Catholic University Of Mozambique

Distance Leaning Center Of Milange

Topic: Climate Change and its effects on development

Student: Fadalí Júlio Manuel

Course: History
Stream: J

Códig: 708230972

Suject: Inglesh 1frst year

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 Milange, September 2023

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 Chapter I: Introduction
Introduction
The present work with the theme Climate Change and its effects on development: global and local
perspectives, aims to understand climate change and its effects on development, define climate change and
its main causes, the factors that can affect climate change and describe different examples of climate
change in global and local contexts.
In this order of ideas, it is important to mention that the occurrences of the climate change process, mainly
those due to global warming induced by human action, were first alerted in the 1950s. At the end of the
19th century, the Swedish researcher Svante Arrherius had raised the possibility of temperature rise due to
carbon dioxide emissions. Throughout the 1980s, researchers linked to environmental issues grew
concerned about the impact of these changes on ecosystems. In the 90s, models were developed that
allowed, on the one hand, to explain the climate variability that occurred throughout the century, and, on
the other hand, to evaluate the contribution of natural components (volcanism, changes in the Earth's orbit,
solar explosions, etc.) and anthropogenic (emission of greenhouse gases, deforestation and fires,
destruction of ecosystems, etc.) on these variations.
Finally, it is important to mention that this work is organized or structured in the following ways: cover,
feedback sheet, tutor recommendation sheet. It is organized into chapters and each chapter has titles and
subtitles, objectives, methodologies and bibliographical references.
II. Objectives
General objective: Understand climate change and its effects on development: global and local
perspectives
Specific objectives:
Define climate change; Identify the factors that can affect climate change and; Describe different
examples of climate change in global and local contexts.
III. Methodologies
Which materialized the present work, a survey of theoretical references already analyzed, and
published by electronic means, such as books, articles on website pages? As for the type of
research, it is classified as being qualitative, characterized by not being concerned with the
amount of data, but with the quality of the data. In relation to the nature of the research it is
Basic, it involves truths and universal interests. For the objectives, the research is: descriptive
From the point of view of technical procedures, it was distinguished by being a bibliographic
research.

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 Chapter II: Developmente
2.1. Climate Change and its effects on development.
In the Middle Ages, periods of warming were observed followed by a period of cooling, known
as the Little Ice Age. These cycles can have their origin explained by natural processes, linked to
changes in the earth's rotation axis, solar explosions and the dispersion of aerosols emitted by
volcanoes. Other climatic phenomena, more localized in space and more concentrated in time, are
quite frequent, such as hurricanes, floods resulting from intense rain or melting ice, heat waves,
etc. Until the 20th century, these phenomena were considered as manifestations of “nature”.
Recently, many of these phenomena have been attributed to global climate change, which
undoubtedly constitutes an exaggeration, often encouraged by the media.
Amaral, S. et al (2007), tells us that:
The first systematic temperature records date back to the 1850s and the historical analysis of these
records allows us to recognize some trends in the planet's average temperature increase. This
increase has been accompanying the process of industrialization and gas emissions resulting from
the burning of fossil fuels, (p.655).
These data have demonstrated that concentrations of CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CH (methane) in
the atmosphere have never been so high in the last 600,000 years (IPCC, 2007a). The increase in
the greenhouse effect1, caused by the accumulation of gases, produced an increase of one degree
Celsius in the average temperature over the last century. At the end of the 19th century, Swedish
researcher Svante Arrherius had raised the possibility of an increase in temperature due to carbon
dioxide emissions.
In the 90s, models were developed that made it possible to explain the climate variability that
occurred throughout the century, and to evaluate the contribution of natural components
(volcanism, changes in the Earth's orbit, solar explosions, etc.) and anthropogenic components
(emission of gases greenhouse effect, deforestation and fires, destruction of ecosystems, etc.) on
these variations. The first global report on climate change and health was published by the World
Health Organization (WHO) in 1990 (World Health Organization, 1990)
2.1.2. Concept of climate change and its main causes.
James Hansen (1997), “Climate change, also known as global climate change or global warming,
refers to long-term changes in the Earth's average weather patterns” (p.97).
This could involve rising global average temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, rising
sea levels and other climate-related effects.

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In fact according to Hansen, (1997), I consider climate change as any change in the climate over
the years, due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.
“An increase in greenhouse gas emissions could induce a warming of the atmosphere, which
could result in a change in the global climate in the long term” (Michael 1999, p.465).
“Climate change reflects the impact of socio-economic and cultural processes, such as population
growth, urbanization, industrialization and increased consumption of natural resources and
demand on biogeochemical cycles” (Michael et al., 2006, p .856).
This climate change may be due to internal natural processes or external forcing, or persistent
anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use.
“From the point of view of thermodynamics, the process of global warming can be assumed as an
accumulation of heat, not only in the atmosphere, but also in water and soil. This energy can be
mobilized and dissipated quickly and concentrated, generating extreme events”, (Nordell, 2007,
(p.55).
2.1.3. Factors that can affect climate change
Different phenomena can affect the balance between radiation entering and leaving the Earth,
leading to warming or cooling of the climate system. Such phenomena can be natural or the result
of human activities. Among these phenomena, the following stand out:
Greenhouse gas emissions: The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other human activities
release carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and other gases that trap heat in the atmosphere,
causing global warming.
Natural variations: Climate changes can also be influenced by natural events, such as volcanic
eruptions, solar cycles and oceanic phenomena, such as El Niño and La Niña.
Land use: The way we use land, including deforestation, urbanization and agriculture, can affect
local and regional climate.
Climate feedbacks: There are feedbacks in the atmosphere, such as melting polar ice and rising
ocean temperatures, that can amplify climate change.
Air pollution: Air pollution, including suspended particles and aerosols, can influence cloud
formation and affect the climate.
Albedo effect: Changes in snow and ice cover, as well as the use of dark urban surfaces, can
affect the amount of solar radiation reflected by the Earth.

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Human action: Direct actions, such as the construction of dams and dams, can also impact the
local climate, changing water flow and humidity patterns.
Therefore, according to the WHO, everything indicates that these factors interact in a complex
way and contribute to the climate changes we are currently observing, with significant
consequences for the environment and society. The main driving factor is the increase in
greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities.
For Marengo (2007), there are several ways to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and the
effects on global warming, which are:
Reduce deforestation; invest in reforestation and conservation of natural areas; encourage the use
of non-conventional renewable energies (solar, wind, biomass and Small Hydroelectric Plants);
prefer the use of biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel) over fossil fuels (gasoline, diesel oil); invest in
reducing energy consumption and energy efficiency; reduce, reuse and recycle materials; invest in
low-carbon technologies; and improving public transport with low GHG emissions are some of
the possibilities. And these measures can be established through national and international climate
policies (p.87).
According to Merengo (2007), in the conception of James Hansen (1996), it is important to note
that, more than causing a global increase in temperature, these processes, combined with changes
in land use, can increase the amplitude of temperature variations and precipitation. Because
annual climate variability is already wel characterized. It has a pendulum rhythm with alternating
hot and cold seasons in temperate zones, and dry and humid seasons in tropical zones. This
oscillation is characterized by irregularities in the surface temperature of ocean waters.
2. 1.3. Describe different examples of climate change in global and local contexts.
Moreno (2006),“There are several consequences of global warming and some of them can
already be felt in different parts of the globe”, (p.45).
In our country, changes in land use and deforestation are responsible for the majority of our
emissions, including:
 Global:
Global Warming: The increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide
(CO2) and methane (CH4), in the atmosphere has led to an increase in average global
temperatures. This results in extreme weather events, melting ice caps and rising sea levels.
Changes in Precipitation Patterns: A change in rainfall patterns is observed, with some regions
experiencing more intense and prolonged droughts, while others experience more intense rains
and floods.

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Melting Ice Caps and Glaciers: The melting of polar ice caps in the Arctic and glaciers in many
parts of the world is contributing to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities.
 Locations:
Droughts in Semi-Arid Regions: Semi-arid regions, such as the Northeast of Brazil, have faced
prolonged droughts, harming agriculture and the water security of local communities.
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico: The Gulf of Mexico region, including the United States coast,
has seen an increase in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes, causing significant damage to
coastal communities and infrastructure.
Melting Glaciers in the Andes: In regions of the Andes, such as South America, melting glaciers
are a threat to drinking water supplies and agriculture, affecting local populations
Rising Sea Levels in the Pacific Islands: In Pacific island nations such as Tuvalu and Kiribati,
rising sea levels are causing inhabited lands to flood, forcing their populations to migrate.
Liousse et al., (2004) Points out that:
These are examples of global and local climate change that illustrate the diverse challenges faced
in different parts of the world due to climate change. Responses and impacts can vary widely from
one region to another, highlighting the importance of adapting to and mitigating climate change at
global and local levels, (p.39).
We must realize that forest areas and natural ecosystems are great carbon reservoirs and sinks,
due to their ability to absorb and store CO2. But when a forest fire occurs or an area is deforested,
this carbon is released into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global
warming.
What worries us so much is, even considering that the main global source of greenhouse gas
emissions are those produced by fossil fuels, the fires in the Amazon and the Cerrado represent
the main Brazilian contribution to the global sources of various gases.
Green house gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as
also occur in the Gorongosa forest in Mozambique.
2.1.4. The impact of climate change on development (economic and social) and livelihoods.
Climate change has a significant impact on economic and social development as well as
livelihoods around the world which are:
Agriculture and Food: Changes in climatic conditions affect agricultural production. Prolonged
droughts, floods and extreme weather events can reduce food production, increase prices and
worsen hunger in vulnerable areas.

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Health: Climate change is linked to outbreaks of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and
dengue due to the expansion of mosquito habitats. This affects the health of populations,
especially in tropical regions.
Michael, et al., (2006), it should be noted, however, that:
Not all health impacts are negative. For example, the increase in mortality observed in winters
could be reduced by increasing temperatures. Also, the increase in dry areas and periods can
reduce the spread of some vectors. However, in general it is considered that the negative impacts
will be more intense than the positive ones, (p.859).
Water Resources: Water scarcity due to reduced rainfall and melting glaciers hampers access to
drinking water, impacting people's health and well-being.
Population Displacement: Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and floods, force people
to move, causing forced migration and conflicts over scarce resources.
Economy: Climate change can cause significant economic losses due to property damage,
disruption of supply chains and increased adaptation costs.
Education: Frequent extreme weather events can disrupt access to education, harming skills
development and future opportunities.
Infrastructure: Rising sea levels threaten coastal areas, resulting in the degradation of
infrastructure and affecting trade and tourism.
Inequality: Climate change often disproportionately impacts the poorest and most marginalized
communities, worsening social and economic inequalities.
Biodiversity: Climate change threatens biodiversity, affecting fishing and agriculture, which are
critical sources of livelihood for many populations.
Political Stability: Resource scarcity and climate-related conflicts can lead to political instability
and mass displacement.
Meanwhile, we have found that climate change has profound implications for economic, social
development and livelihoods, making mitigation and adaptation a global priority.

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 Chapter III: Conclusion

Conclusion
What we can take away from this more extreme scenario is that climate change brings us
challenges that go beyond reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The challenge of
adaptation becomes increasingly dramatic as we move past the “red light” of rising global
average temperatures. The consequences of climate change create risks and opportunities for the
main economic sectors Greater interest in the consequences of climate change has increased with
the intensification of natural phenomena, such as heat waves, droughts, hurricanes, floods and
rising sea levels. Scientific research also contributes to making the topic more evident, as it points
out that, with the growing concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere,
resulting mainly from the burning of fossil fuels (mineral coal, oil and natural gas), and the
cutting down of tropical forests, the planet's temperature has risen so much, which is causing the
world health organization (WHO) the most concern.

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Bibliographic reference
Amaral, S. et al. (2007). Networks and connectivity in the structuring of the Xingu/Iriri-Pará
occupation front. Geography, (v. 31), n.3, pp. 655-675.
Andreae, M.O. & Crutzen, P. J. (1997). Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and role
in atmospheric chemistry. Science, vol. 276, pp. 1052-1058.
Liousse, C. et al. (2004). Deriving global quantitative estimates for spatial and temporal
distributions of biomass burning emissions. In: Emissions of trace gases and aerosols into
the atmosphere. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Marengo, J. A. (2007). Global Climate Change and its Effects on Biodiversity: Characterization
of the Current Climate and Definition of Climate Change for the Brazilian Territory
Throughout the 21st Century. Brasília: Ministry of the Environment,
Michael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., & Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present
and future risks. Lancet, vol. 367, pp. 859-869.