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TUMORLIKE CONDITIONS:
A N A LY S I S W I T H
CONVENTIONAL
RADIOGRAPHY
T H E O D O R E T. M I L L E R , M D
A abordagem do diagnóstico radiográfico dos tumores ósseos consiste em analisar a lesão de
forma organizada, atentando-se para as características radiográficas específicas de localização,
margens e zona de transição do tumor; reação periosteal; mineralização; tamanho e número de
lesões; e presença de um componente de tecido mole. A idade do paciente também é um
importante fator clínico no diagnóstico de tumores ósseos, várias lesões têm predileção por
faixas etárias específicas.
TUMOR ÓSSEO
• Lesões Benignas
• Lesões Malignas
• Anormalidades Reativas
• Anormalidades Metabólicas
• Condições Mistas
OS DOIS ASPECTOS + IMPORTANTES
• Idade do Paciente
• Localização da Lesão
AS CARACTERÍSTICAS RADIOGRÁFICAS
ESPECÍFICAS QUE DEVEM SER AVALIADAS
• Localização
• Margens e zona de transição
• Reação periosteal
• Mineralização
• Tamanho e número de lesões
• Componente de tecido mole
IDADE DO PACIENTE
• Margem;
• Zona de Transição (entre a lesão e o osso adjacente);
• Margens agudas e uma zona de transição estreita é radiograficamente considerada não
agressiva, particularmente quando as margens têm uma borda esclerótica;
MARGENS
• Tipo 1
– Tipo 1a (borda bem definida com borda esclerótica)
– Tipo 1b (borda bem definida, mas sem aro esclerótico)
– Tipo 1c (lesão lítica focal com borda mal definida)
Figure 3a: Type 1a geographic lesion. (a) Figure 3b: Type 1a geographic lesion. (a) Diagram
Diagram shows well-defined lucency with shows well-defined lucency with sclerotic rim.
sclerotic rim. (Adapted and reprinted, with (Adapted and reprinted, with permission, from
permission, from reference 1.) (b) Lateral reference 1.) (b) Lateral radiograph shows
radiograph shows intraosseous lipoma of intraosseous lipoma of the calcaneus, with a
the calcaneus, with a sclerotic rim (arrows). sclerotic rim (arrows).
Figure 4a: Type 1b geographic lesion. (a) Diagram Figure 4b: Type 1b geographic lesion. (a) Diagram
shows well-defined lucent lesion without sclerotic shows well-defined lucent lesion without sclerotic
rim. (Adapted and reprinted, with permission, from rim. (Adapted and reprinted, with permission, from
reference 1.) (b) Anteroposterior radiograph of femur reference 1.) (b) Anteroposterior radiograph of femur
shows well-defined geographic lytic focus of shows well-defined geographic lytic focus of
myeloma without a sclerotic rim. Notice the myeloma without a sclerotic rim. Notice the
endosteal scalloping (arrows). endosteal scalloping (arrows).
Figure 5a: Type 1c geographic lesion. (a) Diagram Figure 5b: Type 1c geographic lesion. (a)
shows ill-defined lytic lesion. (Adapted and Diagram shows ill-defined lytic lesion. (Adapted
reprinted, with permission, from reference 1.) (b) and reprinted, with permission, from reference 1.)
Lateral radiograph of femur in patient with (b) Lateral radiograph of femur in patient with
osteosarcoma shows large ill-defined lytic lesion osteosarcoma shows large ill-defined lytic lesion
(large black arrows). Note Codman triangles (large (large black arrows). Note Codman triangles (large
white arrows), periosteal interruption (small white white arrows), periosteal interruption (small white
arrow), and tumor-induced new bone production arrow), and tumor-induced new bone production
(small black arrow). The diaphyseal location is (small black arrow). The diaphyseal location is
unusual for osteosarcoma. unusual for osteosarcoma.
MARGENS
• Lesão infiltrativa tem margens mal definidas e uma ampla zona de transição, e seu padrão de
destruição óssea pode ser “roído pelas traças” (tipo 2) ou “permeado” (tipo 3);
Figure 6a: Type 2 moth-eaten lesion. (a) Diagram Figure 6b: Type 2 moth-eaten lesion. (a) Diagram
shows patchy lysis of medullary cavity. (Adapted and shows patchy lysis of medullary cavity. (Adapted and
reprinted, with permission, from reference 1.) (b) reprinted, with permission, from reference 1.) (b)
Anteroposterior radiograph of osteosarcoma shows Anteroposterior radiograph of osteosarcoma shows ill-
ill-defined patchy lytic lesion involving medullary defined patchy lytic lesion involving medullary cavity
cavity (long solid arrows) and cortex (open arrow). (long solid arrows) and cortex (open arrow). Also note
Also note multilamellated periosteal reaction (short multilamellated periosteal reaction (short solid arrows).
solid arrows).
Figure 7a: Type 3 permeated lytic lesion. (a) Diagram Figure 7b: Type 3 permeated lytic lesion. (a) Diagram
shows small patchy lucencies in medullary cavity. shows small patchy lucencies in medullary cavity.
(Adapted and reprinted, with permission, from (Adapted and reprinted, with permission, from
reference 1.) (b) Anteroposterior radiograph shows reference 1.) (b) Anteroposterior radiograph shows
fine permeated pattern involving cortex and medullary fine permeated pattern involving cortex and medullary
space of diametaphysis of proximal portion of tibia space of diametaphysis of proximal portion of tibia
(arrows) in a patient with Ewing sarcoma. (Image (arrows) in a patient with Ewing sarcoma. (Image
courtesy of Marcia Blacksin, MD, University of courtesy of Marcia Blacksin, MD, University of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.) Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ.)
Aspecto Roído por Traças
REAÇÃO PERIOSTEAL
• A reação periosteal sólida ou unilamelada é uma aparência não agressiva. Indica que a lesão é
de crescimento lento e dá ao osso a chance de isolar a lesão;
• Uma aparência multilamelada ou "casca de cebola" sugere um processo agressivo
intermediário, como aquele que aumenta e diminui ou que o osso está continuamente
tentando remover, mas não consegue.
• A interrupção (isto é, a ruptura) da reação periosteal uni ou multilamelada sugere um processo
agressivo que rompeu o periósteo.
• Um padrão espiculado ou perpendicular ao córtex, ou sunburst, é a aparência mais agressiva e
é altamente sugestivo de malignidade.
Figure 8a: Unilamellated periosteal Figure 8b: Unilamellated periosteal
reaction. (a) Diagram shows single layer reaction. (a) Diagram shows single layer
of reactive periosteum (arrow). (Adapted of reactive periosteum (arrow). (Adapted
and reprinted, with permission, from and reprinted, with permission, from
reference 2.) (b) Anteroposterior reference 2.) (b) Anteroposterior
radiograph of the knee in patient with radiograph of the knee in patient with
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy shows hypertrophic osteoarthropathy shows
thick unilamellated periosteal reaction thick unilamellated periosteal reaction
(arrows). (arrows).
Figure 9a: Multilamellated periosteal reaction. (a) Figure 9b: Multilamellated periosteal reaction. (a)
Diagram shows multilamellated, or onionskin, Diagram shows multilamellated, or onionskin,
periosteal reaction (arrow). (Adapted and periosteal reaction (arrow). (Adapted and
reprinted, with permission, from reference 2.) (b) reprinted, with permission, from reference 2.) (b)
Anteroposterior radiograph in a patient with Anteroposterior radiograph in a patient with
osteosarcoma shows multilamellated periosteal osteosarcoma shows multilamellated periosteal
reaction (arrow) in proximal portion of femur. Note reaction (arrow) in proximal portion of femur. Note
also large surrounding soft-tissue mass. See also also large surrounding soft-tissue mass. See also
Figure 6b. (Image courtesy of David Disler, MD, Figure 6b. (Image courtesy of David Disler, MD,
Commonwealth Radiology, Richmond, Va.) Commonwealth Radiology, Richmond, Va.)
Figure 10a: Perpendicular periosteal Figure 10b: Perpendicular periosteal Figure 10c: Perpendicular periosteal
reaction. (a) Diagram shows spiculated, or reaction. (a) Diagram shows spiculated, or reaction. (a) Diagram shows spiculated, or
hair-on-end, periosteal reaction (arrow). (b) hair-on-end, periosteal reaction (arrow). (b) hair-on-end, periosteal reaction (arrow). (b)
Diagram shows radial, or sunburst, periosteal Diagram shows radial, or sunburst, periosteal Diagram shows radial, or sunburst, periosteal
reaction (arrow). (Fig 10a, 10b adapted and reaction (arrow). (Fig 10a, 10b adapted and reaction (arrow). (Fig 10a, 10b adapted and
reprinted, with permission, from reference 2.) reprinted, with permission, from reference 2.) reprinted, with permission, from reference 2.)
(c) Anteroposterior radiograph in patient with (c) Anteroposterior radiograph in patient with (c) Anteroposterior radiograph in patient with
osteosarcoma shows marked perpendicular osteosarcoma shows marked perpendicular osteosarcoma shows marked perpendicular
periosteal reaction in proximal portion of periosteal reaction in proximal portion of periosteal reaction in proximal portion of
femur. (Image courtesy of Marcia Blacksin, femur. (Image courtesy of Marcia Blacksin, femur. (Image courtesy of Marcia Blacksin,
MD, University of Medicine and Dentistry of MD, University of Medicine and Dentistry of MD, University of Medicine and Dentistry of
New Jersey, Newark, NJ.) New Jersey, Newark, NJ.) New Jersey, Newark, NJ.)
TRIÂNGULO DE CODMAN
• Sequestro Ósseo;
Sequestro Ósseo
Case courtesy of Dr Jeremy Jones, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 62732
NÚMERO E TAMANHO
• Dependendo da agressividade
da lesão, o córtex abaulado
pode ter espessura normal
ou afilada. A tabela a seguir
classifica as lesões expansivas
e as “bolhas de sabão” líticas;
Aspecto lítico expansivo em bolha de sabão
ENVOLVIMENTO CORTICAL
• A presença de um componente de
tecido mole com lesão óssea sugere
um processo maligno;
• Os tumores que geralmente têm um
componente de tecido mole são
osteossarcoma, sarcoma de Ewing e
linfoma;
ESSENTIALS