LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LÍNGUA

INGLESA

COHESION AND COHERENCE IN READING

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Olá!
In the end of lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Recognize grammatical elements which help in the comprehension of texts;

2. study cohesion and coherence.

In this lesson, you will learn that being aware of the structure of the sentence in English can help you recognize

the grammatical class an unknown word belongs to. If you find a sentence which is difficult to be understood, try

to identify the types of words.

Nesta aula, você aprenderá que estar consciente sobre a estrutura da frase em inglês. Pode ajudá-lo a reconhecer

as classes gramaticais de palavras desconhecidas.

Let’s read the example below

“The extraordinary jewelers carved extremely beautiful ornaments from jade.”

To understand the sentence above, you need to identify the following elements:

• Where is the verb?

• What is the subject of this verb?
• Does this verb ask for a complement? Yes? No? Which one?
• What is the function of the other words in the sentence?

Para entender a sentença acima, precisamos primeiramente identificar os elementos que a compõem:

• Onde está o verbo?

• Qual é o sujeito desse verbo?
• Este verbo pede complemento? Sim? Não? Qual é ele?
• Qual a função das outras palavras na sentença?

Some possible answers for these questions would be:

Where is the verb?

Words which end in –ed can be very commonly classified as verbs. We can assume that carved is the verb of the

sentence.

What is the subject of this verb?

As you know, the natural order of sentences in English is SVO (subject-verb-object), so the subject must be The

extraordinary jewelers.

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Does this verb ask for a complement? Yes? No? Which one?

To answer question number 3, you should know the meaning of the verb. Check the word in the dictionary and

find out that carved means entalhar ou esculpir. Well, if someone carved, he/she carved something. This thing is

the complement of the verb, So what comes after the verb is the object.

In Portuguese...

Vamos responder as questões:

Onde está o verbo?

Palavras terminadas em –ed podem ser, de maneira geral, classificadas como verbos. Assim carved pode ser o

verbo da sentença.

Qual é o sujeito desse verbo?

Como sabemos, a ordem natural das sentenças em inglês é SVO (sujeito-verbo-objeto), o sujeito deve ser, então,

The extraordinary jewelers.

Este verbo pede complemento? Sim? Não? Qual é ele?

Para responder esta questão, precisamos ir ao dicionário e descobrir que carved significa entalhar ou esculpir. Se

alguém esculpiu algo, esta coisa é o complemento do verbo, e portanto seu objeto.

There are other clues that can indicate the function of words in the sentence:
• identify the nouns in the sentence. If you look at the words, you will see the endings may vary, some of
them end in y, others in s. The ending s, for example, may suggest the words jewelers and ornaments may
be in the plural.
• perceive the word extraordinary, which is in the group of the words on the left of the verb, seem to
modify jewelers, which is a noun, and must probably be an adjective.
• Notice that in the group on the right we have several words. The first is extremely. As you know the
ending –ly is characteristic of adverbs, even if you do not know the meaning of the word, you can perceive
that it modifies the term which follows, in this sentence, beautiful, which is a well-known adjective. If it is
an adjective, all we have to do is to find the noun, ornaments.
Examinando outras funções podemos
• identificar os substantivos da frase. Algumas palavras terminam em y ou s. As que terminam em s , na
sua maioria, estão no plural. É o caso de jewelers e ornaments.
• A palavra extraordinary está modificando jewelers, e é provavelmente um substantivo.
• As palavras terminadas em –ly, geralmente são advérbios e modificam os termos que a seguem.
Techniques to achieve cohesion

To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next, consider the following techniques:

Repetition. In sentence B (the second of any two sentences), repeat a word from sentence A.

Synonym. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is

called 'elegant variation.'

Antonym. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms

actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine.

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Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned

earlier.

Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another.

Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to highlight the connection between ideas. This system has many

advantages: (a) it can link ideas that are otherwise completely unconnected, (b) it looks formal and distinctive,

and (c) it promotes a second method of sentence cohesion, discussed in (7) below.

Parallelism. Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most

elegant method of creating cohesion.

Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships.

Techniques to achieve cohesion

Identity. Indicates sameness.

that is, that is to say, in other words, ...

Opposition. Indicates a contrast.

but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although, whereas, in contrast, rather,

Addition. Indicates continuation.

and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way, again, another, similarly, a similar,

the same,

Cause and effect.

therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result, hence, it follows that, because, since, for,

Indefinites

Indicates a logical connection of an unspecified type. in fact, indeed, now, ...

Concession

Indicates a willingness to consider the other side.

admittedly, I admit, true, I grant, of course, naturally, some believe, some people believe, it has been claimed that,

once it was believed, there are those who would say, ...

Exemplification

Indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or concrete idea.

for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be

specific, that is, to illustrate, truly,

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What come next class
•How to write argumentative paragraphs;

•how to keep a logical coherence of thought, employing the main connectors.

Referências
TANSKANEN, Sanna-Kaisa. Collaborating towards Coherence: Lexical cohesion in English Discourse.

Philadelphia: John Benjamins,2006.

NAVRATILOVA, Dontcheva et al. Coherence and Cohesion in Spoken and Written Discourse. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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