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Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Avaliação
Dor torácica na emergência
• Tipo e localização
• Irradiação e sintomas associados
• Fatores de melhora e piora
Avaliação
Dor torácica na emergência
• Tipo e localização
• Irradiação e sintomas associados
• Fatores de melhora e piora
Avaliação
Dor torácica na emergência
• Tipo e localização
• Irradiação e sintomas associados
• Fatores de melhora e piora
Avaliação
Dor torácica na emergência
• Tipo e localização
• Irradiação e sintomas associados
• Fatores de melhora e piora
Dor Torácica Definitivamente não Anginosa: Dor Tipo D
Avaliação
Dor torácica na emergência
• Tipo e localização
• Irradiação e sintomas associados
• Fatores de melhora e piora
Equivalente isquêmico
Dispneia;
Sudorese fria;
Náusea e vômitos;
Dor epigástrica;
Síncope.
Avaliação
Dor torácica na emergência
Fatores de risco clássicos
ü Aterosclerose manifesta (incluindo alta carga de placa no escore de cálcio)
ü Diabetes Melitus
ü Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica
ü Tabagismo
ü Dislipidemia
ü Idade (H > 45; M . 55)
• Deitar na maca
• Monitorização completa
• Oxigênio se SatO2 < 90%
• Acesso venoso periférico + coleta de exames
• Exame físico direcionado (atenção para PA e pulsos)
• ECG < 10 min
• 12 derivações
• Considerar V3R, V4R, V7 e V8
Definição
Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio (IAM) – tipo 1
✚
Evidência de injúria miocárdica com necrose
Elevação de troponina cardíaca ultrassensível > perc 99 do limite sup de referência
Diagnóstico Diferencial
Nem todo supra-ST é IAM…
current concepts
cing 1
ST-Segment Elevation in Conditions Other Than Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2128-35.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Lead
Diagnóstico Diferencial
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
cing 12
cing
cing 3
cingST-Segment
2 Elevation in Conditions Other Than Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2128-35.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
The new england jou
Lead V2
Diagnóstico Diferencial
Nem todo supra-ST é IAM…
1 2 3
Lead V1
Lead V3
Lead II
Lead II
Lead II
Recommendations
Hypoxia
Lead V3 Lead V3 Figure 2. Electrocardiograms Sho
Oxygen is indicated
Figure 2. Electrocardiograms ShowinginST-Seg
patien
Tracing 1 is from a patient with le
Tracing 1 is from xaemia
a patient
Tracing (SaO
with
3, from <
left90% or PaO
ventricular
a2 patient with acu
Tracing 3, from a patient with acute pericardit
and lead II and PR-segment depr
and lead II and Routine oxygen
PR-segment is not recom
T wave in V3 is depression.
tall, narrow, Tracin
point
64
patients
T wave in V3 istinctive
tall, narrow,with
features SaO
pointed,
of 90%.
and
!
tracing
2 6,tente
from
ST-Segment Elevation in Conditions Other Than Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2128-35.
Lead II Lead II tinctive features of tracing 6, from a patient wit
Sgarbossa EB, et al. remaining R' wave and the distin
N Engl J Med 1996;334(8):481–487.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Diagnóstico Diferencial
The Lead
newV2england journal
Lead V
The new england journa
2 medicine
of
Lead V1 Lead V1
Lead V3 Lead V3
• Pericardite
Lead V2 Lead V2
Lead II Lead II
- Supra-ST difuso
Figure 2. Electrocardiograms Showing ST-Segment Elevation
Figure 2. Electrocardiograms Showi
Tracing 1 is from- a Infra-desnivelamento de PR
Lead V3 Lead V3
patientTracingwith left 1 ventricular
is from hypertrophy,
a patient with leftan
v
Tracing 3, from a patient with Tracingacute pericarditis,
3, from a patient is with
the only
acutetr
and
ST-Segment Elevation in Conditions lead
Other ThanII and
Acute PR-segment
Myocardial Infarction.
andN depression.
Engl and Tracing
J MedII2003;349:2128-35.
lead PR-segment 4 shows a ps
depress
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
The new england journal medicine
ofThe new england journal of me
1
Nem
2
todo
3
supra-ST
1 4
é2 IAM…
5 3
Tracing
6
Tracing
4 7
ead V1 Lead V1
Lead V3 Lead V3
• Hipercalemia
ead V2 Lead V2
Lead II Lead II
Tracing
Tracing
3 4 Nem
5 todo
6 supra-ST
71 é 2IAM… 3 4
Lead V1
Lead V3
Lead V3
• Sd. Brugada
Lead V2
Lead II Lead II
Diagnóstico Diferencial
- shock for ventricular normal
cordial after removal
leads; of
simultaneous
tachyarrhythmias thewere
that T-wave35inversion, ST-
tumor. Tall,hypertrophy
upright T waves
h. segment elevation,study.
induced during electrophysiological or both in the anteroseptal and Left bundle-branch block
40 None Reciprocal ST depression in aVR, not in
Concave
inferior leads; an S1Qof3Tan aVL, when limb leads are involved
m of these patients had clinical pulmonary
evidence 3 pattern;
embolism
acute complete or in- ST-segment deviation discordant from the
e coronary event. The complete
patients right bundle-branch
with ST-segment ele- block; and sinus ST elevation of normal variant SeenQRSin V3 through V5 with inverted T waves
e,
-
tachycardia.
embolism
Nem todo supra-ST é IAM…
The electrocardiographic
34,36,37 Tracingfeatures
include T-wave
1 in Figure
inversion
patient with massive pulmonary embolism. in
of pulmonary
3 is from a Acute pericarditis
the pre- Left ventricular hypertrophy
right The
Short QT, high QRS voltage
Diffuse ST-segment elevation
Concave
Reciprocal ST-segment depression in aVR,
Othernotfeatures
in aVL of left ventricular
at cordial
Elevationleads;
Table 1. ST-Segmentelectrocardiographic simultaneous
in Normal findings
Circumstances T-wave
werein inversion,
and strongly
Various sug- ST- hypertrophy
Elevation seldom >5 mm
t- Conditions. segment
gestive ofelevation,
acute anterioror both in the anteroseptal
infarction; a coronary and an- Left bundle-branch block PR-segment depression
Concave
4
Condition inferior leads;
giogram, however, an S
Features was Q T
1 3 normal.
3 pattern; complete
The electrocardio- or in- Hyperkalemia ST-segment
Other featuresdeviation discordant
of hyperkalemia from the
present:
n complete right maybundle-branch block; and sinus QRS
Widened QRS and tall, peaked, tented
graphic findings
Normal (so-called male pattern) Seen in
have reflected
approximately 90
right ventricular
percent of healthy
f tachycardia.
overload, 34,36,37 Tracing 1 in Figure 3 is
dilation,
youngormen;
ischemia.
therefore,Thus,
normal from a Acute pericarditis
a pseudoin- Diffuse TST-segment
waves elevation
Low-amplitude
Reciprocal ST-segmentor absent P waves
depression in aVR,
of patient with
farction pattern massive
Elevation pulmonary
canofbe1–3 mm
a manifestation embolism.
of pulmo-The ST segment usually downsloping
Most marked in V not in aVL
al electrocardiographic
nary embolism. 34,38 findings 2 were strongly sug- Brugada syndrome Elevation
Concave rSR' in V1 seldom
and V2 >5 mm
e gestive of acute anterior infarction; a coronary an- PR-segment depression
ST-segment elevation in V1 and V2, typically
Early repolarization Most marked in V4, with notching at J point
giogram, however, wasT waves
normal. The electrocardio- Hyperkalemia downsloping
Other features of hyperkalemia present:
Tall, upright
transthoracic cardioversion Widened QRS and tall, peaked, tented
graphic findings mayST
Reciprocal have reflectedinright
depression aVR, ventricular
not in Pulmonary embolism Changes simulating myocardial infarction
aVL, when limb leads are involved T waves
seen often in both inferior and antero-
overload,
The dilation,
ST segment canorbeischemia. Thus, a pseudoin-
elevated transiently after di- Low-amplitude
ST elevation of normal variant Seen in V3 through V5 with inverted T waves septal leads or absent P waves
farction pattern
rect-currentShort can
countershock be a
QT, high QRS
manifestation
to the precordiumpulmo-
voltage
of (Fig. 3, Cardioversion ST segment usually downsloping
y 34,38 Striking ST-segment elevation, often
nary embolism.
tracing 2). Van Gelder et al. reported that 23 of 146 Brugada syndrome rSR'>10
in Vmm,
1 andbut
V2 lasting only a minute or
e- Left ventricular hypertrophy Concave
ST-segment elevation
two immediately afterin V1direct-current
and V2, typically
T- patients withOther
atrialfeatures
fibrillation
of left or flutter (16 percent)
ventricular
downsloping
hypertrophy shock
d hadtransthoracic
ST-segment elevationcardioversion
of 5 mm or more after Pulmonary embolism Changes simulating myocardial
elevation ininfarction
n-
Left bundle-branch block Concave
undergoingST-segment
transthoracic cardioversion.39 The ST Prinzmetal’s angina
deviation discordant from the
Same as ST-segment
seen often in both inferior and antero-
infarction, but transient
The ST segment
segment normalized can be elevated transiently after di-
QRS within a mean of 1.5 minutes septal leads
s
rect-current countershock to the precordium
No clinical(Fig. 3, Acute myocardial infarction ST segment with a plateau or shoulder or
a Acute pericarditis (range, 10 seconds to 3 minutes).
Diffuse ST-segment elevation or en- Cardioversion Striking ST-segment elevation, often
upsloping
tracing
zyme 2). Van Gelder
Reciprocal
evidence of et al. reported
ST-segment
myocardial thatnoted.
depression
injury was 23 of 146
in aVR,Pa- >10 mm, but lasting
Reciprocal behavior only aaVL
between minute or
and III
e two immediately after direct-current
patients with atrial
not infibrillation
tients with ST-segment
aVL
elevationor flutter (16 percent)
- Elevation seldom >5 mm had a lower con- shock
- had ST-segment elevation
PR-segment depressionof 5 mm or more after
- Hyperkalemia
undergoingOthertransthoracic cardioversion.39 The ST Prinzmetal’s angina
features of hyperkalemia present:
Same as ST-segment elevation in
infarction, but transient
r segment normalized
Widenedwithin
QRSnand a mean
engltall, of349;22
1.5tented
peaked,
j med minutes
www.nejm.org november 27, 2003 2133
Acute myocardial infarction ST segment with a plateau or shoulder or
(range, 10 seconds T to
waves
3 minutes). No clinical or en-
- ST-Segment Elevation in Conditions Other Than
Low-amplitude Acute
or absent
upsloping
Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2128-35.
P waves
- zyme evidenceST ofsegment
myocardial injury
usually was noted. Pa-
downsloping
Reciprocal behavior between aVL and III
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Lembrando…....
Sala de Emergência
• Deitar na maca
• Monitorização completa
• Oxigênio se SatO2 < 90%
• Acesso venoso periférico + coleta de exames
• Exame físico direcionado (atenção para PA e pulsos)
• ECG < 10 min
• 12 derivações
• Considerar V3R, V4R, V7 e V8
Protocolo Gerenciado de IAM com Elevação de ST – Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein 2017.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
ATENÇÃO!!
Supra-ST em aVR e/ou V1 + infra-ST difuso
Próximo passo..
Confirmado diagn de IAM com supra-ST
• AAS 200mg
• Analgesia (preferencialmente opióides)
• Avaliar sinais de instabilidade hemodinâmica
• Avaliar sinais de instabilidade elétrica
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Terapia de Reperfusão..
Fibrinólise X Angioplastia primária
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Terapia de Reperfusão..
Fibrinólise X Angioplastia primária
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
ffective, increases
patients !75 yearsthe riskand
of age of to
bleeding, andimpaired
those with is therefore .
renalnot ..recom-
Importante..
is. Tablewith
ompared 8 lists the absolute and
a weight-adjusted UFHrelative
dose, contraindications
.
but at the cost ..to fibri-
nolytic therapy.
nt increase in non-cerebral bleeding complications. The net .
.
..
fit (i.e. absence of death, non-fatal infarction, and intracra- ..
rhage)
Tablefavoured
Contra-indicações para Fibrinólise
enoxaparin.229,230 Finally,
8 Contra-indications fondaparinux
to fibrinolytic
..
therapy..
in the large OASIS-6 trial to be superior in this setting to ..
.
UFH in preventing death and reinfarction,199,233 especially ..
..
ho received streptokinase. ..
trial with streptokinase, significantly fewer reinfarc- ..
243
.
seen with bivalirudin given for 48 h compared with UFH, ..
.
he cost of a modest and non-significant increase in non- ..
.
eeding complications. Bivalirudin has not been studied ..
.
pecific agents. Thus, there is no evidence in support of ...
mbin inhibitors as an adjunct to fibrinolysis. ..
.
djusted i.v. tenecteplase, aspirin, and clopidogrel given ...
enoxaparin i.v. followed by s.c. administration until the ...
(revascularisation), comprise the antithrombotic cocktail ...
nsively studied as part of a pharmacoinvasive ...
126,128,242,244 ..
..
..
ards of fibrinolysis ..
..
herapy is associated with a small but significant excess of ..
ely attributable to cerebral haemorrhage, with the excess
..
.. DBP = diastolic blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
aring on the first day after treatment.220 Advanced age, .
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
ESC Guidelines 129
Em suma…
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Ø Terapia antiplaquetária
• AAS para todos precocemente
• Ticagrelor ou Prasugrel antes da angioplastia (até 12 meses)
• Alternativa: clopidogrel (se CI aos anteriores)
• Inibidores da GP IIb/IIIa se evidência de no-reflow ou complicação
trombótica
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Ø Terapia anticoagulante
• Anticoagulante + Antiplaquetário para todos durante ATC primária
• Heparina não-fracionada (classe I) preferível à enoxaparina (IIa)
• Bivalirudina "opção se trombocitopenia induzida por heparina
• Fondaparinux não está recomendada em ATC primária (classe III)
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM .com supra-ST
.. 5.2.2.3 Therapies to reduce infarct size and microvascular
Table 6 Doses of antiplatelet and anticoagulant ..
cotherapies in patients undergoing primary percutane- .. Final infarct size and MVO are major independent p
ous coronary intervention or not reperfused
.. long-term mortality and heart failure in survivors of
..
.. MVO is defined as inadequate myocardial perfusion a
No caso de Angioplastia Primária .. ful mechanical opening of the IRA, and is caused by
..
.. tors.218 MVO is diagnosed immediately after PCI
.. procedural angiographic TIMI flow is < 3, or in the ca
..
.. flow of 3 when myocardial blush grade is 0 or 1, or w
.. lution within 60–90 min of the procedure is < 70%.
..
.. invasive techniques to diagnose MVO are late
.. enhancement (LGE) CMR (the current state of the
..
.. identification and quantification), contrast echoc
.. single-photon emission computed tomography (SPEC
..
.. tron emission tomography (PET).218 Different strate
.. coronary post-conditioning, remote ischaemic condi
..
.. i.v. metoprolol, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, drugs targeting m
.. integrity or nitric oxide pathways, adenosine, glucose
..
.. hypothermia, and others, have been shown to be ben
.. clinical and small-scale clinical trials,217,219 but still the
..
.. apy aimed at reducing ischaemia/reperfusion injury (M
.. clearly associated with improved clinical outcomes. T
..
.. of ischaemia/reperfusion injury in general, and MVO
.. remains an unmet need to further improve long-term
..
.. function in STEMI.
..
..
..
..
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European.. Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
. 5.3 Fibrinolysis and pharmacoinva
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
No caso de Trombólise
No caso de Trombólise
7 Doses of fibrinolytic agents and antithrombotic co-therapies
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
No caso de Trombólise
Ø Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA)
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
No caso de Trombólise
Ø Terapia antiplaquetária
• AAS para todos precocemente
• Clopidogrel em associação à aspirina
• DAPT indicada por até 1 ano na estratégia fármaco-invasiva
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
No caso de Trombólise
Ø Terapia anticoagulante
• Recomendada até revascularização ou durante a permanência no
hospital (até 8 dias)
• Enoxaparina IV seguida de SC (preferível à HNF)
• Alternativa: HNF IV bolus, seguida de infusão contínua
• Se estreptoquinase: fondaparinux IV bolus e dose SC após 24h
(IIa)
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
No caso de Trombólise
a
PTTESC
2017 = activated partialforthromboplastin
Guidelines time;ofeGFR
the manegement AMI =with
estimated glomerular
ST-elevation. filtrationHeart
European rate; Journal
i.v. = intravenous;
(2018) 39,IU119–177.
= international units; rPA = reco
s.c. = subcutaneous; tPA = tissue plasminogen activator; UFH = unfractionated heparin.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
No caso de Trombólise….
Conduta Posterior
Ø Estratégia fármaco-invasiva
• Transferência imediata p/ centro com hemodinâmica após fibrinólise
• ATC emergência em pactes com IC / choque
• ATC de resgate imediata se:
u Falência da fibrinólise (<50% resolução do supra-ST em 60-90min);
u Instabilidade hemodinâmica ou elétrica;
u Piora da isquemia.
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Terapias adjuvantes
Ø Beta-bloqueadores
• Beta-bloq IV se estratégia de ATC primária, sem CI, PAS >
120mmHg e ausência de sinais de IC aguda
Ø Hipolipemiantes
• Terapia intensiva c/ estatina precocemente e mantida a longo prazo
Ø iECA / BRA
• Iniciar nas primeiras 24hs do IAMEST se IC, disfunção sistólica do
VE, DM ou IAM anterior
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Condições especiais
Ø Uso de anticoagulante oral
• Opção por ATC primária (CI relativa a fibrinólise)
• Indicada anticoagulação parenteral adicional
• Evitar inibidores GP IIb/IIIa
• AAS + Clopidogrel (600mg); não usar prasugrel ou ticagrelor
• Manutenção: DAPT + anticoagulante " risco isquêmico x risco de
sangramento
2017 ESC Guidelines for the manegement of AMI with ST-elevation. European Heart Journal (2018) 39, 119–177.
161
Condutas atuais no IAM com supra-ST
Condições especiais
Table 10 Diagnostic criteria for myocardial infarction
with non-obstructive coronary arteries (adapted from
Agewall et al12)
MINOCA
- Miocardite
- Miopericardite
ESC Guidelines
- Dissecção coronária
presenting with ST
Authors/Task -segment
Force Members: Borja elevation
Ibanez* (Chairperson) (Spain), Stefan James*
Steen Dalby Kristensen (CPG Review Coordinator) (Denmark), Victor Aboyans (France),
ESC entities having participated in the development of this document:
Associations: Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA), European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging
2017 ESC Guidelines(EACVI),
for the manegement
European of AMI
Association of Percutaneous with ST-elevation.
Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI),European HeartAssociation
European Heart Rhythm Journal (2018)
(EHRA), 39,Association
Heart Failure 119–177. (HFA).
Councils: Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions (CCNAP), Council for Cardiology Practice (CCP).
PROTOCOLO IAMEST
HIAE 2018 - Tecla IAM (7090)
IAM com Elevação de - AAS 200mg
ST - O2 se SpO2 < 90%
- Analgesia
10 min 60 min
- Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA) - via radial
- AAS 200mg - stent farmacológico
Fibrinólise - Clopidogrel 300mg* ATC primária
- Enoxaparina - AAS 200mg
- Ticagrelor 180mg
ou Prasugrel 60mg#
Falha, instabilidade ou Sucesso
piora da isquemia - HNF IV na hemo
Farmaco-
ATC de resgate Revascularização
invasiva
Completa
2-24hs
Se doença multiarterial,
antes da alta hospitalar
• OBS: Considerar clopidogrel 600mg como alternativa, em casos de ATC primária, se paciente de alto risco
hemorrágico.
DÚVIDAS ?
Obrigado !
joao.fernandes@einstein.br