Apostila Inglês AFA

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Sumário
 AULA 1 – TEXT INTERPRETATION ............................................................... 3
Exercícios de sala ........................................................................................................................................ 6
 AULA 2 – ARTICLES.................................................................................... 8
Exercícios de sala ...................................................................................................................................... 11
 AULA 3 – NOUNS ..................................................................................... 12

 AULA 4 e 5 – PRONOUNS ........................................................................ 18

 AULA 6 – ADVERBS & QUANTIFIERS ......................................................... 24

 AULA 7 – GENITIVE CASE......................................................................... 30

 AULA 8 e 9– VERB & VERB TENSES ......................................................... 32

 AULA 10 – MODAL VERBS ........................................................................ 44

 AULA 11 – PREPOSITIONS ....................................................................... 48

 AULA 12 – CONJUNCTIONS ...................................................................... 51

 AULA 13 – CONDICIONAL SENTENCES & PHRASAL VERBS ....................... 59

 AULA 14 – ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE ....................................................... 64

 AULA 15 – REPORTED SPEECH .................................................................. 67

 AULA 16 – QUESTION TAG ...................................................................... 70

 AULA 17 – NUMBERS .............................................................................. 74

 AULA 18 – ADJECTIVES ............................................................................ 77

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TEXT INTERPRETATION
1.1 Importance of text interpretation 1.3 Reading Techniques
 Os concursos militares sempre têm a presença  Para dinamizarmos a nossa leitura e

de, pelo menos, 1 texto em suas provas. possamos responder as questões propostas com
 Ao observarmos a prova da EEAR, constatamos mais clareza e precisão, iremos utilizar algumas
que ela possui textos de pequenos a médios. Já a técnicas de leitura. Neste capítulo, iremos abordar
prova da AFA possui um texto grande, contemplando quatro técnicas de leitura:
todas as suas questões. Visto isso, observamos o
01) Prediction: Técnica na qual o estudante,
quão importante é acertarmos todas as questões de
através de elementos do texto (title, subtitles,
interpretação de texto do concurso.
source, pictures) prevê o conteúdo o qual será
abordado. Essa técnica ocorre antes do início da
1.2 Tips for success on English tests leitura, feita de forma instantânea e torna-se cada
dia mais fácil conforme o aluno for ganhando mais
 Identifique seu nível de inglês e utilize materiais bagagem de cultura geral.
compatíveis.
 Leia, leia e leia cada dia mais e melhor. (ITA 2017) STARSHOT PROJECT: STEPHEN
 Evolua step by step. HAWKING AND MARK ZUCKERBERG
 Pratique a leitura de textos cada dia maiores e LAUNCH MOST AMBITIOUS ALIEN-FINDING
mais complexos (livros, sites, revistas, artigos, PROJECT EVER
videogames...)
 Evite usar dicionários a todo tempo (esqueça a  Ao olharmos para o título do texto,
tradução palavra por palavra). observamos já o nome de duas pessoas famosas
 Busque novas fontes de pesquisa e utilize (Stephen Hawking – Físico/Pesquisador e
diferentes mídias. Zuckerberg – Programador/empresário).
 Anote o que for novo para você (estruturas Podemos imaginar então que trataremos de um
verbais, palavras, expressões...). texto que envolve ciência (universo, partículas,
 Utilize técnicas de leitura foguetes...) e tecnologia (inteligência artificial,
 Faça provas anteriores para acostumar-se com o foguetes, computadores...).
tamanho e a complexidade dos textos, além de  Naturalmente o vocabulário relacionado a
identificar os assuntos que mais caem. technology/science/computers começará a fluir
em sua mente.
Sources:
 bbc.co.uk 02) Skimming: Leitura rápida e dinâmica do
 newsweek.com texto, não se prendendo ao vocabulário. O
 boeing.com objetivo dessa técnica é obter o sentido global do
 theguardian.com texto, a ideia central do que está sendo tratado.
 commitstrip.com
 Possível identificar o gênero textual que está
 independente.co.uk
sendo utilizado (romance, biografia, receita...).
 forbes.com
Em provas militares, normalmente há sempre
 commonlit.org
uma questão sobre a ideia central do texto.
 nytimes.com
 Identificar o tipo de narrador do texto
(narrador externo, narrador personagem ...).
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(EEAR BCT 2020) Months later, senior management investigated
Can you recognize your emotions? why the project had failed, costing hundreds of
If I ask you how you are feeling, you may answer: thousands of dollars. “It all traced back to this one
“I’m feeling good, I’m fine”! But what does that “good” word,” says Chia Suan Chong, a UK-based
or “fine” really mean? Would it mean fascinated, communications skills and intercultural trainer,
curious, balanced, joyful, encouraged, hopeful, who didn’t reveal the tricky word because it is
motivated, happy? highly industry-specific and possibly identifiable.
On the other hand you might also reply: “I’m “Things spiralled out of control because both
feeling bad”, and, then, recognize that you are feeling parties were thinking the opposite.”
bored, lonely, sorry, anxious, fearful, nervous, When such misunderstandings happen, it’s
insecure or frustrated. usually the native speakers who are to blame.
The advantage of making such distinctions, rather Ironically, they are worse at delivering their
than feeling “good” or “bad” is that your emotions message than people who speak English as a
indicate what you need to do to feel more satisfying. second or third language, according to Chong. “A
For example, if you are angry with a person, you lot of native speakers are happy that English has
can argue with him, you can request him to stop his become the world’s global language. They feel
offensive behavior or you can avoid him. You have they don’t have to spend time learning another
choices. Recognize each of your emotions and pay language.”
attention to what they are communicating to you. The non-native speakers, it turns out, speak
more purposefully and carefully, trying to
According to the text, we can infer communicate efficiently with limited, simple
that______________________. language, typical of someone speaking a second
a) Our emotions are divided only between good and or third language. Anglophones, on the other
bad hand, often talk too fast for others to follow, and
b) It’s very easy to identify if our emotions are good use jokes, slang, abbreviations and references
or bad specific to their own culture, says Chong. “The
c) You have no choice when you are annoyed with native English speaker is the only one who might
somebody not feel the need to adapt to the others,” she adds.
d) Our emotions may indicate what we need to do to
According to the text, read the statements and
feel happier
choose the correct alternative.
03) Scanning: Técnica na qual apenas buscamos a
I – The company had a profit of hundreds of
informação que precisamos. Fazemos uma
thousands of dollars.
varredura no texto para procurar especificamente a
II – The tricky word that caused the problem isn’t
nossa informação. Com isso, iremos direto a um
mentioned in the text.
parágrafo específico, uma oração, expressão....
III – Native speakers don’t usually think they
Ex: (ESPCEX 2020) should adapt in order to make themselves
Native English speakers are the world’s worst understood.
communicators IV – Using abbreviations in emails facilitates the
It was just one word in one email, but it caused communication.
huge financial losses for a multinational company. V – Non-native speakers choose language from a
The message, written in English, was sent by a native limited repertoire.
speaker to a colleague for whom English was a a) I, II and III are correct.
second language. Unsure of the word, the recipient b) II, III and IV are correct.
found two contradictory meanings in his dictionary. c) I, IV and V are correct.
He acted on the wrong one. d) II, IV and V are correct.
e) II, III and V are correct.
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04) Cognates: É de grande valia que utilizemos as
expressões semelhantes ao português (cognates)
para compreendermos com mais facilidade os
textos. Cerca de 50% das palavras de um tempo são
parecidas com o português. Além disso, podemos
também deduzir o sentido de algumas palavras e o
tempo verbal nos atentando a:
 Suffixes (- tion, - tive, - ity, - ment)
 Prefixes (- in, - mis, - un, - il, - ir)
 Partículas + auxiliares (- ing; - ed; have/had; will)
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(IME 2011) Is ‘Facebook’, the social networking website, Because losses tend to be higher in urban areas,
making us narcissist? A new book argues we’re much rates for auto and home insurance are often higher than
more self-absorbed nowadays, stating that technology is to average in inner cities. This has raised questions about
blame. I tweet, therefore I am. Or is it, I tweet, therefore I the availability and affordability of insurance in urban
am insufferable? As if adult celebrities that pop out on the communities. Responding to these concerns, the
red carpets weren’t clue enough, we now have statistical insurance industry is redoubling its efforts to enhance
evidence that we are a lot more in love with ourselves than the insurability of inner city properties and to push for
we used to be. This social phenomenon has raised fields of changes in auto insurance that would enable drivers to
research to academic studies nowadays. In the book ‘The have more coverage options.
Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement’,
Jean M. Twenge, a professor of psychology at San Diego 03) The text refers to redlining as
A a procedure forbidden by law.
State University, and W. Keith Campbell, a social B the renewal of an insurance policy
psychologist at the University of Georgia, look to the C the discrimination between risks
Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which measures self- D an analysis of insurance claims.
regard, materialism, and lack of empathy. They found that E a quota system.
the number of college students scoring high on the test has
04) According to the text, in urban areas,
risen by 30 percent since the early 1980’s. A the risk of losses is minimum
B redlining would be acceptable
01) What kind of human behavior is central to the study C expenses and losses are lower.
mentioned in the text? D rates may exceed the average.
A the alienation of the celebrities from the others
around them. (IME 2011) The history of technology is full of
B addiction to technology. breakthroughs in one field that wound up working
C the high scoring of college students in academic tests. wonders in a related one. The 300B vacuum tube,
D the hard work of social psychologists. introduced by Western Electric in 1937 to amplify
E excessive positive feelings and admiration of oneself. telephone signals, found a far more enduring use as a
high-fidelity audio amplifier. The atomic clocks first
02) What has NOT been encouraging people to act the way
described in the text? used in the 1960’s by the U.S. military to track Sputnik
A technology and later to validate Albert Einstein’s relativity theories
B narcissism. are now the basis of Global Positioning System. And of
C materialism course, the magnetron, invented in the 1920’s at
D psychology General Electric and used in radars during World War
E entitlement II, later found itself repurposed as the basis for the
microwave oven.
(ESAF) Urban Insurance Issues
Underwriting, the task of deciding what risks to insure, 05) According to the text, what is correct to say?
allows insurers to discriminate between good and bad A The 300B vacuum tube is used in car engines to
amplify the audio communications systems.
risks. Differences in prices for insurance must reflect
B The atomic clocks are now applied to a different
expected differences in losses and expenses. When the risk device than that of its original idealization..
of future losses increases or when rates are inadequate, C The history of technology has proved that it may
insurers become more selective about the degree of risk wound humans due to its versatility.
they will assume in an effort to preserve their profit D The atomic clocks were used to play song tracks in
margin. However, redlining, defined as refusal to issue or high fidelity quality.
renew or cancel an insurance policy based on the E The Global Positioning System was validated by
Albert Einstein’s relativity theories.
geographic location of the structure or individual to be
insured, is illegal in every state.
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06) According to the text, complete the sentence: “The 09) All the sentences below are correct, EXCEPT:
microwave oven…” A She thinks it’s not a good idea to postpone building
A relies on the proper function of radars.. the new swimming pool.
B and the magnetron were repurposed after their B They’ll wash my car, when they finish cleaning my
inventions. bedroom.
C is one more example of the technological inventions
C We enjoy not having to wash the dishes.
which have benefited from the innovations generated
D He doesn’t mind to lend his bike.
during the space race.
D and radars used during the World War II both count on
the magnetron as one of its components
E was first idealized at General Electric.
(EEAR BCT 2021)

Diary: your life day by day
Most people consider diaries indispensable - a
reminder of what they have to do each day. This is
especially true in the professional world. A diary can help
you keep track of your agenda and make it easier for you
to follow a planned schedule. In this sense, it is similar to
a notebook with dates in which you write meetings and
other things to remember. At school or at work, diaries are
very useful.
However, a diary can be more than a list of
appointments: it can be a secret record of private thoughts.
People write these diaries for different reasons: for fun or
to read them years later. “It makes you think and form an
opinion on what you are writing” - when you express your
feelings and experiences, it’s easier to overcome your
problems; it’s like a therapy.
Nowadays, some people write e-diaries, called blogs or
web logs. “They open their hearts” to other people on the
Net. In fact, many people, famous or ordinary in fiction or
in real life, write diaries.
07) According to the text, we can infer that: A

diary____________________
A is just useful to make a list of our compromises
B can be considered essential to those people who use it
every day
C is better than a notebook, where people open their hearts
on the net
GABARITO
D is used to write about our feelings, but it can’t help to
solve our problems •01 E 07 B
•02 D 08 C
08) In…“A diary can help you keep track of your agenda”,
•03 A 09 D
the underlined words are closest in meaning to: •04 D
A maintain your secret thoughts
B remember some events from the past •05 B
•06 D
C continue to know what is going to happen
D have information about another people’s private life
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 Definição: São palavras que definem
USAR INDEFINITE ARTICLE
substantivos como específicos ou não específicos.
Eles podem ser classificados como: 01) Antes de profissões.
Artigo definido: the (o,a,os,as) Ex: My father’s an astronaut.

Artigo indefinido: a/an (um,uma)
02) Antes de substantivos que denotam religião e
Indefinite Articles nacionalidade, caso não sejam usados como
adjetivos.
 Indefinite articles (a,an) são usados para se Ex1: She is an American doctor.
referir a coisas gerais, coisas que os
Ex2: Carol is a devotic catholic.
ouvintes/leitores não conhecem ou que não foram
anteriormente mencionados. Somente usados antes
de palavras no singular.
03) Antes de substantivos no singular e contáveis,
Ex1: She has a meeting on Sunday morning. indicando uma classe ou grupo específico.
Ex2: Please hand me an autobiography. Ex: A doctor is usually hard worker.
 An: utilizado antes de um substantivo no

singular começando com som de vogal.
 A: utilizado antes de substantivo no singular
NÃO USAR INDEFINITE ARTICLE
começando com som de consoante.
Ex1: Usain Bolt is a Jamaican runner. 01) Antes de substantivos no plural.
Ex2: Give up is never an option.
02) Antes de substantivos incontáveis (neste caso
usaremos a expressão some)
OBS: Cuidado com as palavras que apesar Ex: Can you lend me some money?
de iniciarem por consoantes, possuem som
de vogais e vice-versa.
Ex1: He is studying in a university.
Ex2: My mother is an honest woman.
Ex3: He is a United State senator.

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Definite Articles 06) Antes de nome de famílias ou para especificar
 Definite article (the) é utilizado quando nos a pessoa sobre a qual se fala (nunca se utiliza the
referimos a uma coisa específica ou que já é de antes de nome próprio nem de pronome
conhecimento do leitor/ouvinte. Pode ser usado possessivo)
antes de singular e plural e pode ser traduzido como Ex: The Kennedys is an American political family.
‘o’, ‘a’, ‘os’, ‘as’.
Ex: The summer was incredible, and we had fun.
07) Antes de instrumentos musicais,
ritmos/danças.
USAR DEFINITE ARTICLE
Ex1: The samba is a Brazilian dance style.
01) Antes de substantivos já mencionados ou coisas
específicas. Ex2: The saxophones are made of brass.
Ex1: I received some postcards last Christmas. The
postcards were so beautiful.
08) Antes de nome de edifícios e também jornais,
Ex2: The backpack is blue. teatros, cinemas, museus, restaurantes, clubes...
Ex1: The Oscar Niemeyer museum mis located in
02) Antes de substantivos únicos em suas espécies. Curitiba.
Ex1: The earliest scientific models of the universe Ex2: The Empire State building is one of the most
were developed by ancient Greek and Indian attractive places in New York.
philosophers.
Ex3: The New York Times is an American
Ex2: The sun is the star at the center of the Solar
newspaper.
System.
09) Com o superlative (the most / -est)

03) Antes de nomes de rios, mares, oceanos, polos,
desertos, cadeias de montanhas (acidentes Ex: Tony is the tallest guy in our team.
geográficos)
Ex1: The North Dip Pole marks the spot where
Earth’s geomagnetic field points directly downward.
NÃO USAR DEFINITE ARTICLE
Ex2: The Pacific Ocean is the body of water between
01) Antes de nomes de cidades, estados, ilhas,
Asia and Australia in the west. países, continente + alguns países com nome
composto (Saudi Arabia, North/South Korea)
04) Antes de títulos e cargos, sem o nome próprio. Ex1: France is famous for its wine.
NOT The France is famous for its wine
Ex: The Queen of England lives in London.
Ex2: Tahiti is the economic centre of French
Polynesia.
05) Antes de nomes compostos de países.
NOT The Tahiti
Ex1: The United States of America is composed of
50 states.
02) Antes de substantivos no plural utilizados no
Ex2: The United Arab Emirates is located in sentido genérico
Western Asia.
Ex1: People are scared with the violence growing.
Ex2: Brazilians are unsatisfied with the economy.

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03) Antes de nomes que denotam esportes,
disciplinas acadêmicas, refeições, estações do ano,
meses e dias da semana, refeições.
Ex1: Spring is the season of flowers.
Ex2: Biology is an important science.
04) Com títulos / cargos + Nome próprio.

Ex1: The president announced that he's
reprogramming billions of dollars to fund a wall at the
U.S.-Mexico border.
BUT: President Trump announced that…
Ex2: The doctor recommended that he should give

up smoking.
BUT: Doctor Ray recommended…
05) Antes de pronomes possessivos ou nomes

próprios.
Ex1: I lent my book yesterday.
Ex2: Mary is my cousin.
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01) (PUC-CAMP) Assinale a alternativa em que os artigo , a ou an foram incorretamente empregados.
A The General was wearing a uniform whose buttons were all made of gold.
B Thank you, Sir, it's an honor to me having worked with you.
C Please, hand me a dozen eggs.
D What will you have, a coffee, a tea or water?
02) (EEAR 2015) Read the text below and choose the best alternative that completes the blanks.
The goose and the golden egg
There was once _______ Countryman who possessed the most wonderful Goose you can imagine, for every day when
he visited the nest, the Goose had laid a beautiful, glittering, golden egg.
The Countryman took the eggs to market and soon began to get rich. But it was not long before he grew impatient with
______ Goose because she gave him only a single golden egg a day. He was not getting rich fast enough.
Then one day, after he had finished counting his money, the idea came to him that he could get all the golden eggs at
once by killing the Goose and cutting it open. But when the deed was done, not a single golden egg did he find, and his
precious Goose was dead.
A a-a
B a - the
C the - a
D the – the
03) (UNIBAN) Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a frase "In _____ Brazil, if you want to enter _____
university you have to take _____ exam which normally takes more than _____ hour.
A the /an /an /a
B the / - / - / -
C - / a / an / a
D - / a / an / an
GABARITO
1 •D
2 •B
3 •D
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Definição: Classe de palavras que nomeia seres em 04)Se a palavra termina -Y e a letra anterior é
geral, objetos, seres, lugares, sentimentos… uma vogal, acrescenta -s. Caso a letra antes do
-y seja uma consoante, trocamos o -y por -ies.
Ex: Albert Einstein, my mother, the president –
person  boy – boys
 duty – duties
Disneyland, Brazil, my bedroom, the trenches – place
05) Se a palavra termina em consoante + o,
Safety, clarity, descent, taking off – things acrescenta -es.
 Tomato – tomatoes
 Potato – Potatoes
1) Plural of nouns
01) Regra geral > Adiciona -s ao final.

 Exceptions: palavras de origem estrangeira,
acrescenta-se o -s.
 attack – attacks
 rocket – rockets  Piano / pianos
 Studio/studios
 traffic - traffics
 Photo/photos
02) Palavras terminadas em -S; -SS; -SH; -CH; -X or
-Z, adiciona -es ao final. 06) Algumas palavras têm um plural irregular.
 fish – fishes  child – children

 tax - taxes  goose – geese
 match – matches  woman – women
 mouse – mice
 Exceptions: palavras de origem grega  fisherman – fishermen
terminadas em ch com som de k. O  Irishman – Irishmen
plural será formado com s.  Man - men
 Tooth - teeth
 Monarch - monarchs
 Foot - feet
 Epoch - epochs
 Louse - lice
 Patriarch - patriarchs
 Ox - oxen
 Matriarch - matriarchs
 Die - dice
03) Palavras terminadas em -F or -FE, a terminação 07) Poucas palavras possuem a mesma forma
-f / -fe transforma-se em -ve e acrescenta -s. no singular e no plural.
 wife – wives  aircraft – aircraft

 wolf – wolves  series – series
 species – species
# Exceptions #
 roof – roofs
 chief – chiefs
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 chef – chefs
 belief – beliefs
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Plural de palavras do Grego e Latim 3) Countable and uncountable nouns.
Singular Plural Uncountable Nouns
ending ending  Não podem ser escritos no plural.

 Somente poderão ser utilizados com verbos no
-a → - ae singular (3ª pessoa).
 Não podem ser precedidos pelos artigos “a” ou
- en → - ina “an”. Ao invés, utiliza-se “some” ou “any”.
 Utilizam-se quantificadores apropriados (much,
- ex → - ices little, etc)..
 Muitos substantivos incontáveis são palavras
- is → - es
utilizadas para se referir a comida ou bebida,
substantivos coletivos, substantivos abstratos.
- itis → - itides
Vejamos alguns exemplos:
- ix → - ices Abstract idea Liquid Food
- on → -a Information Water Flour
- um → -a Bravery Wine Rice
- us → -i Advice Milk Baking

powder
Motivation Coffee Sugar

Ex1: Even scientists don’t comprehend these
Freedom Tea Meat
phenomena.
Substance Feeling
Ex2: We carefully avoid a field of cacti.
state of being
2) Gender of nouns
Iron Anger
A maioria dos substantivos em inglês têm a mesma
Steel Stress
forma para o masculino e o feminino, porém vale
destacar algumas exceções: Oxygen Happiness
Boy/girl Air Courage
Man/woman Metal Childhood
Brother/sister
Son/daughter
Uncle/aunt
Father/mother
Husband/wife
Nephew/niece
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 Actor/actress
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 Host/hostess
 Waiter/waitress
Countable Nouns 4) Prefixes and suffixes
 Podem ser escritos no plural ou singular. PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

 Utilizam-se quantificadores apropriados (many, few,
etc). ante- before antenatal anteroom
antedate
Ex1: There are many guys outside.
Ex2: There are four rooms im my house.

anti- against antibiotic
OBS: As palavras bread (pão), advice (conselho), opposing antidepressant
news (notícia) e information (informação) são antidote
contáveis no português.
circum- around circumstance
circumvent
 No entanto, em inglês elas são INCONTÁVEIS.
circumnavigate
Ex1: Marcus has three computers out of work in his
house.
co- with co-worker, co-pilot,
Ex2: Give me two wines, please. co-operation
Give me two bottles / glasses of wine.

de- off devalue
down defrost
away from
demotivate
dis- opposite disagree, disappear

of disintegrate
disapprove
not
em- en- cause to embrace

put into
encode
epi- upon, epicentre

close to
after episcope
epidermis
ex- former, ex-president

out of
ex-boyfriend
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PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
extra- beyond extracurricular macro- large macroeconomics

more than extraordinary macromolecule
extra-terrestrial
micro- small microscope
microbiology
fore- before forecast
microfilm microwave
forehead
foremost mid- middle Midfielder
midway midsummer
homo- same homosexual
homonuclear
homoplastic mis- wrongly misinterpret mistake
misunderstand
hyper- over hyperactive

above hyperventilate mono- one monotone
singular monobrow
monolithic
il- not Impossible
im- illegal irresponsible post- after post-mortem

indefinite postpone
in-
ir- pre- before prefix predetermine
pre-intermediate
im- into Insert
in- import re- again return

inside rediscover
reunite
infra- beneath infrastructure
below infrared
semi- half semicircle
infrasonic
infraspecific semi-final
semiconscious
inter- between interact intermediate

intra- intergalactic intranet sub- under submerge
submarine
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PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
sub-category subtitle -ism doctrine, Judaism,

belief scepticism,
escapism
super- above, superfood superstar
over supernatural
superimpose -ist person or scientist
object that theorist
does a
trans- across transport specified communist
transnational action
beyond transatlantic
-ity quality of extremity,

tri- three triangle validity,
-ty enormity
tripod
tricycle
-ment Condition argument
un- not unfinished unfriendly

-ness state of being heaviness
undone highness
sickness
unknown
-ship position held friendship

uni- one universal hardship
internship
unilateral,
-sion state of being position

promotion
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE -tion cohesion
-less without hopeless

homeless
-er person or reader,

object that creator,
-or does a interpreter,
specified inventor,
action collaborator,
teacher
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01) (EEAR 2016) Read the text and answer the question 03) (EEAR BCT 2012) Read the text and answer the
below. question below.
Brazil unveils new air traffic control software
Dad: Frog, I like frog. It runs through a maze for some
Brazil’s air force says it will install new software to
cheese…
improve air traffic control across the nation. The air
force says the locally developed software will help
Child: Noooooooooo, that's mouse!
avoid a repeat of the chaotic situation in 2007 when
radar failures and other problems prompted mass
Dad: Oh, mouse. I see. Mouse. I like mouse. I like how it
cancellations and delays.
swims in the ocean…
The air force said in a statement that Sagitario system
Child: No! That's fish. will give controllers many improved tools, including
better access to weather and flight data.
Dad: Oh, I see. Fish. I like fish. I like how it scratches at
fleas and bark at the mailman… Air travel demand will increase significantly in Brazil
when it hosts the 2014 World Cup and the 2016
Child: No, no, no, no. Olympics. The government is already working to
improve the country’s outdated airport infrastructure.
Dad: No?
- “failures”, (line 06), is a(n)
Child: You don't know anything about animals, daddy!
A verb.
- Choose the alternative that presents the plural of the B noun.
nouns “mouse” and “fish” (lines 3 and 6), in the text, C adjective
respectively. D conjunction.
04) (UNESP) Indique a alternativa que expressa o
A Mice - Fish
mesmo significado da expressão em destaque na
B Mice - Fishes sentença: It is important to remember that THE
BEHAVIOR OF DEPRESSED CHILDREN may
C Mouses - Fish change.
D Mouses - Fishes A -the depressed children's behavior

B the behavior's depressed children
C the behavior of the depressed children's
D the children's depressed behavior
02) (EPCAR) Mark the option that presents a mistake of
gender.
A My niece is called Mary.

GABARITO
B Prince Diana died in car accident.
•1-A
C My uncle is a good host.
•02 B
D My father is a very wealthy man. •03 B

•04 C
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Definição: Expressões usadas para acompanhar  Object Pronouns: Utilizado como objeto
ou substituir substantivos ou pronomes. direto/indireto da frase e também como
complemento. Vem sempre após o verbo ou de
uma preposição.
Ex1: My family drives me nuts, but I love them.
Ex1: Can you help me, please?
MY: Possessive adjective
THEM: Possessive pronoun Ex2: She was waiting for us.
Ex2: Here are some tips what you can do today to # PREPOSITIONS #
keep yourself in the air for years to come.
of / with / at / from / to / for / about / among
YOU: Subject pronoun
Ex: (UNESP 2001) As a tool, the computer assists
YOURSELF: Reflexive pronoun ________ to perform a lot of activities.
(a) we
Subject Pronoun x Object Pronoun
(b) us
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
st
1 p.s I Me (c) mine
2nd p.s You You (d) she

3rd p.s He Him
Possessive adjective x Possessive pronoun
3rd p.s She Her
Possessive Possessive
3rd p.s It It
Pronoun Adjective
1st p.p We Us 1st p.s My Mine

2nd p.p You You
3rd p.p They Them 2nd p.s Your Yours
 Subdivisão dos PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 3rd p.s His His
3rd p.s Her Hers
 Subject Pronouns: Utilizado como sujeito da 3rd p.s Its X

frase. Geralmente, são utilizados no início da frase
e sempre antes do verbo. 1st p.p Our Ours
Ex1: You seem lost. 2nd p.p Your Yours
Ex2: This table is old and it needs to be repainted. 3rd p.p Their Theirs
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 Possessive Adjetives: Apresentam-se antes  Reflexive Pronoun: Usados para
dos substantivos, acompanhando os mesmos. indicar que a ação recai sobre o próprio sujeito
(ação mútua). Vem após o verbo e concorda
Ex1: Samantha will fix her bike tomorrow.
com o sujeito.
Ex2: Businessmen have their own priorities. Reflexive Pronoun
 Possessive Pronouns: Utilizado para
1st p.s Myself
substituir os substantivos. Não pode ser seguido por
um substantivo. 2nd p.s Yourself
Ex1: The kids are yours and mine. YOURS
3rd p.s Himself
= Your kids MINE = my kids
3rd p.s Herself
Ex2: The house on the corner is theirs.
THEIRS = Their house 3rd p.s Itself
OBS: We can use possessive pronouns after OF. 1st p.p Ourselves
We can say:
2nd p.p Yourselves
Susan is one of my friends
3rd p.p Themselves
OR
Susan is a friend of mine.

Ex: The little girl cut herself with a knife.
BUT NOT
A menina cortou e foi cortada.
Susan is a friend of me
 Os reflexive pronouns precedidos pela
 Choose whether each sentence requires a preposição by tem o sentido de sozinho(a). Por
possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun. vezes, inclui-se a expressão all para dar ênfase.
Ex: Her brother is studying in London. (possessive Ex1: Did you go to the park by yourself?
adjective)
Ex2: I did the homework (all) by myself.
Rubens didn’t drink his own coffee. He drank hers.
(possessive pronoun)  Existem outros tipos de reflexive
pronouns que são chamados reciprocal
a) She isn’t his friend, she’s ___________ -- pronouns. Eles são each, other or one another
(my / mine). (basicamente utilizados da mesma forma no
inglês contemporâneo). Também transmitem a
b) That is one of _________ (her / hers) friends. ideia de ação mútua.
c) Honey, I’ve lost ________ (my / mine) keys. Ex1: Mary and Ann are talking to each other /
one another.
OBS: Look at the difference between the two

following sentences
They cut themselves x They cut each other

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 Demonstrative Pronouns: Utilizados para  Indefinite Pronouns: Utilizados para
indicar algo (pessoa, coisa e lugar) e situar tal no nos referir a coisas, pessoas ou lugares sem
espaço. especificar quem ou o que é.
 Temos como indefinite pronouns some,
Singular Plural Translation
any, no, every... e suas variações.
This These este(s), Ex: I bought everything at the mall.
esta(s), isto
That Those esse(s),

essa(s),
aquele(a), Person Place Thing
aqueles(as)
All everyone everywhere everything
everybody
This / These: Utilizado quando o falante está perto Part someone / somewhere something
do objeto/sujeito. somebody
That / Those: Utilizado quando o falante está longe (p)
do objeto/sujeito.
Part anyone / anywhere anything
OBS1: Em inglês existem expressões como this anybody
(n)
one, these ones, that one, those one no sentido
de aquele(s), aquela(s), este(s), esse(s)... e servem
no one / nowhere nothing
para retomar algo já dito, evitar repetição. Non nobody
e
Ex1: Don’t sit on the couch, this one is more
comfortable.
Ex2: Those backpacks are mine, those ones are Ex1: Keith is looking for somewhere to live.
yours.
Ex2: They can choose anything from the menu.
OBS2: The expression SUCH (tal / tais) é utilizado
nos casos:
Antes de substantivo para dar ênfase;
Ex: We visited such a wonderful museum in London.
Pode usar a expressão SUCH AS como

sinônimo de ‘’for example’’;
Ex: We can visit lots of places such as Eiffel Tower

or The Louvre museum.
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 Relative Pronouns: Os pronomes relativos  Interrogative Pronouns: Utilizados para
servem para se referir a algo já mencionado fazer perguntas. Também conhecidos como
(pessoas, coisas, posse). Introduzem orações Wh-words (Wh-questions).
relativas.
Pronoun Informação Examples

Relative Refere-se a Examples que se quer
Pronoun ter
Who The man who lives in Rio What O que (thing) What would you like to
is an engineer. see?
pessoas
This is what I’m talking
about!
The boy whom you’re
Whom talking about works here. Where Onde (place) Where were you last
Sunday?
Which coisas The bride needs to decide
which dress to wear. I’ve visited the house
where you lived in
That Pessoas The girl that arrived is 2013.
intelligent.
When Quando When will you do the
The guitar that was on the (time) test?
coisas table is mine.
I love when you
Whose Posse Whose car is this? surprise me!
Why Por que Why did you talk to

(reason) Brian?
Ex: (EEAR BCT 2017) Choose the alternative that
contains the right use of the relative pronoun, in He won’t tell me why
order to write the two sentences below as a single there is sadness in his
sentence: eyes.
That is the teacher. I spoke to her about my grades. How Como (the How did you get it?
way)
(a) That is the teacher to which I spoke to about my It’s how you think
grades. about it.
(b) That is the teacher to who I spoke to about my OBS: How questions são frases com sentido
grades. próprio, formadas pelo pronome How +
expression.
(c) That is the teacher to whom I spoke about my
grades. How old is he?
How many children does your mother have?
(d) That is the teacher who I spoke about my grades.
How much money do you have?
How long is the movie?
How tall / high / short / difficult / deep / far…
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01) (EEAR BCT 2019) Read the text to answer question. 03) (EEAR 2012) Read the text and answer the
question.
The cabin crew battled to save the passenger
Flooding, chaotic traffic, a lack of security, and a
Ben Graham deficient public health service. These and other
Shocked passengers watched as doctors and cabin crew problems are routine for people living in the capital of
tried to save the life of a critically ill passenger on a São Paulo State. However, ________ residents are
Qantas flight to Sidney on Friday. happier with the city today than they were nine years
ago. Despite these problems, São Paulo has much to
A Qantas spokeswoman confirmed that the passenger
offer, such as great job and good chances of business,
________ received treatment during the medical
emergency couldn’t survive. and an excellent range of leisure and service options.
The flight from London, via Singapore, was forced to (Adapted from Maganews #53)
land in Adelaide because of the incident. No passengers
got off the flight while it was in Adelaide. - Fill in the blank with the correct pronoun.
A witness on board told that everything started with a A It

cabin announcement asking for any doctors on board.
There were two passengers with medical training, but B Its
nothing could be done to save the passenger. The crew did
everything they could, including performing CPR with a C your
doctor on board, but unfortunately the passenger
has passed away.
D their
Adapted from nypost.com
04) (EEAR 2017) Read the dialogue and mark the right
- Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun. expression to complete it correctly.
A who
A: _____________ have you been working as a
B what sergeant?
C which B: For about 2 years.
D whose A How
02) (ESA 2020) ‘’My brother has a new job. He doesn’t
B How long
like ______ very much.’’ Fill in the blank with the correct
form of the personal pronoun. C How much
A it D How many
B who
C she
D he
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05) (AFA 2018) In the sentence ‘’ here is a number of
theories that attempt to explain the link’’, it is possible to
find an option to substitute the pronoun accordingly in:
A Where
B Whose
C When
D Which
06) (ESPCEX 2005) Choose the correct alternative to fill

in the blanks:
____ all know that Mr. Jones, the English teacher, is

trying ____ best to make_____ learn all the subjects
______ considers important.
A They / his / we / they
B She / his / we / she
C We / his / us / he
D We / her / us/ she
GABARITO
•01 A
•02 A
•03 B
•04 B
•05 D
•06 C
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ADVERBS  Advérbios são palavras que modificam
Definição: Advérbios são palavras que modificam o verbos, adjetivos e outros advérbios.
verbo, adjetivo ou outros advérbios.
Ex: I thought the movie ended abruptly.
Ex: They are certainly waiting for you to call back.
 Muitos advérbios derivam de adjetivos.
 Os advérbios possuem diversas classificações, Para tal, é acrescido a terminação -ly ao
dentre as quais podemos citar: adjetivo. Com isso, temos, geralmente, a
 Time: tomorrow, yesterday, last week… transformação do adjetivo em um advérbio de
modo (manner).
 Place: along, inside, among, anywhere…
 Manner (-ly)*: gracefully, cleverly, wildly, Ex1: She thinks quickly. (quick + Ly)
happily…
Ex2: She dances weirdly, but I still love her so
much.
 Certainty: obviously, probably, definitely…
OBS 1: Tome cuidado pois nem toda expressão
 Frequency: Always, never, sometimes, finalizada com -ly é um advérbio.
rarely…
Ex: It's a disorderly (=confused) sort of
 Degree: Too, very, enough… a house with books and papers lying
around everywhere.
OBS 2: Alguns adjetivos e advérbios são

escritos da mesma forma.
Ex: Harry is a fast driver / He drives fast.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
Fast (veloz, rápido)

Right (correto, corretamente)
High (alta, alto - altura)
Late (atrasado, tarde)
Loud (alta, alto – som)
Close (íntimo, intimamente)
Adjectives x Adverbs
 Hard (esforçado, esforçadamente)
 Adjetivos são palavras que modificam

(descrevem) um substantivo ou pronome.
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Ex: Tina is an incredible student.

Position of adverbs TYPE  POSITION EXAMPLE
 Os advérbios podem ser colocados no início,  

end position They ate
meio e final das frases. quickly.
Ex 1: Suddenly I fainted. 
Manner
Ex 2: Why do you walk so fast?  They
quickly ate
Ex 3: They never go out on Sundays.  mid position and ran
out.
 Quando houver mais de um verbo na frase, o
advérbio posicionado no meio da frase ficará após o   
end position I’m flying
primeiro auxiliar ou verbo modal. to London

Ex: The government has occasionaly been forced tomorrow.
to change its mind.

Time
 Geralmente, quando há o verbo ‘be’ na frase, o Today, I’m
advérbio virá após ele.  mid positiongoing to
Ex: They’re always late. I don’t believe it!
 (emphasize) wash the
dishes.
 Dependendo do tipo de advérbios, há posições
onde eles geralmente aparecem.  
mid position We never
go out


front  We don’t
position see him
very often.
 Frequency


 Never I
 end position
could
swim so
fast.
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01) (GUALIMP 2010) Look at the sentence below. The 03) (EEAR 2016) In the sentence “I hardly
word “hard” refers to a specific part of speech. Which one? ever watch TV at night.”, the expression in bold
Choose the CORRECT answer. type is an adverb of:
“He works “hard” every day. His parents should be proud
of him. A Place
- constamos que está (ão) correta B Manner
A Adverb C Probability
B Adjective D Frequency
C Pronouns 04) (Santa Casasp) The suffix -LY in words like

UNCONTROVERSIALLY , SIMPLY , RELIABLY ,
D Article and TIGHTLY indicates...
02) (EEAR 2017) Read the text and answer the question. A Manner
The child and his mother B Emphasis
A curious child asked his mother: “Mommy, why are some C Comparision
of your hairs turning grey?” The mother tried to use this
occasion to teach her child: “It is because of you, dear. D Quality
Every bad action of yours will turn one of my hair grey!”
The child replied innocently: “Now I know why
grandmother has only grey hairs on her head.”
- The word ‘’innocently’’ in bold type in the text, is an

adverb of:
A Time
B Confirmation
C Manner
D Probability GABARITO
•1-A
•02 C 04 A
•03 D
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QUANTIFIERS / DETERMINERS No x None
 São expressões usadas para indicar e fornecer  Ambos utilizados com verbos na forma
informações a respeito da quantidade de algo. afirmativa para dar a frase um sentido negativo.
Some x Any  No + Noun: They have to leave. There

are no choices.
Utilizados com substantivos contáveis e incontáveis;  None: Do you have free time? I have
none.
01) Some:
Many x Much x a lot of x lots of x Plenty of
 Affirmatives: I will have some news next week
 Questions:  Indicam grande quantidade.
Offer: Would you like some help?
Request Can you give me some money? I’ve 01) Many: Utilizado com substantivos
some bills contáveis
02) Any: Ex1: I have many things to do.
 Questions: Do you have any information about Ex2: How many students are there in this
him? school?
 Negatives: There isn’t any reason to complain
02) Much: Utilizado com substantivos
 Affirmatives: incontáveis
If / whether: You can ask me if you have any
doubts. Ex1: They have much money on the bank.
‘‘Qualquer’’: The students can use any book
they want Ex2: My children have much free time.
Palavras negativas: I can live without any
03) A lot of – Lots of – Plenty of: Utilizados
money
com susbstantivos contáveis e incontáveis e
possuem o mesmo significado.
Ex1: My sister has a lot of / lots of / plenty of

talent for dancing.
Ex2: Laywers have a lot of / lots of / plenty of

business projects.
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(a) little x (a) few
 Indicam pequena quantidade;
01) Few: Usado com substantivos contáveis.
Ex: Few people know how difficult math is.
A few = Some
Ex: The letter came a few days ago
02) Little: Usado com substantivos incontáveis.
Ex: Air traffic controllers have little time to take a

decision.
A little = some
Ex: I have a little money in my account.
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01) (UFV) In the sentence "MANY thinkers have tried to give us answers," the capital word has a meaning close to:
A a few
B few
C several
D little
02) (UNESP) Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente as lacunas da frase a seguir: Do politicians work ___
and earn ___ money?
A little - many
B very - much
C much - few
D little – much
03) (AFA) “Only a relatively small amount of heat is lost through the windows”. The boldfaced expression in the
sentence can only be substituted for:
A a great deal of
B plenty of
C a small number of
D a little
GABARITO
•01 C
•02 D
•03C
•
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Também conhecido como possessive case, é
utilizado para indicar a posse de alguma coisa.
É representado pelo ’s e ele sempre virá junto

com quem possue algo.
Regras para uso
1) ’s vem sempre com quem possui;
Ex: My friend’s house / Queen’s palaces are in

London.
2) Quando duas pessoas possuem uma

mesma coisa, o ’s virá após o segundo nome
apenas;
Ex: Larry and Lisa’s books are incredible.
3) Quando duas pessoas possuirem coisas

diferentes, colocaremos o apóstrofo após o
primeiro e após o segundo nome;
Ex: Larry’s and Lisa’s books are incredible.
4) Quando o possuidor já terminar com a letra

‘’s’’, apenas colocaremos o ’
Ex: Luis’ cars
OBS: Com seres inanimados, não utilizamos o ’s.

Utilizaremos a expressão ‘of’.
Ex: The building’s roof
The roof of the building

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01) (UNESP) Indique a alternativa que expressa o mesmo
significado da expressão em destaque na sentença: It is
important to remember that THE BEHAVIOR OF
DEPRESSED CHILDREN may change.
A -the depressed children's behavior
B the behavior's depressed children
C the behavior of the depressed children's
D the children's depressed behavior
02) (FATEC) Assinale a alternativa que preenche

corretamente a frase “... was the first to be corrected”.
A Mariana exam
B Mariana’s exam
C Mariana’ exam
D Mariana exam’s
03) (UFRS) O possessivo, usado como em "Woody

Allen's Sweet and Lowdown", está correto em todas as
alternativas abaixo, EXCETO em:
A There was a two hours' delay at the airport in London.
B Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange is a

milestone in modern literature.
C In our last holidays we had to cope with our young

relatives' weird ideas.
D Maggie and Millie's eyebrows are so thin you can GABARITO

hardly see them.
1 •A
2 •B
3 •D
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Os verbos são palavras extremamente Ex: (EEAR BCT 2015)
importantes, presentes em textos e questões.
Muitas provas militares cobram Flight attendant
sinônimos/antônimos de verbos e, por isso, é
Within every elegant and friendly flight attendant
importante que estudemos essa categoria.
exists a very well trained professional. They
Em inglês, temos alguns tipos de verbos. Dentre
graduate from courses recognized by the Civil
os quais destacamos:
Aeronautical Department (DAC). For six months,
this professional learns the basic functions of a
01) Main Verbs: Verbos principais da frase. plane as well as flight procedures. Security
Tem seu significado relacionado a ações, eventos, issues, either in the air or on the ground, are
estados. dealt with in detail. A flight attendant is taught
Ex: They played basketball yesterday. how to handle first – aid procedures for
passengers and he or she also gets survival
training in case of an accident. After graduating,
02) Linking Verbs: São verbos the flight attendant must pass a test at the DAC
intransitivos, mas que são seguidos de sentenças to obtain a license. Only now can this
que agregam alguma informação sobre o sujeito. professional be part of the crew. The courses
Ex: This jacket feels wonderful. require just a basic knowledge of English, but to
develop in the career, to crew international
flights, fluent English is a must.
03) Auxiliary Verbs: São os verbos ‘’be’’,
‘’do’’ e ‘’have’’. Vem localizados antes dos verbos - In “A flight attendant is taught how to handle first
principais. – aid procedures for passengers…”, the
Ex1: I’m still waiting for the car. underlined verb is closest in meaning to, except:
a) to calm down
Ex2: Did you go out yesterday?
b) to cope with
c) to deal with
Para estudarmos os sinônimos, a prática da leitura
é fundamental. A anotação de sinônimos das d) to manage
expressões é muito importante para a assimilação.
Fique atento também que, no texto, provavelmente
os verbos que apareçam sejam sinônimos ou
antônimos daqueles que estão nas respostas.
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Subjunctive & Imperative Gerund
O subjuntivo é o modo verbal utilizado quando A função do gerúndio é transformar o verbo

expressamos incerteza, dúvida ou desejo. em substantivo. Para isso, agrega-se ‘’ing’’ no
final do verbo na forma infinitiva.
Ex: Living with only the bare essentials has
01) Em desejos, exortações, bênçãos e falas not only provided superficial benefits such as the
semelhantes usamos o infinitivo vazio (sem o “to”). pleasure of a tidy room or the simple ease of
Ex1: Peace be with you! (a paz estava convosco) cleaning.
Ex2: Come rain or come shine… (faça sol ou faça O Gerúndio também é utilizado após um
sol). verbo ou após uma preposição (After, by, on,
without, with).
02) Há uma forma do verbo “to be” no passado que,

Ex1: They began testing a new medicine against
usada com “if” (se), “wish” (quisera, gostaria) e a
Huntington disease two years ago.
expressão “would that” (oxalá), pode ser
considerada um autêntico subjuntivo.
Ex1: I wish you were here. Ex2: Upon finding a piece of glass on the floor,
Jan called the teacher.
Ex2: If I were the boss, I would fire him.
 O imperativo é o modo verbal usado para dar

ordens, comandos, instruções. Verbs followed by Gerund or Infinitive
 Na forma afirmativa, basta retirar a partícula
‘’to’’. No inglês, alguns verbos podem ser seguidos
 Na forma negativa, basta acrescentar o auxiliar de gerúndio ou particípio. Alguns podem ser
+ not e retirar o ‘’to’’. seguidos pelos dois, alterando o sentido.
Ex1: Wake up now!
Ex2: Don’t go out. Stay here! Verbs + Nouns / Gerund
Admit Like Love Mind
Suggest Avoid Keep Finish /

start
Discuss Postpone Save delay
Ex1: I avoid going out at night. It’s so dangerous.
Ex2: I’ve finished working.

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Verbs + Nouns / Infinitive
Seek Afford Hope Care
Prepare Claim Manage seem
Ex1: I hope to see you next week.
Verbs + Infinite/Gerund Different meaning
Need Stop Regret
Want Try remember
Ex1: The baby stopped crying as soon as she saw

her mother.
Ex2: They stopped to smoke before getting the bus.
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01) (EEAR 2018) Read the text below and answer the
question.
Increasing CPR training to save lives In August, Jeffrey

Feig, a 50-year-old financial executive in Manhattan and
father of three young sons, became one of the more than
350,000 Americans who each year suffer a sudden cardiac
arrest. His heart went into an erratic and ineffective
rhythm and he stopped _____________. But unlike 90
percent of people similarly afflicted, Mr. Feig not only
lived to tell the tale but survived his near-death experience
without any damage to his heart muscle or his brain, an
outcome rarely seen following an out-of-hospital cardiac
arrest.
- Complete the blank with the right verb.
A is breathing
B breathing
C brought
D breath
02) (EEAR) Complete the blank with the right verbs.
Doctors suggest not ____ much fat and sugar. Patients

suffering from cardiopulmonary diseases also should not
avoid___ to the doctor. GABARITO
1 •B
A to eat – to go
2 •B
B eating - going
C eating – to go
D to eat - going
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VERB TENSES 1) SIMPLE PRESENT
Neste conteúdo, iniciaremos o estudo dos  General Facts / always true / scientific
tempos verbais da língua inglesa. facts
Possuímos 12 tempos verbais divididos em 3
modos verbais. Estudaremos aqui os 9 principais e Ex1: The sun rises in the east.
cada modo verbal terá seu verbo auxiliar próprio.
São eles: Ex2: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
 Habits / Routine
SIMPLE Do
Ex1: John checks his email every morning.
CONTINUOUS Be
Ex2: It doesn’t usually snow in October.
PERFECT Have
OBS: We often use time expressions / adverbs
of frequency in this case (every day, all the time,
sometimes, never…).
 Os tempos verbais que estudaremos serão os
seguintes:  True facts in the present
 Simple present Ex1: The European Union prohibits many food

 Present continuous / progressive additives and other drugs that are widely used
 Simple past in American foods. (New York Times)
 Past continuous / progressive
Ex2: Former UN human rights head rejects
 Present perfect
‘pawn’ accusation over visit to UAE princess.
 Past perfect
(New York Times)
 Present perfect continuous / progressive
 Past perfect continuous / progressive  Future Schedules / Future Arrangements
 Future tense
 Future continuous / progressive Ex: We fly to Paris on Monday.
 Future perfect
 Future perfect continuous / progressive
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Simple Present – COM verbo ‘be’ Simple Present – SEM verbo ‘be’
 O verbo ‘to be’ faz a mesma função do  Utilizaremos os auxiliares do / does.

auxiliar.  Os verbos auxiliares são utilizados
geralmente para perguntas e frases negativas.
 Também podem ser utilizadas em frases
Pronoun To be
afirmativas, quando tiver a intenção de enfatizar
I Am o verbo, a ação.
You Are
Pronoun Auxiliary Verb
He / she / it Is I Do
We Are You Do
He / She / it Does
You Are
We Do
They Are
You Do
They Do
Affirmative Negative Question

Simple Subject + Verb +
She is a She is not Is she a
Present Complement
girl. a girl. girl ?
Structure
They are They are Are they Auxiliary Do / Does
dorctors. not doctors? Verbs
doctors.
Do / Does + Subject +
Verb + Complement?
Question
# CONTRACTIONS #
Subject + Do / Does +
 I am = I’m NOT + Complement
Negative
 You are = You’re
 She is = She’s Always, never, every
day / week / month,
 Is + not = Isn’t Keywords
generally, nowadays,
 Are + not = Aren’t scarcely
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 No simple present, quando o sujeito for 3 p.s  Changing / Developing Actions
(he, she, it), o verbo ganhará a letra ‘s’.
Ex1: We're finally getting close to achieving
Ex1: They work every Sunday.
sustainable nuclear fusion. (science alert)
Do they work every Sunday?
Ex2: We’re getting really close to eradicating the
They do not work every Sunday. second disease from the planet.
Present Subject + be +
Continuous Verb -ing +
Ex2: Marie plays volleyball every morning. Complement
Does Marie play volleyball every morning?
Auxiliary Be
She does not play volleyball every morning. Verbs
Be + Subject +
Verb -ing +
# CONTRACTIONS # Question
Complement?
 Do + not = Don’t
Subject + am/is/are
 Does + not = Doesn’t
+ NOT +
Negative
Complement
02) PRESENT CONTINUOUS At the moment,

now, any more
Keywords
 Actions that are happening now
Ex1: Now, it appears that a new disaster is slowly

Ex: They are working right now.
unfolding in the Gulf of Mexico. (New York Times)
Are they working right now?
Ex2: There are many things contributing to these
trends. They aren’t working right now.
 Longer actions not at this moment but in

progress.
Ex1: We are living in a new gilded age. 2018 proves

it. (Washington Post)
Ex2: My sister is studying in Harvard.
 Annoying Habits
Ex: You’re always losing your keys.

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03) SIMPLE PAST  Os verbos em inglês podem ser regulares ou
irregulares.
Regular Verbs: Verbos no passado formados

 Completed actions in the past
com o sufixo – ed
Irregular Verbs: Verbos que no passado tem
Ex1: I saw a Facebook post that parents passed forma própria.
around saying they needed a class in high school on
taxes and cooking. (BBC) Ex: Play – Played (regular)
Ex2: In 1999 we travelled to London. Make – Made (irregular)
 Habits or states that existed during a period  O acréscimo do -ed somente valerá para frases
of time in the past afirmativas. Nas perguntas e negações, o verbo
retorna a forma no presente.
Ex1: She ran out and phoned my brother. Ex: Yesterday, they studied a lot.
Ex2: She looked a bit upset. Did they study a lot?
Simple Subject + Past Verb + They didn’t study a lot.

Complement
Past Regras para uso do -ed
Auxiliary Did 1) Regra Geral: Verbo + ed

Verbs Play – Played
Accept – Accepted
Did + Subject + Verb
+ Complement? 2) Verbo terminados em -e: Acrescenta -d
Question
Achieve – Achieved
Subject + Did + not + 3) Verbo terminados em consoante + y: Troca o

Complement -y por -i + ed
Negative Carry – Carried
4) Verbos CVC: Dobra a última letra + ed
Yesterday, last
Plan – Planned
week/year, time
Keywords
expressions (in 1998,
in the second world
war), ago,once upon
a time.
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04) PAST CONTINUOUS # CONTRACTIONS #
 Something which continued before and after  Was + not = Wasn’t

another action  Were + not = Weren’t
Ex1: She was forced to move to a "transit camp" set

up by the civic authorities in Mahul in May 2017 after 05) SIMPLE FUTURE
the illegal slum she was living in was demolished.
(BBC)  To predict a future event
Ex2: They were smoking when the cops arrived and

arrested them. Ex1: The republicans are going to win the
elections.
 Changing / developing actions in the past
Ex2: He almost certainly won’t experience
Ex1: The crime rates were growing fast last year. comparable luck (the New York Times)
(BBC)
 Promises, requests, offers.
Ex2: Rich children were getting fatter.
Pronoun  Auxiliary Verb Ex: He will call you after you arrive home.
I Was
You Were Simple Subject + will/be going
He / She / it Was to + Verb +
Future
Complement
We Were
Auxiliary Will
You Were
Verbs
They Were Be
Will + Subject + Verb +

Complement?
Question
Past Subject + Was/were
+ Verb-ing + Subject + Will + not +
Continuous
Complement complement
Negative
Auxiliary Was
Verbs Tomorrow, next
Were week/month, future
Keywords
time expressions (in
Was/Were + Subject
2030, next decade).
+ Verb -ing +
Question
Complement?
Subject + Was/were
# CONTRACTIONS #
+ not + complement
Negative
 Pronoun + will = ’ll
While  Will + not = Won’t
Keywords When
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06) FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Present Subject + Have / has +
 Actions that will be in progress at a Participle +
Perfect
particular time in the future. Complement
Auxiliary Have
Ex1: Next week they’ll be flying to Australia from Verbs
Has
South Arabia.
Have / Has + Subject +
Ex2: Under 30 startup relativity space will be participle +
launching from Cape Canaveral. (Forbes.com) Question
Complement?
Future Continuous Structure: Subject + Have/Has+

Subject + will be + verb - ing + complement not + complement
Negative
Auxiliary Verb: Will be
Since, for, ago, yet,
07) PRESENT PERFECT never, already
Keywords
 Actions that started in the past and
continues in the present.
Ex1: They’ve lived together approximately ten years. # CONTRACTIONS #
Ex2: She has studied English in Liverpool since  Pronoun + Have = ’ve
2010.  Pronoun + Has = ’s
 Have + not = Haven’t
 Actions that happened in the past, but the  Has + not = Hasn’t
time is not important.
Ex1: Scientists have discovered the penicillin.
Ex2: My sister has studied in Oxford.
Pronoun Auxiliary Verb

I Have
You Have
He / She / it Has
We Have
You Have
They Have
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08) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS # CONTRACTIONS #
 Single activity that began at a point in the past  Pronoun + Had = ’d

and is still continuing.  Had + not = Hadn’t
 Ex1: He has been living in London since 2015.
(he is still leaving in London)
 Ex2: I’ve been working in this project since ten
o’clock in the morning. (I’m still doing the project
now)
 Present Perfect Continuous Structure: Subject +
Have / Has + Been + Verb -ing + Complement.
09) PAST PERFECT
 To indicate that an action happened before

another action in the past.
Ex1: They lost many of the games because they had

not practiced enough.
Ex2: By the time Alex finished his studies, he had

been in London for over three years
Past Subject + had +

Participle +
Perfect
Complement
Auxiliary Had
Verbs
Had + Subject +
participle +
Question
Complement?
Subject + Had + not +

complement
Negative
When, before, while,

by the time
Keywords
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01) (ESA 2020) Complete the sentence below using the 04) (EEAR 2021) The sentence “Now it’s raining” is in
appropriate words: the:
Mr. Harris ______ trains: He is afraid of airplanes and A Simple Past

_____ like buses, but ____ trains.
B Simple Present
A) like / do / loves
C Past Progressive
B) likes / don’t / love
D Present Progressive
C) like / does / love
05) (EFOMM) John normally _____ a drink before
D) likes / doesn’t / loves
meals, but now he ____ a tomato juice.
E) like / don’t / love
A has, is having
B is having, has
02) (ESA 2020) “_________ American?”
C have, is having
- Complete the space with the correct form of the verb and
the pronoun. D is having, have
A) Is you E had, have
B) Are you
06) (EEAR BCT 2019 ADAPTED) The word
C) You is “whispered”, is closest in meaning to ____
D) Am you A yelled
E) You are B bellowed
C screamed
03) (EEAR 2021)
D murmured
Alice in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll
“If you ___________ know where you want to go, then it

___________ matter which path you take”. GABARITO
•01 D
A) don’t / don’t •02 B
•03 D
B) does / don’t •04 D
•05 A
C) doesn’t / doesn’t •06 D
D) don’t / doesn’t
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 Verbos ‘’especiais’’ que associados a outro VERBO O QUE
EXEMPLO
verbo dão a oração uma ideia de possibilidade, MODAL EXPRESSA
capacidade, habilidade, necessidade, obrigação,
permissão, conselho. 1. Habilidade I can swim well.
Ex: May I ask you a question? física
Can I use your
VERBOS MODAIS OUTROS VERBOS 2. Permissão
Can informal telephone?
Eles têm forma
Eles não possuem 3. Pedido Can you lend me
infinitiva:
infinitivo:
informal your eraser?
to work, to go, to
can, could, may.
sleep. 1. Habilidade
He could play
física no
Eles utilizam verbos soccer very well.
Eles não utilizam passado
auxiliares:
verbos auxiliares: Could I use your
Could 2. Permissão
telephone?
formal
Do you play the Could you lend
Can you walk faster? 3. Pedido
violin? me your eraser?
formal
Could you help me,
Have you done the
please? 1. Permissão You may use my
homework?
formal telephone.
Eles não são Eles são
2. Pedido May I borrow
conjugados: conjugados: May
formal your eraser?
3. Forte It may rain

She can write He works every possibilidade tomorrow.
correctly. day.
1. Fraca It might rain
Might
Depois de um verbo possibilidade tomorrow.
modal, o verbo que
1. Conselho You ought to
segue estará no
study more
infinitivo sem o “to”:
Ought
2. Conselho Children ought
You must stop talking to
enfático to respect their
so much.
+ parents.
Would you like to (obrigação)
Should I’ve studied a lot
have dinner?
3. Expectativa and I should get
Exception: a good grade.
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You ought to study a

lot.
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1. Obrigação She must work
hard.
Outros verbos e expressões com significados
2. Proibição They mustn’t go semelhantes aos verbos modais
out.
Must
I must clean my
3.Necessidade Be able 1. Capacidade I am able
house.
to / habilidade to swim.
She is a little fat.
4. Dedução She must be
pregnant.
They need
1. Oferta Would you like a to study
cup of coffee? 1. more
Need
Necessidade because
I would like a
2. Desejo the test is
glass of water,
Would hard.
please.
3. Convite Would you like

to go out with
me? We’ll be
allowed to
1. Decisão I think I will quit disembark.
the job. Be 1. Permission
espontânea allowe
There will be d to 2. Proibição
You’re not
2. Previsão much violence in
allowed to
the future.
enter in
Will
3. Promessa I promise I will this room.
stop drinking.
4. Pedido Will you give me
# NEGATIVE FORMS #
some help,
formal
please?  Can + not = Can’t
 Could + not = Couldn’t
1. Convite
Shall we dance?  Might + not = Mightn’t
Shall  Ought to + not = Oughtn’t
2. Proposta
(I,we) Shall I open the  Should + not = Shouldn’t
door for you?  Must + not = Mustn’t
 Would + not = Wouldn’t
 Shall + not = Shan’t
45 Página
01) (EEAR 2017) The modal verbs underlined in each 03) (EEAR BCT 2009) In the sentence ‘’ Can you
sentence express: hand me the rope?’’, ‘can’ expresses
1 – She might be at the party. A Obligation
2 – Can you drive a dump truck? B Advice
3 – He mustn’t sleep during the class. C Suggestion.

4 – You ought to learn Aviation English.
D Request
A Ability, possibility, advice, prohibition
04) (EEAR 2009) Read the text and answer the
question.
B Possibility, ability, prohibition, advice
Chandra is a dentist in Texas. She is from India. “I’m
C Permission, possibility, request, wish
afraid to try new foods because they might contain
beef.
D Ability, request, prohibition, offers
I’m a Hindu, and my religion forbids me to eat meat
02) (EEAR 2008) Read the text to answer the question.
from the cow. That’s why I can’t eat hamburgers or
The 7 New Wonders of the World were announced at a spaghetti with meatballs.”
ceremony in Lisbon, Portugal, on 07-07-07 and the Statue
- The modal verb, underlined in the extract, expresses
of Christ the Redeemer, in Rio de Janeiro, is one of them.
Since 2001 over 100 million people worldwide voted for A Advice.
their favorite monuments by telephone and over the
Internet. The Statue of Christ was the third-most voted. It B Ability.
is 38 meters tall and took five years to be built. It is on top
of the hill, Corcovado, and was opened in 1931. C Possibility.
The inclusion of the Statue of Christ amongst the New 7 D Permission.

Wonders of the World should boost tourism in Brazil. The
Ministry of Tourism believes that over the next few years
about 250,000 new jobs will be created in the tourism
sector.
- The modal “should”, underlined in the text, is being

used as:
A Advice
B Suggestion
C Expectation
D Prohibition
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05) (EEAR BCT 2016) Read the sentences and write T
for the correct matching between the phrasal verb and the
meaning or F for the incorrect matching:
( ) May I close the door? It is too cold. (ask for

permission)
( ) Nobody answers the phone. They must be busy.

(obligation)
( ) She should talk to him to apologize. (suggestion)
( ) They might not come for dinner. (prohibition)
- Choose the correct alternative:
A T–F–T–F
B T–T–F–T
C T–F–F–F
D F–F–T–T
GABARITO
•1-B
•02 C 04 C
•03 D 05 A
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Preposições são palavras para unir substantivos, Veremos abaixo algumas preposições
pronomes ou frases a outras expressões. bastante cobradas em provas e seus
Geralmente localizadas antes de substantivos e, por significados:
vezes, antes de gerúndio.
Ex1: Go down the stairs and through the door.
ABOUT
Ex2: A darker portrait emerges of Trump’s attacks on
the Justice department. Lugar ou Posição
Ex: He must be somewhere about the office.
Referente a determinado assunto (acerca de,

Types of Prepositions relativo a):
Ex: Tell me more about your trip.
01) Prepositions of Time: On, at, in, from, to, since, BY

ago, before, till/until, by, etc.…are the most common.
Tempo (prazo limite)
Ex1: England have not won the World Cup in Ex: By next week I will have handed in my book.
football since 1966.
Lugar ou Posição
Ex2: There is a meeting at half past four today. Ex: The bank is by the supermarket.
FOR
02) Prepositions of place and direction: On, at, in,
by, from, to, towards, up, down, across, between, Duração
among, though, in front of, behind, above, over, Ex: I have studied here for thirteen years.
under, below, rather than, etc.… are the most
common.
FROM
Ex1: The girl is lost among the forest.
Duração
Ex2: Soldiers were marching through the fields. Ex: I'll be in the office from eight a.m. on.
Movimento ou Direcionamento (de onde

vem)
03) Phrasal Prepositions: Along with, apart from,
Ex: We flew from Paris into São Paulo in eleven
because of, by means of, according to, in front of,
hours.
contrary to, in spite of, on account of, in reference to,
in addition to, in regard to, instead of, on top of, out
of, with regard to, etc.…
Ex1: According to the new rules, you are not right.
Ex2: Harlan can’t go through the metal detector at

48
the airport on account of the metal plate in his

head.
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OVER Verbs + Prepositions
Lugar ou Posição Existem determinados verbos que precisam

Ex: She has a beautiful shawl over her shoulders. vir seguidos de uma preposição para que a frase
tenha sentido. Nesse caso, a preposição não
Movimento ou Direcionamento altera o sentido do verbo (apenas é a sua
Ex: I saw the clock from over the door. regência), diferentemente dos phrasal verbs,
onde a preposição altera o sentido do verbo.
Over com números (ideia de mais que tal
quantia, excesso)
Ex: There are over 200 people here. Ex1: It depends on the weather.
Ex2: Stop worrying about your exam – everything

TO will be fine.
Duração Ex3: I’ve waited for Judy for 30 minutes

Ex: I studied English from 2000 to 2007.
Movimento ou Direcionamento
Ex: I was going to school when I saw the accident.
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01) (EEAR 2019) Read the text and answer the question. 03) (PUCRS) The prepositions in and on are correctly
used in all alternatives, except:
Hawaii’ volcano
A On September I'll be in vacation
Caleb Jones and Andrey Mac Aroy
Kilawea began erupting more than two weeks ago. It has B He'll go on a leave in the summer.
burned dozens of homes, forced people to escape ______
smoke and fire and led officials to distribute face masks C She's always in a bad mood on Mondays.
to protect against ash particles. Lava flying ______ the air
D In two months, you can be on the road.
from cracks in the earth can weigh as much as a
refrigerator and even small pieces can be lethal. The lava 04) (EN) Escolha a melhor alternativa para preencher
streamed ______ a highway and flowed ______ the as lacunas da frase a seguir:
ocean. That sent hydrochloric acid with fine glass
particles ____ 1948 an American woman was employed____ the
first time ___a jet pilot____ an American airline.
into the air, a process that can lead to lung damage and
eye and skin irritation. The highway was closed in some A In – at – as – for
places, and residents in the area have been evacuated.
B During – by – like – in
Adapted from http://apnews.com; May 20, 2018.
C From – on – with – by
- Choose the best prepositions to have the text completed
correctly.
D On – for – like – by
A) from/ through/ across/ into
E In – for – as – by
B) from/ into/ across/ through
05) (EEAR 2017) Choose the alternative that best
C) into/ across/ through/ from completes the sentence below.
D) across/ into/ through/ from I stayed in London ___ a few days during my vacation.
I came back to Brazil ___ May 1st.
A In - at
Across the Atlantic!
_____ Monday May 24, 1976, two Concorde jets crossed B For - on
the Atlantic Ocean _____ three hours and fifty minutes.
The planes took off and landed _____ the same time. C For - in
Source Bonner, Margaret – Grammar Express - Longman D In - on
- Choose the best alternative to complete the text.
A) in / on / at GABARITO
•1-A
B) on / in / at
•02 B 04 E
C) at / on / in •03 A 05 B
D) on / from / in
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Conjunções (também chamados de linking words Conclusion
ou connectors) são palavras que ligam duas
orações ou termos na mesma oração.
So [então, por isso]
Ex1: I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty.
Ex2: I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch. Therefore [portanto]
Hence [daí, por isso]

O fundamental no estudo das conjunções é
entender a ideia estabelecida por ela entre as Thus [portanto]
palavras ou orações que elas ligam. Observe na
tabela abaixo as diversas ideias que podemos ter
Consequently [em consequência]
entre as palavras/orações.
Contrast Explanation
But [mas] Because [porque]
However [entretanto] For [por que, para que]
Nevertheless [não obstante, mesmo assim] Because of [devido a, por causa de]
Yet [mesmo assim, contudo] Since [desde que, já que]
Though [embora] As [como]
Whereas [enquanto que] Due to [devido a]
Addition
And [e]
Besides [além disso]
Moreover [além do mais]
Furthermore [além disso, ademais]

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Alternative Since[desde]
Or [ou] So that[de modo que]
Either / or [ou / ou] Why [ por quê]
Neither / not [não / nem]

Place & manner
Whether [se]
As if [como se]
Or else [ou se não]
As though[como se]
Otherwise [de outro modo]
How [como]
Next [próximo]
Comparison, contrast & concession
Where [onde]
Although[apesar, embora]
Wherever [onde quer que]

Even though[apesar de]
Rather than [ao invés de] Time
Though[embora] After[depois]
Whereas[enquanto que] As soon as[assim que]
Whether [se] Before[antes]
While[enquanto] By the time[no momento que]
In spite of (apesar de) Now that[agora que]
Once [uma vez]

Cause & effect/consequence
Since[desde]
Because[porque]
Until [até]
In order (that)[para (que)]
When[quando]
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Possibility & condition Types of Conjunctions
01) Coordinating Conjunctions: As conjunções

As if [como se] coordenadas unem orações com sentido
completo. Na língua inglesa, são 7 essas
Assuming that[assumindo que] preposições e facilmente lembramos delas pala
expressão: F-A-N-B-O-Y-S
Even if[mesmo se] For – Explica o motivo de algo (porque)
If [se] And - adição
Nor – alternativa c/ ideia negativa

In case (that)[em caso (de)]
But - oposição
Only if[somente se]
Or – ideia alternativa
Provided that[devido a] Yet – oposição, ressalva
So – indica efeito, resultado ou

Unless [a menos que] consequência
Until [até]  He doesn’t want to buy medicines, for

(because) they’re expensive
 I’ve two dogs and three lovely cats
Whether [se]
 He didn’t talk to his friends nor did he call his
father
 Tina wanted to buy a new purse, but she
couldn’t afford it
 My sister can travel to London, or spend a
week in Rio
 Chris was a convicted criminal, yet many
people admired him.
 She worked hard so that everything would be
ready in time.
03) Subordinating Conjunctions: As

conjunções subordinadas ligam orações
dependentes entre si, estabelecendo uma ideia
entre elas. Existe uma enorme variedade de
conjunçõe ssubordinadas, dentre as quais
destacamos:
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Comparison, contrast & concession Now that[agora que]
Although[apesar, embora] Once [uma vez]
Even though[apesar de] Since[desde]
Rather than [ao invés de] Until [até]
Than [do que] When[quando]
Though[embora]
Possibility & condition
Whereas[enquanto que]
As if [como se]
Whether [se]
Assuming that[assumindo que]
While[enquanto]
Even if[mesmo se]
Cause & effect/consequence If [se]
Because[porque] In case (that)[em caso (de)]
In order (that)[para (que)] Only if[somente se]
Since[desde] Provided that[devido a]
So that[de modo que] Unless [a menos que]
Why [ por quê] Until [até]
Whether [se]
Time
After[depois]
As soon as[assim que]
Before[antes]
By the time[no momento que]

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Place & manner not only….but also [não somente . . .mas
também]
As if [como se] Rather.…than [em vez . . . do que]
As though[como se] Scarcely….when [mal. . . quando]
what with….and [o que com. . . e]

How [como]
Whether.…or [se. . . ou]
Next [próximo]
Where [onde] Ex1: Bowling isn’t as fun as skeet shooting.
Ex2: I'll eat them both - not only the

Wherever [onde quer que] cheesecake but also the chocolate cake.
Ex3: I see you're in the mood not for

desserts but appetizers. I'll help you with those,
Ex1: I'll keep on dreaming until my dreams come too.
true.
Ex2: I don't care who you are, where you're from or

what you did as long as you love me.
03) Correlative Conjunctions: As conjunções

correlativas vem sempre em pares e tem esse nome
por trabalharem juntas.
As….as [como . . . como]
Both….and [ambos . . . e]
Either….or [ou . . . ou]
Hardly….when [dificilmente. . . quando]
If….then [se . . . então]
just as . . . so [assim como . . . assim]
Neither….nor [nem . . . nem]
no sooner….than [não antes . . . do que]
Not….but [não . . . mas]

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 Há um quarto tipo de conjunção que são certainly
chamadas de Conjunctive adverb (conjunção
adverbial).
 Ela estabelece uma ideia de conjunção que une
duas orações, entretanto, por ter valor de advérbio,
Summarize
não é comum estudar essa quarta conjunção com
as demais.
 As conjunções adverbiais podem ter as In summary
seguintes ideias:
In conclusion
Addition
Ex1: We had very different opinions; therefore,

In addition
we went our separate ways.
Next Ex2: Chris was determined to get high marks;

nevertheless, he didn’t pass.
Also Ex3: A tropical storm was forecast; hence we
stayed in the resort.
furthermore
Comparison
Likewise
Similary
Contrast
However
In spite of
Emphasis
indeed
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01) (EEAR 2019) Read the text and answer the question. 03) (FATEC-SP) The buses are crowded and dirty;
________, they are never on time.
Dear Mary,
A So
My younger sister just told us she’s been accepeted to her
first choice university. Lee is very intelligent. She will be B In addition
the first person in our family to go to college. I got good
grades in High school ,too, but when I gratuated. I went C Because of
into the family business ____ going to college . I enjoy
my new carreer, I’m sure that I’ve learned a lot of new D For example
things.
With Love, Lincon

04) (UF-RS) Gases and liquids are two forms of the
- Fill in the blanks with the option that best completes the fluid states: gases are generally compressible
text. __________ liquids are often incompressible.
A As soon as
A As a result of
B Instead of
B Because.
C Still
C While
D Yet
D In other words
Deforestation has recently been recognized as a global

problem. Even today, governments and individuals believe 05) (FMU) O termo sublinhado na frase abaixo está
that only the countries using up their forests will be corretamente vertido ao inglês em uma das alternativas
affected by it. However, scientists are convinced that the apresentadas.
world’s forests must be preserved. They base their
“Os radicais recusaram-se a negociar com os
conviction on scientific data that prove the importance of
americanos até o último instante. Portanto, a guerra era
forests to all people everywhere
inevitável.
- The underlined word, in the text, is similar in meaning
A Still
to:
B Therefore
A But
B So C Yet
D Otherwise
C Then
E However
D Because
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06) (SÃO MARCOS) Qual das alternativas abaixo
completa corretamente a frase
“You are not dedicated to your work anymore ________

you do not look for something better. What’s happening?”
A And
B However
C As soon as
D Or
07) (AFA) Read the sentences below and mark the

alternative containing the ideas expressed by each
sentence, respectively.
I - We camped there since it was too dark to go on.
II - It froze hard that night, so there was ice everywhere

next day.
III - Even though you don't like him you can still be polite.
IV - As soon as he left university he was hired by a

renowned industry.
A Time / concession / reason / comparison
B Reason / result / concession / time
C Result / reason / cause / time
D Time / result / cause / comparison
GABARITO
•01 B 07 B
•02 A
•03 B
•04 C
•05 B
•06 A
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Type If Main Situations
clause
 Orações condicionais são orações que clause
expressam um especulação sobre o que pode
acontecer, poderia ter acontecido ou que temos Usado para
vontado que tivesse acontecido. ações no
Simple Simple presente,
 São chamadas também de if-clauses,
Present Present verdades
exatamente pois, a grande maioria dessas Zero
expressões, são introduzidas pelo termo if. universais e
Conditional
hábitos/rotina
 A ordem das orações não altera o sentido e tão
Will / be
pouco os tempos verbais a serem utilizados.
going to
First Simple or Coisas
Conditional Present Modal possíveis ou
Ex1: If I study, I will pass the exam.
Verb + desejáveis no
Condition > Consequence infinitive futuro.
Ex2: I would have gotten the job If I had arrived on Would + Situação
time. Infinitive improvável no
Second Simple futuro
Consequence > Condition Conditional Past
Ex3: If you had listened to your mother, you would Would + Coisas que
have been enjoying your vacations. Present não
Third Past Perfect aconteceram
Condition > Consequence Conditional Perfect / coisas
imaginárias
 Em inglês, temos 4 tipos de condicionais:
 São chamadas também de if-clauses, exatamente

pois, a grande maioria dessas expressões, são
introduzidas pelo termo if.
Ex3: If you had listened to your mother, you
would have been enjoying your vacations.
 A ordem das orações não altera o sentido e tão
pouco os tempos verbais a serem utilizados. Condition > Consequence
Ex1: If I study, I will pass the exam.
Condition > Consequence
Ex2: I would have gotten the job If I had arrived on

time.
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Consequence > Condition

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Ex2: She will fail, unless she studies harder.
If I drink coffee at night, I don’t sleep well.
---------------------- Zero Conditional
If I drink coffee tonight, I won’t sleep well.
--------------------- First Conditional
If I drank coffee tonight, I wouldn’t sleep well.
------------------ Second Conditional
If I had drunk coffee last night, I wouldn’t have slept

well
----- Third Conditional
OBS: Quando o verbo na oração condicional for o

verbo “to be”, usamos sempre a forma ‘were”.
I was  If I were
You were  If you were
He was  If he were
She was  If she were
It was  If it were
We were  If we were
You were  If you were
They were  If they were
Casos Especiais
 Além do if, outras expressões podem ser

usadas em conditional sentences. São elas:
Whether, in case of, unless, supposing.
Ex1: Supposing you had married a foreigner and had

gone to live in her country, do you think you would
have been happy?
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01) (EEAR BCT 2017) The sentence “If young people 04) (EN) Quais as palavras que preenchem
don’t control the hours they spend on-line, they won’t stay corretamente a lacuna da frase:
out of trouble.” can be correctly replaced by:
“The child ____________ if the bus hadn’t stopped
A) Unless young people control the hours they spend on- quickly.
line, they will stay out of trouble.
A) Be killed
B) Unless young people control the hours they spend on-
B) would have killed
line, they won’t stay out of trouble.
C) would be killed
C) If young people controls the hours they spend on line,
they will unless stay out of trouble. D) had been killed
D) Unless young people don’t control the hours they E) would have been killed
spend on line, they won’t stay out of trouble.
05) (EEAR 2018) Read the text and answer the
question below.
02) (EEAR BCT 2017) The sentence ‘’I wouldn’t marry Your parents tell you to wear sunscreen when you're
you, unless you were the lart girl on Earth’’ has the same outside in the summer. And they are certainly right.
meaning of: Sunscreen protects your skin from ultraviolet light
rays. Too much ultraviolet is bad for your skin. If you
A) I would marry you only if you were the last girl on spend a long time outside without any sunscreen on,
Earth. you ___a sunburn because of the ultraviolet rays.
B) If you were the last girl on Earth, I wouldn’t marry (Adapted from http://www.grammarbank.com)
you.
- Choose the alternative to have the text completed
C) If you weren’t the last girl on Earth, I would marry correctly.
you. A Would have got
D) If I married you, you would be the last girl on Earth.
B Might have got
C Might get
03) (EN) They could have stopped him if they ________
D Would get
to.
A) want
B) were want
C) have wanted
GABARITO
D) will want
•1-B
E) had wanted •02 A 04 E
•03 E 05 C
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PHRASAL VERBS
 Phrasal Verbs are combinations of:
 a verb + preposition
 verb + adverb or verb
 preposition + adverb.
Ex: Hand your homework in by 4:00.
 A variação de preposições ou advérbios altera

completamente o significado do verbo.
 A forma mais rápida e eficiente de aprender os
Phrasal Verbs é através da leitura e a compreensão
do contexto. A memorização é uma técnica difícil
visto que há uma gama gigante desses verbos.
Ex 1:
LOOK + FOR: Search for
LOOK + AROUND: To inspect an area
LOOK + AFTER: Protect
LOOK + AT: Consider
Ex2: (EEAR BCT 2019) Read the cartoon and

anser the question below.
- In the first balloon, the phrasal verb “watch for”

cannot be replaced by:
a) see
b) notice
c) beware of
d) pay attention to
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01) (VUNESP 2018 ADAPTED) Read the fragment and 02) (BIORIO 2014) Read the text and answer the
answer the question. question.
‘’ A handful of American cities have begun to seek help The four-thousand-year-old computer
from a new type of analytics software. By crunching
diverse data collected by government bodies and utilities, In 1901, a group of divers excavating an ancient Roman
the software works out which buildings are most likely to shipwreck near the island of Antikythera, off the
catch fire and should therefore be inspected first. Plenty southern coast of Greece, found a mysterious object - a
of factors play a role. Older, wooden buildings, lump of calcified stone that contained within it several
unsurprisingly, pose more risk, as do those close to past gearwheels welded together after years under the sea.
fires and leaks of gas or oil. Poverty also pushes up fire The 2,000-year-old object, no bigger than a modern
risk, especially if lots of children, who may be attracted to laptop, is now regarded as the world's oldest computer,
mischief, live nearby. More telling are unpaid taxes, devised to predict solar eclipses and, according to
foreclosure proceedings and recorded complaints of recent findings, calculate the timing of the ancient
mould, rats, crumbling plaster, accumulating rubbish, and Olympics. Following the efforts of an international
domestic fights, all of which hint at property neglect. A team of scientists, the mysteries of the Antikythera
building’s fire risk also increases the further it is from its Mechanism are uncovered, revealing surprising and
owner’s residence.’’ awe-inspiring details of the object that continues to
mystify.
- In the sentence ‘’Poverty also pushes up the fire risk’’,
the phrasal in bold means: - The verb ‘’found’’ can be replaced by:
A) causes A came for
B) accumulates B came out
C) raises C came into
D) blames D came across
E) mitigates
GABARITO
•1-C
•02 D
•
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Active Voice: Usada quando o sujeito pratica a 03) Adicione a forma do verbo BE
ação. (conjugada) junto ao verbo principal e mude o
Passive Voice: Sujeito está sofrendo a ação. tempo verbal para o PARTICÍPIO.
A mass of gases wrap around our planet ACTIVE VOICE  John bought a car
------------ Active voice

PASSIVE VOICE  a car was bought by him.
Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gase
s --------------- Passive voice OBS: Alguns tempos verbais em inglês não

apresentam forma passiva. São eles: Present
Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous,
Transformação de voz ativa para passiva Future Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous e
frases com verbos intransitivos (smile, buy, stop,
01) Troque o sujeito e o objeto de lugar. O sujeito wait...).
que estava a frente na voz ativa irá para o final da
voz passiva e, o objeto, o qual estava no final na voz
ativa irá para frente na passiva.
Causative Form
 Expressa uma ação que alguém faz a

ACTIVE VOICE  Marilyn mailed the letter nosso favor.
 É expressada pela forma have + objeto
+ participio
PASSIVE VOICE  the letter was mailed by her Ex1: I have my hair cut.
Ex2: I didn’t have my house cleaned last week.
02) Coloque o sujeito no final da frase junto com a Causative Verbs: Let, make, have, get
preposição BY.
ACTIVE VOICE  Marilyn mailed the letter
PASSIVE VOICE  the letter was mailed by her

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01) (EEAR 2017) Choose the correct form for the passive 03) (EEAR 2020) Read the text and answer the
voice of the following sentence. ‘They have taken her to question below.
the hospital.’
Iceberg ruptures in Patagonia raise alarm about
A She was taken to the hospital global warming
B She is being taken to the hospital Two new icebergs have broken off from the Grey
Glacier in Chile's Patagonia in recent weeks. Scientists
C She has been taken to the hospital have linked the increased frequency ice breaks to rising
temperature. According to Ricardo Jana, researcher and
D She had been taken to the hospital. member of the climate change area of the Chilean
Antartic Institute (INACH) “In recent years
02) (EEAR 2016) Economists have recognized that temperature rises above the normal average and intense
physical beauty affects wages, even in occupations where rainfall were registered with an increase in water level
appearance does not seem relevant to job performance. It in the lake, factors that could explain the separation.
seems that attractive men and women are paid more than Researchers from universities in Germany and Brazil,
ordinary people for the same work. together with experts from INACH and other local
entities, have been studying the Grey Glacier since
(Taken from The International Herald Tribune)
2015.
- Choose the best alternative that presents the correct verb
- What’s the active voice for ‘’intense rainfall was
tense and the voice of the verbs underlined in the text, registered by scientists in the lake’’
respectively.
A Scientists register intense rainfall in the lake.
A) present perfect / active voice; simple present / passive
voice B Scientists registered intense rainfall in the lake.
B) simple present / passive voice; present perfect / active C Scientists will register intense rainfall in the lake.
voice
D Scientists were registering intense rainfall in the
lake.
C) simple past / passive voice; present perfect / active
voice
D) past perfect / active voice; simple present / passive

voice
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04) (EEAR 2017) Choose the alternative that presents the
passive voice of the sentence below.
‘’The expanding Hispanic population in the U.S. still

hasn’t created a market for Spanish-language pictures’’.
A A market for Spanish-language pictures hasn’t been

created by the expanding Hispanic population.
B A market for Spanish-language pictures hadn’t been

C A market for Spanish-language pictures isn’t being

D A market for Spanish-language pictures wasn’t being

05) (IME) The passive voice of “Thousands of people

welcomed the President at the airport” is:
A The President was welcomed by thousands of people at

the airport.
B The President at the airport welcomed thousands of

people.
C The President is welcome at the airport by thousands of

people.
D The President was welcome at the airport by thousands

of people.
GABARITO
•1-C
•02 A 04 A
•03 B 05 A
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O discuro indireto (reported speech) nada mais é 6.1) Future- He said “I will/shall be in Paris on
do que a reprodução do que alguém falou. Utiliza-se Monday- Direct Speech
um tempo verbal ‘’anterior’’ ao usado no discurso
direto. 6.2) Conditional- He said (that) he would be in
Caracterizado, principalmente, pelo uso dos Paris on Monday- Indirect Speech
verbos say (said) e tell (told)
7.1) Future Continuous- “I will/shall be using
Imagine a seguinte situação: Você está na escola
the car myself on the 24h”, She said- Direct
e sua amiga Tina te diz: ‘’I want to study with you’’.
Speech
Ao chegar em casa, você contará isso para seus
pais das seguintes maneiras: 7.2) Conditional Continuous- She said (that)
 Direct Speech: Tina said/told me, ‘’I want to she’d been using the car herself on the 24h-
study with you’’. Indirect Speech
 Indirect/Reported Speech: Tina said/told me
that she wanted to study with me. 8.1) Conditional- I said, “I would like to see it”-
Direct Speech
Regras de Transformação
8.2) Conditional- I said (that) I would like to see
Verb Tenses it- Indirect Speech
1.1) Simple Present- “I never eat meat”, he

explained. – Direct Speech
1.2) Simple Past- He explained (that) he never eat

meat. -Indirect Speech
2.1) Present Continuous- “I’m waiting for Ann”, he

said – Direct Speech
2.2) Past Continuous- He said (that) he had found

a flat- Indirect Speech
3.1) Present Perfect- “I have found a flat”, he said –

Direct Speech
Ex1: She always wears a coat (Direct Speech)
3.2) Past Perfect- He said (that) he had found a flat-
Indirect Speech He said/told me that she always wore a coat
(Reported Speech)
4.1) Present Perfect Continuous- He said “I’ve
been waiting for ages” – Direct Speech Ex2: She has written three letters (Direct Speech)
4.2) Past Perfect Continuous- He said (that) he He said/told me that she had written three letters.
had been waiting for ages – Indirect Speech
5.1) Simple Past- “I took it home with me” she said-

Direct Speech
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5.2) Past Perfect- She said (that) he had been taken

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it home with her- Indirect Speech

Time expressions
DIRECT REPORTED
SPEECH SPEECH
LAST DAY
TODAY
YESTERDAY
TONIGHT LAST NIGHT
THE NEXT DAY
TOMORROW
THE FOLLOWING
DAY
A YEAR AGO THE YEAR

BEFORE
Pronouns
Ex1: D.S  She said, ‘’We are meeting at my
house’’.
I.S  She said that they were meeting

at her house.
Ex2: D.S  Alex said, ‘’ I have just finished my

homework’’.
I.S  Alex said that he had just

finished his homework.
 Lembre-se que estamos recriando a fala de

alguém, portanto algo que já foi dito. Com isso,
as expressões de tempo serão alteradas.
Preste atenção que ao transformarmos do
discurso direto para o indireto, teremos a
transformação dos pronomes da frase.
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01) (EEAR BCT 2018) Read the text and answer the 02) (AFA 2016) Choose the option that shows the
question. indirect speech form for “These distinctions are
consequential”. Gardner:
Chennai floods: Know which flights are cancelled!
A Said that those distinctions were consequential
New Delhi: In the wake of incessant rain and heavy
downpour in Chennai leading to floods that have affected B Told these distinctions are consequential
normal lives, various domestic flights have cancelled their
services to and from the city. Leading domestic carrier C Said us these distinctions were consequential
IndiGo airlines announced on its official Facebook page
that few flights connecting to Chennai for Thursday have D Told those distinctions are consequential.
been cancelled.
“Flight operations to and from Chennai have been

affected due to heavy rains. Few flights connecting 03) (AFA) My mother said to me: Don’t leave your
following cities to Chennai are cancelled for tomorrow - little brother alone! The reported speech of the above
Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kochi, Kolkota, Pune, Coimbatore, sentence is:
Delhi & Vizag”, the company said on its official FB page.
A My mother told my little brother not to be left alone
The company, however, assured that all passengers would
be refunded 100 percent.
B My mother told me don’t leave my little brother
- The correct form of the sentence “Flight operations to alone
and from Chennai have been affected due to heavy rains”
C My mother said me to not leave my little brother
– announced IndiGo Airlines”, in the indirect speech is:
alone
A IndiGo Airlines announced that flight operations to
D My mother told me not to leave my little brother
and from Chennai would be affected due to heavy rains.
alone.
B IndiGo Airlines announced that flight operations to
and from Chennai had been affected due to heavy rains.
C IndiGo Airlines announced that flight operations to

and from Chennai will be affected due to heavy rains.
D IndiGo Airlines announced that flight operations to

and from Chennai was affected due to heavy rains
GABARITO
•01-B
•02 A
•03 D
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Question Tags são respostas curtas com a PASSO 2: Quando a oração principal for
finalidade de confirmar uma informação. afirmativa, o verbo da question tag estará na
forma negativa e vice-versa.
Rick speaks English, doesn’t he?
Affirmative sentence negative
The workers didn’t work,did they?
Negative sentence affirmative
A question tag sempre será formada pelo verbo PASSO 3: Na Question Tag, o pronome utilizado
auxiliar relativo ao tempo verbal da frase principal ou é o relativo ao sujeito da frase principal.
um modal verb + Sujeito.
Tina has some friends, doesn’t she?
Ex: They play the violin, don’t they?

The engineers have finished the project, haven’t
Main phrase question tag
they?
Como montar as Question Tags em 3 passos
PASSO 1: O tempo verbal da sua Question Tag será

OBS 1: Caso a oração principal tenha expressões
o mesmo da frase principal. Use o verbo auxiliar
como ‘’never’’, ‘’without’’, a oração será
relativo a esse tempo verbal ou utilize um modal
considerada negativa.
verb (caso ele apareça na frase principal).
She has never travelled to London, has she?
Tina bought an expensive car, didn’t she? OBS 2: Cuidado com o verbo ‘have’. Ele pode
atuar como verbo principal ou como verbo auxiliar
Simple past (perfect tenses).
They have complained of safety lapses, haven’t They have many books, don’t they?
they?
She has finished the homework, hasn’t she?
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CASOS ESPECIAIS Let’s
Aren’t I? Ao usar let’s para fazer sugestões, a question

tag será sempre shall we?
Sempre que a sentença principal for afirmativa
com “I am” (I’m), a question tag será “aren’t I? “.
Let’s do this, shall we?
I am getting crazy, aren’t I? Let’s help them, shall we?
Note que isso só acontece se a sentença

principal for afirmativa. Caso ela seja negativa, a I don’t think…, I think…, I suppose…, I feel… I
formação da question tag segue o padrão normal: guess…
Faça de conta que essa expressões não

I’m not getting crazy, am I? existem na frase principal e forme a question tag
com a sentença seguinte. Veja os exemplos:
Everybody, Everyone, Somebody, Someone

I think she’s Brazilian, isn’t she?
Use sempre o pronome they para essas
palavras. Além disso, lembre-se que embora a I don’t think it will rain tomorrow, will it?
sentença principal esteja no singular, a question tag
será sempre no plural:
Imperative
Everybody loves Chris, don’t they?
Usa-se o will para o imperativo. Seu uso
Someone helped you, didn’t they? acontecerá somente em frases afirmativas.
Nobody, No one Close the door, will you?
Don’t forget, will you?

Pronome para essas palavras também é they.
Mas, com elas é preciso observar que são palavras
negativas; logo, a question tag será afirmativa:
Nobody phoned, did they?
Nobody will help you, will they?
Nothing
Com nothing o será sempre it. Note, porém, que

nothing é também uma palavra negativa; portanto, a
question tag será afirmativa:
Nothing can go wrong, can it?

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01) (EEAR BCT 2016) Choose the alternative that completes the sentence correctly.
You wouldn’t believe him, __________?
A Do you
B Don’t you
C Would you
D Wouldn’t you
02) (EEAR 2017) Look at the following statements and choose the correct question tags:
1 – It snowed last night, _____?
2 – She shouldn’t be aggressive to people, ______?
3 – You haven’t closed the door,_______?
4 – You are going to the party, ____?
A Doesn’t it – shouldn’t she – aren’t you – going you
B Didn’t it – should she – have you – aren’t you
C Did it – should she – haven’t you – aren’t you
D Didn’t it – ought to – have you – will you
03) (EN 2019) Which option completes the sentence below correctly?
Like any technology, artificial intelligence has both positive aspects and more worrying aspects, ________?
A Haven’t they
B Hasn’t it
C Doesn’t it
D Don’t they
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04) (EPCAR 2017) Mark the option that shows the appropriate question tag for the sentence:
‘’He’s right here in the back seat, _______?
A Isn’t he
B Hasn’t he
C Isn’t there
D Is he
05) (EN 2016) Which of the options completes the sentence correctly.
‘’Peter’s got blue eyes, ________?
A Isn’t he
B Does Peter
C Doesn’t he
D Hasn’t he
GABARITO
•01-C 04 A
•02 C 05 D
•03 C
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Cardinal Ordinal Quando escrevemos os números cardinais e
numbers numbers ordinais, utilizamos um hífen entre os termos.
1 One 1st First
2 Two 2nd Second 25  twenty-five
3 Three 3rd Third
4 Four 4th Fourth
25th  twenty-fifth
5 Five 5th Fifth
6 Six 6th Sixth
7 Seven 7th Seventh Quando escrevemos ou lemos números
8 Eight 8th Eighth maiores do que 100, cardinal ou ordinal,
9 Nine 9th Ninth colocamos ‘and’ antes dos dois últimos numerais.
10 Ten 10th Tenth
11 Eleven 11th Eleventh 518  Five hundred and eighteen
12 Twelve 12th Twelfth
13 Thirteen 13th Thirteenth 518th  five hundred and eighteenth
14 Fourteen 14th Fourteenth
15 Fifteen 15th Fifteenth Em inglês, com relação a números, onde
16 Sixteen 16th Sixteenth
usamos virgula, usa-se ponto, e onde usamos
17 Seventee 17th Seventeent
n h ponto, usa-se vírgula
18 Eighteen 18th Eighteenth
19 Nineteen 19th Nineteenth 1,000
20 Twenty 20th Twentieth
21 Twenty- 21st Twenty-first 1,000,000
one
22 Twenty- 22nd Twenty- 3.1415 (π)
two second
30 Thirty 30th Thirtieth $ 1,345.50
31 Thirty-one 31st Thirty-first
32 Thirty-two 32nd Thirty-
Ao falarmos as expressões cem, mil, milhão,
second
40 Forty 40th Fortieth bilhão etc., no sentido de quantidade, não
41 Forty-one 41st Forty-first utilizamos o plural.
42 Forty-two 42nd Forty-
second Seven million dollars
50 Fifty 50th Fiftieth
60 Sixty 60th Sixtieth Four thousand boxes
70 Seventy 70th Seventieth
80 Eighty 80th Eightieth A forma escrita dos números ordinais é feita
90 Ninety 90th Ninetieth
acrescentando-se as duas últimas letras ao
100 One/a 100th One número.
hundred hundredth
101 One 101st One First – 1st
hundred hundred
and one and first Second – 2nd
1,000 One/a 1,000th One
thousand thousandth Third – 3rd
1,000,000 One/a 1,000,000 One
million th millionth Twentieth – 20th
1,000,000 One/a 1,000,000 One
,000 billion ,000th billionth
Seventieth – 70th
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Para designar décadas, utiliza-se o plural das
dezenas.
In the fifties
In the eighties
Mr. Castro is in his fifties
Os anos em inglês geralmente são lidos os dois

primeiros numerais juntos e os dois últimos juntos.
Há casos especiais que devem ser analisados:
1789 – seventeen eighty-nine
1605 – sixteen oh five
1500 – fifteen hundred
2006 – two thousand six
2015 – Twenty fifteen or Two thousand fifteen
Os nativos de língua inglesa utilizam a divisão

do dia em: AM (Ante Meridiem) e PM (Post
Meridiem), sendo AM das 00:00h até às 11:59h, e
PM das 12:00h até às 23:59h.
11:25 – eleven twenty-five or Twenty-five past

eleven.
14:40 – two forty or twenty to three.
17:15 – five forty-five or a quarter past five
17:30 – half past five
17:45 – a quarter to six
Os números ordinais que seguem títulos,

quando pronunciados, são precedidos pelo
pronome definido ‘the’.
Queen Elizabeth II (the Second)
Pope Benedict XVI (the Sixteenth)

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01) (EPCAR) “Webster’s dictionary is now in its 11th
edition.”
- The full form of the underlined item is
A Eleven.
B Eleventy.
C Eleventh.
D Elevenst.
02) (EEAR 2018) Choose the best alternative for the

written form of 137th.
A Hundredth thirtieth seventh
B One hundred thirty seven.
C One hundred thirty seventh.
D A hundred thirteen seventy
03) (EEAR 2017) Read the text and answer the question.
A pilot from Northwest Airlines flight was less than

pleased with the food which was to be served on the flight.
He decided to find some better food, so he left his
aeroplane, and then left the airport to find food even
though he had a plane to fly. The passengers were left to
wait 90 minutes until the pilot came back and when the
pilot came back he was fired on the spot for “abandoning
his plane”.
- The ordinal form for the number ninety, underlined

in the text, is
A Ninth. GABARITO
•01-C
B Nineth. •02 C
•03 D
C Nineteenth
D Ninetieth.
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São considerados
adjetivos “curtos”
 Definição: Expressão que descreve um aqueles que têm até
substantivo e/ou um pronome. Podem também 5 letras e/ou 2
indicar a quantidade de um substantivo (many, sílabas.
little...).
 Os adjetivos não possuem forma no plural e não
possuem gênero.
 Geralmente, eles vêm junto ao substantivo o qual
caracteriza.
São considerados
Ex1: Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime. adjetivos “longos”,
aquelas palavras que
Ex2: The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader. possuem mais de 5
letras e/ou 2 sílabas.
- ING x – ED adjectives
 É crucial
Disappointing x Disappointed entendermos a
diferença entre
Embarassing x Embarassed adjetivos ‘’curtos’’ e ‘’longos’’.
Tiring x Tired Adjective Degree - Comparative
ED: Descreve emoções, como as pessoas se 1) Comparative of Superiority

sentem sobre alguma coisa;
Short adjectives:
ING: Descreve a situação que causa tal  1 – syllable adjectives: Old, fast, dark,
emoção; Strong
 2 – syllable adjectives ending – y: happy,
Ex1: He was surprised to see Helen. easy, friendly
 CVC – consonant / vowel / consonant
Ex2: The film was tiring. I got tired.
# RULE # Adjective + er
Ex1: Mars is colder than Earth.

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
Ex2: My mother’s eyes are larger than mine.
 Comparative SUPERIORITY Ex3: São Paulo is bigger than Rio.
EQUALITY
Ex4: Nick is healthier than his brother.
INFERIORITY
 Superlative SUPERIORITY
INFERIORITY
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Long adjectives Adjective Degree - Superlative
 2- syllables (exception -y)
 3 – syllables or more 01) Superlative of Superiority
# RULE # more + adjective + (than) Short Adjectives: the + adjective + est
Ex1: Is there anything more boring than reading Long Adjectives: the most + adjective
about grammar?
Ex2: My sister is more careful with her writing than I Ex1: Being the richest man in the cemetery
am with mine. doesn't matter to me. Going to bed at night
saying we've done something wonderful, that's
# EXCEPTIONS # what matters to me - Bill Gates
 Good > better Ex2: Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in

 Well (healthy) > better the world. I know because I've done it
 Bad > worse thousands of times - Mark Twin
 Far > farther / further
# EXCEPTIONS #
02) Comparative of Equality  Good > the best

 Bad > the worst
as + adjective + as  Far > the farthest / furthest
not so/as + adjective + as 02) Superlative of Inferiority
Ex1: Maria is as smart as João. The least + adjective
Ex2: Travelling by train is not so comfortable as by Ex: This could be the least important issue we
plane. have to solve.
03) Comparative of Inferiority
Less + adjective + than
Ex: Camping is less expensive than staying in a

hotel. 79
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01) (EEAR 2018) Read the cartoon and answer the 04) (ITA) “When will you be able to give us _____
question. information about the crime?”
A Far
B Farther
C Furthest
D Further.
‘’ I find the easiest way to expand my vocabulary is to

make up words.’’
- The underlined word in the cartoon implies an idea of:
A Comparative adjectives
B Superlative adjectives
C Comparisons
D Adverbs.
02) In “Dolphins are more interesting than lions and tigers

...”, it means that
A Dolphins, lions and tigers are equal in some way.

B Tigers and lions are less interesting than dolphins.
C There are no circus animals so interesting as dolphins.
D Dolphins compared with lions and tigers are less
interesting.
03) (CESGRANRIO 1994) "The new generation of MT

programs is less ambitious" is an example of comparative
form.
- Mark the item which also contains a comparative form:
A Of the four translations, I like this one best.
B This is the worst ice cream I've had in a long time.

GABARITO
C This is the least expensive computer that we have. •01-B
D The airport is farther than the university. •02 B

•03 D
•04 D
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Página 1

 AULA 3 – NOUNS ..................................................................................... 12

 AULA 4 e 5 – PRONOUNS ........................................................................ 18

 AULA 6 – ADVERBS & QUANTIFIERS ......................................................... 24

 AULA 7 – GENITIVE CASE......................................................................... 30

 AULA 8 e 9– VERB & VERB TENSES ......................................................... 32

 AULA 10 – MODAL VERBS ........................................................................ 44

 AULA 11 – PREPOSITIONS ....................................................................... 48

 AULA 12 – CONJUNCTIONS ...................................................................... 51

 AULA 13 – CONDICIONAL SENTENCES & PHRASAL VERBS ....................... 59

 AULA 14 – ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE ....................................................... 64

 AULA 15 – REPORTED SPEECH .................................................................. 67

 AULA 16 – QUESTION TAG ...................................................................... 70

 AULA 17 – NUMBERS .............................................................................. 74

 AULA 18 – ADJECTIVES ............................................................................ 77

Exercícios de sala ...................................................................................................................................... 79

1.1 Importance of text interpretation 1.3 Reading Techniques

 Os concursos militares sempre têm a presença  Para dinamizarmos a nossa leitura e

(EEAR BCT 2021)

07) According to the text, we can infer that: A

Artigo definido: the (o,a,os,as) Ex: My father’s an astronaut.

 An: utilizado antes de um substantivo no

Ex1: He is studying in a university.

Ex2: My mother is an honest woman.

Ex3: He is a United State senator.

09) Com o superlative (the most / -est)

Ex2: Brazilians are unsatisfied with the economy.

Ex2: Biology is an important science.

04) Com títulos / cargos + Nome próprio.

Ex2: The doctor recommended that he should give

05) Antes de pronomes possessivos ou nomes

Ex2: Mary is my cousin.

B Thank you, Sir, it's an honor to me having worked with you.

C Please, hand me a dozen eggs.

D What will you have, a coffee, a tea or water?

The goose and the golden egg

A the /an /an /a

01) Regra geral > Adiciona -s ao final.

 fish – fishes  child – children

 wife – wives  aircraft – aircraft

Singular Plural Uncountable Nouns

ending ending  Não podem ser escritos no plural.

- on → -a Information Water Flour

- um → -a Bravery Wine Rice

- us → -i Advice Milk Baking

Motivation Coffee Sugar

Boy/girl Air Courage

Man/woman Metal Childhood

 Podem ser escritos no plural ou singular. PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

Ex2: There are four rooms im my house.

Give me two bottles / glasses of wine.

dis- opposite disagree, disappear

em- en- cause to embrace

epi- upon, epicentre

ex- former, ex-president

extra- beyond extracurricular macro- large macroeconomics

foremost mid- middle Midfielder

hyper- over hyperactive

im- illegal irresponsible post- after post-mortem

ir- pre- before prefix predetermine

in- import re- again return

inter- between interact intermediate

sub-category subtitle -ism doctrine, Judaism,

-ity quality of extremity,