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Grávida
João Rocha
Evolução
da
terapêu0ca
na
grávida
“BARREIRA”
PLACENTÁRIA
Circulação
Materno-‐Fetal
Na administração de medicamentos a grávidas:
n Medicamento não tóxico para a mãe pode sê-lo para o feto
Na administração de medicamentos a grávidas:
RELAÇÃO BENEFÍCIO-RISCO
n A administração de um fármaco a uma grávida só deve ocorrer
quando os benefícios para a mãe sejam superiores aos riscos para
o feto
Factores a considerar:
n Farmacocinética
Alteração da actividade
n Farmacodinamia farmacológica do
medicamento
n Biodisponibilidade
Alterações
farmacociné5cas
DIRECTOS INDIRECTOS
- atrasos no
- acção no útero
desenvolvimento
Classificação
ambígua
Definições
e
Exigência
dos
Risco
estabelecido
com
base
Fatores
de
risco
categorias
≠
critérios
≠
em
estudos
humanos
≠
contraditórios
• ß lactámicos • Paracetamol
• Anti-ácidos • Heparina
Sistemas
de
Classificação
de
Risco
Categoria C - estudos em animais demonstram que estes medicamentos
podem exercer efeitos teratogénicos ou tóxicos para os embriões, mas
não há estudos alargados disponíveis I Risco fetal desconhecido.
• Gentamicina • Ciclosporina
• Antipsicóticos • Zidovudina
• Ácido acetilsalicílico • Nicotina
CONTRA-INDICADO NA
GRAVIDEZ
• Fluorouracilo
• Sinvastatina
• Isotretionina
Isotre0noína
Case
1.
A\er
taking
isotre0noin
for
1
month,
a
25-‐year-‐old
woman
was
no0fied
by
her
dermatologist
that
her
pregnancy
test
was
posi0ve,
despite
nega0ve
results
on
a
pregnancy
test
before
beginning
isotre0noin.
She
had
been
using
two
forms
of
contracep0on
but
did
not
wait
for
menstrua0on
before
star0ng
isotre0noin
therapy
as
recommended
by
the
PPP.
Her
infant
was
born
with
mul0ple
anomalies
including
complex
congenital
heart
disease
consis0ng
of
double
outlet
right
ventricle
with
dextrocardia
and
aor0c
atresia,
hydrocephalus,
and
facial
dysmorphism.
A\er
extensive
medical
treatment
and
cardiac
surgery,
the
infant
died
at
age
9
weeks.
MNSRM
e
segurança
na
gravidez
LAXANTES
ESTIM
ULAR
+ problemas de uso.
ALTmuita
Lactulose (B): Não existe
ESTIL
O DE
ERAÇinformação disponível; sem
VIDA
ÃO D
O
DOR
-
hemorragias (na mãe e no feto), icterícia e lesões cerebrais no
feto. Provocam fecho precoce do ducto arterioso.
-
Pseudoefedrina (D): Encerramento defeituoso da parede
abdominal
1976. From 1956 to 1983, Bendec- not on safety issues but on finan- Two independent meta-analy-
tin was widely prescribed; at the cial concerns. In the wake of the ses (pooled observational studies)
The NEW ENGLA ND JOURNAL
peak of its use, as many as 25% Bendectin allegations, MEDICINE
of the com- of Bendectin and congenital birth
NÁUSEAS / ENJOOS of pregnant women in the United pany’s insurance premiums had defects, published after the prod-
States took the product.1 risen to $10 million per year, only uct was withdrawn from the mar-
In the historical context of two $3 million less than the total in- ket, similarly concluded that
notorious teratogens, thalidomide come from Bendectin sales. Bendectin is not a human terato-
Perspective
1970s, letters to the editors of “no adequate evidence linking 27 cohort and case–control stud-
medical journals began to report Bendectin with an increased risk ies conducted between 1963 and
an association between Bendectin of birth defects.” march 20, 2014 1991. In addition, data main-
In September
use and birth defects. The main- 1980, the FDA Fertility and tained by the Birth Defect Moni-
FDA Approval of Doxylamine–Pyridoxine Therapy for Use
stream media reported stories as Maternal Health Drugs Advisory toring Program of the Centers
well, and law firms launched pub- Committee reviewed 13 epidemi- for Disease Control and Preven-
in Pregnancy licity campaigns claiming that ologic studies, 11 of which had tion (CDC) did not show an as-
Perspective
FDA
Shelley R. Approval
Slaughter, Bendectin
M.D., Ph.D., ofRhonda was a teratogen. In
Doxylamine–Pyridoxine
Hearns-Stokes, Jan-Theresa
M.D., found vanno association
Therapy
der Vlugt, M.D., of Bendectin
for Use sociation between birth defects
and Hylton V. Joffe, M.D., M.M.Sc. uary 1980, the first major lawsuit with an increased risk of birth and Bendectin use. These data
in Pregnancy show that during the period from
march 20, 2014
Shelley R. Slaughter, M.D., Ph.D.,The decades-long history of doxylamine–
Rhonda Hearns-Stokes, M.D., Theresa van der Vlugt, M.D., 1985 through 1987, which was
I
succinate and 10 the same as that seen during the
n 1983, themg ofofmaking
pyridoxine
combination-drug hydrochloride
clinical
productdecisions
Bendectin per on the basis
characterized
imbalance, by persistent
acidosis, vom-
nutritional
peak
iting, loss ofandmore than 5% ofallperiod (1978 through 1980)
tablet, was voluntarily
(Merrell Dow),
FDA Approval of Doxylamine–Pyridoxine withdrawn
consisting offrom
10 mg the
of U.S. mar-
doxylamine
Therapy
deficiencies,
for Use
dehydration,
of scientific evidence. The
succinate and 10 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride per ofimbalance,
FDA’s body approval
weight,
which ketonuria,
pose of Bendectin use. Given that as
electrolyte
further health
acidosis, nutritional
ket by the manufacturer. For the and lead to adverse public health risks to both mother and fetus. as one quarter of U.S. preg-
in Pregnancy many
next 30 tablet, waswere
years, there ofno Diclegis
voluntarily
med- withdrawn wasfrom
consequences.based on data
the U.S. mar- showing that
deficiencies, and
Bendectin
dehydration, all women were using Bendec-
had originallynant been
Shelley R. Slaughter, M.D., Ph.D., Rhonda Hearns-Stokes, M.D., Theresa van der Vlugt,of M.D.,
which pose further health
icationsketthat had been approved
the
by the manufacturer. combined Nausea
For the and lead and vomiting
treatment occur in
to adverse publicishealth
not risks to both mother and fetus. by 1980, the fact that birth-
approved
teratogenic.in 1956 as a tin
three-
and Hylton V. Joffe,
by the Food M.D., M.M.Sc. defectof incidence did not fall
next 30and Drug
years, thereAdminis-
were no med-as many as 80% of all pregnant agent
consequences. formulation,
Bendectin consisting
had originally been
tration ications
(FDA) forthat the
had treatment
been approvedwomenNausea
between
and6vomiting
and 12 occur
weeksin 10 mg ofin dicyclomine
approved hydro-
after product withdrawal is incon-
1956 as a three-
of nausea andFood
by the vomiting
and of preg-
Drug
(Mekdeci Adminis-of gestation.
v. Merrell as many asSymptoms
National 80% of all
Labor- are usu-
pregnant
defects and chloride
2agent (an antispasmodic
formulation,
of which consisting
suggested agent),
of
sistent with drug teratogenicity.5
Doenças e Farmácos na grávida:
Em caso de: epilepsia antiepilépticos
-
trimestre, mas associado a toxicidade fetal
Contra-indicados:
n Tetraciclinas (anormalidades do crescimento ósseo)
n Aminoglicosídeos (compromete a audição)
n Quinolonas (interfere no desenvolvimento ósseo)
n Sulfonamidas (agravamento da icterícia, hemólise neonatal, metahemoglobinémia)
n Cloranfenicol (síndrome do bebé cinzento)
Vacinação
A vacinação durante a gravidez pode estar indicada se
houver um risco elevado de infecção, se a doença implicar
um risco significativo para a mãe e/ou para o feto e se o
risco de reacções adversas à vacinação for aceitável
vacinas
vivas contra-indicadas
Fases do Desenvolvimento
Aleitamento - Razão L/P
Quantidade de
L/P Fármaco excretado no
(Razão Leite – Plasma) leite materno
Outras
• Observar sinais estranhos na crianças (sedação,
irritabilidade, diminuição de apetite, erupções cutâneas etc.)
considerações
• Amamentação descontínua durante o aleitamento
Consumo de drogas durante a
gravidez
No mundo, nascem por ano 12 000 bebés com síndrome fetal do álcool
Consumo de drogas durante a
gravidez
Pequenos
Cabeça pequena (microcefalias)
Escasso desenvolvimento no útero
Olhos pequenos
Achatamento da zona média da cara
Pregas anormais das mãos
Defeitos cardíacos e articulações
anormais
Atraso mental
Recém-nascidos Adulto
9
Março de 2010
9Março de 2010
Prontuário Terapêutico
9
Março de 2010
9Março de 2010
Prontuário Terapêutico
9
Março de 2010