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• Manifestações clínicas:
• Hiperandrogenismo: hirsutismo, acne, alopecia
• Caucasianos e negros ≥ 8
• Asiáticos ≥ 2
Escala de Ferriman-Gallwey
• Amenorreia:
• Primária: ausência de menstruação até os 16 anos
NIH X X
Rotterdam X X X X
Androgen Excess X X X
Recomendação atual
• Critério de Rotterdam:
• Hiperandrogenismo e/ou hiperandrogenemia
• Ciclos anovulatórios
• US com padrão micropolicístico
t
2102
T ABL
Back Egr1.ound:
Herdabilidade da SOP é de 70-80%
Char act er ist ics
Polycyst of t he
ic ovar st udyome
y syndr populat
(PCOS) ion is one of t he most Results: Result s point t o a st r ong cont r ibut ion of familial fact or s t o
dizygoticcommonopposite sex ine
endocr twindisor
pairsder tosthe studywomen
among population enhances
of r epr oduct ivetheage. T ABL E 2.The
PCOS. Twin and sibling
r esemblance cor r elat ions
in monozygot ic t(95% CI er
win sist ) for
s (t et r achor ic cor -
statistical
Therpower for the for
e is evidence a genetNine
estimation icof or mor
the
component e in PCOS
contribution L ess of
t han
based 9 on familial
genetic and oligomenor
r elat ionr 0.71)
hea (less t han was
for PCOS nineabout
menstt wice
r ual ascycles
lar geinasainyear ), acne,
dizygot ic t win
environmental
clust er ing of cases. (20). menst r ual cycles
influences menst r ual P value hir sut
and ism,
ot herandsist
PCOS (defined
er s (t et r achor icascor
less t han
r elat nine menst
ion 0.38). Univar r ual
iat ecycles
analyses
(n 2947) cycles (n 258)
Because the phenotype was a dichotomous variable, a threshold per point
year andt o stacne
r ong or hirr ibut
cont sut ism)
ions of genet ic fact or s t o t he var iance in
modelMZ wast wins
Objective:
used (21). In At hecategorical
pr esent st 1213udy, t he hersuch
characteristic 119 (8.9%)
it abilit
asyPCOS of PCOSis as- was PCOS. Next , a t r ivar iat e genet ic analysis of oligomenor r hea, acne,
d sumedDZ est
tot imat
wins
have ed.
an underlying liability, 1073
which is 81
continuous (7.0%)
and normally and hir sut ism was car r iedMout ZF . This analysis confir med
DZF/sist er st hat t he
Sist er s in the population. The liability
n distributed 661 to PCOS is 58divided
(8.1%) into 0.540 two familial component in PCOS r (95% is CI
due
) t o genet ic factror(95%s. CI )
r categories, yes and no, separated by a single threshold. Theicthreshold
AcneD esign/Par ticipants: Dat a fr om
30.0%1332 monozygot
27.1% t wins 0.326
(genet
is i- Oligomenor r hea 0.67 (0.49 t o 0.80) 0.07 ( 0.19 t o 0.34)
H cally
ir sut ident
ism ical) and 1873 dizygot ic
8.5%t wins/singlet
. obtained from the observed proportions in the two categories. Individ- 14.5%on sist er s of t wins
0.001 Conclusions: This st udy demonst r at ed a lar ge influence of genet ic
Acne 0.78 (0.69 t o 0.84) 0.44 (0.30 t o 0.56)
- uals falling below the threshold do not have PCOS, and those exceedingwit h
Age (who (yr shar
) e on aver age 50% of t heir segr
29.4 egat ing genes)
30.1 r egist er ed
0.332 fact or s t o t he pat hogenesis of PCOS, just ifying t he sear ch for sus-
H ir
Age The
d the threshold at Net hermenar
fir do
st landsche
suffer Twin
from Regist
(yrPCOS.
) er wer
13.1e used. PCOS 13.4was defined0.002 as less cept ibilit y genes. (J Cl i n Endocr i nol M eta b0.28
sut ism 0.86 (0.75 t o 0.92) 91: (0.05 t o 0.50)2006)
2100 –2104,
PCOS 0.71 (0.43 t o 0.88) 0.38 (0.00 t o 0.66)
Information about twin resemblance in liability is given by tetrachoricwit h
H t han
eight nine
(cm) menst r ual cycles and acne
169.9 or hir sut ism
168.4 in agr eement 0.000
t he 2003
Weight
e correlations. (kg)Rot t er dam consensus. 65.5 65.8 0.681 M ZF, M onozygot ic females; DZF/sist er s, dizygot ic females t wins
2
n Genetic models were applied to raw ordinal data using the Mx 0.023
Body mass index (kg/m ) 22.7 23.2 sta- and nont win sist er s.
Birprogram
y tistical t h weight(22). (g) First, a full model 2657 with genetic, 2697 common environ- 0.545
H aving childr en 33.4% 37.2% 0.213
P
e mental, andOLYCYSTIC
unique environmental influences was fitted. Next, the full 2
Cur r ent smoker OVARY SYNDROME
23.0%
5 model was reduced by excluding the genetic or common environment
(PCOS)
23.0% is one of the
0.987 genes inand
variance), the known
29% by pathways
unique for PCOS showedfactors
environmental linkage(e
with).
m component. The most common endocrine disorders among women of
reduced models were compared with the full model by
the follistatin gene and suggestive linkage with
Those results suggested that the role of shared environmen-CYP11A (10).
reproductive
additive
hierarchic 2
genetic
tests. The age.2 The
effects prevalence
of contributing
statistic is estimated
gene
was calculated lociby at 5–10%in
aresubtracting
expressed (1–3).
the the Other studies
tal factors is smallfailed to detect any The
or nonsignificant. consistent association
full model be-
could be
In
additive
2log 2003
likelihood an
genetic international
of the variance
goodness consensus
reflecting
of fit of athe on the
narrow-sense
reduced definition
model from of
heritability PCOS
the full of tween PCOS
reduced to a model and follistatin (11) or CYP11A (12). Other
2 can-
Vinkincluding
JM et al. Jonly
Clingenetic factors
Endocrinol [a 2006
Metab 72%,
PCOS.
model. was
If the Another
published
reduced source(4).ofPCOS
model genetic
does isvariation
not describeisthe
defined asdominance;
at
dataleast this is
two
significantly ofthethe didate genes for PCOS are genes involved in the biosynthesis
extent to which the effects of alleles at a locus do not simply add up but
95% confidence interval (CI) 46 – 88%] and unique environ-
Herdabilidade da SOP
• Mais de 250 estudos caso-controle, mais de 160
genes investigados – ausência de gene candidato
forte
Limitações:
• Heterogeneidade dos casos
• Dificuldade de pareamento com controles (ex: pareado
para o fenótipo mas não para as comorbidades)
• Amostras pequenas
• Dados raramente replicados
• Estudos de SNP já associado a outros fenótipos e não
genes inteiros
Estudos de GWAS
L ETTERS
caucasianos
disorder in women. To identify causative genes, we conducted
a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PCOS in Han
Chinese. The discovery set included 744 PCOS cases and 895
controls; subsequent replications involved two independent
tendencies have long been recognized, but complex interactions
exist between genetic and environmental factors. Association studies
have been conducted on at least 70 candidate genes, principally
related to reproductive hormones, insulin resistance and chronic
cohorts (2,840 PCOS cases and 5,012 controls from northern inflammation—for example, follicle stimulating hormone receptor
Han Chinese; 498 cases and 780 controls from southern and (FSHR), insulin receptor (INSR) and interleukin-6 (IL6) 10–13.
central Han Chinese). We identified strong evidence of However, few genes influencing susceptibility to PCOS have been
associations between PCOS and three loci: 2p16.3 (rs13405728; determined. Array-based genome-wide SNP association analyses
combined P-value by meta-analysis Pmeta = 7.55 × 10−21, should provide a more comprehensive, unbiased approach to detect
odds ratio (OR) 0.71); 2p21 (rs13429458, Pmeta = 1.73 × 10−23, susceptibility genes for diseases like PCOS14.
OR 0.67); and 9q33.3 (rs2479106, Pmeta = 8.12 × 10−19, OR We conducted a two-stage GWAS to identify genetic markers for
1.34). These findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis PCOS in a Han Chinese population. The initial discovery set for
of PCOS. Follow-up studies of the candidate genes in these GWAS consisted of 744 PCOS cases and 895 controls. The second
1 Centerfor Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. 2 Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine,
Jinan, Shandong, China. 3 Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 4 Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and
Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 5 Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. 6 Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China. 7 The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing
Medical University, Jiangsu, China. 8 The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China. 9 Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University,
Shanghai, China. 10 The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China. 11 The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
12 Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Guangxi, Guangxi, China. 13 105th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Anhui, China. 14 Shengjing Hospital of China Medical
University, Liaoning, China. 15 Qingdao Women & Children Medical Healthcare Center, Shandong, China. 16 Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Shandong,
China. 17 Linyi People’s Hospital, Shandong, China. 18 Shandong Jingning First People’s Hospital, Shandong, China. 19 The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao
University, Shandong, China. 20 Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong, China. 21 Jinan Health Institute of Maternity and Infant, Shandong, China. 22 Nanfang Hospital,
Guangdong, China. 23 Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 24 Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Shandong, China.
25
Fatores ambientais
• Programação fetal da SOP (influência do
ambiente intraútero)
• Restrição nutricional intraútero
• Exposição andrógenos intraútero
Pubarca precoce
RI + hiperinsulinemia
Gur, EB et al World J Diabetes 2015
Fatores ambientais
• Obesidade precipita
e exacerba o quadro
clínico de
hiperandrogenismo,
irregularidade
menstrual e
resistência insulínica
associadas a SOP
Investigação laboratorial
• Dosagem de testosterona, androstenediona de
rotina nas pacientes
• Atenção metodologia dosagem de T (HPLC/MS)
• Testosterona livre é o marcador bioquímico mais
sensível
• Dosagem de LH e FHS auxiliam no diagnóstico
• Valores de LH elevados e FSH normal > reforçam o
diagnóstico de SOP
• DHEAS pode estar elevado com T normal
• Prolactina, TSH e 17OHP > exclusão de outras
causas
SÍNDROMES Virilização?
HIPERANDROGÊNICAS Forma não clássica
(hirsutismo) não
> 14 ng/mL Deficiência da 21OH
SÍNDROMES Teste de
17OHP 10 a 14 ng/mL Estudo gene da 21OH
NÃO ≥ 2 ng/mL estímulo*
VIRILIZANTES
Hiperandrogenismo
TT, TL, androstenediona (hirsutismo) idiopático
LH, FSH, estradiol, DHEAS < 10 ng/mL
PRL, TSH, 17OHP 17OHP < 2 ng/mL SOP
(após 2-3 medidas)
Avaliação metabólica
TTOG e perfil lipídico
Tratamento
Manifestações hiperandrogênicas e oligoanovulação
• Contraceptivo oral combinado é o tratamento de escolha
para manifestações hiperandrogênicas e irregularidade
menstrual sem desejo de gestação
Etinilestradiol Progesterona
Promove aumento
Inibição do LH
expressivo da
SHBG
Ação antiandrogênica:
Diminui a fração bloqueio do RA e
livre dos inibição da 5α-
androgênios redutase
Tratamento
Contraceptivos orais combinados
POTENCIAL ANTIANDROGÊNICO
120
100
80
60
100
40
20 40
30
20
0
ACETATO DE DIENOGESTE DROSPIRENONA ACETATO DE
CIPROTERONA CLORMADINONA
POTENCIAL ANTIANDROGÊNICO
Contraceptivo oral combinado
Etinilestradiol 35 μg +
ciproterona 2,0 mg
(21 drágeas)
Diane 35 (Shering)
Selene (Eurofarma)
Diclin (Merck)
Ciprane (Teuto)
Artemidis 35 (EMS)
Repopil (Legrand)
30 μg etinilestradiol +
2 mg acetato de clormadinona
(21 drágeas)
Belara (JANSSEN)
Aixa (MEDLEY)
COC e risco de trombose
RR AVE RR AIM
EE 30-40 EE 20-30 EE 30-40 EE 20-30
Noretindrona 2,2 (1,5-3,2) 2,3 (1,3-3,9)
Levonorgestrel 1,7 (1,4-2,0) 2,0 (1,6-2,5)
Norgestimato 1,5 (1,2-1,9) 1,3 (0,9-1,9)
Desogestrel 2,2 (1,8-2,7) 1,5 (1,3-1,9) 2,1 (1,5-2,8) 1,6 (1,1-2,1)
Gestodene 1,8 (1,6-2,0) 1,7 (1,4-2,1) 1,9 (1,6-2,3) 1,2 (0,8-1,9)
Drosperinona 1,6 (1,2-2,2) 0,9 (0,2-3,5) 1,7 (1,0-2,6) 0,0
Plu-Burreau et al. Best Pract & Resear Clin Endocrinol & Metab 2013
Antiandrógenos
• Começar após 6 meses do uso do COC sem resposta
satisfatória
Esquemas terapêuticos Efeitos colaterais
Fadiga, mastalgia,
aumento de apetite,
Acetato de 50-100 mg/dia por 10 dias aumento de peso,
ciproterona (iniciar no primeiro dia de CHO) náusea, cefaleia,
depressão e
alterações do sono
100 mg, 2x por dia, contínuo Epigastralgia, fadiga,
Espironolactona 100 mg, 2x por dia, cíclico mastalgia e
(21 dias com CHO) metrorragia
• Depilação
• Eletrólise
• Laser
• Exame físico:
• Ferriman 35/36, peso 110 kg, est 163, IMC 41,4, CA 123, CQ 132
• PA 130/85
Exames laboratoriais iniciais
Basal
Glicose / Hb glic 85 / 5,3% TTOG Glic Ins
CT/TG 254 / 276 0 85 18,7
LDL/HDL 166 / 33 30 128 338
LH (2,4 a 12,6 IU/L) 12,1 60 127 158
FSH (3,5 a 12,5 IU/L) 6,1 90 140 233
Estradiol (até 166,0 pg/mL) 44,7 120 141 263
Testosterona total (até 48 ng/dL) 100
Testosterona livre (até 37 pmol/L) 75 USTV Útero: 72 cc
Androstenediona (até 2,2 ng/mL) 1,89 Ovário D: 24,4 cc
DHEAS (690-3370 ng/mL) 591 Ovário E: 18,1 cc
Padrão
17OHP (até 1,1 ng/mL) 1,01 micropolicístico
Prolactina (4,2 a 24,2 ng/mL) 11,3
TSH (0,27 a 4,20 µIU/mL) 4,2
Conduta
HD: SOP com desejo de gestação + obesidade grau
III + intolerância a glicose
• Glifage XR 1500 g