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FACULDADE DE ODONTOLOGIA
Niterói
2021
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE
FACULDADE DE ODONTOLOGIA
Niterói
2021
BANCA EXAMINADORA
Rebouças RA. Método para cálculo do volume de enxerto ósseo necessário nos seios
maxilares através da tomografia computadorizada [dissertação]. Niterói: Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia; 2020.
This study aims to develop a method for calculating the necessary bone graft volume,
in the lifting of the maxillary sinuses, in order to reach the planned bone height using
the Conical Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), prior to surgery, for the installation
of osseointegrated implants. A jaw mannequin was scanned. On each side of the
maxilla, in the posterior region, 3 tomographic marks (gutta percha) were placed on
the alveolar ridge, to define a plane. Using the software DentalSlice Converter and
DentalSlice, the bone height planning to be achieved in the lifting of the maxillary
sinuses was carried out, to calculate the volume of the maxillary sinuses to reach such
height, and the amount of bone graft needed (small granules Geistlich Bio- Oss). After
that, the amount of this bone graft equivalent to the volume of the segmented maxillary
sinus was deposited on the floor of the maxillary sinuses, simulating the lifting of the
maxillary sinuses. The maxillary manikin was scanned again, and measurements were
taken in the same regions, to compare the measurements of bone graft height with the
same measurement of the previously planned height, in addition to also comparing the
volumes. The mean volume of the maxillary sinus to be grafted for the height of 5 mm
was 0,4 +- 0,1 cm3, for the height of 7 mm it was 0,7 +- 0,1 cm3, for the height of 9
mm it was 1,1 +- 0,2 cm3 and for the height of 11 mm it was 1,5 +- 0,3 cm3. A positive
correlation was observed between the planned height and the volume of the maxillary
sinus to be grafted. The ANOVA result showed P value less than 0.001, and Tukey's
Post Hoc identified that all groups identified themselves different from all groups, in a
way that as the planned height increases, so does the volume of the maxillary sinus.
be grafted. The volume of the maxillary sinus to be grafted was correlated with the
amount of bone graft, and Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a value equal to 1,
and the P value less than 0.001. The planned height was also correlated with the bone
graft height, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.993, and the P value less than
0.001, that is, significant. The volume of the maxillary sinus to be grafted was also
correlated with the volume of the bone graft, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was
0.999, P value less than 0.001. Thus, as the volume of the maxillary sinus to be grafted
increases, so does the volume of the bone graft. A new method was established,
through the TCFC and the software DentalSlice Converter and DentalSlice, to predict
what volume of bone graft is needed to lift the maxillary sinuses, taking into account a
previously established bone height, thus making the surgery for lifting the maxillary
sinuses more effective and predictable, both in the surgical aspect and in the economic
aspect.
Keywords: sinus lift, bone graft, volume of graft, CT, implant planning
SUMÁRIO
Pág.
1- INTRODUÇÃO 09
2- PROPOSIÇÃO E HIPÓTESE 11
3- MATERIAL E MÉTODOS 12
4- CASO CLÍNICO 23
5- RESULTADOS 26
6- DISCUSSÃO 35
7- CONCLUSÕES 39
8- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 40
ANEXOS 43
9
1. INTRODUÇÃO
2. PROPOSIÇÃO E HIPÓTESE
2.1. GERAL
2.2. ESPECÍFICAS
3. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
5 mm ÷ 0,20 mm
= 25 cortes axiais a serem segmentados
7 mm ÷ 0,20 mm
= 35 cortes axiais a serem segmentados
9 mm ÷ 0,20 mm
= 45 cortes axiais a serem segmentados
11 mm ÷ 0,20 mm
= 55 cortes axiais a serem segmentados
14
Uma vez que foi estabelecida uma fórmula matemática para segmentação
dos seios maxilares, os mesmos foram segmentados seguindo os resultados dos
cálculos, e os arquivos DICOM foram convertidos em arquivo .bpt, para o exame
tomográfico ser visualizado através do software DentalSlice (Bioparts Prototipagem
Biomédicas, Brasília, BR).
O Thresholding utilizado na segmentação das estruturas foi:
Seios maxilares: 0 – 292
Manequim: 213 – 4095
Guta percha: 3500 – 4095
15
Uma vez que obtivemos êxito nas segmentações dos seios maxilares,
utilizamos uma ferramenta do DentalSlice para calcular os volumes dessas
segmentações.
4. CASO CLÍNICO
Altura a ser preenchida pelo enxerto ósseo (9 mm) ÷ Voxel (0,32 mm)
= número de cortes axiais a serem segmentados no seio maxilar (28 cortes)
Seio maxilar direito – altura planejada 9mm Seio maxilar esquerdo – altura planejada 9 mm
24
Uma vez que obtivemos êxito nas segmentações dos seios maxilares, utilizamos uma
ferramenta do DentalSlice para calcular os volumes dessas segmentações.
Volume do seio maxilar direito a ser preenchido pelo enxerto ósseo: 1529,41 mm3
1529,41 mm3 = 1,529 cc
Grânulos pequenos Geistlich Bio-Oss® (0,25 – 1 mm)
1 cc = 0,5 g
1,529 cc = x
X = 0,764 g
25
Volume do seio maxilar esquerdo a ser preenchido pelo enxerto ósseo: 1077,34 mm3
1077,34 mm3 = 1,077 cc
Grânulos pequenos Geistlich Bio-Oss® (0,25 – 1 mm)
1 cc = 0,5 g
1,077 cc = x
X = 0,539 g
O biomaterial que fora pesado na UFF, foi utilizado na cirurgia de levantamento dos
seios maxilares do paciente. O procedimento cirúrgico foi realizado na Universidade
Federal Fluminense (Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). O paciente foi tomografado após
a cirurgia, utilizando o mesmo protocolo pré-operatório, para avaliação do resultado.
26
5. RESULTADOS
Tabela 1. Número de medidas, valores da altura planejada, do volume do seio maxilar a ser enxertado, da
quantidade de enxerto ósseo, da altura do enxerto ósseo, do volume do enxerto ósseo, do lado do seio maxilar (1-
direito / 2- esquerdo), do Voxel utilizado na TCFC.
28
Altura_planejada
N Valid 32
Missing 0
Altura_planejada
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 5 8 25,0 25,0 25,0
7 8 25,0 25,0 50,0
9 8 25,0 25,0 75,0
11 8 25,0 25,0 100,0
Total 32 100,0 100,0
Seio_maxilar
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Direito 16 50,0 50,0 50,0
Esquerdo 16 50,0 50,0 100,0
Total 32 100,0 100,0
Estatísticas descritivas
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Volume_seio_maxilar_enxe
rtado 32 329,62 1710,36 903,1425 440,12246
Quantidade_enxerto_osseo
32 165 855 451,38 219,981
Altura_enxerto_osseo 32 4,79 12,58 8,5772 2,54661
Volume_enxerto_osseo 32 300,00 1686,05 853,8575 427,37203
Valid N (listwise) 32
Oneway
Volume_seio_maxilar_enxertado
95% Confidence Interval for
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Minimum Maximum
ANOVA
Volume_seio_maxilar_enxertado
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 5125061,6
3 1708353,885 54,364 <0,001
55
Within Groups 879879,65
28 31424,273
4
Total 6004941,3
31
09
Comparações múltiplas
Gráfico 1. Gráfico correlacionando a altura planejada com o volume do seio maxilar a ser enxertado.
Correlação
Cases
Valid Missing Total
Altura_planejada N Percent N Percent N Percent
Volume_seio_maxil 5 8 100,0% 0 ,0% 8 100,0%
ar_enxertado 7 8 100,0% 0 ,0% 8 100,0%
9 8 100,0% 0 ,0% 8 100,0%
11 8 100,0% 0 ,0% 8 100,0%
31
Gráfico 2. Gráfico correlacionando o volume do seio maxilar a ser enxertado com a quantidade de
enxerto ósseo necessário.
Correlação
Volume_seio_
maxilar_enxert Quantidade_en
ado xerto_osseo
Volume_seio_maxilar_enxe Pearson Correlation 1 1,000(**)
rtado Sig. (2-tailed) <0,001
N 32 32
Quantidade_enxerto_osseo Pearson Correlation 1,000(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000
N 32 32
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
32
Correlação
Altura_planejad Altura_enxerto
a _osseo
Altura_planejada Pearson Correlation 1 0,993(**)
Sig. (2-tailed) <0,001
N 32 32
Altura_enxerto_osseo Pearson Correlation 0,993(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,000
N 32 32
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
33
Gráfico 4. Gráfico correlacionando o volume do seio maxilar a ser enxertado com o volume do enxerto
ósseo.
Correlação
Volume_seio_
maxilar_enxert Volume_enxert
ado o_osseo
Volume_seio_maxilar_en Pearson Correlation 1 0,999(**)
xertado Sig. (2-tailed) <0,001
N 32 32
Volume_enxerto_osseo Pearson Correlation 0,999(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0,000
N 32 32
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Gráfico 5. Gráfico correlacionando o volume do seio maxilar a ser enxertado com o volume do enxerto
ósseo.
T-Test
Estatísticas de amostras emparelhadas
Std. Error
Mean N Std. Deviation Mean
Pair 1 Volume_seio_maxilar_en
xertado 903,1425 32 440,12246 77,80339
Volume_enxerto_osseo 853,8575 32 427,37203 75,54942
Upper Lower
Pair 1 Volume_seio_maxilar_e
nxertado - 49,28500 26,70079 4,72008 39,65834 58,91166 10,442 31 <0,001
Volume_enxerto_osseo
35
6. DISCUSSÃO
7. CONCLUSÕES
8. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
3. Boyne PJ, James RA. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous
marrow and bone. J Oral Surg 1980; 38: 613–6.
5. Buyukkurt MC, Tozoglu S, Yavuz MS, Aras MH. Simulation of sinus floor
augmentation with symphysis bone graft using three-dimensional computerized
tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39(8): 788-92.
6. Chan HS, Wang HL. Sinus pathology and anatomy in relation to complications
in lateral window sinus augmentation. Implant Dent 2011; 20(6): 406–12.
8. Del Fabbro M, Testori T. Systematic review of survival rates for implants placed
in the grafted maxillary sinus. Int J Periodont Restor Dent 2004; 24: 565–577.
9. Flanagan D. Arterial supply of the maxillary sinus and potential for bleeding
complication during lateral approach sinus elevation. Implant Dent 2005; 14(4):
336-8.
41
10. Ganz SD, Bone grafting assessment: focus on the anterior and posterior maxilla
utilizing advanced 3-D imaging technologies. Dent Implantol Update 2009;
20(6): 41-8.
11. Jun BC, Song SW, Park CS, Lee DH, Cho KJ, Cho JH. The analysis of maxillary
sinus aeration according to aging process; volume assessment by 3-
dimensional reconstruction by high-resolutional CT scanning. Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg 2005; 132(3): 429–434.
13. Tatum H, Jr. Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions. Dent Clin North Am
1986; 30: 207–229.
14. Kang SJ, Shin SI, Herr Y, Kwon YH, Kim GT, Chung JH. Anatomical structures
in the maxillary sinus related to lateral sinus elevation: a cone beam computed
tomographic analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 100: 75-81.
18. Rebouças RA, Santos GO, Machado AN, Souza TH, Monte Alto RF.
Confiabilidade da tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico no
planejamento de implantes osseointegráveis. Int J Science Dent 2017; 48.
19. Rickert D, Slater JJ, Meijer HJ, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM. Maxillary sinus lift
with solely autogenous bone compared to a combination of autogenous bone
and growth factors or (solely) bone substitutes. A systematic review. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 2012; 41(2): 160-7.
21. Shibli JA, Faveri M, Ferrari DS, Melo L, Garcia RV, d'Avila S, Figueiredo LC,
Feres M. Prevalence of maxillary sinus septa in 1024 subjects with edentulous
upper jaws: a retrospective study. J Oral Implantol 2007; 33(5): 293–6.
22. Testori T, Wallace SS, Del Fabbro M, Taschieri S, Trisi P, Capelli M, Weinstein
RL. Repair of large sinus membrane perforations using stabilized collagen
barrier membranes: surgical techniques with histologic and radiographic
evidence of success. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2008; 28(1): 9–17.
23. Velloso GR, Vidigal GM Jr, de Freitas MM, Garcia de Brito OF, Manso MC,
Groisman M. Tridimensional analysis of maxillary sinus anatomy related to
sinus lift procedure. Implant Dent 2006; 15(2): 192–6.
24. Wallace SS, Froum SJ. Effect of maxillary sinus augmentation on the survival
of endosseous dental implants. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 2003;
8(1): 328–43.
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Method for calculating the bone graft volume required in the
Corresponding Author:
Phone: 55(21)99662-6930
E-mail: vitt.mf@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The calculation of the volume of bone graft needed to lift the maxillary sinus is
usually performed empirically. The method created in this study allows the
bone graft, taking into account a previous measurement, using software that
INTRODUCTION
The posterior maxilla represents a challenge for dental implant procedures when
the available bone is reduced because of the resorption of the alveolar ridge or
maxillary sinus is often necessary for the placement of dental implants in this
1
area.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) provides data of great value in the
planning of the maxillary sinus survey, however, not all information provided by
bone grafts than panoramic radiographs in all cases that require maxillary sinus
elevation, and for all types of interventions. Calculating the size of the
augmentation can help determine the surgical approach and, therefore, treatment
3
and surgery costs for patients and professionals.
The aim of this technical note is to describe a method that makes predictable the
Technical note
of the images followed the following protocol: section thickness (voxel) of 0.32
volumes of the maxillary sinuses corresponding a future bone graft with a height
of 9 mm. The resulting formula is the height to be filled by the bone graft (9 mm)
÷ the size of the voxel (0.32 mm) = the number of axial cuts to be segmented in
Once the method of segmentation of the maxillary sinuses was established, they
were segmented following the results of the calculations, and the DICOM files
were converted into a .bpt file for the tomographic examination to be viewed
After converting the volume of cubic millimeter (mm3) to cubic centimeter (cc), we
calculated the equivalence of cubic centimeters that the future graft will occupy
inside the breast with the weight in grams (g). The weight (grams) to volume (cc)
For the surgery, a xenogenous graft with granules of 0.25 - 1 mm was used (Bio-
oss, Geistlich Pharma North America Inc., New Jersey, USA). Following the
calculation of the mass equivalent using this granule size, we weighed the
The surgical procedure was performed at the Federal Fluminense University. The
patient was tomographed after surgery, using the same preoperative protocol, to
DISCUSSION
The lack of bone height in the posterior maxilla often prevents proper implant
placement in that location. The increase in bone height can be achieved through
4
the internal lifting of the floor of the maxillary sinus.
Different techniques for assessing bone volume have been described. When only
panoramic radiographs are used, bone quantity and quality are at risk of being
2
overestimated. To overcome the disadvantages of conventional methods, 3D
5
reconstructed CBCT images of the maxillary sinus must be used. CBCT should
be recommended in all cases for sinus lift, in order to improve the surgeon s
2
confidence and the accuracy of the sinus lift technique.
A factor that could possibly influence the accuracy of 3D surface models, as well
as the images generated by the CBCT, would be the resolution of the voxel. The
volume is made up of voxels, which are small cubes arranged next to each other.
Each voxel is a value (brightness or gray scale) that represents the density of the
corresponding structure. Reducing the resolution of the voxel can result in poor
6
image quality, more noise, artifacts and less detail of the anatomical image.
The linear measurements made from CBCT are accurate, with sub-millimeter
The presence of septum in the maxillary sinus does not represent a limitation of
the technique, since when the maxillary sinus is segmented, the thresholding
used does not include any bone structure, as they have different densities.
However, the use of CBCT alone cannot accurately show how much bone will be
needed for maxillary sinus lifting surgery. It is necessary to calculate and buy the
bone graft following empirical analysis, taking into account clinical experience.
evaluating the morphology of the maxillary sinus, dental professionals do not take
advantage of the full utility of the data. There is more information in the exam that
should be used, such as the volume of the maxillary sinus, to calculate the
needed volume from a pre-established lifting height, just as we did in this work,
simulated bone graft can be generated to fill the sinus cavity around the implant.
Ganz et al.7 then calculated the volume of the simulated bone graft. Buyukkurt et
al.8 and Mangano et al,9 using the Mimics software (Materialize, Leuven,
Belgium), and Baciut et al.,2 using the Surgicase 5.1 software (Materialize,
occupied by the bone graft. Ganz et al.,8 Mangano et al.9 and Baciut et al.2 did
not determine, prior to segmentation of the maxillary sinus volume, which bone
height should be reached with the graft. They made a visual 3D estimate of the
graft volume that would be necessary, unlike the present study, which, like
A new method was established, using CBCT and the software DentalSlice
Converter and DentalSlice, to predict the volume of bone graft needed to lift the
later calculate the amount of bone graft, thus making the maxillary sinus lifting
Funding: The authors declare that no funding was provided for the elaboration
of this study.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that there was no conflict of interest
during the elaboration of this study.
Patient Consent: Not required the study does not contain patient images.
References
4. Zijderveld SA, Zerbo IR, van den Bergh JP, Schulten EA, ten Bruggenkate
CM. Maxillary sinus floor augmentation using a beta-tricalcium phosphate
(Cerasorb) alone compared to autogenous bone grafts. J Oral Maxillofac
Implants 2005; 20(3): 432 40.
5. Jun BC, Song SW, Park CS, Lee DH, Cho KJ, Cho JH. The analysis of
maxillary sinus aeration according to aging process; volume assessment
by 3-dimensional reconstruction by high-resolutional CT scanning.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 132(3): 429 34.
8. Buyukkurt MC, Tozoglu S, Yavuz MS, Aras MH. Simulation of sinus floor
augmentation with symphysis bone graft using three-dimensional
computerized tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39(8): 788 92.
Right Left
0.764 g 0.539 g
Figure captions
Figure 1. Parasagittal and 3D sections of the right and left maxillary sinuses after
segmentation.
Figure 2. Parasagittal sections of the right and left maxillary sinuses, after lifting
them.