Master of Physical Activity, Exercise and Health

Master of Physical Activity,
Exercise and Health
Leandro Machado, PhD

João Paulo Vilas-Boas, PhD
Filipa Sousa, PhD
Master of Physical Activity, Exercise and

Health
LJRM - MAFES 2
Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

Exercise and Health Exercise and Health
ECTS: ECTS:
European Credit Transfer (and Accumulation) System
(Sistema Europeu de Transferência (e Acumulação) de Créditos)
• Biomecânica
• Decreto-Lei nº42/2005  artigo 5
https://dre.pt/application/file/a/606224  3 créditos ECTS
• O trabalho de um ano curricular realizado a tempo  3*(25 a 28h) = 75 a 84h de trabalho
inteiro situa-se entre 1500 e 1680 horas
• O número de créditos correspondente ao trabalho – Escolaridade: 20h no semestre
de um ano curricular realizado a tempo inteiro é de – Pelo que o estudante típico terá 55 a 64 horas de
60 trabalho autónomo no semestre
 1 crédito ECTS corresponde a 25 a 28 horas de
trabalho para o estudante típico
LJRM - MAFES 3 LJRM - MAFES 4
Avaliação
• Relatório
• 50% da nota final
• Entregue até 10 de dezembro de 2021
• Não podem fazer melhoria a esta componente
• Nota mínima: 7.5 em 20 valores
• Nota exigida para aceder ao Exame
• Exame
• 50% da nota final
• Podem fazer melhoria a esta componente
• Nota mínima: 7.5 em 20 valores

Avaliação
• Relatório
• Grupos de 4 estudantes
• Tratamento de dados recolhidos no LABIOMEP
• Qualisys Track Manager – QTM
• Excel
• Posição e velocidade
• Gráficos
• Aula no LABIOMEP
• 3 grupos de 20 estudantes cada
• 30 minutos por grupo
• Aulas de tratamento de dados
• Uso do QTM
• Uso de Excel

BIOLOGY PHYSICS
BIOLOGY MECHANICS
• Study the living • Study all objects
creatures • From subatomic particles
to the whole universe
• Biodiversity • Forces
• subareas
• Anatomy
• subareas
• Mechanics
• Heterogeneity • Motions
• Physiology • Optics • Articulated • Mathematics
• Phytology • Thermodynamics
• … • …
BIOMECHANICS
LJRM - MAFES … 9 LJRM - MAFES 10

BIOMECHANICS BIOMECHANICS
SUBJECT:
The study of the
biological systems, The forces produced and
based on criterions, acting over the biological
principles, laws, and systems, and the
methods of mechanics movements and balances
that they produce
BIO
Ergonomical biomechanics
Work biomechanics
Occupational biomechanics
Clinical biomechanics
Orthopaedical biomechanics
complex science
Traumatological biomechanics
(...) Mathematically Complex
Sports biomechanics based procedures

Biomechanically, the HUMAN BODY
can be defined as: External
biomechanics
Fm
A complex system of articulated
segments where movement is
produced by external forces, and by
internal forces, acting out of the
articular axes, that induces angular
displacements of the segments
Internal
V
biomechanics
Based in Amadio (1996)
Humuncular control of human movement
Historical highlights
from Voughan et al. (1999)

Opera omnia anatomica & chirurgica (1725) Andrea Vesalii
LJRM - MAFES 17 LJRM - MAFES From Nigg & Herzog (1994) 18


Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/November 1874/Human Locomotion
E. J. Marey, of the College of France
(Sports) biomechanics
Aims:
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_6/November_1874/Human_Locomotion
to describe to optimize
(sport)
to interpret (sport) equipments
movements and materials
to explain
to model
to simulate
(sport)
to transform technique to prevent
to optimize injuries

MECHANICS Kinematics
The study of the motions
rigorous mathematical description
Statics Kinematics
Kinetics
Dynamics Kinetics The study of the causes of the motions
forces and their effects

MECHANICS MECHANICS
SF = 0
Statics Balance Dynamics
a = 0 (SF = m * a)
Unbalanced SF = R
Static balance: forces
m no movement (V = 0) SF = R = m * a
a = const.
R
Dynamic balance: m a=0
SF = 0
1D uniform movement (a = 0; V = const.) a = variable
25
LJRM - MAFES LJRM - MAFES 26

MECHANICS (study of forces, balances and movements) Areas of complex BIOMECHANICAL evaluation
KINEMETRY ANTHROPOMETRY DYNAMOMETRY EMG

No movement = Rest Position
Orientation
Muscular
No net force = Rest or 1D Uniform Motion Dimensions Forces
activity
(time)
linear internal
surfaces external
Movement volumes
Moments
No balance of forces = acceleration (Displacement)
(torques)
Inertial
characteristics
Accelerated movement Velocity mass Pressures
Acceleration moment of inertia
1D Uniformly varied motion
a = const.
Circular uniform motion
Inverse dynamics
a = variable Variable motion
27
F = m* a (adapted from Baumann, 1995) 28
LJRM - MAFES LJRM - MAFES














The derivative of a function is

• If we have this table of data points, we may x1 f1
compute the numerical derivatives as: x2 f2
→ → x3 f3
x4 f4
f 2  f1
f1' 
x 2  x1
• When acquiring an experimental signal, we usually do not know the f  f2 f i 1  f i
underlying function [f(x)] f2  3
'
that is f i ' 
x3  x 2 xi 1  xi
• We only have several data points f  f3
f 3'  4
x 4  x3
• Therefore, we approximate the true derivative of the unknown function f

• And it is not possible to compute the numerical
by the numerical derivative obtained from the data points
derivative for the last point by using this formula

Click
• In column A create the sequence: 0; 1;…; 20 &
functions
70
drag 60
• In column B create the function: 0.1*x2 + x 50
• Do not forget the labels/headings in line 1 0.1 ?

40
30
0,1 ? 20
f(x)
• In column C create the analytical derivative 10
function: 0.2*x+1
0
0 5 10 15 20
x
derivatives
• In column D compute the numerical derivative of 6
columns A and B: (fi+1-fi)/(xi+1-xi) 5
• Graph the function (scatter plot) 3

f'(x)
2
• In another graph, plot the derivatives
deriv.num
1
• Compare them 0
0 5 10 15 20
x

• The data collected from real experiments is not smooth, it functions
has some sort of errors and noise 70
• To simulate a more realistic data set, we will add some Function and 60
function + noise 50
random noise to it 40
 look almost
• In column E create some random noise the same
30
20
f(x)
f.noise
• Use the rand() function of Excel 10
• It has no parameters 0
• E = rand() - 0.5 0 5 10
x
15 20
derivatives
• In column F add the noise to the function 6
•F=B+E 5
Noise has a 4
• In column G compute the numerical derivative  use large influence 3 f'(x)
columns A and F on numerical 2 deriv.num

deriv.noise
derivatives 1
• Add the new columns to the respective graphs

0 5 10 15 20
x
Right mouse click and


• A better way to compute the derivatives
derivative is to use a centered 6
i
formula i-1 i+1 5
• Instead of using the point i and i+1 4

(brown line)
f'(x)
• use points i-1 and i+1 (green line) 3
deriv.num
• Approximate the derivative by

deriv.noise
2
deriv.centr
It is not possible to compute the derivative for 0

0 5 10 15 20
the first and the last points using this formula x
• In column H compute the centered derivative • The centered formula is a better approximation to the true derivative
but is still much affected by noise.
• Use columns A and F • Numerical derivative is an unstable procedure…
• Add this derivative to
the respective graph • Need to filter (smooth) the data

Filtering and smoothing Smoothing

• Has we saw, the derivative is much affected by the presence of • In column I, implement the 3-point moving average of the “function
noise in the data + noise” data stored in column F
• Therefore, it is necessary to smooth the data before computing
the derivatives
• A simple method to smooth the data is to use the moving • In column J compute the numerical derivative of columns I and A
average • Use the non-centered formula
• In this case, each point is replaced by the mean value of the nearby • Add column J to the graph
points • Compare the plots
• For example:
• 3 points centered mean • In column K compute the centered derivative of columns I and A
• Fi = (Fi-1 + Fi + Fi+1)/3
• 5 points centered mean
• Add column K to the graph
• Fi = (Fi-2 + Fi-1 + Fi + Fi+1 + Fi+2)/5 • Compare the plots

Smoothing
derivatives
6
4 f'(x)
deriv.num
3
deriv.noise
2 deriv.centr
derivMM3.num
1 derivMM3.centr
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
x
• Smooth the data before computing the derivative

• Use centered formulas

Let X represent the position over time of a point. Then

L… = Left…
R… = Right…
The velocity is the derivative (or rate of change) of the position over time.
And
The acceleration is the derivative (or rate of change) of the velocity over time.
Let F represent the force over time acting on an object. Then
is the rate of change of the force over time, also called “load rate” or “unload
rate”.












Qualitative
Careful and detailed description,
Kinematics somewhat subjective
Description
&
analysis
Semi-quantitative
of
movement Simple time and displacement
measures (SR, SL, duration of
phases, etc.)
Quantitative
93 Based on Bartlett (1997) 94
LJRM - MAFES LJRM - MAFES

yy
Axes
Quantitative Kinematics Planes Sagital (x, y)
KINEMETRY
Position
Orientation Frontal (y, z)
Detailed numeric (time)
description of Movement
(Displacement)
movement xx
Velocity
Transverse
Acceleration
(x, z)
ISB zz
LJRM - MAFES 95 convention
LJRM - MAFES 96
Coordinates Projection of the human gait Coordinates
Planar (2D)
movements on the 3 planes Planar (2D)
Spatial (3D) Spatial (3D)
One system of Another system

planar (2D) of planar (2D)
coordinates coordinates
(Abdel-Aziz & Karara, 1971)
from Voughan et al. (1999) One system of spatial (3D) coordinates

LJRM - MAFES non-ISB convention 97 LJRM - MAFES 98

Coordinates
Planar (2D) Calibration
systems
Spatial (3D)
Volume of performance
Calibration volume
To transform directly and linearly the

2D coordinates
Obtained from two calibrated images
to the coordinates of the space-
object
Calibration Coordinates
Planar (2D)
systems
Spatial (3D)
Dynamic Calibration Characteristics:
- Unlimited number of cameras
- Volume of performance must be contained

within the calibration volume
- Each point must be “visible” by, at least,
two cameras

Video Video
Recording and Recording and processing images
processing images
High speed video

(up to 500 000 Hz in LABIOMEP)
Optics (distance to the object / zoom)

Normal cameras Frame rate (sampling frequency)
/
Shutter speed (“smearing”; blurring) Sampling theorem
special cameras (2x natural freq.)
Lightning
Other imaging techniques Other imaging techniques
Ultra-sound imagery (Echography or ultrasonography) Dynamic X-ray / Videofluoroscopy
Silveira et al. (2005), Radiol. Bras.

Dual-media video images for videogrametry Dual-media video images for videogrametry
Vilas-Boas et al. (1997) Vilas-Boas et al. (1997)

The use of passive or

active markers allows
MECHANICS
easier visual recognition
of anatomical landmarks
Material point - particle
Concentrated mass (CM); shape and orientation irrelevant
and digitalization
Rigid body
Concentrated mass (CM); orientation relevant;
deformation may be considered
Articulated body
Concentrated mass (CM) in each segment; orientation
determinant; inter-segmental flow of energy

Translation (linear motion) Rotation (angular motion)

All parts of the body travel the same distance, in the All parts of the body travel through the same angle,
same time, and in the same direction in the same time, and in the same direction about
the axis of rotation
Rectilinear translation
(one-dimensional) The object retains its
geometrical shape,
and is studied as a
rigid body
Curvilinear translation
(two-dimensional)
The overall linear motion of the object can be described by the

Combined (translation + rotation)
motion of a single point on the object (CM). Body as a particle. Multisegmental body (articulated)
Using the coordinates of

From the coordinates of the reference points…
the joint centers... We obtain a
biomechanical
model
... and anthropometric
biomechanical models ...
...we compute the

coordinates of the CM of
each segment and of the
whole body.

- Low resolution of images
Sources of error
in
motion recording

- Lens distortions (film distortions) - Solidarity of skin markers to

articular centers
Not necessarily well placed,

not fixed in relation to bone,
affected by perspective
Important to avoid the borders of the optical field of the lens


Markerless solutions Other

kinematical
techniques
- Accelerometers
- Velocimeters
- Goniometers
Accelerometry Triaxial accelerometry
(from Bartlett, 1997)
Direct
assessment of
acceleration
Uniaxial
Inertia
Triaxial
Body fixation
Helmet testing with acceleration components shown
Piezoresistive gauges (gravity-sensitive)
relative to the head (from Bishop, 1993, quoted by
Piezoelectric devices (insensive to slow movements) Bartlett, 1997)

Velocimetry Cable velocimeters: Velocimetry Cable velocimeters:
Body fixation Direct
assessment
of
velocity
Problems:
Uniaxial measurements
Corrections needed for changing angle of
the cable
Inertial effects on the cable
Vibrations and impacts on the cable
Elasticity of the cable

Velocimetry Other velocimeters: Electrogoniometry
Radar systems
Problems:
Angle of capture
Stalker ATS
Vibrations of the device
Only (all) co-directional

movements with system
axes
Master of Physical Activity,

Exercise and Health
Electrogoniometry
New generation based on strain gauges, do not require
alignment with a joint axes of rotation
Main limitation: they record angles between segments,

rather than the orientation of the segment relative to a
coordinate system
LJRM - MAFES 127

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Master of Physical Activity,

Exercise and Health

Leandro Machado, PhD

Master of Physical Activity, Exercise and

Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

LJRM - MAFES 5 LJRM - MAFES 6

Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

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Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

from Voughan et al. (1999)

Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

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Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

KINEMETRY ANTHROPOMETRY DYNAMOMETRY EMG

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Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

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The derivative of a function is

• Therefore, we approximate the true derivative of the unknown function f

LJRM - MAFES 57 LJRM - MAFES 58

Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

• In column B create the function: 0.1*x2 + x 50

• Do not forget the labels/headings in line 1 0.1 ?

• In column C create the analytical derivative 10

• Graph the function (scatter plot) 3

LJRM - MAFES 59 LJRM - MAFES 60

• In column G compute the numerical derivative  use large influence 3 f'(x)

columns A and F on numerical 2 deriv.num

• Add the new columns to the respective graphs

Right mouse click and

Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

• Instead of using the point i and i+1 4

• Approximate the derivative by

It is not possible to compute the derivative for 0

LJRM - MAFES 63 LJRM - MAFES 64

Filtering and smoothing Smoothing

LJRM - MAFES 65 LJRM - MAFES 66

Master of Physical Activity, Master of Physical Activity,

• Smooth the data before computing the derivative

LJRM - MAFES 67 LJRM - MAFES 68

Let X represent the position over time of a point. Then