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CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 239 – 271, 345 – 367 e 473
– 497.
GUARULHOS
2023
CLEVELAND, William L.; BUTON, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East.
4ª ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2009. pp 239 – 271, 345 – 367 e 473
– 497.
1
agricultural sector. The kibbutzim were collective agricultural
settlements in which all property belonged to the community and all
responsibilities were shared equally by the members. They became a
symbol of the cooperative communal order that many of the early
Zionists hoped to build in Palestine. (p. 251)
2
Israel became an occupying power, ruling in an often arbitrary manner
the million Palestinian Arabs brought unwillingly under its domination.
(p. 345)
3
profundamente enraizada para ser eliminada pela força bruta das políticas de
ocupação israelitas.
4
immigration that totaled more than 600,000 individuals between 1948
and 1951, took over vacant Palestinian villages, urban dwellings, and
farmland to house and feed the immigrants. The absorption of
Palestinian land and property into the Israeli economy made it next to
impossible for Israel to consider the repatriation of the Palestinians.
O Estado que desafiou a velha ordem no Médio Oriente foi aniquilado pelo
poder de fogo dos EUA, enquanto as famílias governantes que tradicionalmente
apoiavam o sistema existente foram recompensadas com a proteção dos EUA.
A impressionante demonstração da tecnologia militar dos EUA durante a Guerra
do Golfo, combinada com o colapso da União Soviética, elevou os Estados
Unidos à hegemonia unilateral no Médio Oriente, dentre os eventos da década
de 90
5
In fall 1988 he made a historic announcement that contained the
following major points: The PLO accepted Israel’s right to exist as a
state; the PLO renounced the use of terrorism and agreed that UN
Resolutions 242 and 338 should serve as the basis for an international
peace conference; the PLO proclaimed an independent Palestinian
state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip with East Jerusalem as its
capital. Arafat’s program represented the so-called two-state
compromise: The PLO dropped its earlier insistence that all of Palestine
should be liberated and acknowledged Israel’s right to exist within its
pre1967 borders. Arafat’s compromise ushered in a series of US-PLO
negotiations conducted through the US embassy in Tunis. The purpose
of the discussions was to establish a basis for the entry of the United
States into the peace process as a mediator between Israel and the
PLO. However, the refusal of Prime Minister Shamir’s government to
consider any change in the status of the occupied territories
undermined the efforts. (p. 477)