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Bioquímica I
Biotina: o que é?
http://www.mericon-industries.com/images/figure2a.jpg
Função
• Biotina está ligada ao sítio ativo de cinco enzimas de
mamíferos chamadas de carboxilases. A ligação da
biotina a outra molécula, como uma proteína, chama-se
"biotinilação". A Holocarboxilase Sintetase (HCS)
cataliza a biotinilação de apocarboxilases (a forma
catalítica inativa da enzima) e de histonas. A Biotinidase
cataliza a liberação de biotina das histonas e dos
produtos peptídicos da quebra de carboxilases.
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Cofator Enzimático
Cada carboxilase cataliza uma reação metabólica essencial:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg
Indicadores de estado
Três principais medidas são utilizadas como indicador do
estado da biotina:
Unhas Quebradiças:
A constatação da eficácia no tratamento de cascos de cavalos
e suínos levou à especulação de que biotina pode ser útil
também para unhas quebradiças de humanos. Três testes
com mulheres com unhas quebradiças suplementando biotina
(2,5mcg/dia por 6 meses) já foram publicados (29, 30, 31). Em
dois dos testes, houve evidência clínica em 67% a 91% (29,
30). Em um teste com microscopia eletrônica para verificar
espessura e fragilidade das unhas, foi constatado aumento na
espessura de 25% e menos fragilidade. (31)
Tratamento de Doenças
Queda de Cabelos
Síntese Bacteriana
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“These results demonstrate, for the first time, the functional existence of a
Na+-dependent, specialized carrier-mediated system for biotin uptake in
colonic epithelial cells. This system is shared with pantothenic acid and
appears to be under the regulation of an intracellular PKC-mediated
pathway.”
Toxicidade
• Não foi demonstrado ainda a biotina ser tóxica.
Suplementação com biotina foi bem tolerada
em doses até 200,000 mcg/dia com pessoas
com desordens no metabolismo da biotina (1).
Em pessoas sem problemas, doses de até
5,000 mcg/dia por dois anos não tiveram
efeitos adversos (35). Todavida, há um caso
relatado de efusão pleuropericardíaca numa
idosa que tomava 10,000 mcg/dia de biotina e
300 mg/dia de ácido pantotênico por dois
meses (36). Como não há documentação de
efeitos adversos desde 1998, quando foi
estabelecida a ingesta diária de biotina, não foi
estabelecido o nivel máximo tolerável de
biotina.
Interações de nutrientes
Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center, Oregon State University - http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)
1. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Biotin. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin
B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:374-389. (National Academy Press)
2. Mock DM. Biotin. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 1999:459-466.
3. Chapman-Smith A, Cronan JE, Jr. Molecular biology of biotin attachment to proteins. J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):477S-484S.
4. Zempleni J, Mock DM. Biotin biochemistry and human requirements. 1999; volume 10: pages 128-138. J Nutr. Biochem. 1999;10:128-
138.
5. Hymes J, Wolf B. Human biotinidase isn't just for recycling biotin. J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):485S-489S.
6. Zempleni J, Mock DM. Marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000;223(1):14-21.
7. Kothapalli N, Camporeale G, Kueh A, et al. Biological functions of biotinylated histones. J Nutr Biochem. 2005;16(7):446-448.
8. Mock DM. Biotin. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 10th ed.
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:482-497.
9. Mock DM. Marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic in mice and perhaps humans: a review of biotin deficiency during human
pregnancy and effects of biotin deficiency on gene expression and enzyme activities in mouse dam and fetus. J Nutr Biochem.
2005;16(7):435-437.
10. Stratton SL, Bogusiewicz A, Mock MM, Mock NI, Wells AM, Mock DM. Lymphocyte propionyl-CoA carboxylase and its activation by
biotin are sensitive indicators of marginal biotin deficiency in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):384-388.
Referências
11. Mock D, Henrich C, Carnell N, Mock N, Swift L. Lymphocyte propionyl-CoA carboxylase and accumulation of odd-chain fatty acid in
plasma and erythrocytes are useful indicators of marginal biotin deficiency small star, filled. J Nutr Biochem. 2002;13(8):462.
12. Baumgartner ER, Suormala T. Inherited defects of biotin metabolism. Biofactors. 1999;10(2-3):287-290.
13. Mardach R, Zempleni J, Wolf B, et al. Biotin dependency due to a defect in biotin transport. J Clin Invest. 2002;109(12):1617-1623.
14. Mock DM, Quirk JG, Mock NI. Marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(2):295-299.
15. Pabuccuoglu A, Aydogdu S, Bas M. Serum biotinidase activity in children with chronic liver disease and its clinical significance. J
Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;34(1):59-62.
16. Mock DM. Biotin status: which are valid indicators and how do we know? J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):498S-503S.
17. Schulpis KH, Karikas GA, Tjamouranis J, Regoutas S, Tsakiris S. Low serum biotinidase activity in children with valproic acid
monotherapy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(10):1359-1362.
18. Mock DM. Marginal biotin deficiency is common in normal human pregnancy and is highly teratogenic in mice. J Nutr. 2009;
139(1):154-157.
19. Zhang H, Osada K, Sone H, Furukawa Y. Biotin administration improves the impaired glucose tolerance of streptozotocin-induced
diabetic Wistar rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997;43(3):271-280.
20. Maebashi M, Makino Y, Furukawa Y, Ohinata K, Kimura S, Sato T. Therapeutic evaluation of the effect of biotin on hyperglycemia
in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 1993;14:211-218.
Referências
21. Baez-Saldana A, Zendejas-Ruiz I, Revilla-Monsalve C, et al. Effects of biotin on pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA
carboxylase, and markers for glucose and lipid homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(2):238-243.
22. Revilla-Monsalve C, Zendejas-Ruiz I, Islas-Andrade S, et al. Biotin supplementation reduces plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL in type 2 diabetic
patients and in nondiabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006;60(4):182-185.
23. Geohas J, Daly A, Juturu V, Finch M, Komorowski JR. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333(3):145-153.
24. Albarracin C, Fuqua B, Geohas J, Juturu V, Finch MR, Komorowski JR. Combination of chromium and biotin improves coronary risk factors in
hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2007;2(2):91-97.
25. Singer GM, Geohas J. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006;8(6):636-643.
26. Albarracin CA, Fuqua BC, Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated,
uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008;24(1):41-51.
27. Broadhurst CL, Domenico P. Clinical studies on chromium picolinate supplementation in diabetes mellitus--a review. Diabetes Technol Ther.
2006;8(6):677-687.
28. Coggeshall JC, Heggers JP, Robson MC, Baker H. Biotin status and plasma glucose levels in diabetics. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1985;447:389-392.
29. Romero-Navarro G, Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, et al. Biotin regulation of pancreatic glucokinase and insulin in primary cultured rat islets
and in biotin-deficient rats. Endocrinology. 1999;140(10):4595-4600.
30. Floersheim GL. [Treatment of brittle fingernails with biotin]. Z Hautkr. 1989;64(1):41-48.
Referências
31. Hochman LG, Scher RK, Meyerson MS. Brittle nails: response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis. 1993;51(4):303-
305. (PubMed)
32. Briggs DR, Wahlqvist ML. Food facts: the complete no-fads-plain-facts guide to healthy eating. Victoria, Australia:
Penguin Books; 1988.
33. Staggs CG, Sealey WM, McCabe BJ, Teague AM, Mock DM. Determination of the biotin content of select foods using
accurate and sensitive HPLC/avidin binding. J Food Compost Anal. 2004;17(6):767-776. (PubMed)
34. Said HM, Ortiz A, McCloud E, Dyer D, Moyer MP, Rubin S. Biotin uptake by human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells: a
carrier-mediated process shared with pantothenic acid. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(5 Pt 1):C1365-1371. (PubMed)
35. Koutsikos D, Agroyannis B, Tzanatos-Exarchou H. Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother.
1990;44(10):511-514. (PubMed)
36. Debourdeau PM, Djezzar S, Estival JL, Zammit CM, Richard RC, Castot AC. Life-threatening eosinophilic
pleuropericardial effusion related to vitamins B5 and H. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35(4):424-426. (PubMed)
37. Zempleni J, Mock DM. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: ; Inhibition of biotin transport by reversible
competition with pantothenic acid is quantitatively minor. J Nutr Biochem. 1999;10(7):427-432. (PubMed)
38. Flodin N. Pharmacology of micronutrients. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.; 1988.
39. Camporeale G, Zempleni J. Biotin. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 9th ed. Volume 1.
Washington, D.C.: ILSI Press; 2006:314-326.
40. Uncombable hair syndrome: observations on response to biotin and occurrence in siblings with ectodermal dysplasia
WB Shelley, ED Shelley in Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1 July 1985 (volume 13 issue 1 Pages 97-102)