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A MONTANHA E O URSO
5 OS HERDEIROS DE CONFÚCIO
6 O REINO EREMITA
7 A TEMPESTADE
8 A FRATURA
9 A RECONSTRUÇÃO
EPÍLOGO
INTRODUÇÃO
Na capital da lua,
(tradução nossa)
Oh céus! Nós tivemos inundações, secas e fome nos últimos quatro anos
por causa da minha falta de virtude (...) Como meu pobre povo pode
manter seu sustento sob tais dificuldades?
(tradução nossa)
EPÍLOGO
***
A Coreia, no conjunto de sua história, foi palco de
intensos combates, migrações, embates e contestações.
Disso moldou-se a nação coreana, de sua criatividade e
energia, de suas adaptações e inventividades. Nas últimas
décadas, a península foi fraturada em duas partes, no que
convencionamos chamar de Coreia do Norte e Coreia do Sul.
Os desentendimentos ainda afloram na região, amplificados
pelos interesses internacionais em não perder um
posicionamento no leste asiático. Mas caberá ao tempo nos
revelar se a unidade coreana será restabelecida,
reassumindo a unidade histórica da nação coreana.
REFERÊNCIAS
KIRK, Donald & KIM, Kisam. Kim Dae-jung and the Quest
for the Nobel: How the President of South Korea Bought the
Peace Prize and Financed Kim Jong-il's Nuclear Program.
Nova York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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from the Ashes - The Inside Story of an Economic, Political and Cultural
Phenomenon. Clarendon, Vermont, EUA: Tuttle, 2012, p. 4; KIM, Chun-Kil. The
History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut, EUA & Londres: Greenwood Press, 2005,
p. 20; SETH, Rasmussen. Igniting The Chemical Ring Of Fire: Historical Evolution
Of The Chemical Communities Of The Pacific Rim. Nova Jersey & Londres: World
Scientific, 2018, p. 173.
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in Conflict. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2012, pp. 35–36.
[5] CHOI, Jongtaik. “The Development of the Pottery Technologies of the Korean
Peninsula and their Relationship to Neighboring Regions” In: BYINGTON, M. E.
(Org.). Early Korea 1: Reconsidering Early Korean History through Archaeology.
Seul: Korea Institute, Harvard University Press, 2008, pp. 157, 176-187.
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Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
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Calm' to States in Conflict. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012, p. 74.
[7] LEE, Peter H. “Hyangga” In: LEE, Peter H. (Org.). A History of Korean
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[8] Escola budista que tem como seus princípios básicos a superação das
insatisfações mundanas (dukkha) e o transcendimento do círculo vicioso do
sofrimento e renascimentos (samsara), objetivando a todos a alcançar o estado
da iluminação (nirvana).
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& Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017, p. 62.
[14] DUK-KYU, Jin. Historical Origins of Korean Politics. Seul: Jisik Sanup
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[15] SHULTZ, Edward J. Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea.
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447.
[17] SHULTZ, Edward J. Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea.
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Fraser. Londres & Armonk, Nova York: M. E. Sharpe, 1997, p. 89.
[19] MACEDO, Emiliano Unzer. História do Japão: uma introdução. San
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[27] HAN, Jongwoo. Power, Place, and State-Society Relations in Korea: Neo-
Confucian and Geomantic Reconstruction of Developmental State and
Democratization. Plymouth, Reino Unido: Lexington, 2013, p. 139.
[28] Conjunto de ideias a ser materializado no espaço que busca o equilíbrio (tal
como o yin-yang) e influências positivas da ordem da natureza e do cosmos.
[29] PRATT, Keith & RUTT, Richard. Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary.
Londres & Nova York: Routledge, 1999, p. 255.
[30] HWANG, Kyung Moon. A History of Korea. Nova York: Palgrave, 2017, p. 65.
[38] ROSSABI, Morris. "Muslim and Central Asian Revolts" In: SPENCE, Jonathan
D. & WILLS, John E. Jr. From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in
Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven & Londres: Yale University Press, 1979,
pp. 191 - 192.
[39] CHAN, Robert Kong. Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary
Implications. Hong Kong: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, pp. 105 – 106.
[40] MACEDO, Emiliano Unzer. História do Japão: uma introdução. San
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[41] KANG, Etsuko Hae-Jin. Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean
Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Nova York & Londres:
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[50] KANG, Jae-eun. The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean
Confucianism. Traduzido por Suzanne Lee. Paramus, Nova Jersey: Homa & Sekey
Books, 2003, pp. 378 – 380.
[51] YAKYING, Jeong. The Analects of Dasan, Volume I: A Korean Syncretic
Reading, Traduzido e comentado por Hongkyung Kim. Oxford: Oxford University
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[59] HWANG, Kyung Moon. A History of Korea. Nova York: Palgrave, 2017, p. 95.
[61] LEE, Soyoung; DAEHOE, Ahn; CHANG, Chin-Sung & SOOMI, Lee. Diamond
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University Press; Nova York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018, pp. 13 - 42.
[62] LEE, E-Wha. Korea's Pastimes and Customs: A Social History. Traduzido por
Ju-Hee Park. Paramus, Nova Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books, 2006, pp. 197, 246.
[63] TZOU, Byron N. China and International Law: the boundary disputes. Nova
York: Praeger, 1990, p. 47.
[64] CHOI, Jai-Keun. The Origin of the Roman Catholic Church in Korea: An
Examination of Popular and Governmental Responses to Catholic Missions in the
Late Chosôn Dynasty. Seul: The Hermit Kingdom Press, 2006, pp. 9 – 14.
[65] Muito dessa curiosidade inicial coreana adveio das obras traduzidas do
jesuíta atuante e influente na corte chinesa, Matteo Ricci (1552 – 1610), na sua
obra “A Verdadeira Noção de Deus” ( ), publicado em Pequim em 1603 e
traduzido à época para várias línguas asiáticas.
[66] KWANG, Cho. The Choson Government´s Measures Against Catholicism. In:
YU, Chai-Shin (Org.). The Founding of Catholic Tradition in Korea. Fremont,
California: Asia Humanities Press, 2004, p. 105
[67] GRAYSON, James Huntley. Korea: a Religious History. Londres: Routledge
Curzon, 2002, p. 143.
[68] LEE, Sang Taek. Religion and Social Formation in Korea: Minjung and
Millenarianism. Nova York & Berlim: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996, pp. 80 – 81.
[69] SETH, Michael J. A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Plymouth,
Reino Unido: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, p. 20.
[70] MATRAY, James I. Crisis in a Divided Korea: A Chronology and Reference
Guide. Santa Barbara, California: ABC Clio, 2016, p. 26.
[71] Essas estelas são conhecidas como “Estelas de Rejeição à Reconciliação”
(chokhwapi) e foram depois retiradas em 1882 após os acordos assianados com
governos ocidentais.
KIM, Sebastian C. H. Pyongin pakhae and Western Imperial Aggression in Korea.
In: BECKER, Judith & STANLEY, Brian (Orgs.). Europe as the Other: External
Perspectives on European Christianity. Göttingen, Alemanha: Vandenhoeck &
Ruprecht Press, 2014, p. 73.
[72] CHOI, Jai-Keun. The Origin of the Roman Catholic Church in Korea: An
Examination of Popular and Governmental Responses to Catholic Missions in the
Late Chosôn Dynasty. Seul: The Hermit Kingdom Press, 2006, p. 218.
[73] KANG, Jae-eun. The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean
Confucianism. Traduzido por Suzanne Lee. Paramus, Nova Jersey: Homa & Sekey
Books, 2003, p. 432.
[74] YI, Pae-yong. Women in Korean History. Seul: Ewha Womans University
Press, 2008, p. 189.
[75] Para acesso à versão original em chinês, ver: ZUNXIAN, Huang. Chaoxian
celue: The Strategy for Chosun. Seul: Kunkuk University Press, 1977, p. 47.
[82] AMES, Roger T. & ROSEMONT JR., Henry. The Analects of Confucius: A
Philosophical Translation. Nova York: Random House, 1999, pp. 46 – 48.
[83] FLAHERTY, Robert Pearson. “Korean Millenial Movements” In: WESSINGER,
Catherine (Org.). The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism. Oxford & Nova York:
Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 332.
[84] ZACHMANN, Urs Matthias. China and Japan in the Late Meiji Period: China
Policy and the Japanese Discourse on National Identity, 1895-1904. Londres &
Nova York: Routledge, 2010, pp. 31 – 32.
[85] LEE, Kenneth B. Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Londres &
Westport, Connecticut, EUA: Praeger, 1997, p. 133.
[86] KOWNER, Rotem. Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. Lanham,
Boulder, Londres & Nova York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017, p. 614.
[87] SCHMID, Andre. Korea Between Empires, 1895-1919. Nova York: Columbia
University Press, 2002, p. 51.
[88] PRATT, Keith & RUTT, Richard. Korea: a Historical and Cultural Dictionary.
Londres: Routledge, 1999, p. 178.
[89] NAHM, Andrew C. Korea: Tradition & Transformation: a History of the Korean
People. Seul: Hollym International, 1996, p. 195.
[90] WARNER, Denis & WARNER, Peggy. The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. Londres & Portland, Oregon, EUA: Frank Cass,
2002, p. 152.
[91] FORCZYK, Robert. Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship: Yellow Sea
1904–05. Londres: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013, pp. 57-71.
[92] ECKERT, Carter J.; LEE, Ki-baik; LEW, Young Ick; ROBINSON, Michael &
WAGNER, Edward W. Korea Old and New: A History. Seul: Ilchokak, 1990, p. 245.
[93] FUCHS, Eckhardt; KASAHARA, Tokushi & SAALER, Sven (Orgs.). A New
Modern History of East Asia, vol. 1. Göttingen, Alemanha: V & R Academic, 2018,
p. 341.
[94] Considerando a união dos dois países nos termos de serem uma única
família (ilhan ilga), conforme postula a tradição confucionista. CAPRIO, Mark E.
Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. Seattle: University
of Washington Press, 2011, p. 185.
[95] CHUNG, Young-Iob. Korea Under Siege, 1876-1945: Capital Formation and
Economic Transformation. Oxford & Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2006,
pp. 162 – 163.
[101] LEE, Ann Sung-Hi. Yi Kwang-su and Modern Literature: Mujong (edição
bilíngue). Ithaca, Nova York: Cornell University, 2011.
[102] KIM, Dong Hoon. Eclipsed Cinema: The Film Culture of Colonial Korea.
Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press, 2017, p. 71.
[103] HOARE, James E. Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of
Korea. Plymouth, Reino Unido: Scarecrow, 2012, p. 307.
[104] UCHIDA, Jun. “Between Collaboration and Conflict: State and Society in
Wartime Korea” In: KIMURA, Masato & MINOHARA, Toshihiro. Tumultuous Decade:
Empire, Society, and Diplomacy in 1930s Japan. Toronto, Buffalo & Londres:
University of Toronto Press, 2013, p. 147.
[105] SETH, Michael J. A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late
Nineteenth Century to the Present. Vol. 2. Lanham, Maryland, EUA: Rowman &
Littlefield, 2016, pp. 80 - 81.
[106] KIM, Kwang-Ok. “Colonial Body and Indigenous Soul: Religion as a
Contested Terrain of Culture” In: LEE, Hong Yung; HA, Yong-Chool & SORENSEN,
Clark W. (Orgs.). Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea, 1910-1945. Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 2013, p. 288.
[107] HOLCOMBE, Charles. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization
to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, p.
277.
[108] HAN, Yong-sup. “The May Sixteenth Military Coup” In: KIM, Byong-Kook &
VOGEL, Ezra F (Orgs.). The Park Chung Hee Era. Cambridge, Massachussets &
Londres: Harvard University Press, 2011, p. 44.
[109] SOH, C. Sarah. The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial
Memory in Korea and Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008, pp. 18 –
19.
[110] FUCHS, Eckhardt; KASAHARA, Tokushi & SAALER, Sven (Orgs.). A New
Modern History of East Asia, vol. 1. Göttingen, Alemanha: V & R Academic, 2018,
p. 330.
[111] SCALAPINO, Robert A. & LEE, Chong-Sik. Communism in Korea: The
Society. Londres & Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1972, p.
921.
[112] KIM, Choong Soon & KIM, Song-su. A Korean Nationalist Entrepreneur: A
Life History of Kim Songsu, 1891–1955. Nova York: State University of New York
Press, 1998, p. 129.
[113] LANKOV, Andrei Nikolaevich. From Stalin to Kim Il Song: The Formation of
North Korea, 1945-1960. Londres: Hurst & Company, 2002, pp. 10 – 12.
[114] HWANG, Kyung Moon. A History of Korea: An Episodic Narrative.
Basingstoke, Reino Unido: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, p. 197.
[115] KIM, Chun-Kil. The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut, EUA & Londres:
Greenwood Press, 2005, pp. 167 – 168.
[116] Ibidem, p. 168.
[131] BEISNER, Robert L. Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War. Oxford & Nova
York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 326.
[132] KIM, Chun-Kil. The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut, EUA & Londres:
Greenwood Press, 2005, p. 155.
[133] LEE, Chong-Sik. “Historical Setting” In: SAVADA, Andrea Matles & SHAW,
William (Orgs.). South Korea: A Country Study. Washington, D. C., EUA: DIANE
Publishing, 1997, p. 32.
[134] MILLETT, Allan R. The Korean War: The Essential Bibliography. Dulles,
Virginia, EUA: Potomac Books, 2007, pp. 17-20.
[135] BOOSE, Donald W. Over the Beach: US Army Amphibious Operations in the
Korean War. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, EUA: Combat Studies Institute Press,
2008, pp. 176 – 178.
[136] HALBERSTAM, David. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War.
Nova York: Hyperion, 2007, pp. 354-356.
[137] SANDLER, Stanley. The Korean War: An Encyclopedia. Londres & Nova
York: Routledge, 2013, p. 212.
[138] MOSSMAN, Billy C. Ebb and Flow: November 1950 – July 1951, United
States Army in the Korean War. Washington, D. C., EUA: Center of Military
History, 1990, p. 192.
[139] PEARLMAN, Michael D. Truman and MacArthur: Policy, Politics, and the
Hunger for Honor and Renown. Bloomington & Indianapolis, EUA: Indiana
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[140] DEANE, Hugh. The Korean War 1945-1953. San Francisco, EUA: China
Books, 1999, p. 190.
[141] KIM, Chun-Kil. The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut, EUA & Londres:
Greenwood Press, 2005, p. 157.
[142] KATSIAFICAS, George. Asia's Unknown Uprisings: South Korean Social
Movements in the 20th Century. Oakland, California, EUA: PM Press, 2012, pp.
131 – 133.
[143] LANKOV, Andrei. The Real North Korea. Oxford & Nova York: Oxford
University Press, 2013, pp. 13 -14.
[144] SUH, Dae-Sook. Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. Nova York:
Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 136.
[145] ADRIAN, Buzo. The Guerilla Dynasty: Politics and Leadership in North
Korea. Londres & Nova York: I.B. Tauris, 1999, p. 138.
[146] LEE, Young Jo. “Economy and Society: The Countryside” In: KIM, Byong-
Kook & VOGEL, Ezra F (Orgs.). The Park Chung Hee Era. Cambridge,
Massachussets & Londres: Harvard University Press, 2011, pp. 353 – 360.
[147] SUH, Dae-sook. Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. Nova York:
Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 169.
[148] KIM, Hyung-A & SORENSEN, Clark W. (Orgs.). Reassessing the Park Chung
Hee Era, 1961-1979: Development, Political Thought, Democracy, and Cultural
Influence. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011, pp. 5 – 6.
[149] Ibidem, p. 48.
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William (Orgs.). South Korea: A Country Study. Washington, D. C., EUA: DIANE
Publishing, 1997, pp. 39 – 40.
[152] LIM, Jae-Cheon. Kim Jong-il's Leadership of North Korea. Londres & Nova
York: Routledge, 2009, p. 37.
[153] Ibidem, p. 46.
[154] KIRK, Donald & KIM, Kisam. Kim Dae-jung and the Quest for the Nobel:
How the President of South Korea Bought the Peace Prize and Financed Kim
Jong-il's Nuclear Program. Nova York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, p. 143.
[155] KIM, Hyung-A & SORENSEN, Clark W. (Orgs.). Reassessing the Park Chung
Hee Era, 1961-1979: Development, Political Thought, Democracy, and Cultural
Influence. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011, p. 5.
[156] HWANG, Kyung Moon. A History of Korea. Londres: Macmillan, 2010, pp.
236-237.
[157] LEE, Chae-Jin. A Troubled Peace: U.S. Policy and the Two Koreas. Baltimore,
EUA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 95.
[158] SETH, Michael J. A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late
Nineteenth Century to the Present. Lanham, EUA: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, p.
187.
[159] KIM, Chun-Kil. The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut, EUA & Londres:
Greenwood Press, 2005, p. 169.
[160] LANKOV, Andrei. The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed
Stalinist Utopia. Oxford & Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 77 - 80.
[161] SETH, Michael J. North Korea. Londres: Palgrave, 2018, p. 156.
[162] SUH, Jae-Jung. Truth and Reconciliation in South Korea: Between the
Present and Future of the Korean Wars. Londres & Nova York: Routledge, 2013,
p. 136.
[163] KIM, Chun-Kil. The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut, EUA & Londres:
Greenwood Press, 2005, p. 172.
[164] MOON, Chung-In. “The Sunshine Policy and the Korean Summit:
assessments and prospects“ In: AKAHA, Tsuneo (Org.). The Future of North
Korea. Nova York & Londres: Routledge, 2002, p. 37.
[165] HEO, Uk & ROEHRIG, Terence. South Korea Since 1980. Nova York:
Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 131 – 132.
[166] KIHL, Young Whan. Transforming Korean Politics: Democracy, Reform, and
Culture: Democracy, Reform, and Culture. Londres & Nova York: Routledge,
2015, p. 360.
[167] ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT.
Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2003. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2003, p. 84.
[168] LEE, Bong. The Unfinished War: Korea. Nova York: Algora Publishing, 2003,
p. 263.
[169] HAGGARD, Stephan & NOLAND, Marcus. Famine in North Korea: Markets,
Aid, and Reform. Nova York: Columbia University Press, 2009, pp. 130 – 133.
[174] KWAK, Tae-Hwan Kwak & JOO, Seung-Ho. North Korea and Security
Cooperation in Northeast Asia. Londres & Nova York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 159 –
160.