaperons
 Elevons
 Anti-Servo Tabs
 Trim Tabs
 Anti-Shock Bodies
Upper and Lower Cambers
Camber, in aerospace engineering, is the asymmetry between the

top and the bottom curves of an aerofoil in cross-section.
Chord
Chord refers to the imaginary straight line joining the trailing edge
and the center of curvature of the leading edge of the cross-section
of an airfoil. The chord length is the distance between the trailing
edge and the point on the leading edge where the chord intersects
the leading edge.
175
Wind
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale.

Airfoil – Plano aerodinâmico
Relative Wind Airspeed – Velocidade da acft ao ar
Body – Corpo
In aeronautics, the relative wind is the direction of movement of the Drag – Arrasto
atmosphere relative to an aircraft or an airfoil. It is opposite to the Due to – Devido a
Exerted – Exercido(a)
direction of movement of the aircraft or airfoil relative to the Flow – Fluxo / Vazão
atmosphere. Lift – Sustentação
Motion – Movimento
The angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the relative wind Oncoming – Aproximado(a) / Que chega
defines the angle of attack. The relative wind is of great importance Relative wind – Vento relativo
to pilots because exceeding the critical angle of attack will result in Skin – Parte externa
a stall, regardless of airspeed. Thrust – Tração
To arise – Chegar / Aparecer
Wind – Vento
Aerodynamic Force
Aerodynamic force is the resultant force exerted on a body by the

air (or some other gas) in which the body is immersed, and is due
to the relative motion between the body and the fluid. An
aerodynamic force arises from two causes:
 The force due to the pressure on the surface of the body

 The force due to viscosity, also known as skin friction
Aerodynamic force is commonly resolved into two components:
 Drag is the component parallel to the direction of relative

motion.
 Lift is the component perpendicular to the direction of relative
motion.
The aerodynamic force on a powered airplane is commonly

resolved into three components:
 Thrust, lift and drag.
Drag
In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance or fluid

resistance) refers to forces that oppose the relative motion of an
object through a fluid (a liquid or gas). Drag forces act in a direction
opposite to the oncoming flow velocity.
176
Lift Induced Drag
Lift-induced drag (also called induced drag) is drag which occurs as

the result of the creation of lift on a three-dimensional lifting body,
Below – Abaixo de
such as the wing or fuselage of an airplane. Induced drag consists Chord line – Linha da corda
of two primary components, including drag due to the creation of Critical – Crítico
vortices (vortex drag) and the presence of additional viscous drag Induced drag – Arrasto induzido
(lift-induced viscous drag). Leading edge – Bordo de ataque
Less – Menos
Lift coeficient – Resultante aerodinâmica
Parasitic Drag Lower – Inferior
Motion – Movimento
Parasitic drag (also called parasite drag) is drag caused by moving Motion detector – Detector de movimento
On most – Na maioria
a solid object through a fluid. Additionally, the presence of multiple Parasitic drag – Arrasto parasita
bodies in relative proximity may incur so called interference drag, Shapes – Formatos
which is sometimes described as a component of parasitic drag. Smoothly – Tranquilamente
To become – Tornar-se
To begin – Começar
Angle of Attack To increase – Aumentar
In aviation, angle of Trailing edge – Bordo de fuga
attack is used to describe Upper – Superior
Vortex – Turbilhão
the angle between the Vortices – Turbilhonamentos
chord line of the wing of a
fixed-wing aircraft and the
vector representing the
relative motion between
the aircraft and the
atmosphere.
Critical Angle Of Attack
The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack which produces

maximum lift coefficient. This is also called the "stall angle of
attack". Below the critical angle of attack, as the angle of attack
increases, the coefficient of lift (Cl) increases.
At the same time, below the critical angle of attack, as angle of

attack increases, the air begins to flow less smoothly over the
upper surface of the airfoil and begins to separate from the upper
surface.
On most airfoil shapes, as the angle of attack increases, the upper

surface separation point of the flow moves from the trailing edge
towards the leading edge.
At the critical angle of attack, upper surface flow is more separated

and the airfoil or wing is producing its maximum coefficient of lift.
As angle of attack increases further, the upper surface flow
becomes more and more fully separated and the airfoil/wing
produces less coefficient of lift.
177
Angle of Incidence
On fixed-wing aircraft, angle of incidence is the angle between the

chord line of the wing where the wing is mounted to the fuselage
Along – Ao longo de
and the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. The angle of incidence is Angle of bank – Ângulo de bancagem
fixed in the design of the aircraft by the mounting of the wing to the Angle of incidence – Ângulo de incidência
fuselage. Centre of gravity – Centro de gravidade
Drag – Arrasto
Earthwards – Em direção ao solo
Aircraft Flight Mechanics Engine – Motor
It seems – Parece
Straight And Leveled Flight Of Aircraft Leveled – Nívelado
Lift – Sustentação
Load factor – Fator de carga
In flight, an aircraft can Motion – Movimento
be considered as being Mounted – Montado(a)
acted on by four forces: Straight – Reto
lift, weight, thrust, and Thrust – Tração
To climb – Subir / Ascender
drag. Thrust is the force To reach – Alcançar
generated by the engine To turn – Virar / Girar
and acts along the Upwards – Para cima / Para o alto
engine's thrust vector. Lift Weight – Peso
acts perpendicular to the
vector representing the
aircraft's velocity relative
to the atmosphere.
Drag acts parallel to the aircraft's velocity vector, but in the

opposite direction because drag resists motion through the air.
Weight acts through the aircraft's centre of gravity, towards the
centre of the Earth.
In straight and level flight, lift is approximately equal to weight. In

addition, if the aircraft is not accelerating, thrust is approximately
equal to drag.
In straight, climbing flight, lift is less than weight. At first, this seems
incorrect because if an aircraft is climbing it seems lift must exceed
weight. When an aircraft is climbing at constant speed it is its thrust
that enables it to climb and gain extra potential energy.
Lift acts perpendicular to the vector representing the velocity of the

aircraft relative to the atmosphere, so lift is unable to alter the
aircraft's potential energy or kinetic energy.
Vertical flight requires no lift! When flying straight upwards the

aircraft can reach zero airspeed before falling earthwards - the
wing is generating no lift and so does not stall. In straight, climbing
flight at constant airspeed, thrust exceeds drag.
In straight, descending flight, lift is less than weight. In addition, if

the aircraft is not accelerating, thrust is less than drag. In turning
flight, lift exceeds weight and produces a load factor greater than
one, determined by the aircraft's angle of bank.
178
Degrees of Stability
An aircraft will have differing degrees of stability around each axis;

here are a few examples:
Anhedral – Enflechamento / Diedro positivo
Axis – Eixos
A totally stable aircraft will return, more or less immediately, to its Choice – Escolha
trimmed state without pilot intervention; however such an aircraft is Damping – Amortecimento
rare – and undesirable. Degrees of stability – Estabilidade
Dihedral – Diedro
Down – Para baixo
The normally or positively stable aircraft, when disturbed from its Feature – Características
trimmed flight state will – without pilot intervention – commence an Fighters – Caças
initial movement back towards the trimmed flight state but over-run Higher – Maiores / Mais alto(a)
Issues – Problemas / Questões
it, then start a series of diminishing damping oscillations about the Manoeuvering – Manobras
original flight state. Pitch – Arfada
Rare – Raro
The neutrally dynamically stable aircraft will continue oscillating Root – Raíz
Shallow – Raso / Superficial
after disturbance but the magnitude of those oscillations will neither Shape – Formato
diminish nor increase. If these were oscillations in pitch the aircraft Spanwise – Distância da envergadura
will just continue 'porpoising' – if there were no other disturbances Stable – Estável
and the pilot did not intervene. Teeter – Balanço / Oscilação
Thus – Assim
Tip – Ponta
The negatively stable or fully unstable aircraft may be statically To attempt – Tentar
unstable and never attempt to return towards the trimmed state. Or To over-run – Exceder
it can be statically stable but dynamically unstable, where it will To teet about – Chacoalhar / Balançar
continue oscillating after disturbance with the magnitude of those Trimmed – Adaptado
oscillations getting larger and larger. Unstable – Instável
Up – Para cima
Dihedral And Anhedral Wings
Angling the wings up or down spanwise from root to tip can help to
resolve various design issues, such as stability and control in flight.
Dihedral - the tips are higher than the root as on the Boeing 737,
giving a shallow 'V' shape when seen from the front. Adds lateral
stability.
Anhedral - the tips are lower than the root, as on the Ilyushin Il-76;
the opposite of dihedral. Used to reduce stability where some other
feature results in too much stability thus making manoeuvering
difficult.
A popular choice in modern fighters since the configuration makes

them more agile in battle. In level flight, computers assist the pilot
in preventing the plane from teetering about.
Dihedral Anhedral
179
The Three Aircraft Principal Axes
Axes – Eixos
Backwards – Para trás
Bottom – Fundo / Inferior
Buttock line – Linha do ato / Curvas
longitudinais
Control column – Manche
Drawn – Desenhado(a)
Elevators – Profundores
Engine – Motor
Finer – Melhor
Forwards – Para frente
Nose – Nariz
Pitch – Arfagem / Tangagem
Powered – Movido a
Primary controls – Sup. coman. primárias
Roll – Rolagem / Bancagem
Rudder pedals – Pedais do leme de direção
Secondary controls – Sup. c. secundárias
Tail – Cauda
 Vertical axis, or yaw axis — an axis drawn from top to Throttle – Acelerador
bottom, and perpendicular to the other two axes. Parallel to the Thrust – Tração
To ease – Facilitar
fuselage station. To hold – Segurar
Top – Topo / Superior
 Lateral axis, transverse axis, or pitch axis — an axis Trim – Compensador
running from the pilot's left to right in piloted aircraft, and Waterline – Linha d’água
Wheel – Roda
parallel to the wings of an aircraft. Parallel to the buttock line. Workload – Carga de trabalho
Yaw – Guinada
 Longitudinal axis, or roll axis — an axis drawn through the Yoke – Manche
body of the vehicle from tail to nose in the normal direction of
flight, or the direction the pilot faces. Parallel to the waterline.
Flight Control Systems
Primary controls
 A control column or a control yoke attached to a column—for

roll and pitch, which moves the ailerons when turned or
deflected left and right, and moves the elevators when moved
backwards or forwards
 Rudder pedals to control yaw, which move the rudder; left foot
forward will move the rudder left for instance.
 Throttle controls to control engine speed or thrust for powered
aircraft.
Secondary controls
In addition to the primary flight controls for roll, pitch, and yaw,
there are often secondary controls available to give the pilot finer
control over flight or to ease the workload.
The most commonly-available control is a wheel or other device to

control elevator trim, so that the pilot does not have to maintain
constant backward or forward pressure to hold a specific pitch
attitude (other types of trim, for rudder and ailerons, are common
on larger aircraft but may also appear on smaller ones).
180
Flaps are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings of a

fixed-wing aircraft. As flaps are extended, the stalling speed of the
aircraft is reduced, which means that the aircraft can fly safely at
slower speeds (especially during take off and landing).
Air brakes – Freios aerodinâmicos
Allowable – Permitido(a)
Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings Balance – Balanceamento
of fixed-wing aircraft which, when deployed, allow the wing to Below – Abaixo de
operate at a higher angle of attack. Both – Ambos(as)
Device – Dispositivo
Entire – Todo(a) / Inteiro
Spoilers (sometimes called a lift dumper) is a device intended to Fuel burn – Queima de combustível
reduce lift in an aircraft. Spoilers are plates on the top surface of a Ground movement – Movimentação no solo
wing which can be extended upward into the airflow and spoil it. Hinged – Articulado(a)
Landing – Aterrissagem
Leading edge – Bordo de ataque
Air Brakes are a type of flight control surface used on an aircraft to Lift – Sustentação
increase drag or increase the angle of approach during landing. Load factor – Fator de carga
Measure – Medida
Parked – Estacionado(a)
Load Factor Plates – Chapas / Placas
Range – Variação / Limite
The load factor is defined as the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its Ratio – Razão / Proporção / Relação
weight and represents a global measure of the stress ("load") to Safe – Seguro(a)
Stress – Tensão
which the structure of the aircraft is subjected where: Strictly – Estritamente
Take-off – Decolagem
N = Load factor To allow – Permitir
L = Lift To approach – Aproximar-se
To deploy – Acionar / Posicionar
W = Weight To increase – Aumentar / Elevar
To intend – Planejar / Intencionar
Load Factor and g To reduce – Diminuir
To spoil – Impedir
Trailing edge – Bordo de fuga
The fact that the load factor is commonly expressed in g units does Upward – Para cima
not mean that it is dimensionally the same as the acceleration of Weight – Peso
gravity, also indicated with g. The load factor is strictly non- Within – Dentro de
dimensional.
Weight & Balance
Center Of Gravity Of An Aircraft
The center-of-gravity (CG) is the point at which an aircraft would

balance if it were possible to suspend it at that point. It is the mass
center of the aircraft, or the theoretical point at which the entire
weight of the aircraft is assumed to be concentrated. The center-of-
gravity point affects the stability of the aircraft. To ensure the
aircraft is safe to fly, the center-of-gravity must fall within specified
limits established by the manufacturer.
Weight and balance
When the weight of the aircraft is at or below the allowable limit(s)

for its configuration (parked, ground movement, take-off, landing,
etc.) and its center of gravity is within the allowable range, and both
will remain so for the duration of the flight, the aircraft is said to be
within weight and balance.
Different maximum weights may be defined for different situations;

for example, large aircraft may have maximum landing weights that
are lower than maximum take-off weights The center-of-gravity
may change over the duration of the flight as the aircraft's weight
changes due to fuel burn.
181
Center of Gravity
Weight is calculated simply by adding up all weight in the aircraft.

This weight must be within the allowable weight limits for the
Adding up – Somando
aircraft. Allowance – Desconto
Average – Média
Weights to be considered: Carry-on baggage – Bagagem de mão
Clothing – Roupa
Empty – Vazio
Various terms are used in the discussion of the weight of an Females – Mulheres
airplane. They are as follows: Gross weight – Peso bruto / Peso total
Infants – Crianças de colo
 Standard Weight Empty Males – Homens
Payload – Carga paga
 Optional or Extra Equipment Ramp – Declive
 Basic Weight Empty Summer – verão
 Useful load (or Disposable load) The following – Os seguintes
 Payload Useful – Útil
Weight – Peso
 Operational Weight Empty Winter – Inverno
 Usable Fuel
 Unusable Fuel
 Operational Gross Weight
 Maximum Gross Weight
 Maximum Take-Off Weight
 Maximum Ramp Weight
 Zero Fuel Weight
Passenger Weights: Actual passenger weights must be used in

computing the weight of an airplane with limited seating capacity.
Allowance must be made for heavy winter clothing when such is

worn. Winter clothing may add as much as 14 lbs to a person's
basic weight; summer clothing would add about 8 lbs.
On larger airplanes with quite a number of passenger seats and for

which actual passenger weights would not be available, the
following average passenger weights may be used.
The specified weights for males and females include an allowance

for 8 lbs of carry-on baggage.
Summer Winter
Males (12yrs&up) 182 lbs 188 lbs
Females (12yrs&up) 135 lbs 141 lbs
Children (2-11 yrs) 75 lbs 75 lbs
Infants (0 to 2 yrs) 30 lbs 30 lbs
182
High-Speed Flight
Transonic flow patterns on an airfoil showing the formation of shock

waves at different Mach numbers (M) in high-speed flight. In high-
Ahead – A frente
speed flight the assumptions of incompressibility of the air used in Assumption – Suposição
low-speed aerodynamics no longer apply. Away – Longe de
Based upon – Baseado em
In subsonic aerodynamics, the theory of lift is based upon the Below – Abaixo de
Clash – Confronto
forces generated on a body and a moving gas (air) in which it is Ground – Solo
immersed. At airspeeds below about 260 knots, air can be High-speed – Alta velocidade
considered incompressible, in that at a fixed altitude, its density However – No entanto
remains nearly constant while its pressure varies. Under this Knots – Nós
Lapse rate – Taxa de variação térmica
assumption, air acts the same as water and is classified as a fluid. Lift – Sustentação
Listeners – Ouvintes
Effects Due To Wind Shear Low-speed – Baixa velocidade
Nearly – Quase
No longer – Não mais
The speed of sound varies with temperature. Since temperature Patterns – Modelos / Padrões
and sound velocity normally decrease with increasing altitude, Ratio – Razão / Proporção
sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, Refracted – Quebrado(a)
creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. Shadow – Sombra
Shock waves – Ondas de choque
Wind shear of 4 m·s−1·km−1 can produce refraction equal to a Since – Visto que
typical temperature lapse rate of 7.5 °C/km. Source – Fonte
Standard – Padrão
Mach Number Therefore – Por isso
To apply – Aplicar
Mach number, a useful quantity in aerodynamics, is the ratio of air To increase – Aumentar
speed to the local speed of sound. At altitude, for reasons To reach – Alcançar
explained, Mach number is a function of temperature. To remain – Manter
To show – Mostrar / Apresentar
To vanish – Desaparecer
Aircraft flight instruments, however, operate using pressure Transonic – Perto da velocidade do som
differential to compute Mach number; not temperature. The Under – Sob
assumption is that a particular pressure represents a particular Upward – Para o alto / Para cima
Waves – Ondas
altitude and, therefore, a standard temperature. While – Enquanto
Wind shear – Variações bruscas no tempo
183
: Public Announcements :
184
:: PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENTS ::
[SPEECHES]
The following P.A.'s are to serve as guidelines and should be Beer – Cerveja
Carry-on luggage – Bagagem de mão
followed as to content. Choosing – Preferência / Escolha
Compliance – Cumprimento / Conformidade
Complimentary – De cortesia / Gratuito
Opening P.A. Harm – Dano
Opening – Abertura
Good______! And welcome aboard InFlight Career Airlines flight Opening P.A. – P.A. de boas vindas
#______service to________. The Flight Attendants serving you Overwing – Acima da asa
Row – Fileira
today are_______in back, ___________at mid-cabin, and my Seats – Assentos
name is________; I'll be serving those of you up front. We ask that Shortly after – Logo após
you would please assist us by ensuring your carry-on luggage is Soft drinks – Refrigerantes
To prevent – Impedir
completely underneath the seats in front of you or in one of the
To purchase – Comprar
overhead bins. Underneath – Debaixo de
Up front – Abertamente / Honestamente
Shortly after takeoff, we will be serving complimentary soft drinks, Wine – Vinho
juice and coffee. If you wish to purchase cocktails, they are $4.00
each, beer and wine are $3.00.
Regulations require compliance with the following:
The use of certain portable electronic equipment including cellular

telephones is prohibited. For further safety InFlight Career Airlines
requests that cellular telephones be turned off.
All seats at the emergency overwing exit are designated as

emergency exit row seats.
If you are seated in these rows, please refer to the safety

information card in your seatback pocket, or in the card holder
attached to the overwing exit.
If you have a condition that would prevent you from performing the
functions listed on the card, if you feel you may suffer bodily harm
as a result of performing the functions,
if you feel you do not meet the selection criteria OR If you do not
wish to perform the functions required, please notify a Flight
Attendant in order that we may reseat you.
Ladies and gentlemen, in order for us to pushback from the gate,

please ensure your seatbelt is securely fastened and your seatback
and tray table are in their full upright and locked position.
Thank you for choosing In-flight Careers and welcome aboard!
185
Emergency Briefing P.A.
Ladies and gentlemen, if we could have your attention for just a

moment, we'd like to point out the safety features of our Boeing
Across – Através de
737-300. Aisle – Corredor
Although – Embora
To properly fasten your seat belt, slide the flat end into the buckle; Be aware – Esteja alerta
to unfasten, lift up on the buckle and it will release. Your seat belt Bottom – Fundo
Briefing – Resumo
should be worn tight and low across the hips. Buckle – Fivela
Compliance – Cumprimento
There are four exit doors- two in the forward cabin and two in the Cushion – Almofada do assento
aft cabin. Each door is equipped with an evacuation slide which Device – Dispositivo
Features – Características / Atributos
can be detached for flotation. If circumstances require you to open Flat end – Lado liso
a door, immediately pull the red inflation handle located at the base Flow – Fluxo / Vazão
of the door to ensure proper slide inflation. Handle – Alavanca
Hips – Quadril / Bacia
Low – Baixo
In addition, there are two window exits located over the wings. Nearest – Mais próximo(a)
Each exit is clearly marked with a sign overhead. If needed, a Otherwise – Caso contrário
lighting system along the aisle will direct you to all exits. Please Overhead – Acima da cabeça
take a moment to locate the exit nearest you. Placards – Letreiros
Pocket – Bolsão
Regarding – Com respeito a
A safety information card may be found in the seatback pocket in Safety – Segurança
front of you, or in the card holder attached to the overwing exit. In Slide – Escorregadeira
the event of a water evacuation, your seat bottom cushion may be Straps – Tiras
Tight – Bem apertado
used as a flotation device by removing the cushion and placing you To breath – Respirar
arms through the straps on the bottom of the cushion. To drop – Cair
To lift up – Levantar
Please refer to the seat cushion diagrams on the safety information To point out – Chamar a atenção
To release – Soltar
card for detailed illustrations. Once again, please check to make To slide – Deslizar
sure you seat belt is securely fastened. Your seat back and tray To temper – Adulterar
table are in the full upright and locked position, and all carry-on Tubing – Tubos
luggage is placed completely underneath the seat in front of you, Worn – Vestido(a) / Utilizado(a)
leaving the aisle clear.
This flight will be a non-smoking flight and smoking is never

allowed in an aircraft lavatory. Federal law also prohibits tampering
with, disabling, or destroying any smoke detector in the aircraft
lavatory. Federal aviation regulation requires customer compliance
with the lighted customer information signs, posted placards, and
crewmember instructions, regarding seat belts and smoking.
At this time we would like to brief you on the oxygen system.

Although we don't anticipate a change in cabin pressure, should it
occur, individual oxygen masks will drop from the compartment
overhead. Immediately, pull down on the mask until the plastic
tubing is fully extended as this activates the flow of oxygen.
Place the mask over your nose and mouth and breathe normally.
The mask may be secured with the elastic strap. Please be aware
that although the bag may not inflate you will be receiving oxygen.
For those of you traveling with children, secure yourself first, then
assist the child, continue wearing the mask until otherwise notified
by a uniformed crewmember.
Finally, sit back, relax and enjoy your flight to_________, our flight
time is approximately_____________. (hours/minutes)
186
Final Descent P.A.
As we make our final descent into_______, please ensure your

seat belt is securely fastened, your seat back and tray table are in
Arrival – Chegada
their full upright and locked position. Beverage – Bebida
Choice – Escolha
If you have taken any carry-on luggage out during the flight, please Connecting flight – Conexão
return it underneath the seat in front of you or in the overhead bin. Count – Contagem
Descent – Descida / Aterrissagem
At this time we ask that you discontinue the use of, stow any Devices – Aparelhos
portable electronic devices in preparation for landing. Final descent – Reta final
Full – Cheio / Lotado
We will be coming by to pick up all remaining cups, can and On behalf – Em nome de
Portable – Portátil
glasses. Shifted – Deslocado(a)
To enjoy – Apreciar
Thank you. To ensure – Certificar-se
To pick up – Pegar / Coletar
To purchase – Comprar / Adquirir
To share – Compartilhar
Arrival P.A. To share – Dividir
To stow – Guardar
On behalf of this flight crew and ____________ Airlines, we'd like Underneath – Debaixo de
to welcome you to ______________. For your safety, and the
safety of those around you, please remain seated with your seat
belt fastened, seatback and tray table in their full upright and
locked position, and all luggage stowed until the aircraft arrives at
the gate and the Captain has turned off the "Fasten Seat Belt" sign.
Please use caution in opening the overhead bins, as the items you
placed there may have shifted during flight. If you have a
connecting flight, please check the T.V. monitor in the gate area for
your flight and gate number.
We certainly have enjoyed sharing part of our day with you. We

know you have a choice when you fly and we thank you for
choosing In-flight Careers. If you are continuing on with us
to_________, please remain seated until we get a customer count.
Supplemental P.A.S
During Boarding/Full Flight P.A. (When flight is about 2/3 full)
Ladies and gentlemen, this will be a full flight. We'd love to get you
to your destination on time, so please assist us by taking the first
available seat. If at all possible place your carry-on items
underneath the seat in front of you. Thank you again.
Cleared for Departure P.A.
Ladies and gentlemen, we have been cleared for departure.
Beverage Service Announcement
Ladies and gentlemen, in a few moments we will begin our in-flight

beverage service. You will find a complete listing of the beverages
In-flight Careers serves on page_____ in our magazine located in
the seat back pocket. Beer and wine may be purchased for $3.00,
cocktails for $4.00. We hope you enjoy our service to
___________.
Thank you!
187
Beverage and Snack Service Announcement (Made Prior to

Taking Drink Orders)
Ladies and gentlemen, in a few moments we will begin our in-flight

Although – Embora
beverage service. You will find a complete listing of the beverages Beer – Cerveja
In-flight Careers serves on page______ in our magazine located in Few – Pouco(s)
the seat back pocket. Landing – Aterrissagem
Magazine – Revista
Pocket – Bolsão
Beer and wine may be purchased for $3.00, cocktails for $4.00. Remainder – Pelo resto / Restante
After taking drink orders, we will be offering a complimentary snack Remainder – restante
followed by our beverage services. We hope you enjoy our service Reminder – Lembrete
to__________. Reminder – Lembrete
Seat back – Encosto
Snack – Aperitivos / Salgadinhos
Thank you! Still – Ainda
To ask – Pedir
"Fasten Seat Belt" Sign Turned On P.A. To begin – Começar
To dispose – Jogar fora / Descartar
To hope – Esperar
Ladies and gentlemen the Fasten Seat Belt sign has been turned To keep – Manter
on. Please check at this time to make sure your seat belts are While – Enquanto
securely fastened Wine – Vinho
Thank you!
"Fasten Seat Belt" Sign Turned Off P.A.
Although the Fasten Seat Belt sign has been turned off please
keep your seat belt fastened while seated
Thank you!
Fasten Seat Belt Reminder P.A.
Ladies and gentlemen, just a reminder that the "Fasten Seat Belt"
sign is still on and we ask that while seated you keep your seat belt
securely fastened.
Thank you!
Fasten Seat Belt for Landing P.A.
Ladies and gentlemen we have begun our final descent

into________. Please ensure that your seat belt is securely
fastened for the remainder of our flight.
Your Flight Attendants will now be in the process of securing the

cabin for landing. If you would please take a moment to look
around your seat area for any newspapers or other items you do
not plan to take with you today, we would be happy to dispose of
them for you.
188
: Interview Process :
189
:: INTERVIEW PROCESS ::
[PROCESSO DE ENTREVISTA]
Flight Attendant Job: How to Apply

Accuracy – Precisão
Ads – Anúncios
"How to Apply for a Flight Attendant Job", that is the question that Aimed – Voltado para
comes to anyone aspiring for that glamorous job. Days have Aspiring – Almejando
changed, it is no more about filling out an application form found in Attendance – Comparecimento
Background – Histórico
a newspaper and mailing it to the airline. Now the issue is much Behavioral – Comportamental
simpler, but the competition has become more rigorous and stiff. Brief – Resumo
Due to – Devido a
The application process starts with mailing a resume directly to the Form – Formulário
Further – Maiores / Posteriores
airline. But things have got much simpler at the same time for Human resource – Recursos humanos
individuals with less knowledge, it has got more complicated. In Issue – Questão
this technology oriented era, the flight attendant job application Knowledge – Conhecimento
system has got more streamlined for the convenience of both the Nearer – Mais próximo(a)
Open house – Aberto(a) ao público
applicant and human resource department of the airline. Own – Próprio(a)
Profile – Perfil
The newest of these technological advances is screening through Pursuit – Busca / Procura
the Internet. Filling out flight attendant job applications online is Recruiters – Recrutador(a)
Résumé – Curriculum Vitae
common now, due to the convenience if offers and accuracy it Screening – Filtragem
affords. All the airlines now have their own websites, and those Short crisp – Rápido(a) / Ligeiro(a)
seeking a flight attendant position can easily apply via online Statement – Relato
application or email. Stiff – Rígido(a) / Duro(a)
Streamlined – Simplificado(a)
Suitability – Compatível
Telephonic interview is another advance in the technology of Summary – Resumo
interviewing flight attendants. Some airlines offer a phone number To afford – Permitir
in their job listings. Upon calling this number, the applicant is given To apply – Candidatar-se
To carry out – Realizar / Concluir
a detailed summary of job and exhaustive information about the To fill – Preencher
airline, they are then asked to submit name, address, phone To hire – Contratar / Empregar
number electronically and to answer a number of questions aimed To hold – Realizar
to determine the suitability of the applicant. To seek – Procurar
To submit – Apresentar / Enviar
Whether or not – Se estão ou não
Generally behavioral type questions and customer service
scenarios for the major part of interview testing. This is the point
where recruiters or human resource people examine the answers
to conclude whether or not they are interested in further pursuit of
the applicant for an interview.
The application process begins with attendance at an open house

interview. Newspaper ads are placed by airlines in cities from
which they wish to hire, and then hold open house interviews at a
later date.
These sessions are held all over the nation, usually at hotels
nearer to the airport and are conducted at various times of the day
- morning, afternoon or evening - in order to facilitate adequate
attendance.
The open house facilitates the flight attendant job applicant the
quickest way to meet and talk with the airline recruiters. Group
interviews are conducted to carry out the initial screening.
Resumes are collected on arrival, and after everyone is seated, the
recruiter gives a short presentation about the airline and what it is
like to work as a flight attendant for that company.After the
presentation the recruiter requires each applicant to come to the
front of the room and give a brief statement describing his or her
background and career profile so far. The statement should not be
too long but short crisp and not longer than 2 minutes - and as it
relates to the flight attendant job, should include any previous
customer service experience.
190
After all applicants have given their presentation to the group, the
airline may discreetly ask selected individuals to stay or come back
at a later time for a second interview; this is conducted at the same
venue or at a different venue, or the applicant may be sent a ticket
Abreast – Atualizado(a)
to fly to the airline’s home base and interviewed there. Accomplishments – Realizações
Advisable – Prudente
The second interview usually consists of individual questioning, Apart from – Com exceção de
sometimes in front of a panel of aviation experts and can even Aware – Ciente
Below – Abaixo
include more group interviews, as the airline may want to see how Clearly – Claramente
applicants work with others to solve problems, and to see which Eligibility – Qualificação
applicants have the potential to be leaders. Fewer – Menos
Hiring – Contratação
However – No entanto
Smaller airlines generally skip the open house interview and Laid down – Estabelecido(a)
conduct individual interviews. A recruiter or member of in-flight may Mistakes – Erros
come to the applicant’s city or fly the applicant to the airline’s home Panel – Grupo
base. These airlines also use behavioral-type questions, and can Pursuing – Prosseguindo
Regarding – Em relação a
be even choosier in the selection process because they employ Rough – Rascunho
fewer people. Skills – Aptidões / Habilidades
Sometimes – Às vezes
The timing of the airline’s response to applicants after interviews Standard – Padrão
Status – Posição
can depend on when they need people and how great the demand. Tips – Dicas
The airline will inform those whom they are interested in pursuing, To employ – Empregar
and it is not advisable for applicants to try to call the airline for an To ensure – Certificar / Assegurar
update on their hiring status. Be patient and professional. You may To forward – Enviar
To fulfill – Completar
have to wait 6 months or a year before reapplying to an airline, but To furnish – Fornecer
if you are still interested after that time, don’t hesitate to apply To skip – Ignorar / Pular
again. To solve – Solucionar / Resolver
Update – Atualização / Novidade
Venue – Local de encontro
It is imperative here that how important a resume can be in getting While – Enquanto
that all important interview call, once you know how to apply for a
flight attendant job. You also need to know regarding the interview
scenarios, tips for success in interviews and the common mistakes
committed in interviews.
Flight Attendant Job Resume
A flight attendant job resume furnishes details for presenting

yourself for a prospective job. It should summarize your skills,
accomplishments, experiences and education. "A resume is just
like life, you never get a second chance to make a first impression".
There is no standard format for preparing your flight attendant job

resume. Impressing the prospective employer and ensuring a call
for an interview should be the prime objective while designing the
flight attendant job resume. Apart from certain basic categories,
you should add on multiple details which can make it more
impressive. Make a rough resume with all the details before you
finalize on the final one. However before forwarding a resume
make sure you fulfill the eligibility criteria laid down by the
prospective employer. Below given are the basic categories, to
help you to make an impressive flight attendant job resume.
Name, Address and Telephone: Clearly mention the permanent

address with phone number. If you have an e-mail address,
include that too, it will ensure that the prospective employer is
made aware that you keep abreast of the technological
advancements.
191
Objective: flight attendant job resume should be brief and to the

point. By going through your resume employer should get an idea
about your work preferences and your ultimate career goal.
Brief – Breve
For example: Degree – Diploma universitário
Goal – Objetivo / Meta
 Seeking a challenging position with opportunities for career Growth – Crescimento
advancement and learning in aviation industry. Grueling – Sofrimento / Tortura
In advance – Com antecedência
 To have a long and successful career in the {particular field}, Nerve wracking – Estressante
gain further skills and attain the goal of the organization aiming Overall – Geral
at mutual growth. Snarls – Brigas / Confusões
Strengths – Qualidades marcantes
Stressing – Enfatizando
Profile: This category is optional but valuable. Here one should Subjects – Matérias / Assuntos
give an overall picture of abilities and accomplishments stressing Targets – Objetivos / Miras
on particular strengths. To attain – Atingir / Alcançar
To cater – Cuidar para que
Ultimate – Fundamental
For example: Unforeseen – Inesperado(a)
Valuable – Valioso(a)
 Good practical knowledge in customer service, airline Whole – Total / Integral
emergency procedures (specify where you learned it like flight
attendant training online etc).
 More than one year experience in the particular industry (if
any).
Educational Qualification: Include your degree, specialization,

institutions attended, year of graduation, subsidiary subjects
studied, and any special workshops, seminars, related courses or
projects done. You should categorize your qualifications separately
as academic and professional or technical, if any.
Career Graph or Work Experience: Your flight attendant job

resume should also give details regarding the place you have
worked, the position you held, your responsibilities and
achievements if any, duration of work etc. Also list the name and
brief description of the organization that you worked for. Give your
work responsibilities with an emphasis on achievements - (projects
done, specify targets given, targets achieved etc.) and the dates or
period you have served in the organization.
Flight Attendant Interview
An invitation to attend a flight attendant interview is in itself quite an

achievement, since the airlines receive hundreds of application
forms every year. Even though the application process and call for
interview is only a minor part of the whole selection process and
the actual flight attendant interview and selection process can be
quite grueling and nerve wracking if one is not well prepared.
Before the interview
Venue of Interview
You should be well aware of the exact location of the interview
Your route or journey to the flight attendant interview location

should be planned well in advance and always give a lead-time of
half an hour to cater to any unforeseen emergencies or traffic
snarls.
192
Dress Code & Grooming
 Look business like and wear office style smart attire.

 Be well groomed, with clean tidy hair, makeup (if applicable)
Abreast – Atualizado(a)
and clean shoes. Allowances – Descontos
 You have to feel comfortable with your appearance. Attire – Traje
 Do one final check of your overall appearance prior to leaving Befriend – Ser amigável
home, after arriving at the interview venue and during break Behavior – Comportamento
Certain – Certos(as)
times. Concerning – Que diz respeito a
Documentation Field – Campo
Folder – Pasta
Grooming – Aparência
All documentation required should be laid out in a smart folder and Laid out – Apresentado(a)
presented to the interviewers when asked for. Latest – Recentes
Look – Aparência
Documents should be made ready a few days before the flight Mind – Mente
Missing – Que estão faltando
attendant interview so as to ensure that you have all the necessary Overall – Geral
certificates and paperwork that you require to take with you. It will Paperwork – Papelada
give you enough time to find missing copies of certain documents. Personnel – Funcionários
Pertaining – Com relação a
Prior to – Antes de
Research and Preparation Ready – Pronto(a)
Smart – Inteligente
Keep abreast of all the information and latest happening pertaining Source – Fonte
to the airline. Questions pertaining to latest news concerning the Tackled – Resolvido(a)
Team work –Trabalho em grupo
airline can be asked to judge your background knowledge as well Tidy – Arrumado(a)
as interest in the field. A good source for such information is the To address – Dirigir-se
airline website, it generally has the history and latest news To dress – Vertir-se
concerning the company. To spend – Gastar / Passar
To spot – Identificar
To wear – Vestir
Nerves Warm – Entusiasmado(a)
Worn out – Cansado(a)
Feeling nervous during interview process is perfectly normal.
Spend some time relaxing on the day prior to your flight attendant
interview. Do the things that you like doing. Also get a good night's
sleep, to avoid a worn out look.
Remember that the recruitment team will make allowances for the
fact that people are nervous.
Nerves can easily be tackled with prior preparation
DURING THE INTERVIEW PROCESS
 Communication with people you meet
 You should carry a warm disposition, welcoming behavior and

great appearance as they are crucial in creating the right
impression in the mind of recruiter.
 Befriend other candidates and try to remember their names as

there can be some questions about them from recruiter to
know about your interpersonal skills, as flight attendant job is
more of a team work.
 Remember to always address people in a friendly and well

mannered way.
 Be yourself in the interview and never try to be someone you

are not. Recruitment personnel are highly trained and will spot
anyone who tries to impress.
193
Body Language
A very vital aspect noticed by the recruiters is the body language

and you must maintain open body language to make you appear
Body language – Gestos
welcoming and receptive to the recruitment team and fellow Commitment – Comprometimento
candidates. Concerns over – Preocupações sobre
Current affairs – Relações atuais
Areas of discussion during interviews Derogatory – Depreciativo
Duties – Funções / Obrigações
Fellow – Companheiro(a)
 Team Work Goal – Objetivos / Meta
 Communication Grasping – Entendimento
 Customer Service Issues – Assuntos / Questões
Lack – Ausência / Carência / Falta de
 Safety Noticed – Notado(a) / Observado(a)
 Current Affairs Overbearing – Arrogância
 Airline Industry Purpose – Propósito / Objetivo
Remarks – Observações
Setting – Ajuste / Estrutura
Questions Straightforward – Direto ao ponto
Thoughts – Ideias / Conceitos
When given an opportunity to ask the recruitment team a question To avoid – Evitar
be very clear, logical and straightforward (no beating around the To beat around the bush – Perder tempo
Unable – Incapaz
bush). It is always better to think of few questions to ask well in
advance.
Questions must be relevant to the company and the job. Avoid

asking questions on issues that have been covered during any
presentations given to you by the recruitment team.
Common Errors
During a flight attendant interview, there are a number of factors

that can potentially disqualify you from consideration. Here are few
of the most common errors:
 Personal appearance not up to the desired standards.

 Overbearing, overaggressive, egoistical behavior.
 Lack of purpose or lack of goal setting.
 Inability to co-relate personal qualities to flight attendant duties.
 Unable to relate real-world examples when asked behavioral-
type questions.
 Lack of enthusiasm - passive or indifferent.
 Inability to listen to the interviewer or poor grasping power; too
focused on how you are going to respond.
 Making derogatory remarks about your previous employer.
 Overemphasis and aggressive on compensation.
 Poor body language.
 Concerns over relocation.
 Lack of tact, maturity, courtesy.
 Evasive, making excuses for unfavorable factors in work
history.
 Inability to maintain a conversation, poor communication skills.
 Lack of commitment or direction in thoughts.
 Failure to ask questions about the flight attendant position.
 Unable to make a commitment on a training start date.
 Very little knowledge about the duties and responsibilities of a
flight attendant.
 Persistent "What can you do for me?" attitude.
 Lack of preparation - no knowledge of the airline, resulting in
an inability to ask intelligent questions.
194
:: FLIGHT ATTENDANT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ::

[PERGUNTAS DE ENTREVISTA PARA COMISSÁRIOS]
1. Tell us about yourself

Accomplishments – Realizações
Accordingly – De acordo
This is an open canvas for you, giving you an opportunity to direct Achievements – Realizações / Conquistas
and lead your interview in the direction you want. A. good idea Ahead – Adiante
would be to structure your answer in the following three broad Although – Embora
Beliefs – Crenças / Opiniões
heads: Eligibility – Qualificação
Goals – Objetivos / Metas
 Family Background Growth – Crescimento / Desenvolvimento
 Educational Background (starting from schooling to Heads – Direções
Mapping – Traçado(a)
professional qualifications) Open canvas – Discussão aberta
 Achievements Proud – Orgulhoso(a)
Strength – Força
In all the above subheads speak only that information which will To assess – Avaliar
To attain – Conseguir
give strength to your candidature. Avoid verbose description of To highlight – Destacar / Realçar
yourself. To join – Juntar-se
Verbose – Prolixo
2. Why do you want to join us?
To answer this question, you need to research the company well.

Here you can quote some of your personal beliefs, which are in
conjunction with the values of the company or talk about specific
products and services which could be of interest to you too.
In the event where your skill set is mapping with the requirement of
the company, do not miss the chance to highlight the same.
Specify the initiatives taken or work done to attain that skill set.
3. What would you like to do in five years' time?
This question is asked to assess candidate’s career plan and

ambition for growth and to see if the company will be able to
provide that opportunity over period of time. Also to assess if your
personal goals are not totally off tangent with what company’s
objectives are. It is also to check your stability with the
organization. It is good idea to be very realistic in your answer. If
required guidance should be taken from your seniors who are
already in the corporate environment.
4. Do you prefer working with others or alone?
This question is usually asked to determine whether you are a

team player. Before answering, however, be sure about the
eligibility requirement of job profile, that whether it requires team
work or you to work alone. Then answer accordingly.
5. What are your biggest accomplishments?
You could begin your reply with: "Although I feel my biggest

achievements are still ahead of me, I am proud of my sense of
involvement. I would like to make my contribution as part of that
team and learn a lot in the process".
It will be a good idea to close your answer with also specifying what
attributes and circumstances made you succeed.
195
6. What are your favorite subjects?
It is a leading question giving direction to the panel members for

possible areas where they can probe in further for your knowledge
Advisable – Conveniente
base and in-depth understanding. It is advisable to select the topics Agreement – Entendimento / Acordo
that you are competent in. Alongside – Ao longo de
Approach – Abordagem
7. Why should we hire you? Empowered – Com autonomia
Feedback – Opnião / Comentário
Further – Mais detalhadamente
Keep your answer short and precise. You should highlight areas Improvement – Melhoria
from your background that relates to the need of the organization. In-depth – Nos mínimos detalhes
Recap the organization’s description of the job, meeting it point by Knowledge – Conhecimento
Learnt – Aprendido(a)
point with your skills. Management – Administração / Gerência
Meaningful – Significante
8. What are your hobbies? Peers – Colegas
Poor – Pobre
This question is generally asked to assess whether you are Role – Função / Cargo
"desktop" kind of a person or an "interaction orientated person". It Standards – Níveis / Padrões
also indicates your preference for team-oriented activities or Subjects – Assuntos
projects with solo contributions. It enables the organization to place Task – Tarefa
Therefore – Então
you accordingly after selection. Be candid in answering the To aim – Dirigir / Mirar
questions. To align – Posicionar / Preparar
To coach – Instruir / Orientar
9. What is the worst feedback you have ever got? To foster – Encorajar / Estimular
To handle – Lidar
To hire – Contratar / Empregar
To answer this question you must admit and share your areas of To impose – Impor/ Obrigar
improvement. Also sharing an action plan for improving oneself will To keep – Manter
indicate your ability to take criticism well. Your answer should To lift – Aumentar / Elevar
To probe – Sondar
reflect your open-mindedness. To pursue – Seguir / Buscar
To recap – Resumir
10. What is the most difficult situation you have faced? To share – Associar
To solve – Resolver
Trick – Truque
Here you should be ready with your real life story. The question
looks for information on two fronts: How do you define difficulty and
how did you handle the situation? You should be able to clearly lay
down the road map for solving the problem, your ability to perform
task management and maintain good interaction with your team
members and other peers. It is advisable to close by highlighting
the lesson learnt out of the incident.
11.How do/would you optimize performance and lift standards

in a team?
[related questions - Explain your approach to maintaining high

standards and improving poor performance in a team]
"The role of every good leader is to develop a successor, alongside

which is the aim to develop team maturity so that it can self-
manage. This approach fosters high standards and great
performance because the team is being empowered. Open clear
positive two-way communications help to establish team
understanding and agreement of aims and direction (and
standards).
Involve and consult and enable and coach, rather than decide and
direct and control. People perform and achieve best when pursuing
their own goals and aims, not the ones imposed from outside. The
trick therefore is aligning people with work, so it's meaningful and
important".
196
12.How do you measure talent?
[related questions How do you measure talent in an organization

(or company or team)? or How do you grow/develop talent in an
Agreeable – Conveniente
organization (or company or team)?] Aside – À parte
Challenge – Desafio
"That's a very significant question. Its implications affect the future Commitment – Comprometimento
health of all organizations - probably now more than ever.." Feelings – Sentimentos
Fittingly – Adequadamente
Health – Saúde
"The reason why this is such a difficult question for modern Likely – Provavelmente
organizations to address and resolve, is that while some Task – Tarefa
organizations and leaders know how crucial 'talent' is for their To acknowledge – Reconhecer
To agree – Concordar
survival and competitive effectiveness, you can't actually measure To begin – Começar
and grow anything until you can define exactly what it is, which is To break down – Decompor
the real challenge. To develop – Desenvolver / Melhorar
To grow – Desenvolver
To measure – Medir
I believe that you can only begin to measure and develop anything
when you can define exactly what it is. Talent is prime example.
The concept of 'talent' alone is completely intangible. It means all
sorts of different things to different people and organizations.
Therefore the key to measuring and growing 'talent' is first to define
exactly what 'talent' is - to understand and describe what it means,
what it looks like, how it behaves and what it can achieve. And
these definitions will be different depending on the organization.
Talent in a bank will have a quite different meaning to talent in an

advertising agency, or in a hospital. So that's the first answer to the
question: First you need to define it and agree the definition, which
is likely to be quite and involved and detailed task, because it's
such a deep and serious concept..."
"Aside from defining what talent is, the organization needs to

acknowledge the importance of talent, (according to the agreed
organizational definitions). This requires a commitment from the
very top, which must be transparent and visible to all. Then people
will begin to value talent more fittingly and preciously.
A similar thing happened with the 'total quality' concept, when

leaders woke up and realized its significance. But they first had to
define it and break it down into measurable manageable elements
before they could begin to improve it. Talent is the same."
13.Have you ever dealt with a customer making an unrealistic

demand?
[related questions - Can you give me an example where you've had

to deal with a customer who has made an unrealistic or
unreasonable demand? or How do you deal with difficult
customers?]
"Central to this process is being able to fully understand the

customer's position and feelings, without necessarily agreeing with
them. Explaining this difference between understanding and
agreeing at the interview helps the interviewee to demonstrate
capability to deal with these types of difficult situations.
Good sympathetic questioning skills, and a good understanding of

the options available to the supplier organization in solving
problems, are also vital for being able to adapt and develop
mutually agreeable solutions".
197
14.How would you respond if you were offered the job?
Think before the interview and during the interview: How would you
actually respond to this question? If you'd accept the job and you
Along with – Junto com
are really happy and free to do so, then say so. You have little to Angry – Bravo(a) / Irritado(a)
gain from being evasive. If you have other options or commitments At least – Ao menos
that need proper and fair consideration before accepting the job Delighted – Satisfeito(a)
offer then say so (it does not put you in a very good light if you Effort – Esforço
Find out – Descobrir
demonstrate that you are prepared to treat an existing employer or Hopefully – Esperançosamente
another potential employer badly). Issue – Questão / Problema
Matter – Problema
If you need more information (about package, expectations, Outcome – Consequência
Policies – Políticas
responsibilities, etc) then say so. If the interviewer is being Sales – Vendas
aggressive or provocative (as can happen in certain sales There and then – Claro / Obviamente
interviews particularly) you could say that actually the only way to Through – Através
find out for sure is to make the offer, i.e.., "...make me the offer and To apologize – Desculpar-se
To arrange – Organizar / Arranjar
I'll tell you..." (the interviewer will not normally fall for that one of To stand up – Defender-se
course but at least he/she will see that you can stand up for Tough-nuts – Linha dura
yourself, which most tough-nuts will respect). Towards – Em direção
Trust – Confiança
15.What would you do if you had to deal with an angry
customer?
"Empathize, understand, and as quickly as possible obtain the

customer's trust in your promise to try to resolve the matter. And
then set about finding the facts and resolving it, working within
whatever policies and processes are in place for the particular
problem.
The important thing is to remember the difference between

understanding and agreeing - you need to understand without
necessarily agreeing or pre-judging the outcome (unless of course
you can actually resolve it an agree it there and then). And you
need to apologize without pre-judging whatever investigation you
need to do or arrange.
Finally, take responsibility for seeing the issue through to the finish,
when at the end of it hopefully the customer is more delighted than
they have ever been, (which is often what happens when you do
things properly)."
16.What will you bring to the job/company if we employ you?
"I can see clearly that quick results are a priority - and that's
something I'm good at generating, because I have good abilities
and experience to interpret situations, and then a strong focus on
activities which will achieve change and results in the necessary
areas."
"I'm diplomatic with people too, which means I can generally bring
people along with me; if needs be though I can be firm and
determined enough to convince people who need a bit of extra
encouragement."
17.Tell me about the culture at your last company/employer.
"The culture encouraged people to develop, grow, take

responsibility. People were coached and mentored towards quality
and productive effort. All of this helped me a great deal because I
identify with these values, and respond to these opportunities."
198
18.Tell me about your life at College or University (or even

your time in your previous job).
In your answer, emphasize the positive behavior, experience and

Age – Época / Geração
achievements (ideally backed up with examples and evidence) Behavior – Conduta
which will impress the interviewer because of its relevance to the Fair – Justo
role requirements. Fault – Culpa
Growth – Crescimento
Long term – Longo prazo
It's a trap for interviewees who look regretfully or negatively on past Peers – Colegas
experiences, criticize or attribute blame, or display 'someone else's Performance – Desempenho
fault' attitudes. Previous – Anterior
Regretfully – Arrependidamente
Reward – Recompensa
College and University are environments which provide lots of To account – Dar conta do serviço
opportunity. Good applicants will be able to demonstrate that they To achieve – Realizar
have used the opportunity to learn and develop, whether their To arise – Aparecer
experiences were all positive and successful or not. To back up – Suportar / Auxiliar
To blame – Culpar
To enable – Permitir
19.What do you want to be doing in 2/5/10 years time? Or: To scale – Progredir
Where do you want to be in 2/5/10 years time? To suit – Adaptar / Satisfazer
Trap – Armadilha
Wisdom – Inteligência / Conhecimento
"Making a more significant contribution to whatever organization Worth – Importância
I'm working for. To have developed new skills, abilities, maturity -
perhaps a little wisdom even.
To have become better qualified in whatever way suits the situation

and opportunities I have. To be better regarded by my peers, and
respected by my superiors as someone who can continue to
increase the value and scale of what I do for the organization."
"I'd like more responsibility, because that's a result of personal

growth and progression, and it's important for my personal
satisfaction."
"I have no set aspirations about money and reward - if I contribute

and add value to the organization then generally increased reward
follows - you get out what you put in."
"Long term I want to make the most of my abilities - if possible to

build a serious career, but in this day and age nothing is certain or
guaranteed; things can change.
I'll do my best and believe that opportunities will arise which will
enable me to keep contributing, increasing my worth, and
developing my ability in a way that benefits the organization and
me."
20.What is your ideal job?
'A manager or executive with this organization in (function relative

to experience and skill set) where I have the responsibility and
accountability for using my skills and efforts to achieve great
results, work alongside great people, and get a fair reward.'
'I'd like to become an expert in my field (state function if relevant),

where I'm able to use my skills and abilities to make a real
difference to the company's performance.'
199
Here are some other questions you can expect to be asked

during your flight attendant interview:
 What would you do if you were late for your flight and a
Above and beyond – Mais que o exigido
passenger stopped and asked for help to find their gate? Following – A seguir / Abaixo
 Can you share a time where you went above and beyond for a Growth – Crescimento
customer, and what did you do? Growth rate – Taxa de crescimento
Late – Atrasado(a)
Rate – Velocidade
 Have you had experience working under no supervision? Relocating – Mudar-se para outro lugar
Strenght – Qualidades marcantes
 What is your strength? To apply – Candidatar
To ask – Perguntar
To choose – Escolher
 What is your weakness? To find – Encontrar
To share – Dividir
 What would you do if you spilled a drink on a passenger? To spill – Derramar
Weakness – Defeitos / Fraquezas
 What is your biggest achievement?
 What do you think about relocating?
 What do you think about being on reserve and on call for over a
year or more?
 Why did you choose to apply for our airline?
Questions to Ask the Interviewer
Following are additional questions you may want to consider asking

at an appropriate point in the interview:
 Why did you personally decide to work for this company?
 What are the three most important attributes for success in this
position?
 What are the opportunities for growth/advancement for this

position?
 How is your company responding to competition in the _____

area?
 What is the anticipated company growth rate over the next

three years?
Limit yourself to no more than one or two questions during an

interview and no more than two or three questions during each
company-site interview.
Even if you are not able to get answers to all of your open
questions before the offer is made, you will have one final
opportunity at that point.
200
Some ideas of possible questions and suggested answers for Most Common Job Interview Mistakes
the flight attendant’s interview:
[Algumas ideias de possíveis perguntas e sugestão de respostas The job interview is the make-it-or-break-it
para entrevistas de comissários de voo.] part of the job application process. While
the resume may get you the interview, the
interview gets you the job. You want to
I = Interviewer impress your possible employer so much
Y = You that nobody else will be appropriate or
perfect for the job.
PART 1 – WARM UP. Follow our steps to make sure you ace
your interview. You know what to do
according to your personality and
I – Good morning/afternoon/evening, (your name).
strengths. Here is what not to do in order
Y – Good morning/afternoon/evening, Sir / Madam. to guarantee interview success:
[I – Bom dia/tarde/noite (seu nome).] • Incorrect attire:

[Y – Bom dia/tarde/noite senhor/senhorita.]
Dress appropriately for the type of job
I – How are you today? interview. Always dress in more
Y – I am very well, thank you. And you? conservatively than you would normally.
Make sure that you are not wearing
outlandish colors, showing too much skin,
[I - Como você está hoje?]
or wearing too much jewelry (man or
[Y - Estou muito bem, obrigado. E você?] woman).
I – I am fine, thanks for asking. Would you like something to • Unprepared answers:
drink?
Y – No, I am fine, thanks. / Perhaps, I would like a glass of You know the typical job questions, so
water, please. have them prepared. Know ahead of time
your answers to questions such as, "What
[I – Estou bem, obrigado(a) por perguntar. Você gostaria de beber are you strengths and weaknesses?
Where do you see yourself in ten years?
alguma coisa?]
What can you bring to the company that
[Y – Não, obrigado, estou bem. / Talvez eu aceitaria um copo de nobody else can? What brought you to this
água, por favor.] part of your career?" These generalized
questions will more than likely be asked of
I – What is your full name? you on the big day.
Y – My name is (full name).
• Unprepared questions:
[I – Qual o seu nome completo?]
[Y – Meu nome é (e dê seu nome completo).] Just as much as must prepare the answers
to give to your interviewer, you must also
come prepared with questions to ask of the
I – And what is your date of birth? interviewer about the position and the
Y – Example: Twenty-fourth of December nineteen seventy company. Employers want to see people
three. who think on their toes and are interested
in the position as much as possible.
[I – E qual a sua data de nascimento?] Scribble down a few quick questions that
[Y – Exemplo: Vinte e quatro de dezembro de mil novecentos e you can ask at the appropriate time of the
setenta e três.] interview so that you are not trying to think
on the spot of what to ask.
I – And what is your age?
• Forgetting to do your research:
Y – Example: I am thirty-seven years old.
If you are going on a job interview and
[I – E qual a sua idade?] know nothing about the company, than you
[Y – Exemplo: Eu tenho trinta e sete anos.] are mistaken. You must learn as much as
possible about the position and company
I – What is your nationality? prior to your interview. Therefore, you will
Y – I am Brazilian. be able to hold an intelligent and well-
informed discussion about the company.
You will also be able to ask questions
[I – Qual a sua nacionalidade?]
more comprehensively.
[Y – Eu sou brasileiro(a).]
I – And where were you born?

Y – I was born in (example) Guarujá.
201
• Slips of the tongue:

[I – E onde você nasceu?]
[Y – Eu nascí no (exemplo) Guarujá .] Although this mistake is difficult to control,
people often make them. People
accidentally say the wrong thing, infer the
I – Where do you live now?
wrong idea, or blurt out an insult or
Y – I live in (example) Barão Geraldo. profanity. Any of these slips of the tongue
can throw you out of the interview race.
[I – Aonde você mora agora?] Concentrate on what you say, so that it
[Y – Eu moro em (exemplo) Barão Geraldo.] comes out intelligibly and not incoherently.
I – So, tell me. What do you do for living? What is your current • Ringing of cell phones:
job?
Y – (Example) I work in the admin department. Make sure your phone is off prior to the
interview. Nothing is ruder or more
disrespectful to an interviewer than
[I – Então, me diga. O que você faz? Qual o seu atual emprego?] listening to another ring.
[Y – (Exemplo) Eu trabalho no departamento administrativo.]
• Checking the time:
I – Hmm. I see. And why do you want to leave your
present/current job? Be careful not to glance at your watch or
Y – Well, because I am finally having the opportunity to the wall clock in the middle of your
become something I have always dreamed of and here I am. interview. Perhaps you should take off
And I am extremely proud and happy for this opportunity. your watch prior to the interview so that
you have no chance of accidentally looking
at your wrist.
[I – Hmm. Certo. E por que você quer deixar o seu emprego atual?]
[Y – Bem, porque estou finalmente tendo uma oportunidade de • Asking about salary too early:
fazer algo que sempre sonhei e aqui estou. E sinto-me muito
orgulhoso e feliz por esta oportunidade.] While it probably one of the determining
factors in your decision to work at a
I – Good, so you have always dreamed of become a flight company, do not jump the gun in the
attendant? interview to ask about salary. The
Y – Yes, that has been my dream career for years. interviewer will inevitably tell you what
salary and benefits come with the job.
There are so many people looking for jobs,
[I – Bom, então você sempre sonhou em ser um comissário?] so if the company sees you as someone
[Y – Sim, este tem sido meu sonho por anos.] who just wants the money and does not
necessarily care about the job, it will work
I – I see. Ok. So, are you married? against you in the long run.
Y – Yes, I am.
• Giving your demands:
[I – Certo. Você é casado(a)?]
[Y – Sim, sou.] You are on the job interview and you are
unemployed (or are looking to chance
jobs). You are no diva. Therefore, you
I – And do you have children? should never make demands at an
Y – Yes, I have two. A boy and a girl. interview. Even if you have reached a
professional status that enables you to
[I – E você tem filhos?] make certain demands in the workplace,
[Y – Sim, tenho dois. Um menino e uma menina.] the interview is never the place for it. They
will laugh at you and more than likely
I – And are you aware that this is a job that requires long never call you again. People want to work
periods of time away from home? with compromising and congenial co-
workers; not demanding prima donnas.
Y – Yes, I am aware of that and we both have spoken a lot
about it. We are totally fine about this situation. • Telling about other job offers:
[I – E você está ciente de que este emprego exige muito tempo While you may think it appears desirable to
longe de casa?] speak about other companies offering you
[Y – Sim, estou ciente disso e eu e minha esposa conversamos a position, it may come across as
muito a respeito. E estamos totalmente de bem com esta situação.] ridiculous in a job interview. It is important
to keep matters separate. They may see
I – Good. So tell me, why do you want to work for TAM/GOL? you as someone who already has a job.
Why would they want to give you their
Y – Well, because I want to work for the best airline company
position if you've already got one
in Brazil and TAM is definitely the best company, not only in somewhere else.
Brazil but in South America too. I also agree with the vision
202
and mission of the company which is to serve people with joy • Dropping too many names:
and respect. I feel that I fit perfectly in the company’s profile
because I am a very enthusiastic person and I have a good Again, this "do not" is a double-edged
sense of humor. In addition, I love to help and serve people sword. While contacts are vital in the job
market, they can often be used for the
with care and a smile on my face.
wrong purposes. You do not want to be
seen as someone who gets by only on his
[I – Ótimo. Diga-me, por que você quer trabalhar para a or her connections.
TAM/GOL?]
[Y – Bem, porque eu quero trabalhar para a melhor companhia • Tardiness:
aérea do Brasil e a TAM é definitivamente, não só a melhor do
Brasil como da América Latina também. E eu também concordo Do not be late to your job interview.
com a visão e missão da empresa que é servir as pessoas com Rather, arrive around 10-15 minutes early
alegria e respeito. Sinto que me encaixo perfeitamente no perfil so you can settle in, fill out paperwork, and
allow your interviewer to get ready.
desta empresa, pois sou uma pessoa com muito entusiasmo e
tenho um ótimo senso de humor. Além disso, adoro ajudar e servir • Fidgeting:
pessoas com carinho e um sorriso em meu rosto.]
While you will probably be nervous prior to
and during your job interview, try not to
PART 2 – QUESTIONS AND READY MADE ANSWERS fidget. It is distracting and reads
nervousness and anxiety. No employer
wants a fidgety co-worker in the building.
Tell me about yourself.
[Fale-me um pouco sobre você.] • Lying:
I love to travel around the world, meet people from different While it is common to exaggerate on
background and culture and share experiences. I am resumes, it is downright wrong to lie on
passionate about people. I see any sort of relationship as an them and in your job interview. Honesty is
opportunity to challenge my knowledge and beliefs. the most venerable quality in a worker and
[Eu amo viajar o mundo, conhecer pessoas de diferentes históricos an employer and interviewer will respect
e culturas e compartilhar experiências. Sou apaixonado(a) por your truth and honesty. Do not claim to
have worked somewhere if you have not,
pessoas. Eu vejo cada tipo de relação como uma oportunidade
and so on and so forth.
para desafiar meus conhecimentos e crenças.]
I also know that a positive attitude plays a significant role in

any business. Life really excites me, and I see each day as an
opportunity to grow personally and professionally.
[Sei também, que attitudes positivas são muito importantes em
qualquer negócio. Viver realmente me excita e eu vejo cada dia
como uma oportunidade de crescer tanto pessoal, como
profissionalmente.]
Why did you want to become a flight attendant?

[Por que você quis se tornar um comissário?]
Because…
[Porque…]
Well….
[Bem…]
Personally, I think is a beautiful profession. I believe it is a
very exciting job and a rewarding career.
It is something I always wanted to do.
I can't think of a better job in the world.
[Pessoalmente, acho esta uma bela profissão.
Acredito que é um emprego muito excitante, uma carreira muito
gratificante.
É algo que eu sempre sonhei em fazer.
Não consigo pensar em uma melhor profissão no mundo.]
203
And, in your opinion, what are the negatives of being a flight

attendant?
[E quais são os pontos negativos de ser um comissário, em sua
opnião?]
1. The responsibility of not being able to make a mistake.

2. It is a risky job. There is a very real risk when you get into
an aircraft.
[A responsabilidade de não poder cometer um erro.]

[É um emprego arriscado. Existe um perigo real quando entramos
em um avião.]
Why do you consider yourself a good flight attendant?

[Por que você se considera um bom comissário?]
Well, because I believe that I have some qualities that I

consider essential for being a good flight attendant. I am a
responsible person, very disciplined and self-confident. I am
also an easy-going person and extremely hardworking.
[Bem, porque eu acredito possuir algumas qualidades que
considero essenciais para um bom comissário. Eu sou
responsável, muito disciplinado e auto-confiante. Sou, também,
uma pessoa fácil para trabalhar e extremamente trabalhadora.]
How far would you go for a chance to be a flight attendant for

an airline? Would you fly full time for minimum wage, would
you accept going abroad?
[Quão longe você iria para conseguir uma chance de ser
comissário para uma cia. aérea? Você voaria tempo integral por
um salário mínimo, aceitaria ir para outro país?]
I would definitely fly full time for minimum wage. I’m not in
aviation for the money; I’m here because I love to fly.
[Eu definitivamente voaria tempo integral por um salário mínimo.
Não estou na aviação pelo dinheiro, e sim porque amo voar.]
For you, what are the major qualities of a good flight

attendant?
[Para você, quais são as principais qualidades de um comissário?]
A good flight attendant maintains a professional approach at

all times and doesn't allow personal issues to affect his or her
job.
[Um bom comissário mantém uma postura profissional o tempo
todo e não permite que problemas pessoais afetem seu trabalho.]
What do you like about flying?

[O que você gosta em termos de voar?]
Flying is by far one of the most wonderful, emotional and

sensational feelings a person can experience. Everything that
is involved in flying excites me a lot. It is a variety of great
feelings and worries all combined. It is magical, fascinating,
and scaring, all at once. But still, I can’t think of a better job in
the world and that’s what I see myself doing for the rest of my
life.
[Voar é de longe uma das sensações mais fantásticas,
emocionantes e sensacionais que uma pessoa pode experimentar.
Tudo que diz respeito a voar me empolga muito. É uma variedade
de sensações e medos tudo junto. É mágico, fascinante e
204
aterrorizador ao mesmo tempo. Mas mesmo assim, não consigo

pensar em um emprego melhor neste mundo e é isso que me vejo
fazendo para o resto da minha vida.]
How do you think you'll cope with a foreign environment for an

extended period of time? (Training abroad, for example).
[Como você acha que vai se sair se tiver que morar no exterior por
um longo tempo? (Treinamento em outro país, por exemplo?)]
I believe I will be thrilled to be offered such challenge. From

the moment I have decided to become a flight attendant, I was
way aware that this profession involves an enormous amount
of time away from home.
[Acredito que eu ficaria muito feliz se tal desafio me fosse
oferecido. A partir do momento que decidi me tornar um
comissário, sempre estive muito ciente de que este emprego
envolve ficar muito tempo longe de casa.]
How much would you expect to earn at an airline company?

[Quanto você espera receber emu ma companhia aérea?]
As you know, it does depend on a couple of things. At this

stage, I am not sure if there are opportunities for bonuses or
any other form of incentive, room for a salary negotiation and
what kind of benefit package the airlines can offer me.
[Como você sabe, isto depende de algumas coisas, Neste
momento, eu não sei se há oportunidades para bônus ou qualquer
outra forma de incentivo, espaço para negociações do salário e
que tipos de benefícios as companhias aéreas podem me
oferecer.]
What would you like to be doing in five years time?

[O que você gostaria de estar fazendo em cinco anos?]
I have a wonderful family, a lovely home and I have achieved a

lot in my personal life. But right now, I am really focused on
my career. I see myself, from now on, only working for the
best companies in the world, and since my desire is to
become a flight attendant, I want to work for TAM because you
are the best airline company in Brazil.
[Eu tenho uma família maravilhosa, uma linda casa e tive muitas
conquistas pessoais. Mas, agora mesmo, estou realmente focado
na minha carreira. Me vejo, a partir de agora, trabalhando somente
para as melhores empresas do mundo e, já que meu desejo é ser
comissário, eu quero trabalhar para a TAM porque vocês são a
melhor companhia aérea do Brasil.]
If you have a choice would you like to work alone or as part of

a team?
[Se você tivesse opção, preferiria trabalhar sozinho ou trabalhar
em grupo?]
I would prefer to be a part of a team. Independence must be

tempered with the ability to work with others. The best teams
are those that respect and use the talents of all their players.
[Iria preferir trabalhar fazendo parte de um time. Independência
precisa ser mesclada com a habilidade de trabalhar com outras
pessoas. Os melhores times são aqueles que se respeitam e usam
os talentos de todos os seus ―participantes‖.]
205
Describe an ideal team work.

[Descreva um time ideal para se trabalhar.]
Each team member has their own job to do, but each player
also knows that winning depends on everyone working
together.
[Cada membro do time tem seu próprio trabalho a fazer, mas cada
―jogador‖ sabe que ganhar depende de todos trabalhando juntos.]
How do you get along with other people?

[Como você lida com pessoas?]
I am an easy going person and a good observer. Generally

speaking, I get on with people well mainly because people’s
different point of views and beliefs interest me a lot.
[Eu sou muito fácil de lidar e sou um bom observador. No geral,
lido bem com as pessoas porque pontos de vista diferentes me
interessam demais.]
How do you handle pressure?

[Como você lida com pressão?]
I thrive under pressure.

Too much pressure is not a good thing, but some pressure
and a sense of urgency is helpful in hitting targets.
[Me desenvolvo bem sob pressão. Muita pressão nunca é bom,
mas alguma pressão e umsentimento de urgência é de grande
utilidade para estabelecermos metas.]
What do you think the key is to good communication?

[Qual o segredo para uma boa comunicação?]
Listening is always the key. The essential part of listening is

the opportunity to get feedback. Feedbacks are essential for
us to focus on what are exactly the customer’s wishes and
needs.
[Ouvir é sempre o segredo. A parte essencial de se ouvir é a
oportunidade de obter informação. Informações/opniões são
essenciais para focarmos no que exatamente o cliente deseja e
precisa.]
Give an example of a good customer service.

[Dê um exemplo de um bom atendimento.]
A good customer service start with friendly staff. Employees

who are hired to deal with customers on a daily basis must
have a friendly, positive and helpful personality.
[Um bom atendimento ao cliente começa com funcionários
simpáticos/amigáveis. Funcionários que são contratados para lidar
com clientes no dia-a-dia devem ser de personalidade simpática,
positiva e de grande serventia.]
Give an example of a bad service.

[Dê um exemplo de um atendimento ruim.]
Complaints need to be dealt quickly. By delaying dealing with

customer issues can lead to your business losing a valued
customer. By not being helpful, a customer would never come
back because they would certainly feel ignored.
[Reclamações precisam ser tratadas com rapidez. Atrasar um
problema de um cliente pode levar a companhia perder um valioso
206
cliente. Se você não é eficiente, os clientes nunca mais voltarão

porque certamente se sentirão ignorados.]
What are your two major strengths and weaknesses?

[Quais são suas qualidades e seus defeitos?]
Strengths:
[Qualidades:]
 I have positive attitude. [Tenho uma atitude positive.]

 I have ability to focus. [Possuo habilidade para focar.]
 I have ability to prioritize. [Tenho habilidade de priorizar.]
 I am organized. [Sou organizado.]
 I have leadership skills. [Tenho liderança.]
 I have ability to work under pressure. [Tenho habilidade de
trabalhar sob-pressão.]
 I am self-disciplined. [Sou auto-disciplinável.]
 I am self-motivated. [Sou auto-motivado.]
 I am self-confident. [Sou auto-confiante].
 I am patient; I have patience. [Sou paciente / Tenho paciência.]
 I have passion for flying, and for serving. [Tenho paixão por
voar e por servir pessoas.]
 I have punctuality; I am punctual. [Tenho pontualidade, sou
pontual.]
 I have attention to detail. [Presto atenção nos detalhes.]
 I have sense of humor. [Tenho senso de humor.]
 I am easy to adapt to new situations. [Tenho facilidade de me
adaptar a novas situações.]
 I am a team worker. [Trabalho bem em grupo.]
 I am committed to my work. [Sou comprometido com meu
trabalho.]
 I am a quick learner. [Aprendo rápido.]
 I have great problem-solving skills. [Tenho ótimas capacidades
de resolução de problemas.]
 I have good communication skills. [Tenho boa habilidade de
comunicação.]
 I have a great listening skill. [Tenho uma ótima capacidade de
ouvir/escutar.]
Weaknesses:
[Defeitos / Pontos fracos:]
I am too focused on my work and I need to find more time to

relax, and to stay with my family.
[Sou muito focado no meu trabalho e preciso encontrar mais tempo
para relaxer e ficar com minha família.]
I'm a workaholic person and love to dedicate myself to the

work I'm doing. But at the same time I forget to keep a balance
between other things which I'm trying to improve on.
[Sou muito trabalhador e adoro me dedicar ao trabalho que estou
realizando. Mas ao mesmo tempo eu esqueço de manter um
equilíbrio com outras tarefas que preciso melhorar.]
I am way too perfectionist, which can be hard to deal with

sometimes and maybe delay some projects because they are
not quite what I was expecting.
[Sou muito perfeccionista, o que pode ser difícil algumas vezes e
talvez atrase alguns projetos porque eles não estão exatamente do
jeito que eu queria.]
207
I've not been impressed with anything you've said so far, so

you've got five minutes to change my mind.
[Eu não fiquei impressionado com nada do que você me disse até
agora. Você tem cinco minutos para me fazer mudar de ideia.]
May I ask why you believe that?

[Posso perguntar por que pensas assim?]
What will you do if you're not successful on this application?

[E se você não tiver sucesso nesta entrevista?]
I will certainly not give up and I will keep trying, because this
is my dream career and I will do whatever it takes to
accomplish it.
[Eu certamente não irei desistir e continuarei tentando, porque esta
é a carreira dos meus sonhos e eu farei o que for preciso para
conquistá-la.]
208
: Assessments & Homeworks :
209
:: Assessments & Homeworks ::
:: Cabin Crew Job Profile ::
1. How do we say in English?
 Chefe de Cabine: ________________________________

 Cliente : ________________________________
 Comissário(a) de Voo: ________________________________
 Companhia Aérea: ________________________________
 Controlador de Voo: ________________________________
 Co-piloto: ________________________________
 Mecânico de Voo: ________________________________
 Passageiro : ________________________________
 Piloto / Comandante: ________________________________
 Segurança : ________________________________
 Tripulação: ________________________________
2. What are the Flight Attendant’s main responsibilities?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the trainings required for a flight attendant’s position?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Name the following items provided by the flight attendants for passengers’ comfort:
Cobertor: Café & Chá: Travesseiro:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Jornal: Fone de ouvido: Revista:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
210
:: Customer Care ::
5. True or false:
 The Airlines provides equal services to all customers regardless of race, creed, or color.
 The definition of a disabled individual is any person who has a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits one or more major life activities.
 Wheelchairs are to be checked and placed in the overhead bin compartment with regular bag tags.
 Airlines will not permit dogs and other assistance animals used by disabled customers, to accompany
the customers on a flight.
 Sign language, written instructions or written answers to questions, and lip-reading are methods of
communicating with deaf customers.
 To help seat a blind customer, place the individual's hand on the arm of the seat.
 Hearing and vision impairment are the only physical problems of old age.
6. Name the following approved carry-on items:
Valise: Câmera: Guarda-chuva:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Notebook: Filmadora: Vara de Pescar:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
7. Name the following non-approved carry-on items:
Arma de fogo: Faca: Explosivos:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
211
8. Name these following special passengers in English:
Idosos: Gestantes: Menores Desacompanhados:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Deficientes: Doentes: Presos e Deportados:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
9. If, after being advised about the law regarding smoking, the customer refuses to immediately
extinguish smoking material; re-lights smoking materials after a warning; has smoked in the
lavatory and the crew can confirm it; or has tampered with the lavatory smoke detector; what
should a flight attendant do?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
10. What should a flight attendant do to reassure frightened customers?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Atendimento ao cliente: ________________________________

 Bagagem de mão: ________________________________
 Bengalas: ________________________________
 Cadeira-de-rodas: ________________________________
 Cão-guia: ________________________________
 Cego: ________________________________
 Cegueira: ________________________________
 Raça: ________________________________
 Religião: ________________________________
 Segurança: ________________________________
 Surdo: ________________________________
212
:: Etiquette & Good Manner ::
12. In your opinion, what are the top 5 manner tips for any occasion?
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
 Batom: ________________________________
 Boca: ________________________________
 Bochecha: ________________________________
 Brinco: ________________________________
 Cabelos oleosos: ________________________________
 Caspas: ________________________________
 Corpo: ________________________________
 Crachá: ________________________________
 Creme de barbear: ________________________________
 Esmalte: ________________________________
 Hidratante: ________________________________
 Jóias: ________________________________
 Maquilagem: ________________________________
 Olhos: ________________________________
 Pele seca: ________________________________
 Pulseira: ________________________________
 Relógio de pulso: ________________________________
 Rímel: ________________________________
14. Please name the following make up and body care products:
Brilho Labial: Sombra: Lápis para os Olhos:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Acetona: Cera de Depilação: Reparador de Pontas:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
213
:: Boeing Aircraft Configuration ::
15. Let’s name these important parts of an aircraft:
[Asa] ---------------------------------------------------------
[Fuselagem] -----------------------------------------------
[Leme de Direção] --------------------------------------
[Profundor] ------------------------------------------------
[Trem de pouso] -----------------------------------------
 Assento de comissários: ________________________________

 Assento: ________________________________
 Bolsão: ________________________________
 Cabine de comando: ________________________________
 Cintos de segurança: ________________________________
 Escorregadeiras: ________________________________
 Janelas: ________________________________
 Lavatório: ________________________________
 Luzes de emergência: ________________________________
 Motores: ________________________________
 Portas: ________________________________
 Pressurização: ________________________________
 Saídas de emergência: ________________________________
17. Name the following emergency equipment:
Extintor de Incêndio: Lanternas de Emergência: Colete Salva-Vidas:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Óculos Anti-Fumaça: Bote Salva-Vidas: Cilindro de Oxigênio Portátil:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
214
:: Emergency & Security ::
18. What are the 8 emergency exits on a Boeing 737?
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________
19. What is the difference between a Planned and an Unplanned Emergency?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Botes salva-vidas: ________________________________

 Capuz anti-fumaça: ________________________________
 Cilindros de O2: ________________________________
 Colete salva-vidas: ________________________________
 Extintor de água: ________________________________
 Extintor de halon: ________________________________
 Kit de primeiros socorros: ________________________________
 Kit medico: ________________________________
 Lanternas: ________________________________
 Luvas de amianto: ________________________________
 Machadinha: ________________________________
 Megafone: ________________________________
 Óculos anti-fumaça: ________________________________
 Passageiros: ________________________________
 Rádio transmissor: ________________________________
21. How should a flight attendant proceed in case of a bomb threat?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
22. How should a flight attendant proceed in case of a hijacking?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
215
:: Cruise Level ::
 Assento de comissário: ________________________________

 Bolsão: ________________________________
 Despacho: ________________________________
 Interruptor de luz: ________________________________
 Janela acima da asa: ________________________________
 Medidor do nível de água: ________________________________
 Papel higiênico: ________________________________
 Papel toalha: ________________________________
 Perigo / Risco: ________________________________
 Sabonete: ________________________________
 Trolleys / Carrinhos: ________________________________
24. How should a flight attendant adjust the cabin lights?
During the day:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Evening flights:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
25. What should a flight attendant demonstrate during an emergency briefing P.A.?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
26. What is it in Portuguese?
 Arrival: ________________________________
 Blankets: ________________________________
 Clean up: ________________________________
 Delay: ________________________________
 Fire: ________________________________
 Floor: ________________________________
 Flush: ________________________________
 Fuel: ________________________________
 Gate: ________________________________
 Ground: ________________________________
 Infant: ________________________________
 Landing: ________________________________
 Pillows: ________________________________
 Runway: ________________________________
 Sink: ________________________________
 Stairs: ________________________________
 Take-off: ________________________________
 To wash: ________________________________
216
:: Fire Fighting ::
27. What is a fire?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
28. How can a fire be extinguished?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
29. Explain the following classes of fire:
Class A
Class B
Class C
30. Name the fire extinguishers found inside an aircraft:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
31. Name the following firefighting equipment:
Óculos Anti-Fumaça: Machadinha: Luvas de amianto:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Extintor de Incêndio: Capuz Anti-Fumaça: Cilindro de Oxigênio Portátil:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
217
:: Wilderness Survival ::
32. How is the tropical weather like?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
33. What are the most appropriate types of shelter in a tropical survival?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
34. How do you light a fire if you don’t have lighter or matches with you?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
35. Name some plants that contain water inside them:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
36. What are the methods for purifying water from lakes, ponds, swamps, springs or streams?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Animais selvagens: ________________________________

 Aranhas: ________________________________
 Arapucas: ________________________________
 Armadilhas: ________________________________
 Caça: ________________________________
 Carrapatos: ________________________________
 Cobras: ________________________________
 Cogumelos: ________________________________
 Comestível: ________________________________
 Cru: ________________________________
 Descamisamento: ________________________________
 Esquilo: ________________________________
 Foca: ________________________________
 Gambá: ________________________________
 Intoxicação por consumo de peixe: ________________________________
 Lama: ________________________________
 Larvas: ________________________________
 Meio-ambiente: ________________________________
 Moscas: ________________________________
 Ninho / Formigueiro / Cupinzeiro: ________________________________
 Peixe de água doce: ________________________________
 Peixe de água salgada: ________________________________
 Peixe-boi: ________________________________
 Perigo: ________________________________
 Recife: ________________________________
 Selvagem: ________________________________
 Sobrevivente: ________________________________
 Tapurú: ________________________________
 Úmido: ________________________________
 Urso polar: ________________________________
 Venenoso(a): ________________________________
 Vermes: ________________________________
218
38. Why is sea survival perhaps the most difficult situation a person could face?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
39. What is a sea anchor?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
40. Name the following dangerous creatures from the ocean in English:
 Arraia: ________________________________
 Baiacu: ________________________________
 Barracuda: ________________________________
 Caracóis: ________________________________
 Medusa / Água-viva: ________________________________
 Moréia: ________________________________
 Ouriço do mar: ________________________________
 Tubarão: ________________________________
41. What are the major environmental factors you should be aware of if you found yourself in a
desert survival situation?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
42. What are the measures to make the most of your water supply in a desert survival situation?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
43. What are the types of shelter you could build if you are in a cold weather survival situation?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
44. What is it in Portuguese?
 Clams: ________________________________
 Fishing: ________________________________
 Frostbite: ________________________________
 Hunter: ________________________________
 Hunting: ________________________________
 Lakes: ________________________________
 Owls: ________________________________
 Polar bear: ________________________________
 Rivers: ________________________________
 Sand: ________________________________
 Seals: ________________________________
 Shellfish: ________________________________
 Snail: ________________________________
 Stove : ________________________________
 To melt: ________________________________
219
45. Name the following dangerous creatures:
Aranhas: Aranha Marrom: Tarântula:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Viúva Negra: Escorpião: Carrapatos:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Centopéias: Abelhas e Moscas: Vespas e Marimbondos:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
46. Name the following wildlife elements:
Água-Viva: Cogumelos: Ouriços-do-Mar:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Cajú: Moréia: Morangos:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
220
:: Aviation Law ::
47. What are the subjects dealt with by the aviation law?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
48. What is civil aviation?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
49. Complete the following statement:
The Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the _________________________________,

established the ______________________________________________________________________
(ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations charged with coordinating and regulating international air
travel. The Convention establishes rules of ___________________________________________ and
__________________________, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel. The
Convention also exempts ___________________________________ from tax.
The document was signed on ____________________________________________ in Chicago, Illinois, by

________ signatory states. It received the requisite 26th ratification on ______________________________
and went into effect on April 4, ___________________________, the same date that ICAO came into being.
50. About Article 29, before an international flight, what are the required documents on board the
aircraft?
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________
6. ________________________________
7. ________________________________
51. What are the main ICAO’s responsibilities as a specialized agency of the UN?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
52. What is IATA and what is its mission?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
53. What does FAA stand for?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
54. What is ANAC and what are its responsibilities?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
221
:: Aerospace Medicine ::
55. What are the major effects of high altitude on the body?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
56. How can you define decompression sickness?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Alergias: ________________________________
 Audição: ________________________________
 Boa forma: ________________________________
 Cáries: ________________________________
 Ciclo circadiano: ________________________________
 Circulação: ________________________________
 Corpo: ________________________________
 Dente: ________________________________
 Depressão: ________________________________
 Desidratação: ________________________________
 Distúrbio: ________________________________
 Doença: ________________________________
 Dor de cabeça: ________________________________
 Dor de dente: ________________________________
 Dor no peito: ________________________________
 Dor: ________________________________
 Fatiga: ________________________________
 Fuso horário: ________________________________
 Machucado: ________________________________
 Maxilar: ________________________________
 Medicina: ________________________________
 Ouvido: ________________________________
 Oxigênio: ________________________________
 Pressão atmosférica: ________________________________
 Pressão: ________________________________
 Pulmão: ________________________________
 Respiração: ________________________________
 Saudável: ________________________________
 Saúde: ________________________________
 Sintomas: ________________________________
 Tontura: ________________________________
 Tosse: ________________________________
222
:: First Aid & CPR ::
58. Treat injuries in order of their importance:
 Respiração: ________________________________
 Hemorragia: ________________________________
 Fraturas: ________________________________
 Queimaduras: ________________________________
59. When should a flight attendant use the contents of a First Aid Kit?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
60. What charges could a flight attendant face if there is an unauthorized opening of the Emergency
Medical Kit?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
61. What is the first aid procedure for a passenger presenting nosebleed?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
62. What are strains and sprains?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Massagem Cardíaca: Ossos: Músculo:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Pulmões: Tala: Respiração Boca-a-Boca:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
223
:: In-Flight Childbirth ::
64. Air travel is generally safe for pregnant women, as long as:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
65. Write down 3 useful tips for a comfortable flight while travelling pregnant:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
66. How would you clean the baby’s airway?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
67. Explain how to cut the umbilical cord:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
68. What NOT to do during an in-flight birth:
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
5. ___________________________________
6. ___________________________________
7. ___________________________________
Gestante: Gravidez: Amamentar / Amamentação:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
224
:: Air Navigation ::
70. What is an Equatorial Plane?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
71. What is the name of the circle that runs along the surface of a sphere and cut it into two equal
halves?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
72. What is a Prime Meridian and where is it located?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
73. Explain latitude:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
74. Explain longitude:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
75. Write down the cardinal and ordinal points found in a compass rose:
1. N [0°-360°]: __________________________
2. E [90°]: __________________________
3. S [180°]: __________________________
4. W [270°]: __________________________
5. NE [45°]: __________________________
6. SE [135°]: __________________________
7. SW [225°]: __________________________
8. NW [315°]: __________________________
76. What is the difference between course and heading?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
77. What is the reference point for UTC in time zone and what is its longitude?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
78. How many time zones are there in Brazil nowadays and where is the official UTC in this country?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
79. What are the main units of measurement for length and speed in aviation?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
225
:: Meteorology ::
80. What is a weather forecasting and how does it work?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
81. Write down the Earth’s principal atmospheric layers:
1. _____________________
2. _____________________
3. _____________________
4. _____________________
5. _____________________
Primavera: Verão: Inverno:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Outono: Ventos: Neve:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Raios / Relâmpagos: Nuvens: Chuva:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
Ensolarado: Nublado: Chuvoso:

__________________________ __________________________ __________________________
226
:: Airframes & Systems ::
83. What are the 3 main components of an airframe?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
84. What is the difference between spoilers and speed brakes?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
85. What are the main parts of the empennage?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
86. List the primary and secondary flight control mechanisms:
 Primary Controls
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Secondary Controls
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Amortecedores: ________________________________
 Cabine de comando: ________________________________
 Cauda: ________________________________
 Combustível: ________________________________
 Compensadores: ________________________________
 Empenagem: ________________________________
 Estabilizador horizontal: ________________________________
 Estabilizador vertical: ________________________________
 Estrutura do avião: ________________________________
 Freios aerodinâmicos: ________________________________
 Fuselagem: ________________________________
 Grupo moto-propulsor: ________________________________
 Longarina: ________________________________
 Manche: ________________________________
 Montante: ________________________________
 Motor turboélice: ________________________________
 Motor: ________________________________
 Nariz: ________________________________
 Nervura: ________________________________
 Pedal: ________________________________
 Ponta da asa: ________________________________
 Profundor: ________________________________
 Raíz da asa: ________________________________
 Revestimento: ________________________________
 Rodas: ________________________________
 Tirante: ________________________________
 Trem de pouso: ________________________________
 Turbina: ________________________________
227
:: Theory of Flight ::
88. What is relative wind?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
89. What are the forces acting on a cruise level aircraft?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
90. What is the angle of attack and what is a critical angle of attack?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
91. What is the angle of incidence?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
92. Describe a dihedral and an anhedral wing:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
93. What are the 3 main axis of an aircraft?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
94. How is load factor calculated?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
95. How can we say for sure that the aircraft is within weight and balance?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
96. Explain how the Mach Number functions:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Arfagem / Tangagem:
______________________________
Rolagem / Bancagem:
______________________________
Guinada:
______________________________
228
:: Interview Process ::
1. Tell me a little bit about yourself.
2. Why should I hire you?
3. Why have you decided to become a flight attendant?
4. What are you hobbies and interests? What do you like to do with your spare time?
5. Give me details of when you personally believe you went that “extra mile” for a customer.
4. Have you ever faced a difficult customer? Explain to me what happened and how have you sorted
the situation out.
229
:: REFERENCES ::
For further information on the contents found in this course and about the aviation industry, please
visit the following websites:
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.airlines.org
http://www.anac.gov.br
http://www.english-test.net
http://www.faa.gov
http://www.fabjob.com/FlightAttendant.asp
http://www.flightattendantcabincrewtrain.com
http://www.flightattendantfacts.com
http://www.flightattendants.org
http://www.iata.org
http://www.icao.int
http://www.infraero.gov.br
http://www.makeuptip.com
http://www.wilderness-survival.net
Fernanda Simões | Aviation English
http://fernandasimoesaviationenglish.tk
http://fernandasimoes.wordpress.com
http://englishlibrary.wordpress.com
Fernanda Simões
Teacher
Mobile: +55 19 91900825

E-mail: fernandasimoes@hotmail.com.br
Website: http://fernandasimoesaviationenglish.tk
230

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:: Flight Attendant’s Essential English Course ::

:: How To Use Your Brochure :: ..................................................................................................................... 3

WELCOME ABOARD, CREW!

:: HOW TO USE YOUR BROCHURE ::

B Bravo Brah voh

C Charlie Char lee

D Delta Del tah

F Foxtrot Foks trot

J Juliet Jew lee ett

K Kilo Key loh

L Lima Lee mah

PRONUNCIATION M Mike Mike

: Cabin Crew Job Profile :

:: CABIN CREW – JOB PROFILE ::

Pilot / Captain – Piloto / Comandante

Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as

The role of a flight attendant is not restricted to customer service

The number of flight attendants follows from international safety

Passenger Care Responsibilities

Profile: Air Cabin Crew

 Involves: Taking care of passengers during flights,

Training & Other Qualifications

Flight attendants must be certified by the FAA. A high school

Flight attendants and their immediate families are entitled to free or

: Customer Care Training :

The Airlines demand superior Assigned – Designado(a)

Each Flight Attendant is required to attend Recurrent Flight

Each Flight Attendant is required to satisfactorily complete

Any Flight Attendant not considered by the instructor to have

Non-Discrimination on The Basis of Handicap

The following information and procedures provide guidelines for

Airlines carriage of disabled customers is governed by the

Definition of a Disabled Individual

The definition of a disabled individual is any person who has a

Airlines will not discriminate against any otherwise qualified

At no time may a customer be left unattended in a wheelchair or lift

Procedure for checking wheelchairs with a "Claim at Gate" tag.

Must have a regular bag tag and a "Claim at Gate" tag.

Airlines permit disabled customers to stow canes, and other

To stow an assistance device:

 Under a row of connecting seats, flat on the floor and not

Airlines will permit dogs and other assistance animals used by

With the exception of restrictions involving Overwing Window Exit

 Require a disabled individual to occupy a certain seat.

Flight Attendants will provide the following cabin service to disabled

 Assistance in moving to and from seats

Flight attendants are not required to provide extensive special

 Assistance with actual eating

 Flight Attendant should inform the Captain of any customer

Hearing Or Speaking Impaired

Eight percent of our population is hearing or speaking impaired.

Many customers have visual impairments other than complete

Always ask first, "May I offer any assistance?."

Blind customers generally employ one of two methods for

To help seat a blind customer, place the individual's hand on the

Hearing and vision impairment are the most common physical

Stiffness and soreness in joints, especially with arthritis, results

Please assist with stowing and retrieving luggage.

Evacuation of Customers Requiring Assistance

All customers requiring special assistance to evacuate should have

The following are guidelines for assisting these customers.

Unusual Size Customers

Ordinarily customers of unusual height, weight or width do not

Incorrectly Boarded Customers