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Epidemiologia I
Exercícios de aplicação
1. Admitindo que numa população duas doenças (A e B) têm incidência semelhante mas durações
distintas (A dura em média 15 anos e B dura em média 5 anos). O que espera observar em termos
de prevalência de cada uma das doenças na população referida? Que outros fatores poderão
afetar a prevalência?
2. Aceda à metainformação do indicador “Taxa de mortalidade por tumor maligno do colo do útero
por 100 000 habitantes (N.º)” calculado anualmente pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Indique
possíveis limitações das fontes de informação utilizadas para obtenção do numerador e
denominador.
4. No Quadro 1 encontra-se informação relativa ao número de óbitos e população por grupo etário
num determinado ano em duas cidades. Com base nesta informação:
a) Calcule a taxa de mortalidade específica por grupo etário e a taxa de mortalidade global em
cada uma das cidades.
b) Interprete os valores obtidos.
Quadro 1. Informação relativa à população e óbitos num determinado ano em duas grande cidades
Cytology use for cervical cancer screening in Portugal: results from the 2005/2006 National Health
Survey
Background: Understanding the patterns of cervical cytology use in preventive care may provide
useful information for an efficient transition from opportunistic screening to organized programmes.
We aimed to identify the determinants of non-use and underuse of cervical cytology in Portuguese
women.
Methods: As part of the fourth National Health Survey (2005/2006), 2191 women aged between 25
and 64 years were evaluated. The previous use of cervical cytology was classified as never or ever,
and, among the latter, those having performed the latest cytology testing >5 years before were
considered to underuse cervical cytology. We assessed the determinants of non-use and underuse
through age- and education-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals
(95% CIs).
Results: Overall, 23.5% of women had never used cervical cytology and 10.7% reported underuse. This
prevalence increased with age and decreased with education and income. Compared with the national
mean, the lowest risk of non-use and underuse was observed in Norte (non-use: OR= 0.31, 95% CI:
0.23–0.42; underuse: OR= 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40–0.91) and the highest in Alentejo (non-use: OR= 2.33,
95% CI: 1.78–3.06; underuse: OR= 2.37, 95% CI: 1.43–3.93). Women without a private health insurance
(OR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.29–5.47), who had no doctor appointments in the preceding 3 months (OR =
2.06, 95% CI: 1.22–3.48) and those who had never performed a mammography (OR = 17.78, 95% CI:
9.09–34.78) were more likely to have never performed a cervical cytology.
Methods: We evaluated a monovalent human rotavirus vaccine, serotype G1, strain RIX4414, for
efficacy, immunogenicity and safety in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial in
Finland. We randomly allocated 405 healthy infants to receive 2 doses of vaccine or placebo (ratio
2:1) at 2 and 4 months of age. The infants were followed during 2 rotavirus epidemic seasons (2000
–2002) for acute gastroenteritis. Rotaviruses in diarrheal stool samples were primarily detected by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed and G-typed by reverse transciption-
polymerase chain reaction.
Results: The vaccine was well-tolerated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were observed
during the study period. Rotavirus IgA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) seroconversion rate
was 80% after 2 doses. Thirty-eight cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were detected during the entire
follow-up period; 35 of these were of the G1 type. RIX4414 vaccine significantly decreased the
occurrence of any rotavirus compared with placebo. Efficacy during the first rotavirus epidemic
season was 73% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 27–91%] and 90% (95% CI 10–100%) against any
and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, respectively, and during the entire follow-up period 72% (95%
CI 42–87%) against any and 85% (95% CI 42–97%) against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis (P < 0.05
for all comparisons).
Conclusions: RIX4414 strain of G1 human rotavirus vaccine was well-tolerated, immunogenic and
efficacious in infants against rotavirus gastroenteritis during a 2-year period. To further increase
vaccine “take” and efficacy, a higher dose of this vaccine may be considered for future efficacy trials.
7. Aceda ao artigo “Leite A et al. A Case-Control Study of Contextual Factors for SARS-CoV-2
Transmission. Front. Public Health 2021;9:772782”, disponível aqui. Selecione uma exposição e
calcule os odds ratio para todos os níveis da exposição selecionada, utilizando como classe de
referência a utilizada no artigo. Compare com os odds ratio brutos reportados no artigo.