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Katia Sivieri1
Caroline de Codes Crespo2
Juliano Novak3
Jéssica Crema Tobara4
Waleska Kerllen Martins5
RESUMO
Comunidades complexas de bactérias, fungos e vírus prosperam em nossa pele. A composição dessas
comunidades depende das características da pele, como concentração das glândulas sebáceas, teor de
umidade e temperatura, bem como da genética do hospedeiro e fatores ambientais exógenos. Estudos
metagenômicos recentes descobriram uma diversidade surpreendente dentro desses ecossistemas e
promoveram uma nova visão dos organismos comensais durantes as diferentes fases da vida humana.
Portanto nesta revisão de literatura buscamos compreender as interações micróbio-hospedeiro e
descobrir os fatores que impulsionam a colonização microbiana nos ajudará a entender a patogênese
das doenças de pele e a desenvolver novas terapêuticas pro-microbianas e antimicrobianas.
Palavras-chave: microbiota, microbioma, técnicas moleculares, pele.
ABSTRACT
Complex communities of bacteria, fungi and viruses thrive on our skin. The composition of these
communities depends on the characteristics of the skin, such as concentration of sebaceous glands,
moisture and temperature content, as well as the host's genetics and exogenous environmental factors.
Recent metagenomic studies have discovered a surprising diversity within these ecosystems and have
promoted a new view of commensal organisms during the different stages of human life. Thus, this
review explores microbe-host interactions and discovering the factors that drive microbial colonization
will help us understand the pathogenesis of skin diseases and develop new promicrobial and
antimicrobial therapies.
1
Bióloga, Doutora em Bioquímica Farmacêutica, Docente-pesquisadora - Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), Docente-
pesquisadora do Programa de Pós Graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP).
E-mail: katia.sivieri@kroton.com.br.
2
Mestranda em Biotecnologia e Inovação em Saúde – Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP). .E-mail:
ca-crespo@hotmail.com.
3
Biomédico, Mestre em Patologia, Doutorando em Patologia – Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de
Mesquita Filho” (UNESP). E-mail: junovak1@hotmail.com.
4
Mestranda em Biotecnologia e Inovação em Saúde – Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP). E-mail: jeject@gmail.com.
5
Farmacêutica, Doutora em Oncologia, Docente-pesquisadora - Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP). E-mail:
waleska.gardesani@anhanguera.com.
1.1 Pele
A pele é constituída por duas camadas principais, denominadas epiderme e derme (Figura 1). A
epiderme é a camada mais externa da pele, mais protetora devido a sua localização. Constitui-se de um
epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado, com escassa matriz extracelular, a qual consiste,
principalmente, de uma fina camada denominada lâmina basal rica em laminina, que se situa
subjacente ao epitélio. As células mais abundantes nesse epitélio são os queratinócitos, os quais são
organizados em 5 estratos: 1) camada basal, na qual se localizam as células-tronco as quais se
encontram distribuídas aleatoriamente, sendo responsáveis pela contínua renovação do epitélio
epidérmico; 2) camada espinhosa constituída por queratinócitos cubóides ou ligeiramente achatados;
3) camada granulosa constituída de queratinócitos poligonais achatados; 4) camada lúcida constituída
por uma delgada camada de queratinócitos achatados; e 5) camada córnea, mais externa, com
espessura variável sendo constituída por queratinócitos cornificados, achatados e secos. No entanto, a
epiderme apresenta ainda três tipos celulares distintos – os melanócitos, as células de Langerhans e as
de Merkel8.
A derme, localizada logo abaixo da epiderme, é constituída por dois diferentes estratos: papilar,
camada superior constituída por um tecido conjuntivo frouxo que forma as papilas dérmicas, e o
estrato reticular, camada inferior mais espessa, constituída por tecido conjuntivo denso. Os
fibroblastos são o principal tipo celular compondo a derme e estão envolvidos nos processos de
secreção de colágeno e elastina. Além dos fibroblastos, células endoteliais, nervosas e dendríticas
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Figura 2. Fatores que afetam a composição e diversidade da microbiota cutânea nas diferentes fases
da vida.