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Artur da Rocha Moreira Neto1 A restrio de crescimento intra-uterino ocorre quando o feto no atinge
Jos Carlos Martins Crdoba1
Jos Carlos Peraoli2
o tamanho esperado ou determinado pelo seu potencial gentico, sendo
identificada clinicamente quando o peso fetal est abaixo do percentil
10 para a idade gestacional. Essa definio a mais utilizada na litera-
tura. A restrio de crescimento fetal um problema clnico comum,
associado ao aumento da morbidade e mortalidade perinatal sendo re-
conhecida em 7% a 15% das gestaes. O objetivo dessa reviso foi re-
lacionar os fatores envolvidos na etiologia da restrio de crescimento
intra-uterino, por meio de reviso bibliogrfica da literatura nas bases
de dados medline, pubmed, scielo, alm de livros, com nfase nos lti-
mos 10 anos. A anlise da literatura permite concluir que, so mltiplos
os fatores relacionados a essa intercorrncia, abrangendo fatores mater-
nos, placentrios e fetais. Importante ressaltar que esses diferentes fato-
res podem atuar concomitantemente, alguns so prevenveis e muitos
deles esto intimamente relacionados com o estado socioeconmico e
cultural da populao. Assim, as causas e incidncia de RCIU so dife-
1
Escola Superior de Cincias da Sade/ rentes segundo a populao estudada.
FEPECS da Secretaria de Estado de Sade
do Distrito Federal. Braslia-DF, Brasil. Palavras-chave: Restrio de crescimento intrauterino; Etiologia;
2
Departamento de Ginecologia e Morbidade; Mortalidade perinatal.
Obstetrcia da Faculdade de Medicina de
Botucatu/UNESP. Botucatu-SP, Brasil.
ABSTRACT
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) happens when the fetus does not
reach the expected size or determined by its genetic potential. It is clini-
cally identified when the fetal weight is below the 10th percentile for the
gestational age. This definition is frequently used in the literature. Fetal
growth restriction is a common clinical problem that is associated with
the increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality, and is reported in 7 to
Correspondncia 15% of pregnancies. The objective of this review is to describe the fac-
Artur da Rocha Moreira Neto tors involved in the etiology of intrauterine growth restriction, by using
SQS 113, bloco B, apartamento 304, the bibliographic review of the literature on the databases of Medline,
Asa Sul, Braslia-DF. 70376-020, Brasil.
drarturdarocha@ibest.com.br Pubmed, Scielo, and also books, with emphasis on the past 10 years.
The analysis of the consulted materials shows that there are many fac-
tors associated with this condition, including maternal, placental and
fetal factors. Its important to highlight that these different factors can
act concomitantly, some of them are predictable, and many of them are
intimately related with the socioeconomic and cultural status of the po-
pulation. Thus, the causes and incidence of IUGR vary according to the
study population.
Definio
A morbidade perinatal cinco vezes maior para ferncia abdominal, uma vez que o fgado, princi-
os fetos com RCIU, em decorrncia da maior fre- pal rgo afetado tem seu crescimento prejudica-
qncia de hipoxia, aspirao de mecnio, hipo- do pelo maior consumo de glicognio, caracteri-
glicemia, hipocalcemia, policitemia, hipotermia, zando os fetos como magros, com estatura normal
hemorragia pulmonar e prejuzo no desenvolvi- e plo ceflico proporcionalmente grande. Nessa
mento neuropsicomotor12. fase de hiperplasia ocorre reduo da oferta de nu-
trientes que determina redistribuio dos fluxos
A restrio de crescimento intra-uterino influen- sanguneos para privilegiar rgos como crebro,
ciar o desenvolvimento do indivduo no perodo corao e supra-renais. Podem apresentar hipxia
ps-natal, repercutindo sobre o estado nutricional e hipoglicemia.
na infncia13. Mais ainda, existem evidncias que
nascer pequeno para a idade gestacional est asso- Tipo III Intermedirio ou misto: responde por
ciado ao aumento de risco de desenvolver doenas 5% a 10% dos casos, sendo conseqente a proces-
cardiovasculares e diabetes na vida futura14. sos de agresso tanto na fase de hiperplasia quanto
na de hipertrofia do crescimento celular. Os prin-
Classificao cipais fatores etiolgicos so desnutrio mater-
na e consumo de drogas ilcitas, lcool, fumo e
Lin e Santolaya-Forgas (1998)15 dividem o cresci- cafena. O diagnstico clnico do tipo III difcil,
mento celular fetal em trs fases consecutivas: de sendo geralmente os RN classificados como tipo
hiperplasia, presente nas primeiras 16 semanas e I ou II.
que se caracteriza por aumento do nmero de c-
lulas; de hiperplasia e hipertrofia celular, presente Prognstico
entre a 16 e 32 semanas e de hipertrofia, pre-
sente aps a 32 semana e caracterizada princi- A restrio de crescimento intra-uterino exerce in-
palmente pela deposio de gordura resultante do fluncia sobre as taxas de mortalidade e morbidade
metabolismo do glicognio. infantil17.
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Este artigo faz parte da Dissertao intitulada: Caracteristicas da mes adolescentes e de seus recm-
-nascidos de baixo peso em trs Hospitais Regionais do Distrito Federal apresentada em 2011 ao
Programa de Ps-Graduao em Ginecologia, Obstetrcia e Mastologia da Faculdade de Medicina de
Botucatu Unesp, Projeto MINTER (FMB-UNESP/ESCS-FEPECS-DF).