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Revisão da literatura atual até: fevereiro de 2023. | Última atualização deste tópico: 19 de julho de 2022.
INTRODUÇÃO
Lesões dos músculos e tendões do quadríceps são comuns entre atletas e adultos ativos. A
maioria pode ser diagnosticada por uma história cuidadosa e exame físico, e o tratamento
conservador é bem-sucedido para a grande maioria.
ANATOMIA E BIOMECÂNICA
Os músculos quadríceps são compostos pelo reto femoral, vasto lateral, vasto medial e
vasto intermediário ( figura 1 e figura 1 e figura 2 e figura 3 e figura 4 ). O
reto femoral situa-se centralmente na parte anterior da coxa e tem duas origens (
figura 5 ). As fibras mais superficiais começam como um tendão na espinha ilíaca
ântero-inferior (AIIS), enquanto as fibras mais profundas surgem da borda acetabular.
Essas duas seções musculares se fundem com uma camada miofascial, às vezes chamada
de tendão central, que se estende por dois terços do comprimento do reto femoral. O
músculo vasto lateral se origina na borda lateral proximal do fêmur e na área do trocânter
maior ( figura 6 e figura 7 ). O vasto lateral ( figura 8 ) tem o maior volume de todos
os quadríceps. Contribui para a extensão do joelho, mas também puxa a patela
lateralmente. O vasto medial é o menor dos quadríceps e se origina no fêmur medial
próximo à linha intertrocantérica. O vasto medial ( figura 9 ) neutraliza o vasto lateral
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puxando a patela medialmente. Como um músculo mais curto com menos massa, o vasto
medial deve manter força adequada para neutralizar o vasto lateral. O vasto intermediário
( figura 10 ) origina - se da porção proximal do fêmur na linha intertrocantérica superior
( figura 11). O vasto intermediário ajuda a estabilizar o rastreamento da linha média da
patela durante a extensão do joelho.
A ação básica dos músculos do quadríceps é estender o joelho. A ação coordenada dos
músculos individuais do quadríceps ajuda a direcionar a força verticalmente entre as
articulações do quadril e do joelho [ 1 ]. No entanto, o quadríceps desempenha outras
funções importantes para movimento e estabilização. O reto femoral desempenha papéis
importantes na flexão do quadril e na estabilização da pelve durante a fase inicial de
balanço da marcha [ 2,3 ]. A maior parte da ativação do quadríceps na caminhada normal
ocorre durante a fase inicial do ciclo da marcha, a menos que o indivíduo esteja subindo
uma ladeira ou subindo degraus [ 4]. O grupo do quadríceps desempenha um papel
importante no controle da desaceleração e no fornecimento de estabilidade ao aterrissar
de um salto, correr, mudar de direção em alta velocidade (ou seja, cortar) ou descer uma
ladeira [ 5-7 ] .
Como o único músculo quadríceps que cruza as articulações do joelho e do quadril, o reto
femoral está envolvido na flexão do quadril e na extensão do joelho e é ativo durante uma
ampla gama de movimentos atléticos do que o outro quadríceps [ 8]. Outro papel
importante do reto femoral é estabilizar a translação anterior da pelve durante a corrida e
o salto, que resulta de uma inversão funcional da origem e inserção do músculo. Em outras
palavras, quando um atleta cai de um salto ou quando a perna dianteira atinge o solo
durante a corrida, a inserção distal dos extensores do joelho funciona através dos tendões
patelar e do quadríceps para estabilizar o joelho, em vez de estendê-lo. Nesse cenário, a
origem do reto femoral na pelve funciona como um extensor, realizando uma contração
excêntrica controlada para estabilizar e girar a pelve para frente à medida que o indivíduo
transita da fase de apoio inicial para as fases de afastamento e balanço da marcha. ciclo.
um dos músculos, pode colocar cargas anormais no joelho e aumentar o risco de lesões,
incluindo rupturas do LCA e outras lesões no joelho [ 12-14 ] . Por várias razões, o reto
femoral corre maior risco de lesão em comparação com o outro quadríceps. Além de seu
papel em uma ampla gama de movimentos, o reto femoral pode gerar maior força quando
se contrai devido ao seu maior comprimento e porcentagem relativamente alta
(aproximadamente 65 por cento) de fibras musculares do tipo II (contração rápida) [ 8].
Além de gerar maior força, as fibras do tipo II fadigam mais rapidamente, outro fator de
risco para lesões. (Consulte "Lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior" .)
A maioria das lesões musculares do quadríceps ocorre em esportes que envolvem corrida
ou movimento explosivo (por exemplo, salto, corte), onde o quadríceps é necessário para
gerar força e elevação, como durante a fase aérea da corrida. Exemplos incluem basquete,
vôlei e salto em distância ou em altura, nos quais a força necessária para saltos explosivos
coloca o atleta em risco de tais lesões.
Fatores de risco para lesão do quadríceps — Os dados que fornecem informações
sobre os fatores de risco para lesão do quadríceps são limitados. Numerosos estudos
sugerem que a competição de jogos está associada a um risco maior de lesões nas
extremidades inferiores em comparação com a prática, com alguns estudos relatando
taxas até 25 vezes maiores para a competição de jogos [ 24-30 ]. No entanto, dados
específicos para lesões do quadríceps não estão disponíveis.
O domínio da perna é um fator de risco conhecido para lesões do quadríceps, com lesões
aproximadamente duas vezes mais prováveis na perna dominante [ 30-32 ]. Um pequeno
estudo observacional prospectivo de jogadores de futebol adultos jovens relatou uma
associação entre assimetria de força e flexibilidade e lesão do quadríceps [ 33 ]. Embora
esses achados não sejam consistentes entre os estudos [ 34 ], muitos especialistas
acreditam que assimetrias significativas em força e flexibilidade entre as pernas, bem
como assimetrias significativas de força entre os grupos musculares do quadríceps e
isquiotibiais (que devem trabalhar de maneira coordenada durante praticamente todos
movimento funcional) na mesma extremidade inferior, predispõem a lesões.
Lesão anterior do quadríceps ou lesão recente dos isquiotibiais parece aumentar o risco de
lesão subseqüente do quadríceps [ 30,31 ]. Alguns pesquisadores teorizam que as
alterações da marcha devido à lesão dos isquiotibiais predispõem o atleta à subsequente
lesão do quadríceps. Alguns estudos observacionais relataram uma tendência de aumento
do risco de lesão do quadríceps entre jogadores de futebol mais baixos e pesados [ 31,33 ],
mas outros não encontraram associação entre risco de lesão e aumento de peso [ 34 ].
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Três regiões do quadríceps têm maior probabilidade de sustentar uma tensão muscular: a
junção musculotendinosa logo acima do joelho (tendão proximal do quadríceps); o tendão
do reto femoral proximal em sua origem na espinha ilíaca ântero-inferior (AIIS); e, a
interseção miotendínea (ou tendão central) que fica entre as porções superficial e
profunda do músculo nos dois terços proximais do reto femoral. O reto femoral é o
músculo do quadríceps mais suscetível à tensão porque é o mais longo e gera a maior
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Durante o exame, a força da extensão do joelho e do quadril deve ser avaliada, pois isso
ajuda a determinar a gravidade da distensão. As tensões musculares de grau um envolvem
ruptura mínima das fibras musculares sem perda de força. O grau dois envolve uma
ruptura mais grave que causa dor significativa, alguma perda de força e possivelmente um
defeito muscular palpável. Lesões de grau três envolvem uma ruptura muscular completa
e perda substancial de força.
Com rupturas maiores, a assimetria da coxa pode ser notada, juntamente com uma massa
muscular indolor ou levemente dolorosa. Os defeitos podem ocorrer em qualquer parte do
músculo, mas mais comumente ocorrem próximo ao “tendão central” (a interface fascial
entre os feixes profundo e superficial dos dois terços proximais do reto femoral). Defeitos
menores podem ser observados tanto no vasto medial oblíquo quanto no vasto lateral,
caso sejam lesionados, e são tipicamente encontrados no músculo distal na junção
musculotendínea do tendão do quadríceps.
Contusão do quadríceps – As contusões do quadríceps são causadas por trauma direto
ao músculo, como ser atingido por uma bola, capacete ou algum outro objeto duro [ 42 ].
O risco de contusão do quadríceps é aumentado no meio do quadríceps (ou seja, porção
central do reto femoral) devido à frequência de trauma nesse local e ao aumento da
vascularização nessa porção do músculo, mas diminuiu perto da origem do reto femoral
no AIIS . O impacto danifica os vasos sanguíneos e o tecido muscular, o que pode resultar
em um hematoma. Quaisquer comorbidades ou medicamentos que aumentam o risco de
sangramento podem aumentar o tamanho do hematoma. Grandes contusões não tratadas
(e raramente contusões menores também) podem resultar em miosite ossificante, uma
calcificação do hematoma. (Ver'Miosite ossificante' abaixo.)
A flexão do joelho tem sido usada para avaliar a gravidade e o prognóstico das contusões
do quadríceps [ 16,42 ]. Pacientes com contusões do quadríceps classificadas como leves
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têm marcha normal, sensibilidade localizada e flexão ativa do joelho superior a 90 graus.
Pacientes com contusões moderadas têm uma marcha antálgica, uma massa inchada e
sensível no quadríceps e 45 a 90 graus de flexão ativa do joelho. As contusões graves são
caracterizadas por uma marcha severamente antálgica, uma massa dolorosa visivelmente
inchada e menos de 45 graus de flexão ativa do joelho. Particularmente com lesões graves
e achados físicos mais pronunciados, a história e o mecanismo da lesão fornecem os meios
mais úteis para distinguir entre distensão do quadríceps e contusão do quadríceps.
Com não atletas, as rupturas do tendão podem ocorrer quando uma pessoa cai para trás
enquanto o pé ou os pés estão presos ou fixados no chão e incapazes de se mover. Nesses
casos, a queda do peso corporal exerce uma grande força excêntrica no tendão distal do
quadríceps. Múltiplos relatos de casos descrevem esse fenômeno [ 41,44,45 ]. Relatos de
casos também descrevem rupturas bilaterais do tendão do quadríceps em pacientes mais
velhos e algumas em atletas mais jovens que ocorrem com quedas desajeitadas para trás
ou quando a parte superior do tronco é impulsionada com força para trás enquanto o
paciente está ajoelhado com todo o peso sobre os joelhos flexionados ao máximo, como
pode ocorrer em Futebol americano ou outros esportes de contato.
Em pacientes com ruptura aguda do tendão, considere causas secundárias, como abuso
de esteroides anabolizantes, doença renal, doença óssea metabólica
(hiperparatireoidismo) e medicamentos associados à ruptura do tendão (por exemplo,
quinolonas). (Consulte 'Epidemiologia e fatores de risco' acima.)
ESTUDOS DE IMAGEM
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DIAGNÓSTICO
As lesões do quadríceps geralmente podem ser diagnosticadas com base em uma história
sugestiva e nos achados do exame. Estes são descritos em detalhes acima para cada
condição principal. (Consulte 'Apresentação clínica e exame' acima.)
A lesão mais comum do quadríceps é uma tensão muscular, que normalmente ocorre
durante manobras que envolvem contração excêntrica súbita e forte, como aterrissagem
de um salto em altura, mudança repentina de direção durante uma corrida rápida (ou seja,
corte) e aterrissagem (ou seja, estabilização após footstrike) durante um sprint,
especialmente ao descer uma ladeira. As lesões ocorrem com mais frequência durante
esportes que exigem a execução repetida de tais manobras, como basquete, vôlei e
futebol. Dependendo da extensão da ruptura, os sintomas variam de desconforto leve a
dor intensa. A dor geralmente aumenta com a flexão passiva ou ativa do joelho ou com a
extensão passiva ou ativa do quadril, e há sensibilidade focal no local da ruptura. Em
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Os estudos de imagem geralmente são obtidos apenas quando o diagnóstico não é claro
ou a apresentação é incomum ou preocupante (por exemplo, presença de sinais
constitucionais, sem melhora dos sintomas com repouso, resposta insatisfatória à terapia
adequada). No entanto, os médicos com experiência em ultrassonografia
musculoesquelética costumam realizar um exame para confirmar o diagnóstico e a
extensão da lesão ( imagem 5 ). (Consulte 'Estudos de imagem' acima.)
DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL
● Fratura por estresse da diáfise femoral – Uma fratura por estresse da diáfise
femoral é uma lesão por uso excessivo que alguns pacientes podem inicialmente
interpretar erroneamente como uma tensão muscular menos grave. Os pacientes
geralmente não se lembram de uma lesão específica. A dor pode começar após a
atividade, levando o paciente a pensar que “puxou alguma coisa”. No entanto, ao
contrário de tensões musculares menores, uma fratura por estresse da diáfise
femoral não responde bem a uma breve pausa nas atividades e é mais provável que
cause dor noturna. O exame geralmente revela uma dor profunda mal localizada ao
redor do local da fratura, enquanto a sensibilidade de uma distensão do quadríceps é
mais focal e exacerbada pela palpação direta ou contração muscular. Uma manobra
de fulcro para a diáfise femoral provocará dor se houver fratura por estresse. A
imagem é necessária para um diagnóstico definitivo. (Ver "Visão geral das fraturas
por estresse" .)
● Fratura por estresse patelar – Embora rara, uma fratura por estresse patelar pode
simular um problema no tendão do quadríceps, principalmente se o local da fratura
estiver no polo proximal da patela. Uma fratura por estresse patelar geralmente tem
um início gradual, semelhante ao de um problema no tendão do quadríceps. No
entanto, a dor e a sensibilidade estão localizadas na patela, e não no tendão. Estudos
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● Dor referida na coluna lombar – A dor neuropática da coluna lombar pode ser
referida causando desconforto na parte anterior da coxa, o que pode simular lesão
do quadríceps. Normalmente, não há histórico de lesão e os sintomas incluem dor
lombar. A sensibilidade neural pode ser obtida com um teste de Thomas modificado (
figura 2 ) ou flexão e extensão passiva do joelho. (Consulte "radiculopatia
lombossacral aguda: fisiopatologia, características clínicas e diagnóstico", seção sobre
'radiculopatia L2/L3/L4' .)
● Femoral nerve injury ‒ Femoral nerve injury is thought to occur secondary to psoas
muscle strain or a psoas bursitis, in which a hematoma or fluid collection compresses
the nerve. Patients experience sharp, burning pain in the groin and thigh, which is
often accompanied by muscle weakness or numbness [55,56]. The radiating nature of
the pain and the presence of muscle weakness help to differentiate this injury from
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Surgical treatment is indicated for complete quadriceps and patellar tendon ruptures and
for high grade partial ruptures. These patients should be referred for orthopedic
management. In addition, injuries that lead to massive bleeding and concern for acute
compartment syndrome require immediate surgical evaluation. Otherwise, quadriceps
muscle and tendon injuries are generally treated conservatively. (See "Acute compartment
syndrome of the extremities".)
INITIAL TREATMENT
Initial treatment varies depending upon the specific type of quadriceps muscle or tendon
injury. Below, treatment is described for common quadriceps muscle and tendon injuries:
quadriceps muscle strain, quadriceps muscle contusion, quadriceps tendinopathy, and
quadriceps and patellar tendon rupture.
Quadriceps strain — The initial treatment for the various grades of quadriceps strain is
similar, but healing rates vary depending upon the severity of injury. Rest, Ice,
Compression, and Elevation (RICE) therapy is standard, particularly during the first 24 to 48
hours of treatment, to limit the extent of localized bleeding, swelling, and pain [57,58].
Cryotherapy appears to be a safe and effective means of reducing pain and likely plays a
role in lowering tissue metabolism and reducing secondary hypoxic injury. We apply ice to
the affected area for approximately 15 minutes every one to two hours while the patient is
awake. Ice is not applied directly to the skin to avoid cold-induced injury. The leg should be
kept elevated above heart level. Crutches are used in patients with severe strains who are
unable to bear weight.
We suggest initiating passive range of motion focused primarily on knee flexion and
gentle stretching of the quadriceps ( picture 3) to the point of mild discomfort as early
as possible. Plausible benefits to this approach include pain reduction, improved mobility,
and activation of neuromuscular pathways. However, high quality evidence supporting
these interventions is lacking. We encourage patients to perform isometric muscle
contraction, if tolerated, as part of the initial stages of treatment to prevent muscle
atrophy.
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concerns that NSAID treatment may increase bleeding from injured muscle, delay healing,
weaken tissue, and lead to impaired function, but there is no evidence suggesting that
short-term treatment is harmful [59,60]. Our patients often take a short course (no longer
than five to seven days) of NSAIDs. The effect of NSAIDs on tendon healing is discussed
separately. Acetaminophen may also be used for analgesia. (See "Nonselective NSAIDs:
Overview of adverse effects", section on 'Healing of musculoskeletal injury'.)
NSAIDs may be used during the first 72 hours for mild contusions [59]; a five to seven day
course for moderate to severe contusions is reasonable [62]. Acetaminophen may also be
used for analgesia. Appropriate early management, particularly for severe injuries, is
critical for minimizing discomfort and hastening return to play.
Following removal of the flexion wrap after the first 24 to 48 hours, motion exercises for
both leg extension and hip flexion should be performed several times daily within a range
of movement that does not cause pain [17].
Icing, supportive taping, and patellar tendon straps are adjunctive treatments that provide
some relief of symptoms. A short course of oral or topical NSAIDs can be used for
analgesia. There is no high quality evidence supporting treatment with glucocorticoid,
prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma [64], or other injections. (See "Biologic therapies for
tendon and muscle injury".)
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Incomplete quadriceps tendon rupture is much more common, but there is little evidence
to guide treatment. Initial care is the same as for complete ruptures, although smaller
partial tears do not require the patient to be non-weightbearing. As symptoms allow
following acute treatment, the patient begins a gradual program of quadriceps tendon
rehabilitation. In most cases surgical referral is not necessary. Persistent or worsening
pain, increasing weakness, an enlarging palpable defect or extension of the tear as
visualized on ultrasound are among the reasons for orthopedic referral of a patient with a
partial tear.
FOLLOW-UP CARE
Rehabilitation of quadriceps muscle and tendon injuries consists primarily of mobility and
strengthening exercises. Evidence to inform the most effective treatment for these injuries
is extremely limited [67]; no randomized trials comparing the relative effectiveness of
rehabilitation protocols have been performed. Thus, the following guidelines are based
upon observational data, clinical experience, and expert opinion.
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Stage one of rehabilitation consists of the basic interventions outlined above, including
gentle passive range of motion focused primarily on knee flexion and gentle stretching of
the quadriceps muscles. (See 'Quadriceps strain' above.)
Stage two of rehabilitation is focused on achieving pain free motion. Mobility and
stretching exercises are performed, with the range of motion gradually increased as pain
permits. The patient may progress from partial weightbearing to full weightbearing during
this stage. If strength training is performed, only isometric contractions or isotonic
exercises using light resistance are permitted ( picture 5).
Stage three of rehabilitation focuses on improving basic function and may begin when the
patient is fully weightbearing and demonstrates full, pain-free motion of the knee and hip.
Eccentric strengthening begins in earnest during this stage; exercise repetitions, speed,
and resistance are gradually increased. Ice and compression are used as needed to
manage post-exercise pain and swelling, which should be mild. Quadriceps dominant
continuous activities like cycling or a stair-step machine may be started but only at low
resistance initially. Over time, the duration and resistance may be increased gradually.
Patients may begin the fourth and final stage of rehabilitation when they can perform
activities of daily living without pain and the function of the affected muscle and tendon is
comparable to the unaffected side. The goal of this stage is to regain the ability to perform
sport-specific movements. Thus, this stage of rehabilitation varies with the demands of the
sport. Activities such as plyometrics (eg, box jumps, bounding) and multidirectional
activities (eg, short sprints with rapid changes of direction) are common. This final stage is
completed when the athlete can perform all functions necessary to participate in their
sport with minimal or no symptoms.
Particularly during the latter stages of rehabilitation, clinicians must be on guard for the
competitive athlete recovering from a significant strain who wants to increase the intensity
and volume of their rehabilitation training too quickly. This phenomenon is common and
understandable but increases the risk for delayed healing and recurrence.
Operative intervention is rarely necessary for quadriceps strains and generally reserved for
patients with complete tears of the proximal rectus femoris or avulsion injuries when
conservative treatment has been unsuccessful (ie, patient unable to return to their desired
level of activity). Experimental treatments for acute muscle injuries, such as glucocorticoids
and platelet rich plasma (PRP), are the subject of ongoing research and are discussed
separately. (See "Hamstring muscle and tendon injuries", section on 'Glucocorticoid
injection' and "Hamstring muscle and tendon injuries", section on 'PRP and other biologic
injections'.)
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Once the patient achieves at least 120 degrees of pain-free knee flexion and can bear full
weight, strengthening exercises are initiated in a manner similar to that for quadriceps
muscle strains. A sample rehabilitation protocol involving flexion exercises and functional
progressions is provided in the accompanying table ( table 2). According to one
uncontrolled prospective study, this type of protocol reduced recovery times for moderate
to severe contusions from 8 to 10 weeks to 3 weeks or less [17].
For patients having difficulty regaining pain free motion or who have persistent pain and
muscle firmness from a hematoma, aspiration may be performed. This can be done with
relative ease in experienced hands using ultrasound guidance. No controlled studies are
available to help determine the optimal timing or specific selection criteria. In the author
and editors’ opinion, aspiration should be reserved for large hematomas that are clearly
restricting the ability to achieve pain free motion. Aspiration is more likely to reduce the
extent of muscle damage and weakness caused by the hematoma if performed within the
first week of injury. Our clinical experience suggests that earlier intervention makes
drainage easier, as the hematoma is mostly liquid initially but becomes more gelatinous
and clotted with time.
Operative intervention is rarely indicated for quadriceps contusion. The primary indication
is the need for hematoma evacuation and decompression [68]. Again, there is no evidence
to support this intervention. The increased use and availability of ultrasound guided
aspiration further limits the need for operative evacuation. Experimental treatments for
acute muscle injuries, such as glucocorticoids and platelet rich plasma (PRP), are the
subject of ongoing research and are discussed separately. (See "Hamstring muscle and
tendon injuries", section on 'Glucocorticoid injection' and "Hamstring muscle and tendon
injuries", section on 'PRP and other biologic injections'.)
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during rehabilitation include the leg extension ( picture 6), eccentric squat variations
( picture 7 and picture 8), step down ( picture 9), reverse Nordic lower
( picture 10), overhead reverse lunge ( picture 11), drop squat ( picture 12), and drop
jumps ( picture 13). The treatment of tendinopathy is reviewed separately (see "Overview
of the management of overuse (persistent) tendinopathy"). A sample rehabilitation
protocol involving specific goals, activities, and indications for progression is provided in
the accompanying table ( table 3).
Cases of calcific quadriceps tendinopathy that are not responsive to initial conservative
measures will likely require surgical referral and intervention. Aspiration and lavage of the
calcified portion of tendon has been reported in the literature for calcific supraspinatus
tendinopathy, but controlled studies of this procedure for the quadriceps and patellar
tendons are lacking and we cannot recommend such a procedure at this time. (See "Calcific
tendinopathy of the shoulder".)
COMPLICATIONS
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81], but the more severe the contusion, the greater the risk. Incidence ranges from 4
percent with mild injuries to 18 percent with more severe contusions [16].
Obtaining greater than 120 degrees of knee flexion as soon as possible following injury
may help prevent MO. NSAIDs, specifically indomethacin, used early in course are known to
prevent heterotopic bone formation, but specific studies of NSAIDs for the prevention of
MO are lacking [62,82].
MO may be palpable as early as four to five days after a quadriceps contusion but may take
several weeks to develop [57,83]. Early symptoms include persistent pain and swelling that
does not appear to be resolving. Later symptoms include a worsening of pain with activity
or swelling, early morning or night pain, and decreasing range of motion after two to three
weeks. If MO is suspected, plain radiographs or ultrasound should be obtained. Two to
four weeks are typically needed for MO to become visible on plain radiographs ( image 8
and image 9). Periosteal bone reaction at the periphery is the first finding. As the lesion
matures over a period of 10 weeks to four to six months, the peripheral bone matures and
an eggshell appearance develops [84].
Ultrasound findings may precede radiographic findings; however, the early appearance on
ultrasound can be difficult to differentiate from sarcoma, and this scenario may be
particularly difficult if there is no history of significant trauma [85]. The same can be true
for early findings on MRI [86]. If the clinical picture is unclear based on the history and
advanced imaging, referral to a specialist in musculoskeletal radiology or bone and soft
tissue tumors is indicated.
Full development of a MO lesion usually takes 6 to 12 months. Most often the body resorbs
the bone, which can be seen on plain radiographs [87]. Bone scan can also be used to
determine whether a lesion is fully developed. While a mature MO lesion is positive only on
the delayed phase of a triple phase bone scan (and negative on the pool and flow phases),
developing bone is positive on all three phases [88,89]. Surgical excision of MO is rarely
indicated. Criteria for possible surgical excision include complete maturation of the lesion,
limited knee flexion, and predisposition to further injury [83]. (See "Surgical reconstruction
of the lower extremity".)
Return to play or sport is guided by the general principles already discussed in the follow-
up care and rehabilitation section. In general, symmetric pain free range of motion (ROM)
is observed. The injured quadriceps should have no more than a 15 percent reduction in
strength compared with the uninjured side. In addition, a functional progression of sport
specific activities should be observed by the medical staff treating the athlete prior to full
return to competitive activities. A thigh wrap may help initially for athletes returning
following a muscle strain ( picture 15).
Athletes who suffer a quadriceps contusion should be fitted with a thigh pad that covers an
area greater than the size of the contusion, and such padding should be used for the
remainder of the season [17,61].
PREVENTION
Quadriceps strains have a high recurrence rate and thus prevention takes on great
importance [31]. Although high quality studies comparing prevention programs are
lacking, most interventions focus on improving quadriceps muscle flexibility and strength,
eliminating any significant asymmetries in strength or mobility between the lower
extremities or between the quadriceps and hamstrings in the same leg, and improving
core stability [8].
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has limited capacity to withstand the stresses experienced during sudden contraction
when the muscle is stretched (eccentric contraction). Many clinicians recommend that
patients achieve approximately 130 degrees or more of knee flexion to help prevent injury
recurrence [33,90].
In addition to knee flexion, many experts believe that the ability to achieve maximal hip
extension is important for preventing quadriceps injuries, as limited extension places
increased stress on the quadriceps. Full hip extension lengthens the quadriceps muscles
producing a greater potential force moment when the muscles contract. The athlete with
limited hip extension may have a flexion contracture from prior injuries to hip flexors.
These individuals must compensate for the reduced length of the quadriceps by
contracting them more forcefully, which increases the risk of muscular injury. Therefore,
most programs include stretching exercises designed to lengthen the hip flexors (eg,
iliopsoas, rectus femoris).
Greater iliopsoas muscle flexibility may also help to prevent quadriceps injury by reducing
the risk of trauma to the femoral nerve, which travels adjacent to the iliopsoas before
continuing on to the quadriceps. This concept applies to kicking sports in particular (eg,
soccer, dance), which require repeated lumbar extension and hip extension of the plant
leg, followed by forceful hip adduction and flexion of the swing leg, a combination of
muscle actions that can predispose to femoral nerve injury in either leg if there is any
weakness or limitation of iliopsoas motion [91]. Nerve injury can occur from traction, scar
tissue or a tight muscle compressing the nerve, or swelling from inflammation of an
injured muscle causing direct pressure on the nerve.
Strength — Quadriceps strains occur when the muscles contract powerfully and the force
of the contraction exceeds the tensile strength of the muscle [8,92,93]. Increasing the
length over which the muscle can contract to generate optimal force may protect the
muscle from injury. Eccentric exercise training focuses on lengthening the muscle while it is
working under a load. In contrast, concentric exercises involve a muscle that shortens
while working under a load. As an example, when a person performs the first part of a pull-
up and raises their body up to the bar their biceps are performing a concentric contraction;
when they lower their body back down, their biceps are performing an eccentric
contraction.
Eccentric exercise training can increase the length and thus reduce the tension in the
quadriceps during a contraction, as well as increasing the muscles’ mass, strength, and
power more than isometric or concentric exercises [94]. Controlled studies are lacking, but
in a small study of professional soccer players, those who performed a preseason program
consisting of eccentric training demonstrated both an increase in the length of the
quadriceps muscle and fewer injuries during the season compared to a control group [95].
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Core stability — Activities such as kicking and sprinting that place heavy loads on the
quadriceps muscles also require coordination among multiple other muscle groups.
Groups of muscles that work together to perform movements are often referred to as a
kinetic chain. Within such a chain, a deficiency in strength or mobility in one muscle group
may lead to dysfunction in others, predisposing to injury. The muscles and connective
tissues of the thoracic, lumbar, abdominal, and pelvic regions constitute an essential part
of nearly all kinetic chains involved in performing athletic movements. They stabilize the
torso and serve as the crucial connection between the upper and lower extremities,
allowing forces generated by one extremity to be transmitted to other extremities.
● Anatomy and biomechanics – The quadriceps muscles are located in the anterior
thigh and are composed of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and
vastus intermedius ( picture 1 and figure 12 and figure 3). The rectus femoris
is the only muscle to cross both the knee and hip joints, and is the most frequently
injured muscle. The quadriceps play an important role in knee extension, hip flexion,
pelvic stabilization, and the control of deceleration and landing. (See 'Anatomy and
biomechanics' above.)
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● Quadriceps strain – These injuries consist of a tear in one or more of the quadriceps
muscles. Strains occur most frequently during maneuvers involving sudden, forceful
eccentric contraction. Examples include landing from a high jump, suddenly changing
direction while running fast, and landing while running downhill. Sports that involve
repeated eccentric contraction (eg, basketball, volleyball, soccer [football]) pose the
greatest risk. Strains cause pain and dysfunction, which may manifest immediately or
up to several days later. Depending upon the extent of the tear, symptoms range
from mild discomfort to severe pain. Pain typically occurs with weightbearing and
often increases with passive or active knee flexion or passive or active hip extension.
More severe tears can cause significant swelling and ecchymosis. (See 'Quadriceps
strain' above and 'Initial treatment' above.)
● Tendon tears – Quadriceps and patellar tendon tears and complete ruptures are
relatively uncommon but occur more often in the patellar tendon (distal to the
patella) than the quadriceps tendon (proximal to the patella). Tears in athletes occur
following a sudden, strong contraction of the quadriceps muscles, as happens when
landing from a high jump or making a sudden change in direction at high speed. The
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movement is followed immediately by sharp pain at the knee, which can be disabling
with large or complete tears. Tears can also occur when a person falls backward while
their foot or feet are caught or fixed to the ground and unable to move. Typically,
knee extension is limited with partial tears and absent with complete tears. The
patient with a complete tear cannot maintain a straight leg and cannot raise the leg
against gravity while supine. (See 'Quadriceps and patellar tendon tears' above.)
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