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Bauru
2011
1
Bauru
2011
Ferreira, Edilson José
F3832n
Novo protocolo para análise física tridimensional do
desvio angular em cirurgia guiada na implantologia /
Edilson José Ferreira -- 2011.
71f. : il.
A Deus,
Soberano sobre toda nossa existência.
Aos meus irmãos, Edgar (in memorian), Enicéia, Elaine e Estefânia e toda minha
família.
AGRADECIMENTOS
RESUMO
O desvio angular na cirurgia guiada pode ser obtido pela interpolação de imagens
em programas específicos. Entretanto, a mensuração em tempo real também pode
ser obtida tridimensionalmente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desvio angular
dos implantes na técnica de cirurgia guiada, utilizando os modelos de gesso como
referência. Cinco pacientes foram selecionados. Após o planejamento reverso e a
obtenção dos cortes tomográficos (Toshiba Xvision, 0,4 mm de espessura), utilizou-
se o software Procera NobelGuide para posicionar os implantes virtualmente. Em
seguida, os guias cirúrgicos obtidos e as réplicas dos implantes foram conectados
para geração do modelo A. Foram colocados implantes Brånemark NobelSpeedy (4
mm diâmetro x 11,5 mm-18 mm de comprimento). Após as cirurgias, uma moldagem
foi realizada ao nível das plataformas dos implantes para obtenção dos modelos B.
Todas as próteses definitivas foram entregues até 12 horas depois. Uma máquina
CMM (Tesa Micro-Hite 3D, Suíça) foi utilizada para mensurar a inclinação dos
implantes nos planos X, Y e Z. O desvio angular (!Z, diferença entre os modelos A e
B) para cada implante foi mensurado em graus, minutos e segundos. O desvio
angular médio registrado foi de 0,82 ± 0,71 graus (faixa de 0-4,13 graus). Os valores
obtidos estiveram dentro das médias descritas na literatura. Esse protocolo de
mensuração tridimensional mostrou-se confiável e abre novas possibilidades de
estudo.
ABSTRACT
LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES
SUMÁRIO
1 INTRODUÇÃO .....................................................................................................8
2 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA .............................................................................12
3 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ..................................................................................21
3.1 SELEÇÃO DOS PACIENTES .....................................................................21
3.2 PLANEJAMENTO REVERSO .....................................................................21
3.3 PLANEJAMENTO VIRTUAL DOS IMPLANTES .........................................23
3.4 INSTALAÇÃO DOS IMPLANTES ...............................................................25
3.5 TRANSFERÊNCIA DO POSICIONAMENTO DOS IMPLANTES ................27
3.6 PREPARO DOS MODELOS DE GESSO PARA A MENSURAÇÃO DO
DESVIO ANGULAR ...............................................................................................28
3.7 MENSURAÇÃO DO DESVIO ANGULAR ENTRE OS IMPLANTES NA
CMM (MÁQUINA DE MENSURAÇÃO DE COORDENADAS) ...............................30
4 RESULTADOS...................................................................................................35
5 DISCUSSÃO ......................................................................................................37
6 CONCLUSÃO ....................................................................................................40
REFERÊNCIAS .........................................................................................................41
ARTIGO 1 – NEW PROTOCOL FOR 3-D PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF ANGULAR
DEVIATIONS ON IMAGE-GUIDED IMPLANT SURGERY .......................................44
8
1 INTRODUÇÃO
2 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
planejamento virtual. Após isso, transferiram essa posição para o modelo de gesso.
O erro de transferência observado foi de 0,6 ± 0,4 mm para a maxila e de 0,3 ± 0,4
mm para a mandíbula. Os autores concluíram que o erro na transferência não foi
clinicamente relevante e poderia estar associado a uma deficiência na orientação do
guia cirúrgico e à incapacidade do cirurgião em transferir a angulação pré-
determinada para o momento cirúrgico.
Van Steenberghe et al.12 pesquisaram se o planejamento tridimensional,
realizado em software específico para implantes dentários, pode ser transferido de
maneira precisa para o campo operatório. Para tanto, utilizaram dois cadáveres e
oito pacientes, totalizando 15 implantes colocados. Os resultados indicaram que os
valores da posição e da inclinação planejada para os implantes ficaram muito
próximos dos valores obtidos após a cirurgia de colocação dos implantes.
Encorajados pelo resultado da pesquisa e pela possibilidade de empregar carga
imediata sobre os implantes com bons resultados na osseointegração, os autores
sugeriram um novo conceito para cirurgia sem retalho, a qual denominaram Litorim
(Leuven information technology-based oral rehabilitation by means of implants).
Kopp, Koslow e Abdo21 descreveram as facilidades do planejamento pré-
cirúrgico por meio da conjunção dos dados das imagens da TC e de um software
interativo, usando um guia cirúrgico convencional durante a cirurgia. As
mensurações foram predeterminadas no planejamento virtual e transferidas com
precisão para o guia cirúrgico. Os pesquisadores concluíram que o diagnóstico
virtual que gerou o guia cirúrgico levou a um ótimo posicionamento do implante, com
grande estabilidade clínica.
van Steenberghe et al.22 avaliaram a exatidão da instalação de implantes
zigomáticos por meio de guias cirúrgicos prototipados. Seis implantes zigomáticos
de 45 mm de comprimento foram instalados em três cadáveres usando guias
cirúrgicos prototipados. Após a obtenção das tomografias dos cadáveres, os
implantes foram planejados pelo software SurgiGuide, e os guias cirúrgicos em
estereolitografia foram produzidos. Depois da instalação dos implantes através do
guia, novas tomografias foram realizadas, e a imagem final dos implantes instalados
foi sobreposta às imagens dos implantes planejados virtualmente. Foram realizadas
três medidas: angulação, distância em relação à entrada na maxila e distância em
relação à saída no zigoma. A angulação variou de 3,1º a 6,9º, enquanto a distância
em relação à entrada da maxila variou de 0,7 a 6 mm, e em relação à saída no
16
3 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
Figura 13 – Index
28
Depois da obtenção dos dois modelos de gesso (um modelo obtido do guia
cirúrgico e outro obtido do posicionamento dos implantes através do index), cada
modelo de gesso (Modelos A e Modelos B) com suas respectivas réplicas foram
recortados em forma de ferradura, ficando a base com no mínimo 10 mm de altura.
Depois, o gesso da porção lateral coronal de cada réplica foi removido para que a
sonda apalpadora da máquina de mensuração de coordenadas pudesse tocar
corretamente o perímetro circunferencial das réplicas. Feita a remoção do gesso, as
mesmas foram limpas com álcool isopropílico.
29
Neste estudo, o desvio angular entre o modelo gerado pelo computador (A) e
o obtido após a colocação dos implantes (B) foi determinado com uma máquina de
mensuração de coordenadas (CMM) (Tesa Micro-Hite 3D, Suíça).
31
modelo de gesso A permaneceu nessa posição, já preso com silicona densa. Então,
a menor ponta apalpadora da máquina CMM (2 mm de diâmetro) foi usada (figura
22), tocando as faces do parafuso em pelo menos oito pontos, até o computador
reconhecer a forma geométrica do parafuso e determinar o plano de referência. Ao
mesmo tempo, os dados foram registrados e determinados o ângulo Z1, e as
projeções X1 e Y1. As medidas foram fornecidas pelo computador no formato graus,
minutos e segundos.
Dessa forma, os análogos C1, C2, C4, C5 e, quando presente, C6, do modelo
A, foram lidos e os dados armazenados no computador. Cada análogo foi lido três
vezes, e a média das medidas utilizada com finalidade estatística.
Depois, o modelo A foi removido da silicona densa. Então, o análogo C3
modelo B recebeu um parafuso de trabalho, e esse conjunto modelo/parafuso de
trabalho foi afixado à haste vertical móvel do delineador. Novamente, a outra haste
vertical móvel foi deslocada horizontalmente até encontrar o análogo C1. A altura do
parafuso de trabalho usado no modelo A é igual à altura do parafuso de trabalho
usado no modelo B. Para estabilizar a base do modelo B, uma silicona fluida
(Clonage, DFL Indústria e Comércio SA, Portugal, lotes pasta fluida 08081121 e
catalisadora 08091194) foi espatulada e injetada com ajuda de uma seringa plástica
de 10 ml (BD Plastipak, Becton Dickinson Ind. Cirúrgica Ltda., Curitiba-PR) entre a
base do modelo B e a silicona densa. Depois da presa da silicona fluida, a haste
vertical móvel do delineador foi levantada até liberar o parafuso de trabalho, e a
haste vertical móvel deslocada horizontalmente, afastando-se do análogo C1.
34
4 RESULTADOS
significante, demonstrando o modelo A ser igual ao modelo B, onde pode ser visto
para termos ilustrativos no Gráfico 1.
Média
Variáveis Estatística Conclusão
Modelo A Modelo B
Z = -2,023
C1 66,17 69,83 Modelo A = Modelo B
p = 0,0625
Z = -1,0954
C2 81,17 81,65 Modelo A = Modelo B
p = 0,375
Z = -1,4605
C3 89,33 89,57 Modelo A = Modelo B
p = 0,25
Z = 0,1348
C4 77,56 77,65 Modelo A = Modelo B
p = 1,00
Z = -1,2136
C5 66,25 69,52 Modelo A = Modelo B
p = 0,3125
Z = -1,6036
C6 65,63 67,64 p = 0,25 Modelo A = Modelo B
5 DISCUSSÃO
6 CONCLUSÃO
REFERÊNCIAS
6. Sclar AG. Guidelines for fl apless surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:2-
32.
9. Besimo CE, Lambrecht JT, Guindy JS. Accuracy of implant treatment planning
utilizing template-guided reformatted computed tomography. Dentomaxil
Radiol. 2000;29(1)46-51.
13. Di Giacomo GA, Cury PR, Araújo NS, Sendyk WR, Sendyk CL. Clinical
application of stereolithographic surgical guides for implant placement:
preliminary results. J Periodontol. 2005;76(4):503-7.
42
14. van Assche N, van Steenberghe D, Guerrero ME. et al. Accuracy of implant
placement based on pre-surgical planning of three dimensional cone-beam
images:a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34:816-21.
21. Kopp KC, Koslow AH, Abdo OS. Predictable Implant placement With a
diagnostic/surgical template and advanced radiographic imaging. J Prosth
Dent. 2003;89(6)611-5.
22. van Steenberghe D. et al. Accuracy of drilling guides for transfer from
threedimensional CT-based planning to placement of zygoma implants in
human cadavers. Clin Oral Impl Res. 2003;14(1)131-6.
25. Becker W et al. Histologic evaluation of implants following flapless and flapped
surgery: a study in canines. J Period. 2006;77(10):1717-22.
2007;36:198-203.
29. Tan KB, Rubenstein JE, Nicholls JI, Yuodelis RA. Three-dimensional analysis
of the casting accuracy of one-piece, osseointegrated implant-retained
prostheses. Int J Prosth. 1993;6:346-63.
32. Azari A, Nikzad S. Flapless implant surgery: review of the literature and report
of 2 cases with computer-guided surgical approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2008;66:1015-21.
35. Vigolo P, Majzoub Z. Evaluation of the accuracy of three techniques used for
multiple implant abutment impressions. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89:186-192.
Correspondence to:
Carlos Eduardo Francischone
Rua Gustavo Maciel, 19-06 , Jardim Nashalla
Bauru-SP-Brasil ZIP-17012-110
E-mail: drfrancischone@yahoo.com.br
Key-words - Guided surgery; Angular deviation; CMM device; Dental implants.
45
New protocol for 3-D physical analysis of angular deviations on image-guided implant
surgery
Abstract
Purposes: The aim of this study was to evaluate the angular deviation of implants
before and after image-guided surgery using implant replicas as reference points.
Material and methods: Five patients were selected. After reverse treatment planning
and computed tomography (0.4mm-thick slices, Toshiba Xvision), the implants were
virtually positioned using the Procera NobelGuide software. Then, the implant
replicas were attached and model A was obtained. Brånemark NobelSpeedy
implants (4.0mm in diameter x 11.5 mm-18.0mm in length) were inserted.
Impressions were taken and models B obtained. All definitive prostheses were
inserted after 12 hours. A CCM (Tesa Micro-Hite 3D, Switzerland) device was used
to measure the implant angulation in X, Y and Z planes. The angular deviation (Z,
difference between models A and B) for each implant was measured in degrees,
minutes and seconds. Results: The mean angular deviation recorded was 0.82 ±
0.71 degrees (range of 0-4.13 degrees). Values obtained were similar to those
reported in the literature. Conclusions: This new 3-D measuring protocol is reliable
and allows further studies on image-guided implant surgery.
Introduction
Several technologies have been presented by manufacturers to improve
surgical technique and reduce chair time during the last years. According to this,
some studies in literature suggest the technique for virtual planning and guided
surgery as a safe and efficient method.
However, many reports concerning the accuracy for transferring of implants
position from software planning to surgery do not describe the protocol, which results
in doubts and difficulties for understanding and reproducibility.
The protocol suggested for treatment of edentulous arch includes computed
tomography, fabrication of stereolithographic surgical guide based on 3-D virtual
planning, and flapless surgery for implants insertion to reduce morbidity and fast
healing.
In spite of the 3-D planning, the implants position is guided on computer
screen. So, the guide should be accurately positioned and fixed on mucosa.
46
in wax for evaluation of function and esthetics. After processing, the denture was
duplicated in colorless acrylic resin to obtain the tomographic guide.
Implants insertion
All patients have taken antibiotics and anti-inflammatory during five days
previous to surgery (amoxiciline 500mg, every 8 hours, one day before surgery and
four days post-surgery; nimesulide, every 12 hours). The infiltrative terminal
anesthesia (mepivacaine hydrochloride 2%, epinephrine 1:100.000, DFL Ltd) was
applied in the buccal sulcus to block the major palatine foramen. Then, after 20
minutes, the surgical guides were adapted without interference. A flapless surgery
was carried out as suggested by the NobelGuide system. Brtanemark NobelSpeedy
implants (4.0mm in diameter, length raging from 11.5mm to 18.0mm) were inserted
with final torque of 45Ncm. MultiUnit straight abutments were used in the following
steps.
Results
The means of values Z are exhibited in Table 1. The mean differences
between the analogues of models A and B are also presented. The values obtained
in degrees, minutes and seconds were directly converted into degrees. The general
mean was 0.81±0.71 degrees with minimum of 0 and maximum of 4.13 degrees.
Discussion
The null hypothesis was rejected which means that there are differences of
positioning between the implants planned and those surgically inserted.
The use of a 3-D coordinates measuring machine was established due to the
need to analyze these deviations in physical models. The accuracy of this machine
has been reported in literature (Tan et al. 1993) and it is suitable for the aim of this
study. The machine was able to identify the accurate positioning of two implants in
the anterior region (null angular deviation) in one case (5A, Table 1), which confirms
the accuracy for 3-D measurement of angular deviation.
The recent implantology suggests the reverse prosthetic planning for success
of implant-supported rehabilitation. According to the literature, the virtual planning
using computed tomography and computer-guided surgery provides fidelity and
accuracy for osteotomy and implants insertion (Jabero & Sarment 2006; Sclar 2007;
Bedrossian 2007; Marchack 2007; Azari & Nikzad 2008). However, this concept of
fidelity is defined only by the angular deviations since there is no report in literature
that establishes a limit (minimally acceptable deviation) for these protocols.
The high cost is one disadvantage for the association between computer-
guided surgery and flapless technique (Azari & Nikzad 2008). The specific softwares
for virtual planning and the surgical guide are required for the technique
accomplishment. The cost should be discussed with the patient. There is also no
visualization of the bone tissue on the surface of the implants after insertion. Other
disadvantage is the difficulty for irrigation during milling. This limitation may generate
bone heating and jeopardize osseointegration, which may cause implant loss. So, all
professionals should be aware during surgery and perform intermittent movements
with new drills during osteotomy. The mouth opening may counter-indicate the
technique since it should allow insertion of surgical guide and proper positioning of
51
drills. A minimum space of 50mm between residual ridge and incisal surface of
antagonist tooth is suggested (Marchack 2005; Komiyama et al. 2008).
A clinical study with a follow-up during 44 months demonstrated a rate of 42%
of technical and surgical complications after insertion of 176 immediately loaded
implants with flapless computer-guided surgery. The authors stated that this rate may
result from deficient professional experience (Komiyama et al. 2008). In comparison
to the conventional technique, the computer-guided surgery requires more
investments and sequence of accurate steps. However, its result is advantageous
due to minimized errors, reliability and treatment accuracy. Prospective clinical
studies are still necessary to assess the factors for treatment success and confirm
the values of this strategy to justify the technology cost.
In the present study, the angular deviation recorded with Brånemark
NobelSpeedy implants using prototyped guides are in accordance with the range
published in literature. In addition, there was no association between the region of
implant insertion and the value of angular deviation (Table 1), which does not
establish if the posterior implants (due to limit surgery) would exhibit angular
deviation higher than the mean.
Some limitations are important and should be discussed: 1. The surgeons wait
20 minutes to initiate the surgery. Theoretically, there is no confirmation of complete
adaptation of tomographic guide on mucosa (mucosa is four times more resilient than
periodontal ligament); 2. The distortion after impression, attachment of analogues
and pouring of dental stone may have slightly influenced the absolute angular values
since the values are similar to those reported in literature; and 3. The ruby probe of
the machine can only identify the integrate surfaces of the analogues during
measurement. So, the use of damaged analogues and the presence of stone on the
surface severely affect the accuracy of the measures. Ideally, all models should
present artificial gingiva.
According to the authors, this is the first time that implants positioning are
evaluated before and after guided surgery in this way. Studies with other models
(zygomatic implants, components for impression, craniofacial surgeries) may be
carried out and arise many question that remain unsolved in Implantology.
52
Conclusion
The 3-D angular deviation can be also evaluated in models since the device
provides 3-D coordinates. This 3-D measuring protocol was reliable and allows
additional studies.
References
Azari, A. & Nikzad, S. (2008) Flapless implant surgery: review of the literature and
report of 2 cases with computer-guided surgical approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:
1015-1021.
Di Giacomo, G. A., Cury, P. R., Araújo N. S., Sendyk, W. R. & Sendyk, C. L. (2005)
Clinical application of stereolithographic surgical guides for implant placement:
preliminary results. J Periodontol 76: 503-507.
Ersoy, A. E., Turkylmaz, I., Ozan, O. & McGlumphy, E. A. (2008) Reliability of implant
placement with stereolithographic surgical guides generated from computed
tomography: clinical data from 94 implants. J Periodontol 79: 1339-1345.
Sclar, A. G. (2007) Guidelines for flapless surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65: 2-32.
van Assche, N., van Steenberghe, D. & Guerrero, M. E. (2007) Accuracy of implant
placement based on pre-surgical planning of three dimensional cone-beam images: a
pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 34: 816-821.
53
van Steenberghe, D., Naert I., Andersson M., Brajnovic I., van Cleynenbreugel J.
& Suetens P. (2002) A custom template and defi nitive prosthesis allowing
immediate implant loading in the maxilla: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac
Implants 17:663-670.
54
base; (f) magnetic support; (g) receptacle for measuring probe; (h) mobile vertical bar
of delineator; (i) referential sphere for measurement in the (e) machine base; (j)
model fixed in the plastic disc with addition silicone.
Figure 3
(a) Dense addition silicone fixing the model A in the plastic disc; (b) vertical bar of the
delineator capturing the screw in the referential cylinder; (c) additional metallic pin as
a reference for model positioning; (d) model B fixed to the delineator and metallic pin,
the silicone base was relieved; (f) detail of coronal portion of analogue and ruby
probe (g) for measurement; (right, footnote) software for measurement recording the
angular position in degrees, minutes and seconds.
56
Figure 1
Figure 2
57
Figure 3
58
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Clinical Oral Implants Research attempts to keep the review process as short as
possible to enable rapid publication of new scientific data. In order to facilitate this
process, please suggest the names and current email addresses of one potential
international reviewer whom you consider capable of reviewing your manuscript. In
addition to your choice the journal editor will choose one or two reviewers as well.
You may suspend a submission at any phase before clicking the 'Submit' button and
save it to submit later. The manuscript can then be located under 'Unsubmitted
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Manuscripts' and you can click on 'Continue Submission' to continue your submission
when you choose to.
After submission you will receive an e-mail to confirm receipt of your manuscript. If
you do not receive the confirmation email after 24 hours, please check your e-mail
address carefully in the system. If the e-mail address is correct please contact your
IT department. The error may be caused by some sort of spam filtering on your e-
mail server. Also, the e-mails should be received if the IT department adds our email
server (uranus.scholarone.com) to their whitelist.
To submit your revised manuscript, locate your manuscript under 'Manuscripts with
Decisions' and click on 'Submit a Revision' . Please remember to delete any old files
uploaded when you upload your revised manuscript.
Case reports and case series, but only if they provide or document new fundamental
knowledge and if they use language understandable to the clinician.
Novel developments if they provide a technical novelty for any implant system.
Articles exceeding 10 published pages are subject to a charge of USD 160 per
additional page. One published page amounts approximately to 5,500 characters
(excluding figures and tables).
5.2. Format
Scientific Names: Proper names of bacteria should be binomial and should be singly
underlined on the typescript. The full proper name (e.g., Streptococcus sanguis) must
be given upon first mention. The generic name may be abbreviated thereafter with
the first letter of the genus (e.g., S. sanguis). If abbreviation of the generic name
could cause confusion, the full name should be used. If the vernacular form of a
genus name (e.g., streptococci) is used, the first letter of the vernacular name is not
capitalised and the name is not underlined. Use of two letters of the genus (e.g., Ps.
for Peptostreptococcus) is incorrect, even though it might avoid ambiguity. With
regard to drugs, generic names should be used instead of proprietary names. If a
proprietary name is used, it must be attached when the term is first used.
5.2. Structure
All manuscripts submitted to Clinical Oral Implants Research should include Title
Page, Abstract, Main Text and Acknowledgements, Tables, Figures and Figure
Legends as appropriate.
Title Page: should contain the title of the article, full name(s) of the authors (no more
than 6) and institutional affiliation(s), a running title not exceeding 60 letters and
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spaces, and the name, telephone and fax numbers, email and complete mailing
address of the author responsible for correspondence. The author must list
appropriate key words for indexing purposes.
Abstract: should not to exceed 250 words. This should be structured into: objectives,
material and methods, results, conclusions, and no other information.
Main Text of Original Research Article should include Introduction, Material and
Methods, Results and Discussion.
Introduction: Summarise the rationale and purpose of the study, giving only strictly
pertinent references. Do not review existing literature extensively. State clearly the
working hypothesis.
Material and Methods: Material and methods should be presented in sufficient detail
to allow confirmation of the observations. Published methods should be referenced
and discussed only briefly, unless modifications have been made. Indicate the
statistical methods used, if applicable.
Results: Present your results in a logical sequence in the text, tables, and
illustrations. Do not repeat in the text all data in the tables and illustrations. The
important observations should be emphasised.
Discussion: Summarise the findings without repeating in detail the data given in the
Results section. Relate your observations to other relevant studies and point out the
implications of the findings and their limitations. Cite other relevant studies.
Main Text of Short Communications: Short communications are limited to two printed
pages including illustrations and references and need not follow the usual division
into material and methods, etc., but should have an abstract.
5.3. References
References should quote the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication
(Black & Miller 1988). Three or more authors should always be referred to as, for
example, (Fox et al. 1977).
A list of references should be given at the end of the paper and should follow the
recommendations in Units, symbols and abbreviations: a guide for biological and
medical editors and authors (1988), p. 52, London: The Royal Society of Medicine.
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(i) for journal references: name(s) of author(s), year, title of paper, title of journal,
volume number, first and last page numbers.
(ii) for book references: name(s) of author(s), year, title of book, edition, volume,
chapter and/ or page number, town of publication, publisher.
c) Author's names should be arranged thus: Daniels, J.A., Kelly, R.A. & Til, T.C.
Note the use of the ampersand and omission of comma before it. Author's names
when repeated in the next reference are always spelled out in full.
f) The journal title should be written in full, italicised, and followed by volume number
in bold type, and page numbers.
Examples:
Tonetti, M. S., Schmid, J., Hämmerle,C. H. & Lang, N. P. (1993) Intraepithelial
antigen-presenting cells in the keratinized mucosa around teeth and osseointegrated
implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 4: 177-186.
Poole, B., Ohkuma, S. & Warburton, M. (1978) Some aspects of the intracellular
breakdown of erogenous and endogenous proteins. In: Segal, H.S. & Doyle, D.J.,
eds. Protein turnover and lysosome function, 1st edition, p. 43. New York: Academic
Press.
Tables: Tables should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals. Type each
table on a separate sheet, with titles making them self-explanatory. Due regard
should be given to the proportions of the printed page.
Figures: All figures should clarify the text and their number should be kept to a
minimum. Details must be large enough to retain their clarity after reduction in size.
Illustrations should preferably fill a single-column width (81 mm) after reduction,
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Preparation of Electronic Figures for Publication: Although low quality images are
adequate for review purposes, print publication requires high quality images to
prevent the final product being blurred or fuzzy. Submit EPS (lineart) or TIFF
(halftone/photographs) files only. MS PowerPoint and Word Graphics are unsuitable
for printed pictures. Do not use pixel-oriented programmes. Scans (TIFF only) should
have a resolution of 300 dpi (halftone) or 600 to 1200 dpi (line drawings) in relation to
the reproduction size (see below). EPS files should be saved with fonts embedded
(and with a TIFF preview if possible). For scanned images, the scanning resolution
(at final image size) should be as follows to ensure good reproduction: lineart: >600
dpi; half-tones (including gel photographs): >300 dpi; figures containing both halftone
and line images: >600 dpi.
6. AFTER ACCEPTANCE
Upon acceptance of a paper for publication, the manuscript will be forwarded to the
Production Editor who is responsible for the production of the journal.
The corresponding author will receive an email alert containing a link to a web site. A
working email address must therefore be provided for the corresponding author. The
proof can be downloaded as a PDF (portable document format) file from this site.
Acrobat Reader will be required in order to read this file. This software can be
downloaded (free of charge) from the following Web site:
www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html . This will enable the file to be
opened, read on screen, and printed out in order for any corrections to be added.
Further instructions will be sent with the proof. Hard copy proofs will be posted if no
e-mail address is available; in your absence, please arrange for a colleague to
access your e-mail to retrieve the proofs. Proofs must be returned to the Production
Editor within three days of receipt.
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Excessive changes made by the author in the proofs, excluding typesetting errors,
will be charged separately. Other than in exceptional circumstances, all illustrations
are retained by the publisher. Please note that the author is responsible for all
statements made in his work, including changes made by the copy editor.
Articles should not normally exceed 10 printed pages, including illustrations and
references. Additional pages will be charged to the author(s) at the rate of USD 160
per page.