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ABSTRACT
Autonomic spectrum disorders (ASD) are related to a range of neurological diseases characterized by
interaction and social communication deficits, as well as repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The present
work was to review the main etiologies associated with autism, in addition to its consequent
neurophysiological alterations. Pubmed database was searched with the terms "autism" and "genetics",
"autism" and "environment", "autism" and "neurophysiology", with no delimited period. Cross references of
articles of interest were also sought to compose the review, in addition to specific contributions given by the
authors based on the knowledge of the area. ASD have complex heritability and may be associated with
other genetic disorders such as X-Fragile Syndrome. Risk factors include genetic factors, such as
microdeletions and duplications of genes linked to synaptogenesis, to environmental factors, especially
those related to maternal immunity. Due to changes in neuronal synapses, there is a neurochemical
imbalance in the ASD carriers, which causes important neurotransmitters and hormones such as GABA,
oxytocin and serotonin to be at compromised levels in these individuals. Thus, the etiology of the PEA can
not be delimited to a single factor, although the observed symptoms are uniform with varying degrees of
impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Synaptic changes, with relative
hyperconnectivity, and neurochemical imbalance may be the neurophysiological signature underlying the
uniformity of symptoms in autism.
Key Words: autism spectrum disorder; genetics; genetic epigenesis; neurophysiology.
Locus Alterações
A deleção de 1,35Mb está associada com atraso de desenvolvimento,
deficiência intelectual, esquizofrenia.
1q21.1
A duplicação está associada com a deficiência intelectual e PEA.
Esta região pode estar associada com micro e macrocefalia.
As deleções nessa região provocam a interrupção do gene NRXN1 que codifica
2p16.3 proteínas (neurexinas) que funcionam como receptores e moléculas de adesão
celular. São reguladores de transdução de sinais.
Deleções nessa região estão associadas com as PEAs e esquizofrenia. Os
genes FBXO45 (regulador da neurotransmissão em neurônios maduros), PAK2
3q29
(proteína p21) e DLG1 (regulador de adesão celular) são genes envolvidos com
essa região.
A deleção nessa região é responsável pela Síndrome de Williams. A duplicação
7q11.23
está associada com as PEAs e com o atraso da fala.
A deleção ou mutação materna do gene UBE3A (ubiquitina 3 ligase, envolvida
com a degradação de proteínas alvo) causa a Síndrome de Angelman. A
15q11-13
deleção paterna leva à Síndrome de Prader-Willi. A duplicação dessa região é
a causa mais frequente de autismo.
A microduplicação ou microdeleção dessa região (500kb) está associada com a
PEA e a esquizofrenia. A deleção é mais penetrante do que a duplicação. O
16p11.2
gene KCDT13 envolvido nessa área está associado com o fenótipo
neuroanatômico.
A deleção dessa região resulta na Síndrome de Smith-Magenis. A duplicação
17p11.2 está associada à Síndrome de Potocki-Lupski. E as duas síndromes estão
associadas com as PEAs.
A deleção dessa região está associada com diabetes, cistos renais, epilepsia,
17q12
deficiência intelectual e PEA.
A deleção dessa região está associada com a Síndrome de DiGeorge, PEA e
22q11.2 esquizofrenia. Os sintomas das duplicações são heterogêneos, mas leva ao
retardo mental, atraso de desenvolvimento e PEA.
Figura 2. Fatores de risco para PEAs durante a gravidez. Autoimunidade materna, infecções durante a
gravidez, idade materna e obesidade e diabetes gestacional são fatores associados com uma alta
incidência de Perturbações do Espectro Autista (PEAs). Os fatores de risco (triângulos) causam ativação
imunológica na mãe (retângulos), que manifesta as modificações na formação de IgG e nas citocinas. A
ativação imunológica materna seria suficiente para provocar mudanças no cérebro em desenvolvimento
59
(hexágonos) (adaptado de Estes & Mcallister ).
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